CHAPTER 3

Research Design

The researcher will adopt the Qualitative Participatory Method by Davies and

Dart (2005). Such approach is deemed appropriate for the current study. The

method was administered by making use of a direct interview on the respondents.

The research is usually possible and certainly popular to characterize a

research study’s methodology as qualitative; as quantitative; or as involving both

qualitative and quantitative methods, in which case it is typically referred to as mixed

methods. The term research design is widely used in education, yet it takes on

different meanings in different studies (Harwell M, 2011).

Burns and Grove (2009) define a research design as “a blueprint for

conducting a

study with maximum control over factors that may interfere with the validity of the

findings”.

Qualitative research is a situated activity that locates the observer in the

world. It consists of a set of interpretive, material practices that make the world

visible. These practices transform the world. They turn the world into a series of

representations, including field notes, interviews, conversations, photographs,

recordings, and memos to the self. At this level, qualitative research involves an

interpretive, naturalistic approach to the world. This means that qualitative

researchers study things in their natural settings, attempting to make sense of, or

interpret, phenomena in terms of the meanings people (Denzin &Lincoln, 2005).

Central to this inquiry is the presence of multiple “truths” that are socially

constructed. Lincoln & Guba (1985) .Qualitative research is usually described as

allowing a detailed exploration of a topic of interest in which information is collected

by a researcher through case studies, ethnographic work, interviews, and so on.

Inherent in this approach is the description of the interactionsamong participants and

researchers in naturalisticsettings with few boundaries, resulting in a flexible and

open research process. These unique interactions simply that different results could

be obtained from the same participant depending on who the researcher is, because

results are created by a participant and researcher in a given situation. Thus,

replicability and generalizability are not generally goals of qualitative research.bring

to them.

The goal of qualitative research is understanding issues or particular

situations by investigating the perspectives and behavior of the people in these

situations and the context within which they act. To accomplish this, qualitative

research is conducted in natural settings and uses data in the form of words rather

tan numbers. Qualitative data are gathered primarily from observations, interviews,

and documents, and are analyzed by a variety of systematic techniques. This

approach is useful in understanding causal processes, and in facilitating action

based on there search results. Qualitative methods are primarily inductive (Kaplan. B

& Maxwell J.A ,2005).

.Qualitative research methods focus on discovering and understanding the

experiences, perspectives, and thoughts of participants—that is, qualitative research

explores meaning, purpose, or reality (Hiatt, 1986).

Qualitative research methods are also descrbe as inductive, in the sense that

a researcher may construct theories or hypotheses, explanations, and

conceptualizations from details provided by a participant. Embedded in this approach

is the perspective that researchers cannot set aside their experiences, perceptions,

and biases, and thus cannot pretend to be objective by standers to the research.

Another important characteristic is that the wide spread use of qualitative methods in

education is relatively new, dating mostly to the 1980s, with ongoing developments

in methodology and reporting guidelines (Denzin, 2006).

Creswell (2003) listed five strategies of inquiry in qualitative research that I

treat as synonymous with research design: narratives, phenomenological studies,

grounded theory studies, ethnographies, and case studies. Creswell also described

six phases embedded in each research design that are more specific than those

suggested by Crotty (1998), but still encompass virtually all aspects of a study: (1)

philosophical or theoretical perspectives; (2) introduction to a study, which includes

the purpose and research questions; (3) data collection; (4) data analysis; (5) report

writing; and (6) standards of quality and verification.

These studies reflect several important features of qualitative research,

including a focus on discovering and understanding the experiences, perspectives,

and thoughts of participants through various strategies of inquiry. Thestudies we real

so conducted in naturalistic settings in which inquiry was flexible and guided by

participants’ comments, which in someinstanceswereused to construct explanations

of their views and perspectives. An important feature of several of these studies is

their use of elements of different strategies of inquiry.

Research Locale

The City of Davao is one of the largest cities in the Philippines. It is one of the

world’s largest cities in terms of land area, occupying more than 2,400 square

kilometers. It has a resident population of 1.3 million, with about 2 million people
present during daylight hours. The City was divided into three districts; First district,

Second District, and Third District.

The study will be conducted in 5 bakery shops in Davao City. Specifically in

Bangkal and Bankerohan Davao City.

Respondents of the Study

The respondents of this study will be in 5 selected bakery owners, managers

or either employees and 10 random respondents in Davao City. These respondents

will answer our questions for the conducted research.

Research Instrument

The research instrument of the study will be a direct interview and survey

questionnaires to the respondents. The survey questionnaires will be given to the

consumers who will genuinely answer our questions.The researcher will also

conduct a direct interview to the owners, managers and the employees on selected

bakery in Davao city.

