RISE OF NATIONALISM  The Spain's strategy to colonize a

NATIONALISM country is to divide and conquer. By

 Nationalism → sentiment towards the dividing the nation, you don't know the
nation sentiments of other Filipinos.
 Scholars try to Additionally, they are not allowed to say
define nationalism and relate to negativity against the Spanish
ethnocentrism (own culture is superior to government. Until such time, wala na
others). If you do not control the silang pake about sa pamamalakad kasi
nationalistic context of some country, nakasanayan na nila. They are already
there might be a tendency that part of them. This is why people are blind
nationalism may be towards the government. Normal na ang
ethnocentric. Patriotism means that you oppression sa lower class and superior
love your country for the certain things ang friars.
you have lost. Appreciate your country  Rise of nationalism started (asking for
for the certain things you lost. reforms) within the Filipino priests. It was
Nationalism could go a long way and the the PRIESTS who were the first
there might be a tendency that it can be Filipinos to ask for equality with the
controlled.   Spaniards. They were the first because
 Different countries developed different of the Spain's mission of spreading
degrees/definitions of nationalism as Christianity. The felt that something is
these base on their own experiences. wrong.
Example:  Some Filipinos were ordained priests
o Colonies' definition would be to minister to the people BASED ON
to abolish these colonies and THE CHRISTIAN DOCTRINE. Spaniards
establish on their own. Sentiment could not reject this principle, so they
towards the country would be as tried as much as possible to delay the
anti-imperial context of nationalism. process.
They cry for independence or  Filipinos → Priests = They receive
equality from overlords. They might education in Manila colleges and
be willing to die for it. universities. They receive degrees in
o Non-colonials would be theology and philosophy from these
primordial. It means innate. It is schools. Thus, they have the qualities of
really part in them. The context of becoming firsts leaders of the
love, commitment, belongingness community.
and loyalty is primordial. Usually
they are attained by uninfluenced SPANISH VS. FILIPINO CLERGY (Ordained
people. Nationalism would rise in a priests)
certain country if they arrive at a  Conflict emerged during the first
common agenda towards a nation. evangelization in the Philippines.
 Nationalism was very complicated in  King of Spain had powers over the
the Philippines because Filipinos actually Catholic church in exchange for his
do not know what they wanted. For most, support towards evangelization. The king
their calling for independence did not rise divided the Philippines and evangelize
to the reforms. It emerged during the according to the religious orders, the
revolution during the time of Bonifacio. Dominicans (Preachers), Franciscans
(Minor), Carmelites (white) and
 Augustinians, the Jesuits, and the competent and exemplary priests of
secular clergy (those who are not the first 60 years were swallowed by
members of a religious institute). Secular the mass of unfit priests resulting
clergy are not much compared to the from the mass ordination. This was
religious orders in the early stages of until Friars stopped coming from
evangelization Europe as volunteers when they saw
 Conflict started with the visitation how they had been treated.
controversy between bishops and  French Revolution (1789) → first
religious orders. Parishes are to be revolution in history.
administered by the secular clergy, and o culminated to the occupation
bishops had to conduct visitation to the of Spain by the troops of Napoleon.
parishes yearly. The religious orders, Ships were prevented to sail to the
however, are exempted from the Philippines with more missionaries.
authority since they have their own It was a devastating experience for
superiors. In the Philippines, almost all Spain. Thus, there was no time to
parishes were administered by the think of the Philippines.
religious which is in conflict of bishop's o It was necessary to have
yearly visitation. The lack of secular priests, still. Thus, even they are
priests was a major problem, and the not qualified, the ordination
obvious solution was to ordain continued in large numbers. Most of
Filipinos to the priesthood. them grew incompetent.
 In 1698, first Filipino priests were o Some, however, did indeed
ordained. First that were trained receive better training in Manila
well: PEDRO PELAEZ, MARCIANO colleges by the Dominicans.
BURGOS
SHORTAGE OF PRIESTS FILIPINO PRIESTS GAIN SELF-
 Due to events that interrupted the CONFIDENCE
growth and the attempts to destroy the To change the situation:
Filipino clergy, a regalist 1. Filipino priests gained self-
government was born. The whole confidence and patriotism. Friars just
church, especially the religious orders did claim all of the credit for their hard
are now under the governments work while just sitting on to the positions.
control. Basilio Sancho de Santas 2. Revolution in Latin America (1811-
Justa y Rufina, a puppet 1821)
archbishop, promised to eliminate the o They realized that the native
Jesuits that focused on Cavite (near priests of LatAm was the one who
Intamuros) and Mindanao led the revolution. They felt that the
(successfully done in 1768). The same might happen in the
massive under employment of the Philippines.
Jesuits resulted into parishes without 3. During the late 18th century, Spanish
official thus the hasty priesthood of the friars want to occupy the parishes but it
FIlipinos. Since the ordaining of priests has been already occupied by the
became hasty, most of them are Filipino priests and they protests. Then,
somehow under-qualified thus many of the royale decree of 1826 that allows
them turned out to be deficient of moral Spanish friars to take back the position
character and incompetent The of Filipino priests when they die. Thus,
 this annihilates the native clergy in the
Philippines. This took place until 1870.
ANNIHILATING THE NATIVE CLERGY
 1860 → Return of the Jesuits to
parishes through the royale decree.
o Government demanded that
the Recoletos should
Mindanao parishes. Recoletos were
resistant so the gov't gave them the
parishes beloned to the secular
clergy of the archdiocese in Manila
which effectively reduced almost all
Filipino clergy. Father Pedro Pelaez
was just elected to act in the place
of the archbishop who had just
died. He protested to the Madrid
government against
despoliation of Filipino priests - but
in vain. Gregorio Meliton Martinez
took over as the archbishop and
took Pelaez as advisor.
organized reforms for the church
but unfortunately died in
earthquake.
PRIESTS ORGANIZE
 Filipino clergy did not hold back for the
injustices. Several figures emerged in
campaign for Filipino rights during the
next 25 years. The two priests below
secretly organized the Filipino priest in
Manila and Cavite to lobby for the
revocation of anti-Filipino royal decree.
They have failed their immediate
purpose, but this has awakened the
FIlipino priests to defend their rights.
o Father Mariano
Gomez (Cavite; Priest of Bacoor
since 1824)
o Father Pedro Pelaez (Manila)
 Pelaez gathered a group of Filipino
candidates for priesthood
encouraged them to get advanced
degrees.  He realized that the hasty
ordination produced incompetent priests
which led to the friars discriminate them
anyway.
 1863 (death of Palaez due to EQ),
there were already more FIlipino priests
with advanced degrees than the
Spaniards.
 1872 → abolished doctorate for
cede Filipino priests.
THE CAMPAIGN FOR REFORMS
Summary:
 Execution of Gomburza - ushered
the reform movement.
 Wealthy Filipinos migrated to
Europe to avoid constriction. There they
the initiated the campaign for reforms in the
administration of the Philippines.
 Filipinos in PH collaborated to those
who are in Spain; founded nationalistic
They societies.
In the end, the reform movement was a
an failure. It did not achieve this goals, but it
sparked the founding of the revolutionary
Katipunan with separist aims.
THE ROLE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS
 Composed of Spanish and Chinese
mestizos - had an edge in finance and
education over the lower class. However,
Spain look down on them because they
are not part of the Peninsulares. The
Indios also look at them suspiciously.
This is why they yearn for power to make
them more secure and influential, and
advocate reforms.
 Between the two evils, they chose the
Indios to work hand-on-hand.
 Spanish Society System in PH:
o Peninsulares - Spaniards born
in Spain.
and o Insulares - Spaniards born in
PH. "Former Filipinos"
o Indios - Natives,
 General Carlos Maria de la Torre - friar.This led him to be inside a
became the governor in 1869 manhunt because he described the
o Spark for democracy: He friars as fat, ignorant, abusive, and
removed the palace halberdiers, immoral. So, he secretly left to
lived simply within his means, walk Spain in 1880.
the streets in mufti, and abolished o In 1882 in Madrid, he stood up
flogging as punishment. in an oration against Fr. Ramon
o FIlipino middle class saw him Martinez Vigil, who praised the
as a potential ally. Thus, the friars for their benevolent role. He
mestizos and insulares serenaded said friars hid the truth and
him on July 12, 1869. obstructed progress in the
 It was the start of the reform Philippines. He woke the next
movement. morning famous. Kuyaw! Another
THE NATURE OF THE REFORM speech in 1883 that gave him a wild
MOVEMENT applause.
 Assimilation: (1) To denounce the o La Solidaridad (Sol). It was
Spanish cruelty; and (2) to make the founded in 1889 to promote the
Philippines a province of Spain. interest of the Filipinos. It became
o They did not want the mouthpiece of the Filipinos in
independence because they feel it Spain. He was credited that he
is better to become Spanish started the reform movement.
citizens. This entails representation  Objectives (Feb 15,
privileges to Spanish Cortes in 1889): gather libertarian ideas
approval of laws for the benefit of that discusses all problems
the country. They would also be relating to the general interest
immune to abuses and free of the nation and seek
themselves from tax abuse. solutions to those problems in
o To be accomplished in a high-level and democratic
peaceful manner. manner.
 Two segments of reformists (50:50  As an editor, he did
ratio): not receive any salary. He only
o rich class - They are took compensation for his
concerned about the effects of living expenses. He would just
armed conflicts on their properties. allow others to spend for him.
o intellectual class - They  In 1891, he published
believe that no uprising could have a collection of his speeches
and would have succeeded without and articles in a
the necessary arms with which to book Discursos y Articulos
fight the enemy. Varios.
 Marcelo H. Del Pilar (August 30,
THE GREAT REFORMISTS 1850-July 4, 1896)
 Graciano Lopez Jaena (December o His sense of justice led him
17, 1856 - January 20, 1896) early in life to campaign against the
o Fray Botod: A literary work abuses of the friars (with his
that shows the ignorance, abuses, boldness, he experience a month of
and immorality of a Botod, a imprisonment).
o In 1880, he became an o The Sol had no longer the
evangelist when he took to funds necessary to continue the
campaign against the forces of campaign for reforms.
Spain. o A Spanish newspaper La
o Diariong Tagalog. He Politica de Espana en
founded the nationalistic newspaper Filipinas praised him of his actions
in 1882, but it did not boom in the towards the benefit of the
Philippines. Philippines.
o In 1888, he became full time in  Jose Rizal (June 19, 1861-
spreading information. He wrote December 30, 1896)
pamphlets and literary pieces, o (Refer to GE 1213 for deeper
parodies, and whatnot. HIs radical details)
activities led him to his arrest. o Even as a boy, he had already
However, he was able to left to learned from observation and
