The Rizal Law is about implementing rules to educate

people about the Life, Works and Writings of our

national hero Dr. Jose Rizal, especially his novels
Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo.
This is to give the students and the future generations an
ample background and for them to understand about how
Jose Rizal hands over his life for our country.
Senate Bill No. 438 (Rizal Bill) was filed
by the Senate Committee on Education.

Senate committee on Education

Chair Jose P. Laurel sponsored the
bill and began delivering speeches
for the proposed legislation.
House Bill No. 5561, an identical version
of SB 438, was filed by
Representative Jacobo Z. Gonzales
on the House of Representatives.

Debates started.
 Senator Jose P. Laurel proposed
amendment to the bill.

Similar amendments were adopted

to the House version.
 The Senate and House versions
were approved.

President Magsaysay signed the bill into law

which became Republic Act no. 1425
“Noli Me Tángere and El Filibusteresmo
Must be read by all Filipinos. They must be
taken to heart, for in their pages we see
ourselves as a mirror, our defects as well as our
strengths, our virtues as well as our vices. Only
then would we become conscious as a people
and so learn to prepare ourselves for
painful sacrifices that ultimately lead to
self-reliance, self-respect, and freedom.”
-Senator Jose P. Laurel
 “Rizal did not pretend to teach religion when he wrote
those books. He aimed to inculcating civic consciousness
In the Filipinos, national dignity, personal pride, and
patriotism and if references were made by him in the
course of his narration to certain religious practices in the
Philippines in those days, and to conduct and behavior and
erring ministers of the church, it was because he portrayed
faithfully the general situation in the Philippines as it then
existed.”
-Senator Claro M. Recto
“A vast majority of our people are, at the same time,
Catholic and filipino citizens. As such, they have
two great loves: their country and their faith. These
two loves are not conflicting loves. They are
harmonious affections, like the love for his father and
for his mother. This is the basic of my stand. Let us not
a conflict between nationalism and
religion, between the government and
the church”
-Senator Francisco “Soc” Rodrigo
 NATION
AND
NATIONALISM
LEARNING OBJECTIVES

➢ Define nationalism in relation to the

concepts of nation, state, and nation-state;
➢ Appraise the development of nationalism in
the country; and
➢ Explain the relevance of nationalism and
nation-building at present.
NATION
- Is a community of people that are believed to share a link with one
another based on cultural practices, language, religion or belief
system, and historical experience.

STATE
- Is a political entity that has sovereignty over a defined territory. States
have laws, taxation , government, and bureaucracy basically, the
means of regulating life within the territory.

Nation-State
- Is a fusion of the elements of the nation (people/community) and the
state (territory). Started in Europe during the periods coinciding with
Enlightenment..
In the “classical” nation-state, many scholars posit that the
process was an evolution from being a state into a
nation-state in which the members of the bureaucracy
eventually moved to unify the people within the state to
build the nation-state. A second path was taken by
subsequent
nation-states. Groups initially controlled by imperial
powers .
 NATION AND NATIONALISM

Major component of the nation-state is the nation. This concept

assumes that there is a bond that connects a group of people
together to form a community. There are three theories about
the roots of the nation:

❖ The first theory is Primordialism, it argues that a national

identity has always existed and nations have “ethnic cores”.
❖ The second theory is Modernity, it states that the nation,
national identity, and nationalism are products of the modern
condition.
❖ The third theory is Constructivist approach, this view
maintains that nationalism is socially constructed and
imagined by people who identify with a group.Benedict
Anderson argues that nations are “imagined communities”.
The nation is seen as imagined because the people who
affiliated with the community have a mental imprint of the
affinity which maintains solidarity; they do not necessarily
need to see and know all members of the group.
The important role of mass media in the construction of the
nation during the time.
1) Fostered unified fields of communication which allowed the
millions of people within a territory to “know” each other
through printed outputs and become aware that many others
identified with the same community;
2) Standardized languages that enhanced feelings of
nationalism and community: and
3) Maintained communication through a few languages widely
used in the printing press which endured through time.
NATION AND BAYAN

❖ Scholars note the important work of the propagandists like

Rizal in the sustained efforts to build the nation and enact
change in the Spanish colony. Many Filipino scholars have
identified concepts that relate to how Filipinos understand the
notions of community and to an extent, nation and nation
building. The indigenous intellectual movements like
Sikolohiyang Pilipino and Bagong Kasaysayan
introduced the concept of kapwa and bayan that can
enriched discussion about nationalism in the context of the
Philippines.
Kapwa
-Isan important concept in the country’s social relations by
understanding one’s affinity with another as described by the phrases
“ibang tao” and “di ibang tao” the kapwa concept supports the notion
of unity and harmony in a community.

