TOPIC 5: THE EMERGENCE OF NATIONALISM
1. The Omnimoda Bull of Pope Adrian VI in 1522,
VOCABULARIES
1. Episcopal visitation – visitation of the
bishop/archdiocese in a town.
2. Garrote – an execution/death using a
mechanized chair with a metal rod that breaks
the neck of the victim.
3. Polo – mandatory for all Filipino boys aged 14-60
years old to give service to the Spanish gov’t for
40 days each year.
➢ 14 y.o serves for 40 days
➢ 15 y.o serves for 40 days until they reach
60 y.o
4. Regular clergy – ordained priests/friars
Secular priests – not ordained; lay
ministers
5. Tributo – 2% tax
CAVITE MUTINY
• “Mutiny” means a revolution of the people
• On January 20, 1872, approximately 250 Filipinos
revolted at an arsenal in Cavite and only 11
Spaniards were killed. (1,000 Spaniards vs. 250
Filipinos)
• Cavite Mutiny was not successful due to
miscommunication regarding the fireworks
during the festival
• An account stated that the mutiny was caused by
the decree released by Governor-General Rafael
de Izquierdo about the Polo and Tributo.
• Another account stated that the aim was to
overthrow the Spanish government
• There is no real reason as to which account is
true for the Cavite Mutiny
• The Spanish hate against the Filipinos was rooted
in the Missionary efforts in the Philippines
MISSIONARY EFFORT or SECULARIZATION MOVEMENT
• The Philippines must be governed by friars led by
Mariano Gomez
• Filipino friars must be ordained
TYPES OF CLERGY
1. Regular priest – more on missionary work;
focuses on discipline and asceticism.
2. Secular priests – manage the religious
communities; parishes.
Ascetism means that properties, desires, and
indulgences are not permitted in the clergy.
5 ORDERS WHO TOOK ON THESE TASKS
1. Augustinians
2. Franciscans
3. Jesuits
4. Dominicans
5. Augustinian Recollects – composed of Spanish
lay ministers and nuns
In Spain, regular priests are replaced by secular
priests in managing parishes, however, it’s a
different case in the Philippines.
ISSUES ON THE PHILIPPINE CLERGIES
which is in conflict with the Council of Trent.
The Omnimoda Bull is also known as the
Papal Bull (Decree) – a law passed by the
Pope.
Council of Trent – was formed due to the
conflict between the Orthodox and
Roman Catholics, as stated by the
arguments of the Protestants led by
Martin Luther.
- States that no secular priests should
be given the right to conduct
sacraments.
2. Management of the priests
- Does not allow the bishops to visit/perform
Episcopal visitation; delays the honorship of
authority.
TWO REASONS OF THE REGULARS
1. Filipino priests are incompetent
- This reason was contested by Father
Mariano Gomez of Bacoor who drew
expositions together with Father
Pedro Pelaez
2. More economic nature
The Cavite Mutiny & the Secular Movement are
somewhat connected in the sense that the
businessmen asked help from the priests/friars.
EXECUTION OF GOMBURZA
• As a result of the revolt in Mutiny, several priests
and laymen were arrested under the order of the
Governor-General.
Arrested priests:
1. Fr. Jose Burgos
2. Fr. Jacinto Zamora
3. Fr. Jose Guevara
4. Fr. Mariano Gomez
5. Fr. Feliciano Gomez
6. Fr. Mariano Sevilla
7. Fr. Bartolome Serra
8. Fr. Miguel de Laza
9. Fr. Justo Guazon
10. Fr. Vicente del Rosario
11. Fr. Pedro Dandan
12. Fr. Anacleto Desiderio
Arrested lawyers and businessmen:
1. Gervacio Sanchez
2. Pedro Carillo
3. Maximo Inocencio
4. Balbino Mauricio
5. Ramon Maurente
6. Maximo Paterno
7. Jose Basa
Guam – Alcatraz-like prison which is an island in
the United States. Now an independent country.