Spain in October 1888. experience the difficulties that
o In December 1889, he took attended the daily life of the people.
over the editorship of the Sol and o In 1882, he left for Spain. He
became the moving spirit of the observe the strengths and the
reform movement. weaknesses of Spain.
 Additional Objectives: o Noli Me Tangere (Noli,
 remove friars 1887). It is a novel based on facts
and the secularization of that he gathered while he was in
parishes the Philippines. "The book contains
 active things of which no one among
participation in the ourselves has spoken up to the
government present; they were so delicate that
 freedom of they cannot be touched by
speech, press and anybody. . . . The facts that I
assembly narrate are all true and actually
 wider social happened." Limited copies entered
and political form the Philippines for Spaniards
 equality prohibited this reading or else be
 assimilation punished.
 representation  The novel was so
in the Spanish Cortes. threatening, Fr. Jose
 Their cries were Rodriguez issued his
unfortunately unheard pamphlet Caingat Cayo which
because Spain is busy with warned the Filipinos against
their own internal problems. In reading the Noli. In response,
the eve of his death, he Rizal published his answer to
thought of switching from Fr. Rodriguez in his
assimilation to revolution. He pamphlet La Vision de Fr.
plotted to call leaders to meet Rodriguez which exposed the
in Hong Kong to meet such ignorance of the friar.
cause, but failed because he o El FIlibusterismo (Fili,
was gravely ill. 1891). It remembers the unjust
 execution of Gomburza. In contrast
to Noli, Fili is a political novel that
predicts the coming of
Revolution, yet he made
revolution fail because he was a
man of peace because he only
thought of a peaceful revolution.
o He returned to the Philippines,
(1) 1887, and (2) 1892. He was
immediately arrested and thrown
into Fort Santiago.
o On July 7, 1892, he was
officially banished to Dapitan. There
for four years, he helped his less
fortunate countrymen.
o Because he was fed up by his
isolation in Dapitan, he
permission from the governor
general to go to Cuba to enlist as a
military doctor. Granted, he was
then bound for Manila. It was at this
critical moment that the revolution
flared up. He hid because he did
not want to be involved and went to
a ship for Spain.
o Upon his arrival at Barcelona,
he was placed under
imprisoned and sent back to the
Philippines. He was tried
charges on treason and complicity
in the revolution which were based
from no evidences.
LA SOLIDARIDAD TIMELINE
 In 1882 led Lopez Jaena, the Filipino
Circle in Madrid in 1882 was founded to
bring attention the Philippine problem.
The Minister of the Colonies discouraged
the Circle and its mouthpiece, which
forced the reformists to disperse.
 In 1887, the newspaper Espana en
Filipinas, put up by Eduardo de Lete
and other Filipinos, was founded to voice
out the desires of the Filipinos.
o Before the subscription of the
newspaper got to de Lete, he died.
Mariano Ponce suggested to
publish an official organ to continue
the the publication. It was dismissed
the because of its previous failure.
 In 1888, expatriates in Spain proposed
a new organ to be founded and chose
Rizal to manage the periodical but he
turned down the offer due to his
busyness towards annotating Morga's
Sucesos de las Islas FIlipinas.
o Marcelo H. Del Pilar 
 In January 1, 1889 with Del Pilar
present, the new organ gained
acceptance.
 In February 15, 1889, first number of
La Solidaridad came out in Barcelona.
asked  In November 15, 1895, the end of La
Solidaridad.
 Management
o Lopez Jaena (February 15-
December 1889) as editor
o Del Pilar (Dec 1889)
 Pen Names
o Rizal as Dimas Alang and
Laong laan
arrest, o Mariano Ponce as Tikbalang,
Naning and Kalipulako
on o Antonio Luna as Taga-Ilog
o Del Pilar as Plaridel
o Jose Ma. Panganiban as
Jomapa
 The newspaper was actually
forbidden, but was able to circumvent the
system to the Filipinos.
 Refuted the claims of these anti-
Filipino writers: Wenceslao E Retana,
Vicente Barranteds, and Pablo Feced.
HISPANO-FILIPINO ASSOCIATION
 To pool their resources and efforts in
the campaign for their voices to be heard
by the Peninsular government.
 Contributions:
o Because of the society, no
less than 52 Spanish towns petition
 to the Cortes to o reforms in public
favor parliamentary administration
representation of PH. Although the o contruction of good roads and
petition was presented by Emilio railways.
Junoy on February 21, 1895,
nothing came out of it. ROLE OF MASONRY
o Maura Law in 1893  Filipino propagandists in Spain
o law for the compulsory affiliated with masonic lodges in Spain.
teaching of Spanish  Lopez Jaena brought together the
o laws providing for the initiation Filipino Masons in one lodge
of reforms in the judiciary, but was named Revolucion in Barcelona on April
never carried out. 1, 1889 exclusive only for Filipinos.
 This was conceived in July 1888 and  After the former lodge dissolved, the
was inaugurated on January 12, 1889 in lodge La Solidaridad was founded in
Madrid. Madrid.
 Example of Spanish member: Miguel  Filipino Masons then thought that it
Morayta, professor of history at was time to establish lodges in the
Universidad Central de Madrid; Felipe de Philippines. Serrano Laktaw and Antonio
la Corte Luna were tasked to create the lodges.
 Divided into three sections: o Nilad was established on
o Political Section (Marcelo H. January 6, 1891.
del Pilar) o Gran Oriente Espanol was
o Literary Section (Mariano established on March 10, 1892
Ponce) o As of May 1893, there were 35
o Sports Section: Tomas Arejola masonic lodges in the Philippines, 9
 Outline of Reforms in the Philippines were in Manila.
formulated by the Central Doctorate:  Its platform was reform: to assimilate
o compulsory teaching of the Philippines and make it a province of
Spanish in all schools Spain granting its rights and
o Supression of inhuman responsibilities.
punishment in all jails and tribunals  Although the Masonry was not directly
of justice responsible for the revolution, Andres
o establishment of civil register Bonifacio was a Mason. It served as a
and the register of deeds (land pattern for the methods and organization
titles) of the radical Katipunan.
o abolition of the diezmos
prediales (10% tax of land produce) LA PROPAGANDA
and the sanctorum (tax for the  Same time as Masonry was
church) introduced.
o establishment  of secondary  Composed mostly of the middle class,
schools in two or three provinces in contributed money for the expanses of
the Philippines the Filipinos in Spain in their campaigns
o reforms in UST to make it which were forwarded to the Hispano-
equal to the universities in Spain Filipino Association.
o establishment of agricultural  funds were inappropriately utilized and
banks society passed out.
 continued to support. They agreed to
LA LIGA FILIPINA contribute for the support of La
 Founded by Rizal. He made the Solidaridad.
constitution while in Hong Kong.  The Liga only lasted for a few months.
 On July 3, 1892,  at the house of Then it split:
Tondo, Rizal founded and o Cuerpo de Compromisarios -
inaugurated La Liga FIlipina. middle class; only lasted a few
 Aims are enumerated below. months → although patriotic, they
o Unite whole archipelago into were to passive
one compact, vigorous and o Katipunan - founded by
homogenous body Bonifacio.
o mutual protection in every
want and society THE FAILURE OF THE REFORM
o defense against all violence MOVEMENT
and injustice  La Solidaridad did not yield tangible
o encouragement of instruction, results. Mother Spain cannot hear the
agriculture and commerce calls since they are busy with their own
o STUDY AND APPLICATION problems. Friars easily counteract the
OF REFORMS voice of the Sol with their powerful
 Governing Body: newpaper, La Politica de Espana en
o Supreme Council Filipinas.
o Provincial Council  Societies established did not have
o Popular Council sufficient means to carry out their
 The members were each to pay 10 objectives:
centavos as monthly dues. They were o difficulty in collecting funds for
free to choose any symbolic name for Sol;
himself. The funds were appropriated to: o some realized the futility of
o Sustain members/son, peaceful propaganda. 6 years na si
showing capacity, shall be Sol then wala gihapon;
sustained;  Propagandists were divided because
o Poor shall be supported in his of their petty jealousies thus weakened
right against the powerful person; their ties. Most members were also
o Poor suffering loss shall be conservative.
aided;
o Capital loan for industry or BONIFACIO AND THE KATIPUNAN
agriculture for members; Summary:
o introduction of machines and  After Rizal's banishment in Dapitan,
industries the middle class still hoped to soften the
o Shops, stores and heart of Spain which continued the
establishments shall be opened. reform movement for four more years.
 Spanish considered it very dangerous  1896, Bonifacio and the masses were
which led Rizal's secret arrest on the forced to wage war against the
night of July 6, 1892. The next d.ay, Spaniards.
Rizal was deported to Dapitan by the  Bonifacio founded the
order of Eulogio Despujol. It made the Katipunan when they heard about
Liga weak for a while but some members Rizal's banishment. They do not long for
 mere reforms but to actually liberate the Bonifacio was a member of the Liga and
country for the tyranny of the Spaniards. a Mason of lodge Taliba.
So they have to arm themselves for the  Three governing bodies are stated
pending conflict. below.
 Katipunan was built to secure the 1. Kataastaasang Sanggunian
independence and freedom of the (Supreme Council) - highest level ;
Philippines through armed forces. composed of president, fiscal,
secretary, treasurer,
FOUNDING OF THE KATIPUNAN comptroller/interventor
 Founded by Bonifacio and squad 2. Sangguniang Bayan
the Kataastaasan Kagalanggalang na (Provincial Council) - provincial
Katipunan nang manga Anak nang level
Bayan on July 7, 1892 (July 6 - Rizal's 3. Sangguniang Balangay
deportation). (Popular Council) - municipal/town
 Men gathered and performed ancient level
blood compact and signed membership  Katipunan Assembly: composed of
papers with own blood. presidents of 3 councils.
 Recruitment:  Sangguniang Hukuman (Judicial
o Initial the triangle method (two Council): pass judgment on any
recruits required which the two do member who violated the rules of the
not know each other). However, it society; mediate between conflicting
was seen as too slow and clumsy. members or groups. No history of death
o In October 1892, it was agreed sentence. But for the secret chamber
to recruit as many members as (Bonifacio, Jacinto, and Valenzuela),
possible. sentenced some members to be
 Entrance fee: one real fuerte (25 expelled for violating the secrets of the
centavos) society.
 Monthly due: Medio real (about twelve  When recruitment reached 100
centavos) members, the first election was held.
 Officers (October 1892; February
KATIPUNAN OBJECTIVES 1893; 1895; December 31, 1895; August
 Political: separate Philippines from 1897)
spain. 1. President: Deodato Arellano,
 Moral: teach good manners, hygiene, Roman Basa, Andres Bonifacio,
good morals, and fight obscurantism Andres Bonifacio, Andres
(keep secrets), religious fanaticism, and Bonifacio
weakness of character. 2. Interventor/Comptroller: Andre
 Civic: principle of self-help; defense of s Bonifacio, (n/a)
poor and oppressed. 3. Fiscal: Ladislao Diwa,
 Additional: Help sick comrades and Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto,
their families, aid funeral expenses Pio Valenzuela, (n/a)
(simple ceremony only) 4. Secretary: Teodoro
Plata, Jose
STRUCTURE Turiano Santiago, Jose Turiano
 It was influenced by masonry Santiago, Emilio Jacinto, (n/a)
(initiation rites) and La Liga Filipina.
 5. Treasurer: Valentin o ang, ng, at, kung, sa
Diaz, Vicente Molina, Vicente (1,2,3,4,5)
Molina, Vicente Molina
6. Check book for additional KATIPUNAN FLAGS
positions.