Bayan
-theconcept of bayan clashed with the European notion of nacion
during the Spanish colonialism. The proponents of Pantayong Pananaw
maintain the existence of a great cultural divide that separated the elite
(nacion) and the folk masses (bayan) as a product of colonial
experience
ACTIVITY 2
Articulation of Nation and Nationalism

Enrich your understanding by looking at how nationalism is espoused by

other historical figures. Read the excerpts from the writings of
another important thinker in the nineteenth century, Emilio Jacinto,
and answer the questions that follow.
Emerging Nationalism
➢Cavite Mutiny/Secularization
➢Execution of the Gomburza
 Vocabulary
Episcopal Visitation
An official pastoral visit conducted by
the bishop on a diocese to examine the
conditions of a congregation; often
done once every three years.
Regular Clergy
Priests who belong to religious
orders.
Garrote
An apparatus used for capital
punishment in which an iron
collar is tightened around a
condemned person’s neck.
Secular Clergy
Priests who do not belong to
religious orders and are
enganged in pastoral work.
Polo
System of forced labor that
required Filipino males from
16 to 60 years old to render
service for a period of 40 days.
Tributo
A system of taxation imposed
by the Spanish colonial
government on the Filipinos
in order to generate resources
for the maintenance of the
colony
Cavite Mutiny
 Cavite Mutiny
▰ On January 20, 1872 approximately 250 Filipinos rose a revolt at an arsenal in
Cavite.
▰ The reason for mutiny was a decree released by Governor-General
Rafael de Izquierdo.
▰ Leaders of the mutiny had expected the support of 2,000
men based both on Cavite and in Manila.
▰ Gov. Gen, Rafael Izquierido made use of this to implicate the native
clergy, which was then active in the call for secularization.

Governor-General
Rafael de Izquierdo
Setting fires at Signal by way of
Mutiny began
midnight in fireworks sent to
early in Cavite.
Tondo. Cavite.

Mutiny failed. Spanish

Filipino secular government
priests suppressed the
clamoured for increasing calls for a
reforms. more liberal
administration.
The Secularization
Movement
The Secularization Movement

Two types of clergy:

Regular
• introduce the faith
• convert the natives
Secular
• live in the world
• establish religious • under the authority of bishops
communities • management of the religious
communities
• continuation of the work already laid
down by the regular clergy
Two issues were contentious among clergies:

Management of the
Episcopal Visitations
parishes
The Philippines still remained an active
Omnimoda bull issued by Pope Adrian
mission, en viva conquista espiritual,
VI
with some groups not yet Christianized.

“No priest could care for the souls of

Regulars refusing to give up the parishes
laymen unless they were subjected to
that generated large profits for them.
Episcopal authority”.

Two sources of authority: bishops and Regulars viewed the clergy as

provincial superiors. unqualified and incompetent.
▪ The regular clergy argued that if they allowed the visitations to occur, the
congregation would be subjected to two sources of authority.

▪ By refusing the Episcopal Visitations, they hoped to avoid the possibility

of violating their vows of obedience to their own superiors.

▪ Serious attempts were enforced to the visitations and were often

countered by the regular clergy.

▪The regulars resented the move because they considered the Filipinos unfit
for the priesthood. Among other reasons they cited the Filipinos’ brown
skin, lack of education, and inadequate experience.
The secular clergy reacted strongly to these claims.

▪ Fr. Mariano Gomez, parish priest of Bacoor, and Fr. Pedro

Pelaez, secretary to the archbishop, drew up expositions on
behalf of the secular clergy, but their efforts proved futile.

▪ By 1864, the nature of the issue became one of racial equality as

well. At the forefront of this struggle to gain equality between
Spanish and Filipino priests was Fr. Jose Burgos.

