Busorg 1 Case Digests Inc

FusArl I Mesn Dilnsts
Lnbnrec Zravisiabs Zursuebt ta this ertimcn, thn nssnbtiec ncnknbts ag e pertbnrship

ern twa
twa,, bek
bekncy
ncy00 (e) eb elr
elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt ta mab
mabtri
trifut
futn
n kab
kabny,
ny,
5 - L.V. Ba. <85== Amtafnr 58, 5988 prapnrty ar ibdustry ta e makkab gubd? ebd (f) ibtnbt ta
dividn thn pragits ekabl thn mabtremtibl pertins.
KEVIE
EVIEBA
BA Z. ZE]M
ZE]MÊ
ÊCC eb
ebd
d VN
VNBE
BETA
TA Z. DVEL
DVELAB
AB
vs. Ib thn prn
prnsnb
snbtt mes
mesn,
n, thn
thnrn
rn is ba nvidnb
nvidnbmn
mn thet
thet pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnrs
rs
THN MAKK
MAKKI]]
I]]IAB
IABNV
NV AG IBTNV
IBTNVBEC
BEC VNWNB
VNWNB^N
^N ebd nbtnrnd ibta eb elrnnknbt ta mabtrifutn kabny, prapnrty ar
MA^VT AG TEX EZZNEC] ibdustry ta e makkab gubd, ebd thet thny ibtnbdnd ta dividn
thn pragits
ar his rnp ekabl
rnprns
rnsnbte thnksncvns.
nbtetivn
tivn ùs Vnspabdnbt
ùstt ess
essukn
uknd thnsnmakkissiabnr
d thnsn mab
mabditiabss taebd/
ditiab fn
LEBMEYMA, @.0 prnsnbt ab thn fesis ag thn gemt thet pntitiabnrs purmhesnd
mnrteib permncs ag cebd ebd fnmekn ma-awbnrs thnrnag.
Thn distib
distibmtiab
mtiab fntwnnb ma-awbnrsh
ma-awbnrship
ip ebd eb ubrnl
ubrnlistnr
istnrnd
nd
pertbnrship ar àibt vnbturn gar ibmakn tex purpasns is thn Ib thn ibstebt mesn, pntitiabnrs faulht twa (6) permncs ag cebd
issun ib this pntitiab. ib 597>
597>.. Thny
Thny did ba batt sncc
ncc ththn
n sekn
sekn bar
bar keon
keon eby
ikpravnknbts thnrnab. Ib 5977, thny faulht ebathnr thrnn (=)
GEMT]0 Ab @ub
GEMT]0 @ubn n 66, 597
597>,
>, pntitiabnr
pntitiabnrss faulht
faulht twa (6(6)) permn
permncs
cs permncs ag cebd grak abn snccnr. It wes abcy 5978 whnb thny
ag cebd grak ]ebtiela Fnrberdiba, nt ec. ebd ab Key 68, 5977, sacd thn twa (6) permncs ag cebd egtnr whimh thny did bat keon
thny
thny fau
faulht
lht ebathn
ebathnrr thrnn
thrnn (=) per
permnc
mncss ag ceb
cebd
d gra
grakk @ue
@uebb eby edditi
edditiabe
abecc ar bnw pur
purmhe
mhesn.
sn. Thn rnk
rnkeib
eibibl
ibl thr
thrnn
nn (=)
Vaqun. Thn girst twa permncs ag cebd wnrn sacd fy pntitiabnrs ib permncs wnrn sacd fy thnk ib 59<:. Thn trebsemtiabs wnrn
5978
597 8 taK
taKern
ernbir
bir Dnvnca
Dnvncapkn
pknbt
bt Mar
Marpar
pareti
etiab,
ab, whi
whicn
cn thn thr
thrnn
nn isacet
isacetnd.
nd. Thn mhemherem
remtnr
tnr ag hef
hefitu
itueci
ecity
ty pnm
pnmuci
ucier
er ta fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss
permncs ag cebd wnrn sacd fy pntitiabnrs ta Nrcibde Vnyns ebd trebsemtiabs gar thn purpasn ag leib wes bat prnsnbt.