First
KINDS OF MEMBERSHIP (Grade Levels)
official flag
1. Katipon (Associate): Black
of the
hood; Anak ng Bayan
society.
2. Kawal (Soldier): Green hood; Gom-
This was
Bur-Za
designed by
3. Bayani (Patriot): Red Mask; Rizal
Benita
Rodriguez
and
Gregoria de
Jesus
(Bonifacio's
wife)

Some used
one of
these.

Bonifacio's
KATIPUNAN CODES personal
 To keep the society in secret, they use flag
secret codes that would be hard to Indefinite
decipher. number of
 In the last two codes, rays
o letter A was suppressed when
preceded by a consonant. General
  Founder and organizer of Katipunan,
Mariano
He is the legitimate Father of
Llanera 
Revolution.
 Characteristics: Humble, knows his
Bonifacio
limitations and know the worth of others.
humorously
 Narrative:
called it
o Death of parents forced him to
"Llanera's
give up schooling to shoulder the
Skull"
burden of his family
General o He worked and in the same
Pio del time, self-studies. He read many
Pilar books including Rizal's novels.
o He married to Monica but she
Magdalo died out of leprosy. In 1892, he
Faction married Gregoria de Jesus in the
(version 1) Catholic church and in Katipunan
with ancient rites.
tagalog K o Gregoria - initiated to the
symbol Women's Chapter of the Katipunan.
Indefinite o In 1895, Bonifacio  and squad
number of went to Morong to find a place to
rays hide in case of the discovery of the
society. They reached San Mateo
Magdalo and Montalban and found the caves
Faction of Makarok and Pamitinan, Initiation
(version 2) rites were held their. Then
with ancient members gathered and Bonifacio
tagalog K wrote on the walls, "Long live
symbol Philippine Independence"
8 rays  Rizal overshadowing Bonifacio:
represent 8 o When the Americans came,
provinces they liked Rizal's philosophy of
who first Benevolent Assimilation. Bonifacio,
took up however, stood for the use of
against armed might to attain
Spaniards. independence. To support

CELEBRATIONS Bonifacio was to defeat their own

 February 17, the day of prayer in purpose of discouraging the

memory of Gomburza. On that day, Filipinos from taking up arms

popular councils were instructed to against them.

create a catafalque.
EMILIO JACINTO (December 15, 1875-April

ANDRES BONIFACIO (November 30, 1863) 15, 1899)

 Brains of the Katipunan
 Joined the Katipunan at the age of 18,
becoming the youngest of them all.
 He had difficulty in speaking Tagalog  Officers:
but learned them anyway. o President: Josefa Rizal
 Kartilla - Replacement/Adopted this o Vice President: Gregoria de
instead of Bonifacio's Katipuneros Jesus
because Bonifacio had faith in him. This o Secretary: Marina Dizon
became the official teachings of the o Fiscal: Angelica Rizal Lopez
society.
 Separated from Bonifacio in
December 1896 - Bonifacio has to go to
Cavite to mediate between the two rival KATIPUNAN NEWSPAPER
factions of Katipunan. Jacinto was  This is to propagate its teachings and
appointed commander-in chief of lure more people in.
Laguna.  Printing press was funded by the
 He was the author of articles which Katipuneros from Visayas, Candido Iban
finfluenced the masses to join the society and Francisco del Castillo (came from
and to make sacrifices for the welfare of Australia in 1895), after winning a lottery.
the native land. They bought a small printing press of
Bazal El Cisne for 400 pesos from
TEACHINGS OF THE KATIPUNAN Antonio Salazar.
 Jacinto prepared the one he  The way the Katipunan were able
called Kartilla, from Spanish cartilla cultivate the teachings and to win over
which means primer. It consists of 13 more allies was by establishing a printing
teachings which members are expected press.
to follow.  To help manage the press, Valenzuela
 Bonifacio prepared his Katungkulang requested help from Ulpiano Fernandez,
Gagawin ng mga Z. Ll. B. (Duties of the a printer in the printing plant of the daily
Sons of the People) which lays down the El Comercio, Faustino Duque, a student
rules to be followed by all members of of San Juan de Letran.
the society.  Kalayaan became the name of the
society organ with a masthead of
THE WOMEN'S CHAPTER OF THE Yokohama to confuse the Spaniards
KATIPUNAN about the location.
 Another way of expanding the  Jacinto was made the editor but the
membership of Katipunan. Soon after his name that was used for Editor Marcelo
second marriage in 1893, he opened the H. del Pilar.
door of the society to woman who is  January 18, 1896, the first paper was
patriotic and who can keep a secret. printed, a number of Two-thousand
 Only the wives, daughters and sisters copies.
of male members are allowed.  Pen Names of the Following:
 Duties: o Bonifacio: Agap-ito
o Take in new members Bagumbayan
o make sure that the meetings o Jacinto: Dimas-Ilaw
of male members were not o Valenzuela: Madlang-Away
disturbed by surprise raids of  Copies of the first number were
authorities. They dance and sang in secretly distributed in Manila, Cavite,
the sala in full view of the passerby.
 Morong, Kalookan, Malabon and other
places.
 Spanish authorities had suspicions
about the periodicals and raided the
place where the paper was being printed
but Duque and Fernandez destroyed the
press before the Spaniards could get a
hold.
Tirona which lead Bonifacio declaring the
results null and void.
 Filipinos were losing battle after battle.
Aguinaldo had to retreat to Biyak-na-
bato, where the Republic was found.
The Truce of Biyak-na-Bato was concluded
between the two parties, but it ended to be a
failure