10
The Execution of the
Gomburza
 Execution of the Gomburza
As a result of the revolt in Cavite, several priests and laymen were arrested on the orders of Governor-General
Izquierdo.

Among the priests arrested in the succeeding days were Fathers:

Jose Burgos, Jacinto Zamora, Jose Guevara, Mariano Gomez, Feliciano Gomez, Mariano Sevilla, Bartolome
Serra, Miguel de Laza, Justo Guazon, Vicente del Rosario, Pedro Dandan, and Anacleto Desiderio.

Among the laymen were lawyers and businessmen:

Gervacio Sanchez, Pedro Carillo, Maximo Inocencio, Balbino Mauricio, Ramon Maurente, Maximo Paterno,
and Jose Basa.

These Filipinos were sentenced to varying terms of exile in Guam.

The three priests, Burgos, Gomez, and Zamora were condemned to death by garrotte on February 15, 1872.

12
Rizal’s Letter to Mariano Ponce

‘Without 1872, there would have been no Plaridel, Jaena or Sanciongco; nor would the
brave and generous Filipino colonies in Europe; without 1872 Rizal would be a Jesuit
now and instead of writing Noli Me Tangere, would have written the opposite. At the
sight of those injustices and cruelties, while still a child, my imagination was awakened,
and I swore to devote myself to avenge one day so many victims, and with this idea in
my mind I have been studying and this can be read in all my works and writings. God
will someday give me an opportunity to carry out my promise. Good! May they commit
abuses, let there be imprisonments, banishments, executions, good. Let Destiny be
fulfilled! The day they lay their hands on us, the day they martyrize innocent families
for our faults, goodbye, friar government, and perhaps, goodbye Spanish Government!”

13
 Activity 1
1. What is Rizal’s main message in this letter?
Jose Rizal himself recognised the importance of the martyrdom of the three priests in 1872 in the eventual
realisation of the revolution.

2. List two things in the letter that supports Rizal’s main message.
Injustices and Cruelties of the Spanish Government and imprisonments, banishments and executions.

3. What does the letter tell you about nineteenth century Philippines?

4. Write a question that was left unanswered by the letter.

5. Where would you find the possible answer to your question?

REMEMBERING RIZAL
 • Evaluate Rizal’s heroism and importance
1 in the context of Rizalista groups

• Discuss the history of selected Rizalista

2 groups

• Compare and contrast the different

3 views on Rizal among Rizalistas
December 30, 1896
❖ Rizal’s execution
❖ His death activated the full-scale revolution that resulted in the
declaration of Philippine Independence by 1898
Caballeros de Rizal (Knights of Rizal)
❖ men-most of whom were professionals who organized and
became members

Rizalistas
❖ believe that Rizal has a Latin name Jove Rex Al which literally
means “God, King of All”
La Independencia & El Heraldo de la Revolucion (in late
1898 & early 1899)
❖ reported about Filipinos commemorating Rizal’s death
in various towns in the country
1.Batangas- people were said to have gathered
“tearfully wailing before a portrait of Rizal” while
remembering how Christ went through the same struggles
2. Laguna- peasants were also reported to have
regarded him as “the lord of a kind of paradise in the
heart of Mount Makiling”
❖ The early decades of 1900s
then witnessed the founding of
different religious organizations
honouring Rizal as the “Filipino
Jesus Christ”
Miguel de Unamuno (1907)
-gave Rizal the title
“Tagalog Christ” as religious
organizations venerating him had
been formed in different parts of
the Philippines
Apolinario de la Cruz
(1815-1841)
-founded the
religious confraternity
Cofradia de San Jose
Felipe Salvador
(1870-1912) (Apo
Ipe)
-founded the
messianic society
Santa Iglesia (Holy
Church)
❖ Each group has its own teachings, practices,
and celebrations, but one common belief among
them is the veneration of Jose Rizal as the
reincarnation of Jesus Christ.
❖ “For both Jesus and Rizal, life on earth was a
summon and submission to a call. From
beginning, both knew or had intimations of a
mission they had to fulfill, the redemption of
mankind from sin in the case of Jesus and the
redemption of his people from oppression in the
case of Rizal.” (Trillana)
❖The earliest record about Rizal being declared as a
saint is initiated by the Philippine Independent
Church(PIC) or La Iglesia Filipina Independiente