Kerie ]eksab ab Kermh 59,59<:. Zntitiabnrs rneciznd e bnt
pragit ib thn secn kedn ib 5978 ib thn ekaubt ag Z57>,664.<:, Ertimcn 5<79 ag thn bnw Mivic Madn ceys dawb thn rucn gar
whicn thnyThn
ib 59<:. rneciznd e bnt pragit
marrnspabdibl ag Z7:,:::.::
mepitec ib thn
leibs texns secn
wnrn kedn
peid fy dn
dntn
tnrk
rkib
ibib
ibl
l whnb
whnb e tr treb
ebse
semt
mtia
iab
b shau
shaucd cd fn dnnk
dnnknd
nd e
pertbnrship ar e ma-awb
pertbnrship ma-awbnrsh
nrship.
ip. ]eid ertimc
ertimcn
n perelrephs
perelrephs 6 ebd
pntitiabnrs
pntitiabnrs ib 59<= ebd 59<4 fy eveici
eveicibl
bl ag thn tex ekbnstins
ekbnstins =, pravidns?
lrebtnd ib thn seid yners.
(6) Ma-awb
Ma-awbnrsh
nrship
ip ar ma-passns
ma-passnssiab
siab dans bat itsncg nstef
nstefcish
cish e
Hawnvnr, ib e cnttnr ag thnb Emtibl FIV Makkissiabnr Ngrnb I. pertbnrship, whnthnr sumh ma-awbnrs ar ma-passnssars da ar
Zcebe, pntitiabnrs wnrn essnssnd ebd rnquirnd ta pey e tatec da bat shern eby pragits kedn fy thn usn ag thn prapnrty?
ekaubt ag Z5:<,5:5.<: es eccnlnd dngiminbmy marparetn ibmakn
texns gar thn yners 5978 ebd 59<:.
(=) Thn sher
sheribl
ibl ag lrass rntur
rnturbs
bs dans bat ag itsncg nstefcis
nstefcish
h e
pertbnrship, whnthnr ar bat thn pnrsabs sheribl thnk hevn e
Vnspabdnbt Makkissi
Vnspabdnbt Makkissiabnr
abnr ibgarknd pntitiabnrs thet ib thn àibt ar makkab rilht ar ibtnrnst ib eby prapnrty grak whimh
yners
yne rs 5978
5978 ebd 59<:, pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnrss es ma-
ma-awb
awbnrs
nrs ib thn rnec thn rnturbs ern dnrivnd? xxxx
nstetn trebsemtiabs garknd eb ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship ar àibt
vnbturn texefcn es e marparetiab ubdnr ]nmtiab 6:(f) ebd its
ibmakn wes suf`nmt ta thn texns prnsmrifnd ubdnr ]nmtiab 64, Thn sheribl ag rnturbs dans bat ib itsncg nstefcish e pertbnrship
fa
fath
th ag ththn
n Beti
Betiab
abec
ec Ibtn
Ibtnrb
rbec
ec Vn
Vnvn
vnbu
bun
n Madn
Madn th
thet
et th
thn
n whnthnr ar bat thn pnrsabs sheribl thnrnib hevn e àibt ar
ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship wes suf`nmt ta marparetn ibmakn tex makkab

mcner ibtnbtrilht ar ibtnrnst
ta gark ib thn prapnrty.
e pertbnrship, Thnrnagkust
thn nxistnbmn fn e
e ùridimec
es distibluishnd
distibluishnd grak pragits
pragits dnrivnd
dnrivnd grak thn pertbnrsh
pertbnrshipip fy
thnk whimh is suf`nmt ta ibdividuec ibmakn tex? ebd thet thn pnrsab
pnrsabecit
ecityy dig
diggnr
gnrnbt
nbt grak
grak thn ibdivi
ibdividue
duecc per
pertbn
tbnrs,
rs, ebd thn
eveicknbt
eveic knbt ag tex ekbnsty ubdnr Z.D. Ba. 6=, es eknbd
eknbdnd,nd, fy grnn
grnnda
dakk ag nemh nemh pepert
rtyy ta tr
treb
ebsg
sgnr
nr ar essi
essilb
lb ththn
n wha
whacncn
pntitiabnrs rncinvnd pntitiabnrs ag thnir ibdividuec ibmakn tex prapnrty.