KATIPUNAN EXPANSION RIZAL'S ADVICE ON THE REVOLUTION

 The writings of Bonifacio and Jacinto  Bonifacio commissioned Dr. Pio
have awakened the people from the Valenzuela to go to Dapitan (June 1896)
passivity and instantly multiplied the to talk to Rizal. In the everning after
ranks of the Katipunan. supper, Valenzuela whispered to Rizal
 March 1896, the two-thousand copies the real purpose of his visit. He
of the periodical were distributed and introduced Katipunan.
hundreds of people joined arms with the  Rizal's points:
Katipunan. o Revolution without sufficient
 From only 300 members to becoming arms should not be started against
30,000 members the armed nation. He related the
 The people were now prepared to risk situation to Cuba revolution which
their lives for the struggles they have failed.
faced and the empowerment of their o Katipunan should win the
native land. wealthy Filipinos to ensure success.
Rizal though failed to explain how
THE REVOLUTION: FIRST PHASE to win them.
Summary: o Suggested Anotnio Luna to be
 Katipunan became popular in the appointed to direct all military
suburbs of Manila and provinces of operations against the enemy.
Central Luzon.
 After Spaniards suspecting the secret PREPARATION FOR THE STRUGGLE
society, the friars began to denounce the  Distribute bolos (It is a large cutting
nightly meeting on August 19, 1896. tool of Filipino origin similar to the
 Bonifacio had to take the field on machete) to the members. But it not
August 23 at Pugadlawin and declare enough because bolo is up against
war. Thus, the revolution spread to other Remingtons and Mausers (basta guns ni
provinces. sila).
 In Cavite, there was a confluct  Tried to apprach Admiral Kanimura,
between two factions and Bonifacio has brought a Japanese warship Kongo, in
to go their and mediate the problem. Manila bay. But Admiral Kanimora
 At Tejeros, Katipunan was agreed to refused to help them.
be changed with a government  Bonifacio called Tito Miguel and
responsive to the demands of the times, Roman Ramos to steal rifles and pistols
Bonifacio as the Director of Interior. The in Maestranza (the place where the two
election was, however, questioned by were employed). Weapons increased but
still were not enough.
 They hid the bolos to prevent  Mass imprisonment of suspects of
Spaniards from knowing their intentions. treason were done after the discovery
thrown into jail and Fort Santiago.
SPANISH SUSPICION AROUSED
 The increase in number gave rise to WEALTHY FILIPINOS IMPLICATED
the suspicion about the society.  The wealthy Filipinos refused to join
Spaniards have noticed their nocturnal the Katipunan. In order to force them,
meetings. they thought they have to trick the
 In Batangas, rumors about a secret wealthy Filipinos na kasali sila sa
gathering and rifles from Hongkong and Katipunan.
Yokohama were being landed spread.  Jacinto made a list of wealthy Filipinos
This lead the friars tell the governor- while some studied their signatures to
general to prevent a bloody uprising. forge some documents. So they made
Although Blanco, the governor-general fake letters which somehow appears that
was reluctant about the suggestion of the they are deeply involved the Katipunan.
friar, he banished all prominent men of  Instead of forcing them to contribute to
Bulacan (1895) and in Batangas (1896). the society, they denounced it and
 Even multiple exaggerated and denied any knowledge and existence.
calculated reports have been given, the Authorities refused to believe their
governor-general refused to take action. excuses and they were punished.
For him, it is just a fantasy made by the
friars. CRY OF PUGADLAWIN (historical
controversies with CRY OF BALINTAWAK)
DISCOVERY OF KATIPUNAN  Upon hearing the discovery, Bonifacio
 Apolonio de la Cruz and Teodoro ordered to secretly summon all leaders
Patino, katipuneros, had a to a general assembly on August 24,
misunderstanding. Patino took revengeto 1896. They were to meet at Balintawak
de la Cruz by revealing the society to his to discuss the steps to be taken to meet
sister which was reported to have cried. the crisis.
Sor Teresa suggested Patino to tall all  On the same night (August 19),
that he knew to Father Mariano Gil. So, Bonifacio, his brother Procopio, and
on August 19, 1896, Patino told company slipped though the cordon of
everything to Fr. Gil. The friar Spanish sentries and
immediately hurried to go to Diario de reached Balintawak before midnight.
Manila and searched proofs of the  On August 21, Bonifacio changed the
existence of Katipunan. Lithographic Katipunan code. On the same day,
stone used to print the Katipunan around 500 rebels left Balintawak
receipts was found which Patino for Kangkong where Apolonio Samson,
confirmed. a Katipunero, gave them food and
 The locker of Policarpio Turla, which shelter.
signature was in the receipt, was opened  On August 22, they proceeded to
and there they found a dagger, rules of Pugadlawin.
the society, and other documents. These  On August 23, in the yard of Juan A.
were handed down to the police who Ramos (son of Melchora Aquino who
were convinced about the existence of was later called the Mother of
Katipunan. Katipunan), Bonifacio asked his men
 whether they were prepared to fight to physical inability or illness. Failure to do
the bitter end. Despite the objection of it will consider them a traitor.
Teodoro Plata, they agreed to fight at  Because of lack of arms, they had the
last. attack on August 30. They had the
 Tearing of cedulas - symbolize their momentum but more reinforcements
determination to take up arms. came which lead to the heavy casualty
on Bonifacios end.
FIRST BATTLES
 In the midst of their tearing of cedulas, THE REVOLUTION SPREADS
Katipuneros who just arrived from Manila  At the south of Manila, around 1000
and Kalookan warned the group that civil rebels attacked the civil guards.
guards are coming. They retreated since  About 400 rebels attacked the church
they had inferior arms. They marched of Pandakan.
towards Pasong Tamo and on August  Pateros, Tagig, Kalookan, Kawit, San
24, they arrived at the yard of Melchora Francisco de Malabon, Noveleta, San
Aquino (Tandang Sora). Pedro Makati and other towns rose as
 Rebels were notified of their general one man and pursued the Spanish
attack on the night of August 29, 1896. enemy.
 On August 25, some women notified  They shifted their attacks to San
Bonifacio about the coming of civil Mateo, Mariquina, and Montalban.
guards. Then bursts of fire came from  With the defeat of the rebels in Langka
the Spaniards. Rebels lost 2 and the River near San Mateo, they retreat to
enemy 1. Since they had inferior Balara. Spaniards pursued them which
armories, the rebels decided to retreat. almost cost Bonifacio's life when a bullet
Spaniards also retreated since they ripped a collar of his shirt while
realized they were outnumbered. protecting Jacinto.
 On August 26, Spanish  On September 2-4, rebels attacked
reinforcements were dispatched to San Isidro led by Mariano Llanera but
Pasong Tamo to drive away rebels. But Spaniards were able to defend.
the rebels could not be found because THE REIGN OF TERROR
they may have been already in Balara.  Spaniards were threatened na
So, instead they shot two innocent nagarami na ang Katipuneros. Thus,
farmers. As they returned to Manila, they produced the reign of terror. Spanish
boasted about a great fight and they volunteers and Corps of Vigilantes
have succeeded flushing the rebels to immediately invaded Filipino homes in
the interior. The origin of cry of order to secure evidence against those
Balintawak which neither happened in who are involved in the uprising.
August 26 nor in Balintawak.  On August 30, Manila, Cavite,
 Rebels arrived at Mariquina but then Laguna, Batangas, Bulacan, Pampanga,
proceeded to Hagdang Bato on August Tarlac and Nueva Ecija were placed
27. under Martial Law. Anyone who were
 On August 28, Bonifacio wrote a found committing treason, unless
manifasto to prepare for the attack on surrendering to the authorities, will by
the Spaniards on August 29. The tried by the military court. Some
manifesto stated that they have to attack Katipuneros surrendered which were
Manila at the same time. Exceptions are
 forced, through torture, to confess what  Two faction rivalry. Magdiwang invited
they knew. him to mediate the conflict. He first
 There were multiple tortures and declined but Artemio Ricarte and
executions happened. The infamous Mariano Alvarez instisted which
Rizal's execution in December 30, 1896 Bonifacio accepted the invitation. He
was also done. went on December 1896.
o Magdalo: Katipunan had
KATIPUNAN IN CAVITE ceased to be a secret society and
 Before the outbreak of Revolution, the should, therefore, be replaced by
Katipunan in Cavite were divided into one more in keeping with the
two factions: Magdalo and Magdiwang. demands of the period.
 Magdiwang attacked the Spaniards in o Magdiwang: Katipunan should
Noveleta. reamin as the government of the
 Magdalo, led by Candido Tirona, revolutionists because it has
defeated the enemy at Cavite el Viejo. already its established by-laws and
 Aguinaldo marched against Bakood to constitution.
intercept the Spanish forces from Manila  The conflict was not resolved at the
but failed. Aguinaldo retreated to Imus. end of the meeting.
On September 5, he defeated Spanish
troops under General Aguirre. Spaniards TEJEROS CONVENTION
lost hundreds of men and sixty guns with  On March 22, 1897, two factions
ammunition. Thus, Aguinaldo become again met at Tejeros.
the hero of the hour and Caviteños call  Jacinto Lumbreras, a Magdiwang,
him as General Miong. took over to preside the convention. The
 On October 31, Aguinaldo issued two arguments were still in the heat and
manifestos urging the Filipinos to therefore he called a recess.
continue to fight until freedom is won.  After an hour, the session resumed
 Spaniards then decided to carry the with Bonifacio as the chairman. To
fight to Cavite. Gov-Gen. Ramon Blanco resolve the issue, he agreed about the
took the offensive in Cavite early in establishment of new government in
November. Filipinos under Aguinaldo replacement of Katipunan. He added that
suffered losses which led them to create the will of the majority should be
new positions in the Katipunan. respected. Thus, the Republic of the
 The series of defeat of Gov. Blanco Philippines was proclaimed. Then the
led the friars agitate against him election process occurred, which prior to
(incompetent daw). He was taken over that, Bonifacio made it clear that results
by General Camilo de Polavieja should be respected:
on December 13m 1896. Polavieja o President: Emilio Aguinaldo
began his campaigns on January 1897 o Vice President: Mariano Trias
and partially succeeded in driving away o Captain-General: Artemio
the rebels in several places. Later he Ricarte
reclaimed lost territories and got 1/3 of o Director of War: Emiliano
Cavite in their hands. Riego de Dios
o Director of the Interior: Andres
BONIFACIO IN CAVITE Bonifacio.
 Daniel Tirona insulted
Should have diploma of law. Bonifacio
felt insulted because prior
elections, it was made clear that all
should respect the decision. He asked
Tirona to retract his statement but Tirona
disappeared in the scene.
 Because of anger, Bonifacio annulled
all that was approved and resolved.
SECOND MEETING AT TEJEROS
 Aguinaldo was called the following
day, March 23, 1897, of his election to
Presidency. Although he first denied to
leave his men to prepare to fight, his
brother Crispulo Aguinaldo, persuaded
him to take the oath of office and siya na
ang bahala sa iyang men. He proceded
to Santa Cruz de Malabon.
 Bonifacio said the election was invalid.
They thought that the anomalies was
during the balloting. They issued Acta de
Tejeros which they presented
reasons why the results were invalid.
Then they proceeded to Naik to get away
from the Magdalo who, they thought,
was responsible for the commission of
anomalies during the election.
NAIK MILITARY AGREEMENT
 The document posed a potential
danger to the cause of
because it would mean a definite split of
the revolutionists. The
repudiate the agreements in Tejeros
convention.
TRIAL AND EXECUTION OF BONIFACIO
 Andres and Procopio was found guilty
of treason and sedition even with not
enough evidence. They were executed
by Major Lazaro Makapagal, under the
orders of General Noriel.
THE REVOLUTION CONTINUES
 On April 15, 1897, Governor-General
Camilo de Polavieja asked to relieve
Bonifacio. himself from the position and was
replaced by former Governor-General
to the Primo de Rivera.
 On April 23, 1897, Primo de Vera
arrived. At the end of the month, he
issued a decree granting pardon for
those, up to May 17, would give up their
arms and surrender to the government.
Most Filipinos ignored the decree. Then,
he launched a campaign against the
rebels which forced Aguinaldo and his
men to retreat in Batangas.
 As he had most of Cavite, he issued
another decree extending the pardon
beyong May 17 to win the Filipinos
back. 
 Aguinaldo went from Batangas →
Morong → Malapad-na-bato → Biyak-
na-Bato, Bulakan, where he established
his headquarters.
THE GOVERNMENT OF CENTRAL LUZON
the  Aguinaldo and his men joined forces
with those of General Mariano Llanera of
Nueva Ecija and defeated the Spanish
soldiers.
 At Puray, they established the