❖In 1903, the PIC’s official organ published the “Acta

de Canonizacion de los Grandes Martires de la Partia
Dr. Rizal y PP. Burgos, Gomez y Zamora” (Proceedings
of the Canonization of the Great Martyrs of the
Country Dr. Rizal and Fathers Burgos, Gomez and
Zamora)
September 24, 1903
- Jose Rizal and the
three priests were
canonized following the
Roman Catholic rites
headed by Gregorio
Aglipay(Council of
Bishops).
Isabelo de los Reyes(one
of PIC’s founder) said that
Rizal’s canonization was
an expression of the
“intensely nationalistic
phase” of the sect
❖ In the 1950s, Paulina Carolina Malay wrote her
observations of Rizal being revered as a saint:

1. Many towns of Leyte, among them Dulag, Barauen,

and Limon, have religious sects called Banal which
venerate Rizal as a god. They have chapels where
they pray on their knees before the hero’s picture or
statue.
2. Legaspi City has a strange society called Pantay-
pantay whose members are called Rizalinos.
Periodically, the members walk barefoot in a
procession to Rizal’s monument and hold sort of a
mass.
3. Some “colorum” sects also venerate Rizal as a god. A
“colorum” sect in Tayabas, Quezon has built a chapel for
him at the foot of Bundok San Cristobal, better known as
Mt. Banahaw.

4. The sect called Rizalina in Barrio Caluluan,

Concepcion, Tarlac has even a sort of nunnery for its
priestesses. The girls, forbidden to marry during a
certain period, are sent to Rizal’s hometown, Calamba
for “training.” When they go back to Tarlac, they
perform masses, baptize and do other religious rites.
PAULINA CAROLINA MALAY
Adarnista or the Iglesiang Pilipina
❖ Candida Balantac (1901)
-known as the founder of Adarnista
-won the hearts of her followers from La Union,
Pangasinan, and Tarlac
-she established the organization in Bongabon, Nueva
Ecija
-her followers believe that she was an
engkantada(enchanted one) and rainbow is formed around
Balantac while she preached, giving her the title “Inang
Adarna”
-Maestra(Teacher) and Espiritu Santo (Holy Spirit)
1. Rizal is a god of the Filipino people.
2. Rizal is true god and a true man.
3. Rizal was not executed as has been mentioned by historians.
4. Man is endowed with a soul; as such, man is capable of
good deeds.
5. Heaven and hell exist but are, nevertheless, “within us.”
6. The abode of the members of the sect in Bongabon, Nueva
Ecija is the New Jerusalem or Paradise.
7. The caves in Bongabon are the dwelling place of Jehovah
or God.
8. There are four persons in God: God, the Father, the Son,
the Holy Ghost, and the Mother (Virgin Mary).
❖ Adarnista also conducts sacraments such as baptism,
confirmation, marriage, confession, and rites of the
dead.
❖ Masses are held every Wednesday and Sunday, at
7:00 in the morning and lasts up to two hours.
❖ In a typical Adarnista chapel, one can see images of
the Sacred Heart of Jesus, the Immaculate Heart of
Mary, Our Lady of Perpetual Help, and in the center is
the picture of Rizal.
❖ The Adarnista has more than 10,000 followers in La
union, Isabela, Pangasinan, Zambales, Nueva Ecija,
Tarlac and Nueva Vizcaya, and some in Baguio City
and Manila.
SAMBAHANG RIZAL
• Literally the “Rizal Church” the Sambahang Rizal was
founded by the late Basilio Aromin, a lawyer in Cuyapo,
Nueva Ecija in 1918. Aromin was able to attract followers
with his claim that Sambahang Rizal was established to honor
Rizal who sent by Bathala, to redeem the Filipino race, like
Jesus Christ who offered his life to save mankind
(Foronda,2001)
• Bathala is the term used by early Filipinos to refer to “God”
or “Creator”
• Aromin’s group believes that Rizal is the “Son of bathala” in
the same way that christ is the “Son of God”
• Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo serve as their “bible”
that shows the doctrines and teaching of Rizal. Their churhes
have altars displaying the Philippines flag and statue of Rizal.
Similar to the Catholic Church, the
Sambahang Rizal conducts sacraments like
baptism, confirmation, marriage, and
ceremonies for the dead.
It assigns preachers, called Lalawigan guru,
who are expected to preach Rizal’s teaching
in different provinces, Aromin, the founder,
held title “Pangulu guru” (Chief preacher). At
the height of its popularity, the organization
had about 7,000 followers found in Nueva
Ecija and Pangasinan.
 IGLESIA WATAWAT NG LAHI
• Samahan ng Watawat ng Lahi or (Association of the
Banner of the Race) is said to have been established by the
philippine national heroes and Arsenio de Guzman in
1911. It was in this year that de Guzman started to preach
to the filipino people that rizal was the “Christ” and the
“Messenger of god” He claimed that God has chosen the
Philippines to replace Israel as his “New kingdom”
• Accoding to stories, sometime in 1936, a banal na tinig or
holy voice instructed Mateo Alcuran and Alfredo
Benedicto to go to Lecheria, Calamba to look for Jovito
Salgado and Gaudioso Parabuac.
• Alcuran and Benedicto followed the banal na tinig
and met with Salgado and Parabuac in Lecheria
on December 24, 1936.
• The banal na tinig informed them that their guide
was the spirit of Jose Rizal which instructed them
to organize a movement called the Samahan ng
Watawat ng Lahi.
• However , the word samahan was changed to
iglesia to avoid suspicion by the japanese soldiers
during World War II, making it as the Iglesia
Watawat ng Lahi.
THESE ARE THE AIMS OF THE
ORGANIZATION ARE AS FOLLOWS :
1. To love God above all things
2. To love one’s fellowman as one love
himself
3. To love the motherland and to respect and
venerate the heroes of the race especially the
martyr of Bagumbayan, Dr. Rizal, to follow, to
spread, and to support their right teachings:
and to serve the country with one’s whole
heart towards its orders, progress and peace.
FORONDA (2011 )ALSO ENUMERATED THE BELIEFS OF THE
SECT GATHERED FROM HIS INTERVIEWS IN 1960-1961:

1. The teachings of the sect are based on the commands of

the Holy Moses, Our Lord Jesus Christ, and the teachings of
Dr. Jose Rizal culled from his writings.
2. Christians believe in the trinity; the power of the father
was given to Moses, the power of the Son, given to Jesus
Christ; and this sect believes that the power of the Holy
Ghost was given to Dr. Jose Rizal.
3. Jesus Christ is embodied in Dr. Jose Rizal and hence, Dr.
Rizal is at once a god and a man.
4. Rizal is not dead; he is alive and is physically and
materially present in the New Jerusalem which is presently
hidden in the site extending from Mt. Makiling to Mt.
Banahaw
5. It is the voice of Rizal which commands the officials and the
members what to do; this voice is heard in the weekly meetings.
However, an invoker in the person of Gaudioso Parabuac is needed
to ask Rizal to come and talk to members.
6. If World war III breaks out, numberless peoples will be killed by
atomic weapons. But after the war, Dr. Rizal will make an
appearance to the new world, and he will lead the army of God.
7. Man has a soul, but a soul that if different from the soul of Dr.
Rizal, for Rizal is god. Three days after his death and if he was holy
in life (if he followed the commandments of god), man will rise
again and his soul will proceed to the New Jerusalem. If he did not
fulfill the commadments of God, the soul is not to be punished in
hell(for there is no hell) but will be made to work in a place opposite
the New Jerusalem.
8. There is a particular judgement (The soul judged three days after
death) and the last judgement (when all the creatures will be judged)
• Iglesia watawat ng lahi is one of the biggest
Rizalista groups with more than 100,000 members
found in different parts of the country.
• In 1987, it was divided into three factions: (1) The
Watawat ng Lahi also known as the Samahan ng
Watawat ng Lahi Presiding Elders; (2) The Iglesia
Watawat ng Lahi, Inc.; (3) The Iglesia ng Lipi ni
Gat Dr. Jose P. Rizal.
• The first group teaches that rizal is not a christ but
only a human while the last two groups claim that
they hold the original teaching and doctorines of the
old Iglesia Watawat ng Lahi.
SUPREMA DE LA IGLESIA DE LA CIUDAD
MISTICA DE DIOS, INC.
• Suprema de la Iglesia de la Ciudad Mistica de
Dios, Inc. (Supreme Church of the Mystical City
Of God) was founded by Maria Bernarda Balitaan
(MBB)
• Today, Ciudad Mistica is the biggest Rizalista
group located at the foot of Mt. Banahaw in
Barangay Sta. Lucia in Dolores, Quezon with
approximately 5,000 members in Sta. Lucia alone.
All over Luzon, it has about 100,000 members.
• In this history of Ciudad Mistica’s establishment, the
group has always been led by a woman. It’s leaders called
the Suprema who assumes the responsibilities of assisting
members seeking advice, resolving conflicts among
members (Including legal conflicts) and making major
decisions in the organization.
• The members believe that as a result of endless conflicts
among countries in West Asia, God decided to transfer his
“Kingdom” to the Philippines. It explains why there
existed “Holy stations/altars” localy called “pwesto” in
Mt. Banahaw, which is equivalent to the stations of the
cross of the Christ in the Pasyon.
• For the Ciudad Mistica, Jesus Christ work is still unfinished
and it will be continued by Dr. Jose Rizal and the “twelve
lights” of the Philippines composed of the nineteenth century
philippine heroes. These “Twelve lights” are said to be the
equivalent of a Jesus Christ twelve apostles. There work will
be fulfilled by a woman, in the person of MBB.