cieficitins fut did bat rncinvn thnk grak thn tex cieficity ag thn
ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship. Hnbmn, thn pntitiabnrs wnrn rnquirnd Ib thn prnsnbt mesn, thnrn is mcner nvidnbmn ag ma-awbnrship
ta pey thn dngiminbmy ibmakn tex essnssnd. fntwnnb thn pntitiabnrs. Thnrn is ba ednquetn fesis ta suppart
thn prapas
prapasitia
itiab
b thet
thet thny
thny thn
thnrnf
rnfyy gar
garknd
knd eb ubrubrnli
nlistn
stnrnd
rnd
I]]^N0 \/B pntit
I]]^N0 pntitiab
iabnrs
nrs gark
garknd
nd eb ubrnli
ubrnlistn
stnrnd
rnd pert
pertbnr
bnrshi
ship
p pertbn
per tbnrsh
rship.
ip. Thn twa isaisacet
cetnd
nd tre
trebse
bsemtia
mtiabs
bs whn
whnrnf
rnfyy thn
thnyy
suf`nmt ta marparetn ibmakn tex. BA! purmhesnd prapnrtins ebd sacd thn sekn e gnw yners thnrnegtnr
did bat thnrnfy keon thnk pertbnrs. Thny shernd ib thn lrass
pragits es ma- awbnrs ebd peid thnir mepitec leibs texns ab thnir
HNCD0 Ertimcn 5<7< ag thn Mivic Madn ag thn Zhicippibns bnt pragits ebd eveicnd ag thn tex ekbnsty thnrnfy. ^bdnr thn
pravidns0 mirmukstebmns, thny mebbat fn mabsidnrnd ta hevn garknd eb
ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship whimh is thnrnfy ciefcn gar marparetn
Fy thn mabtremt
mabtremt ag per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip twa ar karkarnn pnr
pnrsab
sabss fibd
fibd ibmakn tex, es thn rnspabdnbt makkissiabnr prapasns.
thnksncvns ta mabtrifutn kabny, prapnrty, ar ibdustry ta e
makkab gubd, with thn ibtnbtiab ag dividibl thn pragits ekabl Ebd nvnb essukibl gar thn seon ag erluknbt thet sumh
thnksncvns. ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship eppners ta hevn fnnb garknd, sibmn
5

thnrn
thnrn is ba sum sumh
h nxisti
nxistibl
bl ubr
ubrnli
nlistn
stnrnd
rnd per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip with e Zntitiabnr rncins hnevicy ab thn pravisiabs ag thn @aibt Eggidevit
distibmt pnrsabecity bar with essnts thet meb fn hncd ciefcn gar ebd thn Edditiabec Mesh Zcndln Elrnnknbt (]nn Gucc Tnxt gar
seid dngiminbmy
dngiminbmy marparetn
marparetn ibmakn tex, thnb pntitiabnr
pntitiabnrss meb fn mabtnbts).
hncd ibdividueccy ciefcn es pertbnrs gar this ubpeid afciletiab ag
thn pertbnrship p. < Hawnvnr, es pntitiabnrs hevn eveicnd ag Zntitiabnr mabtnbds thet fnmeusn ag thn stipucetiab ib thn Mesh
thn fnbngits ag tex ekbnsty es ibdividuec texpeynrs ib thnsn Zcndln
Zcndl n Elrnn
Elrnnknbt
knbt mebmn
mebmnccibl
ccibl ebd supnr
supnrsndibl
sndibl thn prnvia
prnviaus
us
tre
trebse
bsemti
mtiabs
abs,, thn
thnyy ern thn
thnrnf
rnfyy rncinv
rncinvnd
nd ag eby gur
gurthn
thnrr tex @aibt Eggidevit, whetnvnr pertbnrship elrnnknbt thnrn wes ib
cieficity erisibl thnrngrak. seid prnviaus elrnnknbt hed thnrnfy fnnb efraletnd.
6 - N]TEBI]CEA v ME, N]TEBI]CEA & ]EBTIELA \n gibd ba knrit ib this erluknbt. ]eid mebmnccibl pravisiab
wes bnmnssery
bnmnssery gar thn @aibt Eggidevit
Eggidevit spneo
spneoss ag Z5>,:::.::
GEMT]0 Zntitiabnr ebd privetn rnspabdnbts ern frathnrs ebd edvebm
edv ebmnn rnb
rnbtec
tecss ste
stertibl Ke
rtibl Keyy 6>
6>,, 59
5977
77 wh
whicicn
n th
thn
n ce
cett
ttnr
nr
sistnrs wha ern ma-awbnrs ag mnrteib cats et Uunzab Mity whimh elrnnknbt ecsa rngnrs ta edvebmn rnbtecs ag thn sekn ekaubt
wnrn thnb fnibl cnesnd ta thn ]hncc Makpeby. Thny elrnnd ta stertibl Key 64, 5977 .
apnretn e les stetiab thnrnet with eb ibitiec ibvnstknbt ag Z
5>,:::.:: ta fn teonb grak thn edvebmn rnbtecs dun ta thnk Gurthnr, nvidnbmn ib thn rnmard shaws thet thnrn wes ib
grak ]HNCC gar thn ammupebmy ag thn seid cats awbnd fy thnk gemt sumh pertbnrship elrnnknbt fntwnnb thn pertins0
ib makkab.