Departmental Government of Central
Luzon comprising 8 provinces (Cavite →
Morong).
revolution
BIYAK-NA-BATO REPUBLIC
document  On July 2, 1897, Primo de Rivera
issued a decree to prevent people to
leave their villages and towns. But
people continue to fight for their cause.
 Aguinaldo issued a proclamation
stating revolutionary demands which
shows that Aguinaldo was still willing to
return to the Spanish fold provided that
the demands were met.
 Biyak-na-bato was already established
as a republican government. The
constitution provides for the creation of
officers which was signed on November
1, 1897. The Supreme Council was
 created on November 2, 1897 which Filipino-American forces a few months
was led by Aguinaldo. later.
 The Filipinos felt that truce was but a
TRUCE OF BIYAK NA BATO mask to cover up the Spanish bad faith.
 Pedro Paterno offered himself to be The feeling of mutual suspicion still re-
the mediator of both parties as he loved sparked the revolution
both countries. For August to December
1897, negotiation occurred.
o Eventually on November
18, the Truce of Biyak-na-Bato THE REVOLUTION: SECOND PHASE
signed by Paterno (revolutionists) Summary:
and Primo de Rivera (Spanish  Aguinaldo deposited the 400K pesos
government). On December to two Hong Kong banks and used the
14,  Programme was signed by the interest for the expenses of the exiles.
same representative. Then same  Aguinaldo, with two companions, went
thing on December 15 for the last to Singapore where American Consul E.
document. In the agreement: Spencer Pratt consulted him to
 Aguinaldo and cooperate with Commodore George
companions to voluntarily exile Dewey who was about to destroy the
abroad. Spanish Navy.
 Primo de Rivera will  War was declared between the United
have to pay P800K for three States and Spain, and Dewey promptly
installments: (400) upon sank the Spanish warships.
departure; (200) for 700  Aguinaldo returned to the Philippines
surrenderies; (200) when the with the American ship and began
Te Deum was sung. another round of revolt.
 Primo de Rivera will Governor-General Basilio Agustin tried to win
have to pay additional P900K the Filipinos to the Spanish side, but it was too
for the families of non- late.
combatant Filipinos who RELIEF OF PRIMO DE RIVERA
suffered the armed conflict.  On April 9, 1898, succeeded by
 Celestino Tejeiro and Ricardo Monet General Basilio Augustin. He arrived in
arrive at biyak na Bato and became this date at Manila.He was ignorant
hostages of the rebels. Colonel Miguel about the actual conditions in the
PrimoRivera also to accompany the Philippines. He, although, said that he
exiles abroad. They received P400K would continue Rivera's work.
check.  On April 10, 1898, Primo de Rivera
turned over his power to Augustin.
FAILURE OF TRUCE
 Festivities for spared lives. AMERICAN DESIGNS ON THE
 January 23, Te Deum was sung at PHILIPPINES
the Manila Cathedral.  Spanish-American relations were
 Both parties do not still trust each worsening for the US had drawn to the
other. Thus, the periodic clashes side of the Cuban rebels in their
occured in mid-February and continued revolution for American economic
until Spanish power was destroyed by interests in the island were huge.
 In 1897, Theodore Roosevelt, Sr., as strategically attacked the enemy ships.
the Assistant Secretary of Navy, said Although they were outnumbered, the
that US-Spain war should break out to destruction of Admiral Patricio Montojo
expand the navy. Thus, it is necessary to was complete. Spaniards hoisted the
attack Manila to have the war. The only white flag in Cavite.
person who could carry this out was  This signaled their "Days of Empire."
Commodore George Dewey,
 ON February 25, 1898, Roosevelt AGUINALDO IN SINGAPORE
appointed Dewey to be the commander  Aguinaldo and squad heard about the
of the squadron and go to Hong Kong as Spanish-American war in the Philippines.
their base of operations. He is instructed To them, it was an opportunity to oust
to take an offensive action against the the Spaniards from the Philippines.
Spanish flotilla.  But there was the division of ranks
 When the war finally broke out, Dewey among the exiles as Isabelo Artacho
is in the position to rush to Manila to wanted the P400K given to Aguinaldo to
destroy Spanish warships. be divided among them. Aguinaldo
refused. Atarcho sued Aguindalso in
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN WAR Hong Kong Supreme Court. To avoid
 Spain's Ambassador to the United appearing in the court, Aguinaldo, with
States, Dupuy de Lome, wrote a friend in Gregorio del Pilar and J. Leyba secretly
Cuba in January 1898, stating that took another ship to Singapore.
President William McKinley was a  On April 23, Howard Bray contacted
weakling and low politician. This was Aguinaldo and told him that E. Spencer
stolen and published in a New York Pratt, an American consul, wanted to
periodical which roused the US to have an interview with him. He
anger about the brutalities of Spain convinced Aguinaldo to cooperate with
and mistreatment of American Commodore Dewey to overthrow the
citizens in Cuba, which they demanded Spaniards.
war with Spain. Thus, this was still fresh  On April 26, Aguinaldo and his two
for the Americans. companions sailed for Hong Kong.
 On February 15, 1898, the American However, upon his arrival, Dewey
warship Maine was blown up at Havana already had sailed for Manila Bay.
harbor.
 On April 21, 1898, the Teller AGUINALDO AND CONSUL WILDMAN
Resolution declares the state of war with   American consul at Hong Kong,
Spain. Rounseville Wildman, informed
 On April 25, 1898, the date of formal Aguinaldo that  Dewey had left
declaration or war, Dewey received a instruction for him to make arrangements
cable from Secretary of Navy Long for the return of Aguinaldo to the
stating that war has began between Philippines. Aguinaldo should establish a
Spain and US. He was ordered to dictatorial government which was
capture or destroy vessels. necessary in the prosecution of the war
against Spain. After the war, Aguinaldo
THE BATTLE OF MANILA BAY should establish a government similar to
 May 1, 1898, Dewey entered Manila the US.
Bay almost undetected. They
 To prepare for his return, Aguinaldo
purchased P50K woth of 2000 rifles and
200000 rounds of ammunition. Before
departure, he gave Wildman P67K for
another shipment of arms. The second
order though was not fulfilled and was
not even return the money.
AGUINALDO AND THE HONG KONG
JUNTA
 On May 4. 1898, the Hong Kong Junta
met to discuss the steps to be taken in
the face of new developments. Since the
situation in the Philippines was critical,
Aguinaldo asked the members of the
junta to advise him what to do. They
decided that he should return to the
Philippines to lead the FIlipinos against
the Spaniards.
AGUINALDO RETURNS
 On May 7, 1898, the revenue cutter
McCulloch arrived at Hong Kong, but
Dewey did not instruct the master of the
ship to take Aguinaldo on board
 On the second return, Aguinaldo was
notified that Dewey had given the
instructions to have him on board. They
departed from May 17 and arrived in
Cavite on May 19.
 Aguinaldo claimed that he was told
that US did not need colonies and that
they will recognize Philippines
independence. Dewey denied this claim.
RENEWAL OF THE STRUGGLE
 Rebels came to see him as soon as
Aguinaldo landed. He distributed copies
of his proclamation which urge the
people back to the cause.
 On May 21, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a
proclamation instructing on what to do
when they attack the towns mentioned.
They have to move and fellow up the
enemy on their retreat.
 By June 1898, the central Luzon
(except Cavite) were in the hands of the
rebels.
SPANISH ATTEMPTS TO WIN OVER
FILIPINOS
 Aguinaldo's return pushed the Filipino
soldiers who volunteer to the Spanish
army to betray Governor-General Basilio
Agustin.
 To counteract, Spaniards circulated a
handbill entitled Viva la
Autonomia! written by Pedro Paterno
which stated that the salvation of their
unity is still in Spain.
 May 28, 1898 was the day GEneral
Augustine called the first Consultative
assembly with Filipino mestizos on it. He
wanted to win the wealthy and influential
part of the Filipinos and to make it
appear that he considers the welfare of
the Filipinos. It was just a decoration
because it is not open for reforms.
THE SIEGE OF MANILA
 Also known as the Walled City or
Intamuros.
 After destroying the Spanish navy,
Dewey blockaded Manila to prevent
Spanish ships from entering or leaving
the bay. Dewey then thought it was
useless to conquer the city by arms for
he did not have enough men to occupy
it. Dewey called for reinforcements.
 Filipino forces under Aguinaldo
surrounded that city to starve out the city
within the walls. To make the siege
effective, they cut off the city's food and
water supply.
 On June 6, 1898, Aguinaldo offered
Governor-General Augustin an
honorable surrender but still refused to
surrender.
THE SPANISH-AMERICAN SECRET  The continuous streams of American
AGREEMENT reinforcements led Aguinaldo and other
 On June 30, 1898, reinforcements Filipino leaders (suspicions were
came under the command General separate) to suspect the American's
Thomas Anderson. ultimate intentions. So, they came more
 On July 17, 1898, reinforcements careful. (Refer back to their secret
came under the command General agreement).
Francis V. Greene.
 On July 31, 1898, reinforcements THE MOCK BATTLE
came under the command General  On August 7, 1898, Dewey and
Arthur Mac-Arthur. Merritt issued a joint ultimatum to
 Dewey thought that the surrender of Jaudenes telling him to evacuate the
Manila can be done without armed non-combatants to safe places. There
conflict. He began negotiating with was yet no answer due to unanimity of
Augustin through Andre, his Belgian opinion among the high Spanish officials.
consul, regarding the surrender of  On August 9, 1898, another
Manila. ultimatum ask them to surrender the city
 Upon hearing Augustin's plan to and his forces. Jaudenes asked for more
surrender, the Peninsular Government time to consult but Dewey and Merritt
replaced him with General Fermin turned down his request.
Jaudenes. Still he believe that they are in  The planned mock battle was to be
a hopeless position. To save his face, he performed on August 10, 1898, but
insisted to Dewey and Merrit which they suspended due to bad weather.
agree that there should be a mock battle  On August 13, 1898, Filipino troops
after which they would issue a surrender. positioned themselves on the right flank
Filipino rebels should be excluded from of General Arthur MacArthur, ready to
participating in the surrender of Manila.  rush into the fight. Aguinaldo would
rather participate in the attack on Manila.
BEGINNINGS OF THE FILIPINO-AMERICAN  Plan:
RIFT o Dewey → Fort San Antonio
 Dewey's policy not to engage until Abad (9:30a)
reinforcements arrive. General Wesley o Green → Malate (10:30a)
Merritt decided that the conflict should be o MacArthur → Singalong
conducted along the bay side. Since, this (11:00a)
was occupied by the Filipinos, through  11:20am - Spaniards hoisted the white
Greene he asked for Aguinaldo's flag of surrender.
cooperation — Filipino troops should
evacuate so American troops would THE PROTOCOL OF PEACE
occupy it. Aguinaldo asked and was  On August 10, 1898, Secretary of
promised by Greene to issue a written Sate day submitted to the Jules Cambon
request.  They agreed but Greene did (Spain representative) a draft of the
not keep his word. protocol to appoint not more than five
 Americans' positions were so secure commissioners on each side to discuss
that Filipinos were not allowed to join the the treaty. They were ought to meet not
battle. later than October 1. It will also stop the
 Spanish-American hostilities. Spain nucleus government of the republican
agreed to these terms. government (similar to US).
 On August 12, 1898 (Washington  After the military victories, Aguinaldo
time), President McKinley issued a decided to establish a Filipino
proclamation that all operations against government. He had a draft of a plan
the enemy has been suspended. prepared by Mariano Ponce for the
 A mock battle should never have establishment of a revolutionary
occurred. The proclamation was cabled government. He was then consulted by
to Merritt on August 12, 1898, but his adviser, Ambrosio Rianzarez
Dewey cut off the cable until the mock Bautista, to form a dictatorial
battle was over. It was then in August government.
16, 1898 that they have received the  On May 24, 1898, he officially
information. declared a dictatorial government. It
nullified the orders issued under the
THE MALOLOS REPUBLIC authority of the Biyak-na-Bato Republic.
Summary: He asserted that the Dictatorial
 Aguinaldo return to the Philippines Government was temporary nature until
from Hong Kong with a plan to form a peace have been reestablished and
Philippine government. liberty is attained.
 Aguinaldo established a Dictatorial
Government in May 24, 1898 to show TREATMENT OF THE ENEMY
the capacity of Filipinos for self-  In general, Spanish , are to be treated
government. A month later, he with justice. But because of hatred, the
established a revolutionary government. Filipino maltreated the Spaniards.
Different departments were created to Therefore, Aguinaldo appealed to them