• Like the other Rizalista groups, the Ciudad Mistica shares

many elements with the catholic church. They hold masses
(Every Saturday), and have prayers and chants. They also
commemorate the birth and death anniversaries of the “twelve
lights”, with Rizal death (December 30) as the most important
celebration. Each commemoration starts with the raising of
the Philippine flag.
1. How do Rizalista groups view Jose Rizal and
other national heroes?
2. What are the similarities between Jesus
Christ and Rizal as seen by the millenarian
groups?
3. Name some influential women in various
Rizalista groups and explain their significant
roles in their respective organizations.
 Choose two of the Rizalista
groups, that were discussed. On
a separate sheet of paper, create
a Venn diagram showing the
beliefs that are similar and
different between the two
groups.
 ADARNISTA SAMBAHANG RIZAL

• Balantac followers • Noli Me

believe that she Tangere & El
was an engkantada
• Rizal is God
• Baptism Filibusterismo
• In typical Adarnista
Chapel, one can • Confirmation serve as their
see images of • Marriage bible
Sacred heart of • Confession • Their churches
Jesus, the • Rites of the have altars
Immaculate Heart dead displaying the
of Mary, Our Lady Philippine flag
of Perpetual Help and statue of
& in the center is
the picture of Rizal
Rizal
CHAPTER 4
THE LIFE OF JOSE RIZAL
 INTRODUCTION

Jose Rizal’s biography narrates how FAMILY

he lived during a certain period of

time.
It describes how his ideas have
been shaped by historical events.
Studying Rizal’s biography, EDUCATION
JOSE PROPAGANDIST

therefore will lead to a better RIZAL

understanding of how Rizal
devoted his life in shaping the
Filipino character.
This chapter will cover Rizal’s life EXECUTION

and how he become an important

hero of the Philippines.
VOCABULARY

 Chinese mestizo – a person of mixed Chinese and Filipino ancestry

 Principalia – the ruling and usually educated upper class in Spanish colonial
Philippines
 Bachiller in Artes – Bachelor of Arts degree bestowed by colleges or
universities
 Spanish Cortes – Spain’s lawmaking or legislative body
 Ilustrado – a term which literally means “enlightened ones” or the Filipinos
educated in Europe
 Masonry – fraternal organization which strives for moral betterment
 RIZAL’S FAMILY
FULL NAME JOSE PROTACIO RIZAL MERCADO Y ALONSO
REALONDA
DATE OF BIRTH June 19, 1961
BIRTH PLACE Calamba, Laguna
FATHER’S NAME Francisco Engracio Mercado Rizal
MOTHER’S NAME Teodora Alonso Realonda
BROTHER & SECOND Paciano
FATHER
9 SISTERS Saturnina, Narcisa, Olimpia, Lucia, Maria,
Concepcion, Josefa, Trinidad & Soledad