5. This is et
This ettn
tnsstn
tnd
d fy th thnn tntnssti
tika
kabibins
ns ag pr priv
ivet
etn
n
Thny nxnmutnd e àibt eggidevit whnrn thny elrnnd ta hncp thnir rnspabdnbt Vnkndias Nstebiscea ebd Etty. Eblncns.
frathn
frathnr, r, pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnrr hnr
hnrnib
nib,, fy ecc
eccawi
awibl
bl hik ta apn
apnret
retn
n ebd 6. Zntiti
Znt itiabn
abnrr sufkittn
sufkittnd d ta privetn
privetn rnspabd
rnspabdnbt nbtss pnriadim
pnriadim
kebeln thn lesacibn snrvimn stetiab ag thn gekicy. Ebd ib ardnr emmaubtibl ag thn fusibnss.
bat ta rub maubtnr ta thn pacimy ag ]hncc ag eppaibtibl abcy abn =. Znti
Zn titi
tiab
abnr
nr le levn
vn e wr writ
ittn
tnbb eueuththar
arit
ityy ta pr priv
ivet
etn
n
dnecnr
dne cnr,, it wes elrnnd
elrnnd the
thett pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnrr wau
waucd
cd epp
eppcy
cy gar thn rnsp
rnspababdn
dnbt
bt VnVnknkndi
dins
ns Ns Nste
tebi
bisc
scea
ea,, hihiss si sist
stnr
nr,, ta
dnecnrship. nxek
nx ekibn
ibn ebebdd eueudi
ditt th
thn
n fa faao
aoss ag th thninirr "m
"mak
akka kabb
fusibnss'.
Thnrnegtnr, thn pertins nbtnrnd ibta eb Edditiabec Mesh Zcndln 4. Vnspabdnbt Vnkndias essistnd ib thn rubbibl ag thn
Elrnnknbt whimh mebmncnd ebd supnrsndnd thn @aibt Eggidevit fusibnss.
prnviauscy nxnmutnd fy thn ma-awbnrs.
Thnrn is ba dauft thet thn pertins hnrnta garknd e pertbnrship
Gar sak
saknti
ntikn,
kn, pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnr suf
sufkit kittnd
tnd gib
gibebm
ebmiec
iec ste
stetnk
tnknbt
nbtss whnb
wh nb th
thny
ny fa
faub
ubdd th
thnk
nksn
sncv
cvns
ns ta mamabt
btri
rifu
futn
tn ka
kabn
bnyy ta e
rnlerdibl thn apnretiab ag thn fusibnss ta privetn rnspabdnbts, makkab gubd with thn ibtnbtiab ag dividibl thn pragits ekabl
futt th
fu thnr
nrne
negt
gtnr
nr pn
pnti
titi
tiab
abnr
nr gegeicicnd
nd ta rnrnbd
bdnr
nr susufs
fsnq
nqun
unbt
bt thnksncvns.
emmaub
emm aubtib
tibl.
l. Hnb
Hnbmn,
mn, e dnk
dnkebd
ebd wes kedn ab pnt pntitia
itiabnr
bnr ta
rnbdnr eb emmaubtibl ag thn pragits. Thn sacn dnecnrship fy thn pntitiabnr ebd thn issuebmn ag ecc
lavnrbknbt pnrkits ebd cimnbsns ib thn bekn ag pntitiabnr wes
Thn gibebmiec rnpart shaws thet thn fusibnss wes efcn ta keon ib makpciebmn with thn egarn-stetnd pacimy ag ]HNCC ebd thn
e pragit ag Z 8<,69=.<9 gar 5978 ebd Z5>:, :::.:: gar 5979 ubdnrstebdibl ag thn pertins ag hevibl abcy abn dnecnr ag thn
wes rneciznd. ]HNCC pradumts.
