Emerging Nationalism
both from Cavite and Manila.
In his dedication, he wrote:
I have the right to dedicate my work to you as victims
of the evil which I undertake to combat. And while
we await expectantly upon Spain someday to restore
your good name and cease to be answerable for
your death, let these pages serve as a tardy wreath
of dried leaves over your unknown tombs, and let it
be understood that everyone who without clear
proofs attacks your memory stains his hands in your
blood!
Vocabulary
• Episcopal Visitation, An official pastoral
visit conducted by the bishop on a diocese to
examine the conditions of a congregation;
often done once every three years.
• Garrote, An apparatus used for capital
punishment in which an iron collar is
tightened around a condemned person's
neck.
• Polo, System of forced labor that required
Filipino males from 16 to 60 years old to
render service for a period of 40 days.
• Regular Clergy, priest who belong to
religious order
• Secular Clergy, Priests who do not belong
to religious orders and are engaged in
pastoral work.
• Tributo, System of taxation imposed by the
Spanish colonial government on the Filipinos
in order to generate resources for the
maintenance of the colony
CAVITE MUTINY
• January 20,1872- approximately 250
Filipino soldiers and workers rose in revolt at
an arsenal in Cavite. Eleven Spaniards were
killed during the mutiny, but an immediate
assaulted by government forces put an end
to the uprising after three days.
• Governor-General Rafael de Izquierdo-
the one who's decree released mutiny. The
decree ordered that the arsenal workers
would no longer be exempt from the tribute
and polo, a privilege they had enjoyed in the
past.
• Official reports also claimed that the leaders
of the mutiny had expected the support of
close to 2,000 men from regiments based
• The plan started: the midnight in Manila with
rebels setting fires in Tondo to distract the
authorities. A signal by way of fireworks
would sent to the rebels in Cavite. However,
the mutiny in Cavite began earlier in the
evening and many of those who pledged
support defected and vowed loyalty to Spain.
• Mutiny failed.
• Among those who clamored for reforms were
Filipino secular priests.
SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT
• The introduction and the strengthening of the
Catholic faith were largely through the efforts
of two types of clergy: the regular priests and
the secular priests.
• The regular clergy- prepared for missionary
work because of their standards of discipline
and asceticism. Their job was to introduce
the faith, convert the natives, and establish
religious communities.
• In the Philippines, rive religious orders took
on this task: the Augustinians who arrived in
1565, the Discalced Franciscans who arrived
in 1578, the Jesuits who arrived in 1581, the
Dominicans who arrived in 1387, and the
Augustinian Recollects who arrived in 1606.
• Secular clergy- were priests who "live in the
world" and under the authority of bishops and
not members of a religious order. Their task
was management of the religious
communities and ideally, continuation of the
work already laid down by the regular clergy.
• Well-established parishes witnessed the
replacement of regular clergy by secular
priests in the management of the religious
communities. In the Philippines the regular
clergy remained administrators of the
parishes wall into the nineteenth century.
• First issue: first issue had to do with
episcopal visitations
• Omnimoda bull- passed by Pope Adrian
VIin 1522 allowed the regulars to administer
the sacraments and act as parish priests
independent from the authority of the local
bishop. This bull declared that no priest could
care for the souls of laymen unless they were
subjected to episcopal authority that often
 came in the form of visitations. King Philip II
was granted discretionary power to enforce
the reforms in the Philippines, the regular
clergy often thwarted their implementation.
• Second issue- had to do with the
management of the parishes. Regular priest,
maintained control over the parishes in of
Christianization out of necessity because of
the scarcity of secular priest to whom the
parishes would be passed on.
• Beginning in the late seventeenth century-
produce and train Filipino secular priests.
Despite this, the regular clergy usually
contested , if not outright refused, the rights
of the secular clergy to the parishes.
• En viva conquista espiritual- Philippines
remained an active mission, with some
groups not yet Christianized. Filipinos were
not ready to be turned over to the secular
clergy.
• Another reason, more economic in nature
with the regulars refusing to give up the
parishes that generated large profits for
them. Some viewed the seculars as potential
leaders of any future separatist movement.
• Fr. Mariano Gomez, parish priest of Bacoor,
and Fr. Pedro Pelaez, secretary to the
archbishop- drew up expositions to the
government on behalf of the secular clergy
but their efforts proved futile.
• 1860s- the issue of secularization was no
longer limited to questions of merit and
competence.
• By 1864, the nature of the issue became one
of racial equality. At the forefront of this
struggle to gain equality between Spanish
and Filipino priests was Fr. Jose Burgos.