FIRST FORMAL SCHOOL Binan, Laguna with Maestro Justiniano Cruz

FIRST TEACHERS Mother, Maestro Celestino, Maestro Lucas
Padua and Leon Monroy
RIZAL’S BIRTHPLACE

 CALAMBA, LAGUNA
 (1961) 4 THOUSAND INHABITANTS
 LOCATED 54 KM SOUTH OF MANILA
 THE HEART OF THE REGION KNOWN FOR ITS
AGRICULTURAL PROSPERITY
 ONE OF THE MAJOR PRODUCERS OF SUGAR
AND RICE, TROPICAL FRUITS
 AT ITS SOUTH LIES THE MAJESTIC MT
MAKILING
 ON THE OTHER SIDE LAGUNA DE BAY
 THE WONDERS OF CREATION SURROUNDED
Rizal made him love nature from an early
age. His love of nature influenced his
appreciation of the arts and sciences.
JOSE RIZAL’S FATHER

 FRANCISCO MERCADO
 A wealthy farmer who leased the
lands of the Dominican friars.
 Earliest ancestors were Siang-co
and Zun-nio who later gave birth to
Lam-co
 Lam-co’s came from the district of
Fujian in south China and later
married to Ines de la Rosa from
Binondo.
 The surname ”Mercado” was a
common surname adopted by
many Chinese merchants
JOSE RIZAL’S MOTHER

 Belonged to one of the wealthiest

families in Manila
 Her father was a member of the
Spanish Cortes
 Educated in the college of Sta
Rosa
 “A woman of more than ordinary
culture.”
 Mathematician and read many
books
RIZAL’S FAMILY
Jose Rizal (1861 – 1896) was
affectionate to all his siblings.
His childhood was full of love
and care shown to him by his
parents and siblings.
MORE THAN A BROTHER

JOSE RIZAL’s relation with his only

brother, Paciano, was more than
that of an older brother.
Paciano became Rizal’s second
father whom he highly
respected and valued Paciano’s
advice, he convinced Rizal to
pursue his studies in Europe.
Paciano later decided to join
the Katipunan and fight for
independence.
CHAPTER 5
Rizal who was then 24 years old and a full-pledged
surgeon decided to go to Paris in order to further his

study and acquire adequate knowledge in
ophthalmology. He has special interest in this branch
of medicine so that he could restore his mother`s
eyesight.

He stayed in Paris for almost four months. While in

Paris, he kept busy writing his novel. He became a
clinic assistant of Dr. Louis de Weckert, a noted
ophthalmologist.
 In Heidelberg

 Rizal moved in Heidelberg, a German City, after working as an
assistant in Dr. Weckert`s clinic in Paris. He arrived in Heidelberg
on February 7, 1886.

 While in Heidelberg, Rizal had the privilege to work in the clinic

of a noted Polish ophthalmologist, Dr. Javier Galezowsky.

 On August 6, he attended the celebration of the fifth centenary of

the foundation of the University of Heidelberg. Before leaving the
beautiful city, he wrote an ode – a lyric poem expressive of
exalted emotion entitled ``A las flores del Heidelberg.``
 To Frankfurt and Leipzig

 Frankfurt and Leipzig are cities in East Germany where Rizal
visited by boarding a train. In Leipzig City, he came to know Dr.
Hans Meyer, eminent German scholar, who once visited the
Philippines in 1882.

 Rizal wrote his letter in German to Professor Ferdinand

Blumetritt, Director of the Ateneo of Leitmeritz, Austria on July
31, 1886. He had heard of this Austrian ethnologist who had a
keen interest on the branch of anthropology that analyzes
cultures, especially in regard to their historical development and
the similarities and dissimilarities between them.
 The book he sent with his letter was entitled Arithmetica,
published in two languages – Spanish and Tagalog. To reciprocate,
Blumentritt sent Rizal two books. This was the beginning of their
frequent correspondence and eventually blossomed into a beautiful
and lasting friendship.

 It was in Leipzig where he was ispired to translate Schller`s
William Tell from German language to Tagalog version so that the
Filipinos might understand the story of the legendary Swiss
patriot wo championed its independence. He also translated into
Tagalog version some of the Danish author, Hans Christian
Andersen`s Fairy Tales.