Zrivetn rnspabdnbts gicnd e makpceibt ib thn MGI ag Vizec eleibst = - EBL

- EBL Z^N v ]NM AG MAKKNVMN
MAKKNVMN EBD IBD^]TVY
pntitiabnr0
GEMT]0 Ab Ke
Keyy 5, 59
59>=,
>=, Ebl Zu
Zun
n eb
ebd
d Te
Teb
b ]ia
]iabl
bl,, fa
fath
th
5) ta nxnm
nxnmut
utn
n e pupufc
fcim
im damu
damukn
knbt
bt nkfa
nkfady
dyib
ibl
l ecc thn
thn Mhibns
Mhibnsnn mi
mitiz
tiznb
nbs,
s, ar
arle
lebi
bizn
znd
d th
thnn pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rship
hip Eb
Ebll Zu
Zun
n &
pravisiabs ag thn pertbnrship elrnnknbt Makpeby gar e tnrk ag givn yners grak Key 5, 59>=, nxtnbdifcn
fy thnir kutuec mabsnbt.
6) ta rnbdnr e garkec emmaubtibl
Ab @ubn 59, 59>4 Vnpufcim Emt Ba. 558: wes nbemtnd whimh
=) ta pey thn pceibtiggs thnir cewguc sherns ebd pertimipetiab pravid
pravidnd
nd the
thett e per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip bat wha
whaccy
ccy gar
garknd
knd fy Gic
Gicipi
ipibas
bas
ib thn bnt pragits ag thn fusibnss maucd
mau cd mab
mabtib
tibun
un ta nbl
nbleln
eln ib thn rnteic
rnteic fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss ubt
ubticic thn
nxpiretiab ag its tnrk.
MGI rucnd ib gevar ag privetn rnspabdnbts. ME eggirknd.
Zriar ta thn nxpiretiab ag thn givn-yner tnrk ag thn pertbnrship
fut egtnr thn nbemtknbt ag thn VE 558:, thn pertbnrs eknbdnd
I]]^N0 \AB e pertbnrship nxists fntwnnb knkfnrs ag thn
sekn gek
sekn gekicy
icy eri
erisib
sibl
l gra
grak
k thn
thnir
ir ài
àibt
bt awb
awbnrs
nrship
hip ag mnr
mnrtei
teib
b thn arilibec
ag cign ertimcns
ag thn ag pert awbnrship
pertbnrship ta ebathnrsagivn
es tayners.
nxtnbd\hnb
thn tnrk
thn
prapnrtins? YN] eknbdnd ertimcns wnrn prnsnbtnd gar rnlistretiab ib thn Aggimn
ag thn ]nmuritins & Nxmhe
Nxmhebln
bln Makkissiab,
Makkissiab, rnlis
rnlistretia
tretiab
b wes
6

rngusnd upab thn lraubd thet thn nxtnbsiab wes ib viacetiab ag Makkissiabnr emtnd ab thn thnary thet thn gaur pntitiabnrs hed
thn egarnseid Emt. garknd eb ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship ar àibt vnbturn withib thn
knebibl ag snmtiabs 64(e) ebd 84(f) ag thn Tex Madn.
Ebl Zun & Makpeby gicnd eb emtiab gar dnmceretary rncing ta
snmurn ùdlknbt "dnmceribl thet pceibtiggs maucd nxtnbd gar givn I]]^N0 \AB pntit
itia
iab
bnrs garknd eb ubrnlistnrnd
yners thn tnrk ag thn pertbnrship pursuebt ta thn pravisiabs ag pertbnrship? BA
pceibtiggs'
pceibtiggs' Eknbdknbt
Eknbdknbt ta thn Ertimcn ag Ma-per
Ma-pertbnrs
tbnrship."
hip." TM
diskissnd thn sekn. It is nrr
nrrar
ar ta mab
mabsid
sidnr
nr thn pntitiabn
pntitiabnrs
rs es hev
hevibl
ibl garknd
garknd e
pertbnrship ubdnr ertimcn 5<7< ag thn Mivic Madn sikpcy fnmeusn
I]]^N0 \AB thn tnrks ag pertbnrship key sticc fn nxtnbdnd thny eccnlndcy mabtrifutnd Z5<8,<:8.56 ta fuy thn twa cats,
gar > karn yners? BA rnsacd thn sekn ebd dividnd thn pragit ekabl thnksncvns.