Interviewing is a way to collect data as well as to gain knowledge from

individuals. (Kvale ,1996) regarded interviews as an interchange of views between

two or more people on a topic of mutual interest, sees the centrality of human

interaction for knowledge production, and emphasizes the social situatedness of

research data.

When an interview has been completed and is considered a good interview, the

respondent sought to know more about themselves and their situation. However,

there searcher must remember that the purpose of research is to collect data and not

to change there spondents or their opinions (Gray, 2004).

Corbetta (2003) states structured interviews are interviews in which all

respondents are asked the same questions with the same wording and in the same
sequence. It would be ideal if questions can be read out in the same tone of voice so

that the respondents would not be influenced by the tone of the interviewer (Gray,

2004)

Bryman (2001) explains structured interview entails: … the administration of

an interview schedule by an interviewer. The aim is for all interviewees to be given

exactly the same context of questioning. This means that each respondent receives

exactly the same interview stimulus as any other. The goal of this style of interview is

to ensure that interviewees’ replies can be aggregated. Questions are usually very

specific and very often the interviewee a fixed range of answers (this type of

question is often called closed, closed ended, pre-coded, or fixed choice).

A questionnaire is a set of systematically structured questions used by a

researcher to get needed information from respondents. Questionnaires have been

termed differently, including surveys, schedules, indexes/indicators, profiles, studies,

opinión naires, batteries, tests, check lists, scales, inventories, forms, inter alia. They

are any written instruments that present respondents with a series of questionsor

statements to which they are to react therby writing out their answers or selecting

from among existing answers. (Brown J.D 2001).

The researcher has to know and select the appropriate method for addressing

the needs of the research question. Then, the researcher has to make a decision

and choose the right method for that study. Data collection has its complexities and

demands. This article assumes that the right data collection method is interviewing,

which “has its own issues and complexities, and demands its own type of rigour”

(O’Leary, 2004).

Research differs in a number of aspects but they do have some

commonalities. What do action research, evaluation research, ethnography,

phenomenology and others have in common? One of the common aspects is the

need to collect data. Data collection can be derived from a number of methods,

which include interviews, focus groups, surveys, telephone interviews, fieldnotes,

taped social interaction or questionnaires (Heaton, 2004).

It is the role of theresearcher to askquestions. Thequestionsought toelicitvalid

response fromrespondents. (Hoyle, Harris and Judd,2002) comment that questions

have “dual goals of motivating the respondent to give full and precise replies while

avoiding biases stemming from social desirability, conformity, or other constructs of

disinterest.”

The questionnaire may be self administered, posted or presented in an

interview format. A questionnaire may include checklists, attitude scales, projective

techniques, rating scales and a variety of other research methods. As an important

research instrument and a too lfor data collection, a questionnaire has its main

function as measurement (Oppenheim,1992). It is the main data collection method in

surveys and yield to quantitative data. Also, due to provisión for open endedness,

the instrument may be used to generate qualitative and exploratory data (Dornyei,

2007).

Process in Data Gathering

In conducting this study, data will be gathered with the permission of

Philippine Women’s College of Davao School head, adviser, and the subject teacher.

Theresearchers will take place at the 5 selected bakeries in Davao City and will

choose 10 random respondents to be conduct an interview and request to answer

the survey questionnaires in 2 in each selected bakery.The researchers will get

some answers concerning the things that we handling about our point which is

"Sanitation and Financial Income on Selected Bakeries in Davao City".To obtain a

more authentic data, the manager of every bakerywill be informed ahead of time.

After the observations, the 5 managers will be interviewed asked about the affect of

sanitation in financial income. But before that, the researcher will ask permission first

to the managers to ask permission to document the activities using the phone to

record and taking pictures and the researchers will take handwritten note using a

simple template, observing there practices at their workplace and how are they

applying sanitation to the financial income. After the observations, some questions

will ask to the respondents conserving what has transpired. The responses will be

logged in researcher’s notebook for easy to access, translate and interpret.

Sampling Plan

The researchers will use cluster sampling to get the amount of respondents in

different location of the selected bakeries. The researchers will choose 5 bakery

owners and 10 random respondents to be interviewed.

Ethical Considerations

Ethical considerations in research are critical. Ethics are the norms or

standards for conduct that distinguish between right and wrong. They help to

determine the difference between acceptable and unacceptable behaviors.

Confidentiality- Respect for the dignity and fidelity.

Respect for anonymity - Lack of outstanding, individual, or unusual features;

impersonality.

Respect for privacy – The state of being concealed, freedom from damaging the

publicity

Beneficence - Limiting the dangers and augmenting the advantages to research

respondents.