take charge of the multifarious duties of to treat the Spanish prisoners humanely.
the new government.  On May 29, 1898, first circular was
 In September, the Congress called for released preventing the people to stop
a meeting at Malolos and the constitution maltreating the prisoners.
was prepared to guide the government  On June 1, 1898, Aguinaldo issued
towards republicanism. another order that all classes of crimes
 In December 10, 1898, the treaty of were to be tried by competent military
Paris was signed which gives the tribunal to suppress crimes.
Philippines from Spain to the US. It is
because the US decided to take over DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE
control of the Philippines.   To declare independence, it might
Still, the Filipino leaders proclaimed the inspire the people to fight more eagerly
Philippine Republic in Malolos with Aguinaldo against the Spaniards and would lead
as President. other countries to recognize the
independence.
 Mabini objected to this cause because
it was more important to reorganize the
DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT government in such a manner as to
 But he was first advised by Consul convince the foreign powers of the
Wildman to establish a dictatorial competence and stability of the new
government which could later on be the government than to proclaim Philippine
 independence for such an early period. because of his condition, he was
Aguinaldo still won the argument. released and sent to San Juan de Dios
 On June 5, 1898, Aguinaldo issued a Hospital.
decree that June 12 is the proclamation  In 1898 while in vacation, he sent
of Philippine Independence. He asked hundred men to take turns in carrying the
Julian Felipe, a composer from Cavite, to hammock he was in to bring him to
prepare a composition during the Kawit. At first Aguinaldo, after seeing
independence ceremonies. him, doubted that he could help him. But
 On June 11, 1898, Felipe showed when Mabini spoke, his doubts vanished.
Aguinaldo the draft entitled Marcha  From then on, he became the Brains
FIlipina Magdalo. Then Aguinaldo of the Revolution.
asked him to teach the music to the
members of the band of San Franscisco REORGANIZATION OF LOCAL
de Malabon so that it could be played the GOVERNMENT
next day. Then Filipe changed the title  June 18, 1898- provided for the
to Marcha Nacional Filipina (Philippine reorganization of local government in
National March). those provinces already freed from
 On June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo Spanish control.
proclaimed independence at Cavite el  Town chief- act as president of the
Viejo (Kawit). The Philippine National assembly
Flag, made in Hong Kong by Mrs.  Headman of the población or town-
Marcela Agoncillo, assisted by Lorenza proper- vice president
Agoncillo and Delfina Gerboza, was  Delegate for justice and civil
officially hoisted and the Philippine registry- secretary
National March was in play. ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE
 Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista →  The administration of justice was
Prepared and read the Act of the outlined in a supplementary decree of
Declaration of Independence. It was June 20, 1898 because of complex
signed by 98 persons with an American problems with the establishment of
army officer who witnessed the courts.
proclamation.  The decree provided the Spanish
 On August 1, 1898, the Philippine Penal Code was to remain in force for
independence was promulgated during the time being.
the Dictatorial government.
REVOLUTIONARY GOVERNMENT
APOLINARIO MABINI  The Dictatorial Government lasted for
 He was Aguinaldo's trusted adviser. only a month May 24-June 23, 1898
 His dream to defend the poor led him  Aguinaldo delivered a message,
to forsake the priesthood which is what penned by Mabini, giving his reasons
her mother wanted him to take. for changing the form of government
 In 1896, he is under an illness, maybe  Changed dictator to president
an infantile paralysis, that paralyzed his  Four departments were created:
lower limbs. DEPARTMENT OF FOREIGN
 When the revolution broke out, he was AFFAIRS, NAVY AND COMMERCE,
arrested because he was suspected that DEPARTMENT OF WAR AND
he was involved in the disturbance. But PUBLIC WORKS, DEPARTMENT OF
 POLICE AND INTERNAL ORDER,  Separation of the Church and State-
JUSTICE, EDUCATION AND first votation was a tie, second
HYGIENE, DEPARTMENT OF votation it resulted in victory. Won by
FINANCE, AGRICULTURE AND only one vote by Pablo Tecson.
MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY  Thus, the Calderon project of making
 Also provided for the creation of Catholicism the State religion was
Congress defeated,
 July 15, 1898- Aguinaldo made his THE CONSTITUTION
first cabinet appointments  The Malolos Constitution- first
 September 28- Aguinaldo increased important Filipino document ever
the departments to 6: FOREIGN produced by the people’s
AFFAIRS, WAR, INTERIOR, representatives
WELFARE, JUSTICE, AND  Anchored in democratic traditions
TREASURY  Created a Filipino State whose
government with three branches-
THE MALOLOS CONGRESS EXECUTIVE, LEGISLATIVE,
 Aguinaldo convoked the Revolutionary JUDICIAL
Congress at Barasoain, Malolos.  Legislative powers- exercised by the
 September 4- appointed 50 delegates Assembly of Representatives. The
to the Congress Assembly elected the President of the
 September 10- increased by 10 Republic.
 September 15- in the morning, the  Cabinet- composed of the secretaries
basilica of Barasoain was filled with from different Departments.
delegates and spectators. The Banda Responsible to the Aseembly
Pasig played the National Anthem  Administration of Justice- vested In
 September 17- delegates created the the Supreme Court. Chief Justice of
Permanent Commission of Justice, 8 the Supreme Court was elected by the
committees were constituted; Assembly with the concurrence of the
FELICITATION, MESSAGE, President and Cabinet
INTERNAL REGULATIONS,
RECEPTION COMMITTEE, BUDGET THE PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC
COMMITTEE, FESTIVITIES, STYLE,  January 21, 1899- Aguinaldo
DRAFTING THE CONST. promulgated the Constitution
 The Council of Government/Cabinet-
THE MALOLOS CONSTITUTION did not belong to any parties, nor
 Mabini vs. Constitution desire to form one
 Mabini submitted hid Constitutional  January 23, 1899- the Philippine
Plan of the Philippine Republic but Republic was inaugurated at Malolos
Congress overruled him in colorful ceremonies.
 Felipe G. Calderon- a committee to
draft the constitution was created. He REVOLUTIONARY PERIODICALS
is the most prominent member  The Revolutionary Government
 With the advice of Cayetano founded its official organ El Heraldo
Arellano, a brilliant but de la Revolucion, first number came
unreconstructed mestizo. Drew up his out on September 29, 1898.
plans for a constitution.
  Changed to Heraldo Filipino, then to
Indice Official, and finally Graceta de
Filipinas, last number came out on
October 14, 1899.
 These newspapers published
official texts of the decrees of the
government and news items, Tagalog
poems
 La Independencia- edited and party
owned by General Antonio Luna
 La Republica Filipina- founded in
Mandaluyong by Pedro A. Paterno
 La Libertad- under the editorship of
Clemente Jose Zulueta on June 20,
1898.
 Ang Kaibigan nang Bayan
 Columnas Volantes
 La Federacion
 La Revolucion
 La Oportunidad
EDUCATION
 August 29, 1898- the the Secretary of
the Interior ordered the provincial
governors to reestablish the schools
that had been abandoned before.
 Aguinaldo included in the budget for
1899 an item for public instruction
amounting to 35,000 PHP
 On October 24, a decree was issued
outlining the curriculum of the Burgos
Institute
 October 19, 1898- Aguinaldo created
the Literary University of
Philippines
 Dr. Joaquin Gonzales- first president
of the university
 Dr. Leon Ma. Guerrero- successor,
delivered the commencement address
on September 29, 1899.
University did not last long due to the
conflict with the Americans.
DIPLOMATIC ACTIVITIES
 To persuade other countries
recognize the Philippine Independence,
Aguinaldo created diplomatic positions
abroad.
o Promulgation of decrees
creating committees abroad to carry
the out propaganda activities for the
Revolutionary Government.
On June 24 and August 10, 1898,
he issued two decrees  to establish
the Hong Kong Junta whose
members were to represent the
Philippines in different countries.
Diplomatic agents were appointed
to work for the recognition of the
independence by other countries.
 Agoncillo and Sixto Lopez went to the
US for the matters above but failed to
meet President McKinley. They went to
Europe to appeal to the American Peace
Commissioners to give the Filipinos a
chance to be heard but also failed. They
returned to Washington to fight the
confirmation of the Treaty of Paris by the
Senate, but the PH-US hostilities forced
him to flee for his life.
o He returned to Paris for his
patriotic activities.
TREATY OF PARIS
 Based on the Protocol of Peace
signed on August 12, 1898, five
representative from both parties were
appointed to meet in Paris to discuss the
final peace terms between the Spain and
the the US.
o US: Cushman Davis, Willian
P. Frye, Whitelaw Reid, George
Gray, and WIlliam R. Day
o Spain: Eugenio Montero Rios,
Buenaventura Abarzuza, Jose de
The Garnica, Wenceslao Ramirez de
Villa-Urrutia, and General Rafael
Cerero.
 They met at Paris from October to
to December, 1898. They had long
discussions on legal pionts which both
sides refused to give in. Finally, the
 American commissioners served an  On February 4, 1899, an American
ultimatum to the Spaniards who believed sentry shot a Filipino which resulted to
that Americans should be gracious in the outbreak of the hostilities.
their hour of victory. They asked for the It took almost three years to conquer the
whole Philippines. It was until the Filipinos even with the lack of arms by the
Spaniards finally agreed. Filipino side.
 On December 10, 1898, the Treaty of Report Proper
Paris was signed. AMERICAN APOSTASY
o Spain would receive $20M  USA and PH had friendly relationships
from the US as payment for the but escalated to hostilities.
improvements in the Philippine  American Apostasy - Simply means
colony. the Filipinos renounced their faith against
o US granted the Spain rights to the American. But, why?
ship commodities to the Philippines  Dewey-Aguinaldo Alliance
for 10 years. o Americans first approached
 The Treaty did not immediately go into Aguinaldo (HK, SG) to persuade
effect until after the American Senate him to cooperate with Commodore
had confirmed it. Majority of the Dewey in taking the power from the
senate believed that the treaty not fair for Spaniards. It was first American
the Filipinos. But because of the Filipino- consul E. Spencer Pratt who
American hostilities erupted consulted him to cooperate with
on Februrary 4, 1899, many have Commodore Dewey.
switched decisions. o Informal alliance was
American propaganda made it appear established between Dewey and
that the Filipinos first shot that ruptured Aguinaldo to fight the common
the PH-US relations. enemy, the Spaniards.
 On February 6, 1899, the treaty was  Aguinaldo as the Tool!
ratified by two-thirds of the majority. o Let's recall the past situation,
 Thus, later on, the Philippines was a Dewey, Merritt for the US and
territory of the United States. Augustin, had a secret agreement
that they would perform a mock
FILIPINO-AMERICAN battle to save Augustin's face since
HOSTILITIES (REPORT) the Peninsular Government do not
Summary: want to surrender.
 The deterioration of Filipino-American o When finally, Manila
relations was mainly due to the surrendered, they treated Aguinaldo
instructions and limits set by Dewey to as if he was an escaped convict (a
Aguinaldo and his troops in the secretly person found guilty for criminal
agreed mock battle in Manila. offense).
 Misunderstanding climaxed during the  They can't share their
signing of the Treaty of Paris without the glory to the Filipinos
Filipinos being consulted.  They used Aguinaldo
 There were attempts to curb the as a tool for their selfish
tensions between the two parties. purposes.
  The Americans appear  Religious Interests: PH
to be not a friend but an as the base of American
enemy masking as a friend. Protestant missionaries
 The Suspicion  Issuance of the Benevolent
o Aguinaldo group looked upon Assimilation Proclamation
the Americans with suspicion. o On December 21, 1898,
 American insistence of McKinley issued a "Benevolent
Aguinaldo's army to evacuate Assimilation" Proclamation since
from the strategic points along they had its objectives met with the
the Manila Bay Treaty of Paris. This proclamation
 Refusal to allow was the first official indication of
Filipino soldiers to enter the American policy regarding the
city of Manila. Philippines. It indicates the intention
 Set limits to the of the US to stay in the Philippines
Filipinos to occupy several by exercising right of sovereignty
areas. over the Filipinos.
o Circumstances around the o US assume control and
signing of the Treaty of Paris of disposition of the government of the
1898: Philippines.
 Americans did not o Orders military to exercise
consult the Filipinos about the sovereignty by force.
treaty.  Add:
o General Elwell Otis knew that