Execution of Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora
• As a result of the revolt in Cavite, several
priests and laymen were arrested on the
ordered of Governor-General Izquierdo.
• GOMBURZA is included among the arrested
priests.
• Additionally, Jose Guevara, Feliciano
Gomez, Mariano Sevilla, Bartolome Serra,
Miguel de Laza, Justo Guazon, Vicente del
Rosario, Pedro Dandan, and Anacleto
Desiderio.
• Laymen were lawyers and businessmen
these are Gervacio Sanchez, Pedro Carillo,
Maximo Inocenio, Balbino Mauricio, Ramon
Maurente, Maximo Paterno, and Jose Basa.
• Only the GOMBURZA were condemned to
death by garrote while the others are exiled
in Guam.
A French writer-journalist Edmund
Plauchut gave an description of the execution:
➢ February 15, 1872 - GOMBURZA WERE
CAUGHT
➢ February 16, 1872 - TRIAL OF THE
GOMBURZA
➢ February 17, 1872 - DAY OF THE
EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA
➢ The public execution of the 3 priests was
meant to instill fear in the Filipinos, but it had
the opposite effect.
➢ Apolinario Mabini stated in his work in La
Revolucion Filipina:
Imagining A Nation 19th Century
Vocabulary
• Cortes, the legislative or lawmaking body of
the Spanish government
• Creole, a Spaniard born in the Philippines
• Mestizo, an individual born of mixed
ancestry; may refer to a Spanish mestizo or
a Chinese mestizo
• Propaganda, information used to promote or
publicize a particular cause or point of view
• Restoration, refers to the Spanish
Restoration; a period in Spanish history
spanning the years 1874-1931 that saw the
restoration of the monarchy under Alfonso Xl
together with the establishment of a
bicameral legislature
End of 19th century Objective: (Affairs dealing with the Philippines; lacks
parliamentary representation)
PHILIPPINES SPAIN
-Economy had -Going through • Philippine representation in Cortes
improved processes of changes. • Freedom of the press
-Creole and mestizo -Monarchy of Alfonso • End the practice of exiling residents without
families are able to XII through Restoration due process
send their sons to -Establish constitutional
Europe monarchy with Topics:
bicameral legislature
-Parliamentary system • Spanish Politics
of Liberal and • Attacks on Friars
Conservation parties • Reforms for the Philippines
was weakened
-Difference in position Accommodate and print letters from foreign
of Church in spain correspondents who also speaks out in Philippine's
situation; also features literary works.
FORMATION OF Circulo Hispano-Filipino “to combat all reaction, to impede all retrogression,
to applaud and accept every liberal idea, to defend
• Circulo Hispano-Filipino, an organization all progress”
under the leadership of a creole, Juan
Atayde. Contributors of the La Solidaridad
• Circulo published a bi weekly newspaper
❖ Dr. Jose Rizal (Laong Laan)
titled Revista Del Circulo Hispano-Filipino
❖ Antonio Luna (Taga Ilog)
in 1882-1883
❖ Marcelo H. Del Pilar (Plaridel)
• In 1883, a periodical called Los Dos
- He moved to Spain (1888)
Mundos, came out with the intention of
- Change in editorship
demanding for the overseas Hispanic
➢ Graciano Lopez-Jaena -
colonies equality of rights and equal
cafes: incompetent
opportunities for progress.
- Took over La Solidaridad
• Although it could not be determined wheter
- November 15, 1898
the newspapers was a filipino project,
➢ first issued newspaper in
Graciano Lopez Jaena & Pedro Govantes
Madrid
y Azcarraga were involved as staff
❖ Jose Maria Panganiban (Jomapa)
members.
❖ Dominador Gomez (Ramiro Franco)
• Rizal & Eduardo de Lete (socio-political & ❖ Ferdinand Blumentritt
economics) also contributed articles
concerned with socio-political and economic
reforms in the Philippines.
Different Stance
• During rizals first novel (noli me tangere),
came out in 1887, another newspaper Dr. Jose Rizal, To serve the country better, one had
entitled Espana en Filipinas began its to bring the issues closer to home.
publication through the support of Filipinos,
creoles, and mestizos in Madrid. Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Persuading Spanish leaders
• Mariano Ponce & Pablo Rainzares and officials are needed to continue and that this
(financial support) was the best way to achieve the reforms Filipino
were seeking.
La solidaridad
In the last issue of La Solidaridad (November 15,
Graciano Lopes Jaena 1895), M.H. del Pilar wrote his farewell editorial
sayinga: "We are persuaded that no sacrifices are
− First issue came out on February 15, 1889 too little to win the rights and the liberty of a nation
that is oppressed by slavery."