 His next trip was Dresden, another city in East Germany on the
Elbe River where he met Dr. Adolf B. Meyer, Director of the
Zoological and Ethnographical Museum, who also became his
friend.
 Life in Berlin

 Rizal like Berlin, because of its healthy environment, the
warmth of the people and the absence of racial discrimination.

 Rizal was invited to give a lecture on the Tagalogs before the

Anthropological Society of Berlin. The paper which he
presented in April 1887, drew encouraging and favorable
comments from various professional scientific journals.

 Rizal led a realistic life in Berlin as a student and as a tourist.

 On German Women

 Rizal was deeply impressed with the qualities of the German
women. He has a high regard and admiration for they were
diligent, hardworking, active, educated, kind-hearted and
friendly. Their mode of dressing is modest; they do not give
emphasis to expensive clothes and jewelry.

 In contrast, Rizal regretted that in the Philippines some

Filipino women are more interested in beautiful clothes
and fine jewelry than the value of education. However, he
praises the fine manners, hospitality, spirituality and
devotion of Filipino women to their families.
 Other German Way of Living

 Rizal noted that the German workers were protected by
insurance against the hardships of sickness, accident, and
old age. The laws on labor hoped to increase the worker`s
loyalty to the government.

 National unity was further increased by the economic

growth of Berlin. Hamburg, at the mouth of the Elbe, was a
busy port in Germany ad the chief outlet of various
businesses for all central Europe, Berlin was the economic
metropolis of the nation.
 Rizal was delighted on the German customs in
observance of the Christmas season.

 In one social gathering Rizal attended, he was amused
that his attention was caught of the self-introduction to
the guests when a man attends a party or social function.
When nobody introduces him to the guests, he bows his
head and shakes the hands of everyone in the room. It is
considered a rude manner for a guest to remain indifferent
or aloof, and wait for the host to make the proper
introduction. This is observed and in accordance to the
German code of conventional requirements as a social
behavior and appropriate for a person of good breeding.
 Rizal Got Sick

 Rizal found himself in Berlin, almost penniless although richer in
experience. While he was in this city, he tried to economize by
placing himself on a strict vegetarian diet.

 In dire need of money, he even loaned the diamond ring given by

his sister Saturnina to a pawnshop and sold some of his books to
second-hand book stores. He could not even pay his landlord his
monthly due. Eating only once a day, he soon became sick with
symptoms of tuberculosis.

 He was extremely discouraged and disappointed that he was on

the point of burning the manuscript of his novel, Noli.
 The Noli Is Published

 Rizal was desperately despondent because he had a slim
hope of having Noli published for he was penniless.
Upon the magnanimous man from San Miguel, Bulacan,
Dr. Maximo Viola, who loaned P300 to Rizal, Noli was
finally printed in March 1887.

 Rizal`s friends and admirer praised with pride the Noli

and its author. On the other hand, his enemies were bitter
in attacking and condemning the same.
 In the Philippines this novel was attacked and condemned
by a Faculty Committee in 1887.


 It should be noted that coming down to our contemporary
political time, during the Congressional discussion and
hearings on the (Noli-Fili) bill in 1956, the proponents and
opponents of the bill also engaged themselves in a heated,
bitter and long-drawn-out debate that finally resulted in the
enactment of a compromise measure, now known as
Republic Act No. 1425 (Rizal Law) and signed by President
Ramon Magsaysay o June 12, 1956.

 The attacks on Rizal`s first novel were not only confined in

the Philippines but were also staged in the Spanish capital –
Madrid.
 It is interesting and comforting to learn, however, that about
thirteen years later, U.S. Congressman Henry Allen Cooper
of Wisconsin delivered on June 19, 1902 an eulogy of Rizal

and he even recited the Filipino martyr`s Ultimo
Pensamiento (last thoughts) on the floor of the United
States House of Representatives in order to prove to his
colleagues the capacity of the Filipinos for self-government.

 The results of this speech and the appeal of Representative

Cooper, in effect, were the resounding approval of what is
popularly known as the Philippine Bill of 1902, which
granted the Filipinos a large measure of participation in
running the social economic and political affairs of their
government.
 MEMBERS

Constantino, Kristian Angelo
Tenefrancia, Vina
Harder, Leumej Gloriel
Nandin, Germaine