Why is it that the Americans are acting like the Philippines were in a bad mood.
this? Upon reading the proclamation, he
THE BENEVOLENT ASSIMILATION observed certain words and
 The Real American Agenda expressions such
o Before the conclusion of the as sovereignty and right of
Treaty of Paris, President William cession which may be compared to
McKinley Jr. pretended that he immediate occupation. This may
does not know what to do with the encourage hostile reaction to the
Philippines. But he simply wants to Filipinos.
take the Philippines from Spain
through the objectives below. So, How did the Filipinos react to the
he advised his peace proclamation.
commissioners to actually make a FILIPINO REACTION
way so that the Philippines would  Aguinaldo issues counter-
eventually be owned by the United proclamations.
States. o After a copy of the
 Economic Interests: proclamation that fell into the hands
Expand business of the officials of the Revolutionary
 Naval and Military Government, it received severe
Interests: Wanted the attacks.
Philippines as the first line of  Antonio Luna: The
American defense Proclamation was merely a
deceptive tool to calm the
 people temporarily until their
plans could but applied to put
into practice all the unpleasant
features of government which
Spain has employed in the
Philippines.
o On January 5, Aguinaldo
issued a counter-proclamation
stating that he cannot remain
indifferent about the intrusion. He is
against the intrusion of the US
government on the sovereignty of
the islands.
 PH and US prepare for battle.
o US: Otis sought the two
proclamations as the beginning of
war.
o PH:  Proclamations increased
their determination to fight against
the enemy
ATTEMPTS TO RELAX THE TENSIONS
 Aguinaldo knew that an armed conflict
would result to more bitter sacrifices and
they are placed in a disadvantage in
terms of firearms and ammunition.
 Aguinaldo's Call for a Conference
o On January 9 to January 29,
1899.
o Three representatives of each
side.
 Filipinos: Florentino
Torres, Ambrosio Flores,
and Manuel Arguelles
 Americans: Gen. R. P.
Hughes, Col. James Smith,
Lieutenant-Col. E. H.
Crowder
o Aguinaldo's Intentions: to work
out a plan to adjust the conflict of
political interest of both parties.
o Americans try to fool Filipinos
that the Americans were ready to
hear and consider their aspirations.
But, they are just wasting time since
they are still waiting for American
reinforcements. There were not
enough American soldiers to fight
against the Filipinos.
o Thus, the conference yielded
no result.
o Another meeting was
scheduled on January 31 but it was
not held.
o Otis asked Florentino Torres
to stop the hostile demonstrations
against the US. He was only a
minor official so his voice cannot be
heard.
FIRE STARTERS!
 Series of incidents led to the outbreak
of hostilities.
 The San Juan Bridge Incident
o On February 4, 1899, 8PM,
Private Willie Grayson and two
other patrol members, checked the
village of San Juan if there are
Filipino soldiers in the vicinity.
o Suddenly, four men appeared
before Grayson.
o He warned the soldiers to stop
moving. Then, the Filipino moves.
He warned again, then the Filipino
replied, "Halto!"
o He shoot him.
o Then, he gathered his men
than retreated to the pipeline and
stayed there all night.
o Minutes after the second shot,
Filipinos began firing.
 MacArthur Advances the Following
Day
o Although he has no sufficient
evidence, he ordered to
counterattack the Filipino troops.
o This was when the Filipino-
American armed clash started.
 Aguinaldo Prepares for Any
Emergencies
o Fernando Grey reported the
incident to Malolos
 o Aguinaldo's claim of the firing
of the Filipinos were never his
order. He expressed his wished to
stop further hostilities.
o Otis, confident of winning,
answered that the fight has start
and it has to reach its grim end.
THE INVESTIGATION
 The Americans did not initiate an
investigation regarding the scene.
 On February 7, 1899, conducted by
Felipe Buencamino, Sr.
o On the night of February 4,
Senior military officers were not on
their post but were at Malolos with
Aguinaldo
o On February 2 and 3, Filipino
employees in American ships were
fired for no reason.
o On the morning of February 4,  from
200-300 soldiers boarded two
cascos (barge) in Manila and were
towed to Cavite. Upon their arrival,
they were sent back to Manila
to join other American contingents.
o The American attack on the
Filipino troops was sudden which
may show that it was orchestrated
incident to force an issue from the
Filipinos.
AMERICAN VICTORIES
 American attacks throguh Pasig and
other towns south of Manila.
 North of Manila - General MacArthur
attack the Filipinos.
o La Loma (near Chinese
cemetery) - Major Jose Torres
Bugalon was wounded.
o In Kalookan, they defeated the
troops of General Antonio Luna.
 Thus, Luna was pushed to plan for the
recapture of Manila.
o On February 22, 1899, he
created a diversion wherein he
burned the houses in the suburbs to
confuse the enemy.
o On February 24, 1899, Luna
reached Azcarraga but still left with
a loss. He retreated to Polo to
establish his headquarters.
THE DRIVE TO THE NORTH
 The Additional Reinforcements and
Capture of Several Towns
o In late February to early March
of 1899, reinforcements arrived
which led General Otis to begin his
drive to the north. He ordered
General Henry W. Lawton to take
the offensive in the south.
o Polo was taken.
o On March 30, 1899, American
army begin attacking the gates of
Malolos. Aguinaldo had evacuated
their and establish its
headqueaters in San Isidro, Nueva
Ecija. MacArthur wanted to pursue
Aguinaldo but was ordered by Otis
to take the rest of Malolos.
o General Lawton moved to the
south, capturing Zapote, Bacoor
and Dasmariñas, all in Cavite.
o General Wheaton, captured
Las Piñas and Parañaque, in
Morong, and Santa Cruz, Paete,
and other towns of Laguna.
 Filipino Victories
o On March 25, 1899, Filipinos
defended against General Wheaton
at Polo and killed Colonel Egbert.
o On April 23, 1899, General
Gregorio del Pila defeated Major
Bell. They had many casualties,
including Colonel Stotsenberg.
o On December 18, 1899,
General Licero Geronimo killed and
defeated General Lawton.
o These victories were not
sufficient to have the tides go
towards them. Filipino troops were
 poorly trained, armed, and fed, and them to offer autonomy to the
had no discipline. FIlipinos.
 Mabini Stand Down as President of
 MacArthur Advances to Luna the Cabinet due to His Stand
o After resting in Malolos, o Mabini as the president of the
MacArthur now marched against cabinet, he instead stood for
Kalumpit. General Luna were in a independence. On the other hand,
good position because Americans Paterno and Buencamino wanted to
had to cross creeks and rivers to accept America's offer. Thus, the
dislodge the Filipino defenders. influential members of the FIlipino
Bagbag River gave Filipinos good Assembly asked Aguinaldo to pass
protection. a resolution to repudiate Mabini's
o MacArthur decided to encircle stand and relieve him as President.
the Filipino defenders of Kalumpit o On May 7, 1899, Aguinaldo
by sending officers to Quingua and notified Mabini about the new
Pulilan while he confronted Luna Cabinet under Pateno. Mabini
directly. replied by congratulating him with
o When the Americans were his "wise political measure."
about to launch attack, General  Reorganization of Executive Arm of
Luna left Kalumpit because of the Government
insubordination of General Tomas
Mascardo who was in Pampanga. ASSASINATION OF LUNA
o General Gregorio del Pila was  Luna's Cruel Behavior
left to defend. When, Luna returned o Antonio Luna was the best
to Kalumpit before nightfall, the prepared to fight the Americans. He
Americans had already succeeded was educated in Europe and
in penetrating the Filipino defense. studied a little of military science
Thus, Bagbag was lost and other and tactics.
battles that followed. o He had this unruly temper that
made men hate him.
FALL OF MABINI o During the break out of war,
 Announcement of Extension of he had in mind to instill discipline
Sovereignty over the Philippines. towards his men.
o When the American o Several times, Luna showed
government announced its his temper.
extension of sovereignty over the  Order house occupied
Philippines, Mabini urged the by Americans be burned.
Filiipinos to continue struggling for  Ordered shooting of
independence. civilians violating military rules.
 Secretary of State John Hay  Order to arrest the
authorized the Schurman Commission members of the Cabinet who
to offer autonomy to the Filipinos disagree him with his political
o On May 5, 1899, Secretary of matters.
State John Hay cabled the  He slapped Felipe
Schurman Commission to authorize Buencamino, Sr.
  He accused his son, o Luna retreated, whipped his
Joaquin, of cowardice. pistol and fired but missed the shot.
 Mabini even o Colonel Roman came to his
complained to Aguinaldo that succor, but he was mowed down.
he should be replaced. o He was buried the next day.
 Luna's request to disarm the Kawit
Company AMERICAN CONQUEST OF THE VISAYAS
o His plan to recapture Manila  General Miller attacks Iloilio
was well-planned but cannot be o Otis ordered General Miller to
done due to the lack of cooperation attack Iloilo. Miller demanded the
of the Kawit Company. They insist city to surrender but General Martin
to follow only the orders of Delgado, refused and instead
Aguinaldo. decided to fight.
o Luna requested Aguinaldo to o Delgado ordered to burn the
disarm them, but his request has city to prevent the enemy of to use
been denied. it as a base of its operations.
 Aguinaldo summons Luna  Series of Surrender:
o Early in June 1899 when Luna o On February 14, Sta. Ana
was at Pangasinan preparing for Barbara was defeated.
defenses for an expected battle, he o On February 19, 1899, Oton
received a telegram from Aguinaldo was defeated.
for his summons in Kabanatuan o On February 20, 1899,
headquarters. Mandurriaowas defeated.
o Luna left Pangasinan and o On February 20, 1899, Jaro
arrived in Kabanatuan with Colonel was defeated.
Francisco Roman and some  Cebu's Surrender
soldiers on June 5, 1899. o Having the Iloilo defeated,
o One of the guards was a Miller sent his warship to Cebu.
member of Kawit Company whom On February 22, 1899, Cebu
Luna asked for punishment. He surrendered and Lt. Col. Thomas H
slapped the guard and went Hamer was designated military
upstairs. governor.
o He found Buencamino and
had heated conversation.  Dissatisfaction of the Guerrillas
o Luna was reported to insult not o Cebu's defense was not
just Buencamino but also Aguinaldo peaceful.
who earlier went to San Isidro to o Guerrilas murdered the
inspect the troops. Filipinos who surrendered without a
fight. They harrassed the American
 Kawit Company assassinates Luna soldiers with their tactics.
o A rifle report was heard and he o The guerrilla leaders, Arcadio
immediately went downstairs to Maxilom and Leandro Fullon,
criticize the shooter. threatened with death for those who
o Near the stairs, the company will collaborate with the enemy.
ganged up on him. He was stabbed
and fired.
 o Americans, with the situation, o To win the Muslim group,
had a hard time administering General John C. Bates were to
Cebu. negotiate a treaty with the Sultan
where both parties would coexist
THE NEGROS CONSTITUTION peacefully. They had no intention to
 Negrenses offers submission. conquer the Muslims because
o After Iloilo's defeat, the another big fight would occur.
Negrenses offered their submission o He patiently negotiated with
towards the Americans by raising the sultan of Jolo: Americans
an American flag. should no to occupy any point of
 Negrenses asked Otis to Arm a Jolo except the town of Jolo. The
Battalion to maintain peace. Sultan will continue to collect duties
o A committee of prominent at points not occupied by the
Negrenses arrived in Manila and Americans.
asked Otis to allow them to arm a  Bates Treaty Signed
battalion for the maintenance of o Bates and the Sultan
peace and order in the island. Otis representing Jolo — Raja Muda,
granted their request but told them Datu Attik, Datu Clabi, and Datu
that the island will be under Joakanain — signed the treaty.
American military governor. o Conditions:
 Otis Created the Visayan Military  It acknowledges the
District. sovereignty of the US over the
o On March 1, 1899, Otis issued whole archipelago of Jolo.
an order providing for the creation  The rights and
of a military district composed of dignities of the Sultan shall be
Panay, Cebu, and Negros to be respected.
known as the Visayan Military  Muslims will not be
District. judge on religion. No one shall
o The Negrenses were allowed be punished because of
to meet to create their own religious beliefs.
consitution.  Domestic products of
 The Creation of Negros the archipelago of Jolo shall
Constitution be free, unlimited and
o On July 20, 1899, they made undutiable.
the Negros Constitution and  American government
submitted it to President McKinley agreed to pay the Sultan and
although he did not took it seriously. leading men monthly salaries
o Basis to administer civil in Mexican dollars.
matters which people may enjoy o This were to neutralize the
civil liberty eith prevailing conditions Muslims in their drive to pacify the
which is favorable to them. Christian Filipinos.

THE BATES TREATY

 General Bates Negotiates a Treaty AGUINALDO FLEES TO THE MOUNTAINS
with the Muslim Group.  Luna Followers were Domoralized
 o The death of Luna became the mountainous terrain guarded by his
demoralization of the Filipino loyal men. 
troops.
o Many surrendered to the
enemy, thus made it really hard for
Aguinaldo to keep them in tact.
 Otis' Decides to Trap Aguinaldo BATTLE OF PASONG TIRAD
o Otis decided to take  General Del Pilar's Suggestion to
advantage of the confusion in the Delay the Enemies' Movement and
Filipino ranks by trapping Aguinaldo Further Aguinaldo's Distance
in Angeles, Pampanga o General Gregorio del Pilar
o Otis sent troops to Lingayen noted him the advantageous
Gulf to cut off Aguinaldo's retreat. terrain of Pasong Tirad. To stop
o He ordered MacArthur to force the Americans, he would stay
Aguinaldo to move north into the behind and make a last stand at
waiting arms of the American there. He claimed that a battle
forces. would delay the Americans and
 The Enemy Advances and would give Aguinaldo much
Aguinaldo Retreats distance from them.
o This began on October 12, o Aguinaldo approved his
1899. suggestion with much regret
o Aguinaldo, finding himself in a because the boy general has been
difficult situation, moved to Tarlac, loyal to him.
then to Bayombong, Nueva
Vizcaya.  The Pasong Tirad Terrain
o Americans do not know where o 4500 feet high (which is higher
is Aguinaldo, so they transferred to than the tallest building standing on
Bayambang, Pangasinan. Earth)
o On November 13, 1899, o Gives a good view for miles
Aguinaldo then decides to flee to around.
the north. With his family and some o Trail was so narrow, only one
members of the cabinet, he man at a time could climb.
boarded the train for Calasiao. They  Del Pilar's Tactic
were really hot in pursuing to o Ordered 60 men to build
capture Aguinaldo. So, Aguinaldo trenches on both shoulders of the
keeps on moving, only taking brief Pass so they can see the
time to rest. movement below.
o On December 25, 1899,  Major March and His Men Advances
Aguinaldo realized his o On December 1, 1899, Del
disadvantage with women so he Pilar reported Aguinaldo that the
surrender them to the American Americans had arrived at the town
army. After that, he continued his of Concepcion.
travel to Tierra Virgen, Cagayan. o On December 2, 1899, Major
o On September 6, 1900, he March proceeded with 300 men
reached Palanan, Isabela. It was against the Tirad Pass. From the
difficult to reach because of its top, Filipino fired at the enemy. The
 enemy could not pinpoint the exact
position of the Filipinos.
 The Secret Passage that Led to Del
Pilar's Defeat
o Januario Galot, a Christian
Igorot, showed the Americans the
secret trail to the top. To Del Pilar's
surprise right before noon, the
enemy has conquered the Filipinos.
Del Pilar, him wounded,
ordered his remaining men
escape. He then escaped though a
narrow trail. As he mounted to his
horse, he was shot through the
neck and captured him.
 Aguinaldo Receive the Fatal News
o Aguinaldo's party
devastated. They "shed bitter tears
and all wanted to fight
Americans" (from Aguinaldo's
soldier's diary)
THE CAPTURE OF AGUINALDO
 American campaign to win the
Filipinos
o Aguinaldo was the Philippine
army symbol. Since his leave, the
army found it convenient
surrender.
o Americans conducted
intensive campaign of prpaganda to
win over the Filipinos to their side
with the members of the Filipino
middle and upper class: Cayetano
Arellano, Pedro Paterno, Felipe
Buencamino, Trinidad Pardo de
Tavera, Benito Legarda, Gregorio
Araneta, and others. They were
used to campaign for peaceful
existence under the Americans.
They appealed to the guerrillas to
give up arms and live peacefully
under America.
 La Democracia
o Founded by Pardo de Tavera
o Based on the "fraternal
feelings which President McKinley
and the American people have
toward the Filipinos."
 Aguinaldo's Arrest
o Colonel Frederick Funston, in
Nueva Ecija, planned to capture
Aguinaldo.
o The surrender of Aguinaldo's
then messenger, Cecilio Segismundo,
to gave the American's the chance to
decode the letters of Aguinaldo to
his field generals.
o Knowing that Palanan has
dangerous road, he employed
some Macabebes and two former
was officers in the Filipino army to help
put his plan into execution. They
the sailed to Palanan on the American
warship Vicksburg. He ordered the
forging of the signature of General
Urbano Lacuna to whom Aguinaldo
wrote an order to send
reinforcements to Palanan, and
made it appear that Lacuna was
sending the needed reinforcements
to Aguinaldo.
to o On March 23, 1901, Fuston
arrived at Palanan pretending as
an captives of the Macabebes.
Aguinaldo joyfully accepted the
Macabebes. Without any warning,
the Macabebes turned against his
fellow Filipinos. Tal Placido grabbed
Aguinaldo from behind. Because of
disgrade, Placido fell unto the
ground on his stomach. Lazaro
Segovia, a former officer of the PH
army, fired to Aguinaldo but Colonel
Simeon Villa shielded him from the
bullets. Aguinaldo wanted to fight
back but Dr. Santiago Barcelona
said that he has owed much to his
people to live and continue to fight
for freedom. The he was arrested.
 Aguinaldo Appealed the Filipinos to  Sometimes, the victim
Accept the Sovereignty of the United is beaten up.
States.  The process is done
o On April 1, 1901, he took his until the victim's face turns
oath of allegiance to the US.  blue.
o On April 19, 1901, he  To force the guerrillas to the open,
appealed to all Filipinos to accept the American soldiers burn whole
the sovereignty of the US. town. (Example was in Balangiga,
Samar in 1901-1902). They have done it
BARBAROUS ACTS because they cannot pinpoint the center
 War is uncivilized even in different of guerrilla activities in the town.
time. Brutality is an instrument to weaken  The Balanginga Case in 1901-1902
the enemy's resistance. o American soldiers were having
 Filipinos should have only little to a breakfast when they were
answer for their behavior because they attacked by the 180 Filipinos.
not only felt the Americans traitor to their o Church bell
cause, but also as an obstacle towards o Other Americans who tried to
their independence. Filipinos had to be escaped were killed bolos.
brutal because the Americans had rather o President Theodore Roosevelt
an imperialistic designs towards the gave orders to pacify Samar
country. through General "Jake" Smith. The
 Americans began to torture the order was to kill and burn, not
Filipinos to force to reveal the capture, anybody who are carrying
movements, weapons size and arms, even 10 year old boys
methods of the guerrillas: o Because of these barbarous
o Water Cure acts, General Smith was court-
 Filipino lies flat on the martialed and retired from the
ground. service.
 Mouth is forcibly  Other Barbaric Acts:
opened. o The Striking: Lt. Bissell
 Dirty or salty water is Thomas striked a prisoner which
poured into his mouth. were left lying on the ground and
 Then water is removed bleeding from the mouth.
by a soldier sitting to the o The Wedding Party Incident:
stomach of the victim. The troop of Private Jones
 This process is encountered a wedding party then
repeated until the victim fired and killed the bride and two
shouts, "Hold, enough!" men. He also wounded another
o Rope Cure: woman and children.
 Rope is wrapped o The Hanging: A captain and
around the neck and torso lieutenant tried to hang 6 Filipinos
(neck to limbs). by their necks for 10 seconds.
 Stick is placed o The Beating: Mayors of San
between the coils of the rope. Miguel and San Nicolas were
 Stick is twisted to give beaten to the death by rattan rods
the effect of a garrote.  Guerrillas' Brutality as Revenge
 o Noses and ears were cut off,
then lagyan ng asin.
o American Prisoners buried
alive.
o Kicking, slapping and spitting
in the faces

END OF RESISTANCE
 Some Military Commanders Still
Refuse to Give Up Arms
o In Samar, General Vicente
Lukban resorted to ambushing
American soldiers then withdraw
after killing them.
 The Howling Wilderness.
o General Smith ordered the
massacre of all men and children
below 10 years old. (Same event as
the Balanginga Case)
 Lukban was captured on February
27, 1902
o With this, the resistance of the
Samar collapsed
 The resistance movement
completely collapsed
o This was on April 16,
1902 when General Malvar
surrendered.
o There were still resistance
groups but did not pose any threat
towards the Americans.