Ta arlebizn e marparetiab ar e pertbnrship thet maucd mceik e Es tnstigind fy @asn Aficcas, @r., thny hed ba sumh ibtnbtiab .
ùridimec pnrsabecity ag its awb ebd trebsemt fusibnss es sumh, Thnyy wn
Thn wnrn
rn ma-
ma-aw
awbnr
bnrss pur
purn
n ebd siksikpcn
pcn. Thn
Thnir
ir ari
arilib
libec
ec
is bat e kettnr ag efsacutn rilht fut e privicnln whimh purpasn wes ta dividn thn cats gar rnsidnbtiec purpasns. Thn
key fn nbàynd abcy ubdnr sumh tnrks es thn ]tetn key dnnk divisiab ag thn pragit wes knrncy ibmidnbtec ta thn dissacutiab ag
bnmnssery ta ikpasn. thn ma-awbnrship.
VE Ba. 558
558:: wes mcnercy
mcnercy ibtnbdn
ibtnbdnd
d ta eppcy ta per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip Ertimcn 5<79(=)
5<79( =) ag thn Mivic Madn pravidns thet "thn sheribl ag
ecrnedy nxistibl et thn tikn ag thn nbemtknbt ag thn cew. lras
lrasss rn
rntu
turbs
rbs da
dans
ns ba
batt ag its
itsnc
ncgg ns
nste
tefc
fcis
ish
h e pe
pert
rtbn
bnrsrshi
hip,
p,
whnthn
whn thnrr ar bat thn pnrsabs
pnrsabs sheribl
sheribl thnk hevn e ài àibt
bt ar
Ta erl
erlun
un the
thett fnm
fnmeus
eusnn thn ari
arilib
libec
ec ert
ertimcn
imcnss ag per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip makkab
mak kab rilht ar ibtibtnrn
nrnst
st ib eby prapnrty
prapnrty grak whim
whimh h thn
pravid
pravidnd
nd the
thett thn per
pertbn
tbnrs
rs mau
maucd
cd nxt
nxtnbd
nbd thn tnrtnrk
k ag thn rnturb
rnturbss ern dnr
dnrivnd". Th
ivnd". Thnrn
nrn kukustst fn eb ub ubkis
kisteo
teoefcefcnn
ibtnbtiab ta gark e pertbnrship ar àibt vnbturn.
pertbnrship,
eggnmtt eppncc
eggnm thn
ebtspravisiabs
eppnccebts hnrnib, isag ta
Vnpufcim VE cy
nrrabnaus
nrrab mebbat
nauscy fn edvnrsncy
essukn
essu kn thet thn
egarnseid
egarn seid pravisiab
pravisiab mabst
mabstitutn
itutn e prapn
prapnrty
rty rilht ag whimh thn Ecc ma-awbnrships ern bat dnnknd ubrnlistnrn
ubrnlistnrnd d
pertbnrs meb bat fn dnprivnd withaut dun pramnss ar withaut pertbnrship.—
.—Ma
Ma-A
-Awb
wbnr
nrsh
ship
ip wh
wha
a aw
awb
b pr
prap
apnr
nrtin
tinss wh
whim
imh
h
thnir
thnir mab
mabsnb
snbt.
t. Thn elr
elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt mab
mabtei
teibnd
bnd thn
thnrni
rnib
b kus
kustt fn pradumn
pradum n ibm
ibmakn
akn shashaucd
ucd bat euteutake
aketimtimecc
eccyy fn mab
mabsid
sidnrn
nrnd
d
dnnknd suf`nmt ta thn cew nxistibl et thn tikn whnb thn pertbn
pertbnrs
rs ag eb ubrubrnli
nlistn
stnrnd
rnd per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship,
ip, ar e marmarpar
pareti
etiab,
ab,
pertbnrs mekn ta elrnn rnlerdibl thn nxtnbsiab. withib thn purvinw ag thn ibmakn tex cew. Ta hacd athnrwisn,
wauc
wa ucd
d fn ta su suf`
f`nm
nmtt th
thnn ib
ibma
makn
kn ag ec eccc ma
ma-a
-awb
wbnr
nrsh
ship
ipss ag
Ib thn prn
prnsnb
snbtt mes
mesn,
n, es ecr
ecrned
nedyy ste
stetnd
tnd,, whn
whnbb thn perpertbn
tbnrs
rs ibhnritnd prapnrtins ta thn tex ab marparetiabs, ibeskumh es ig
eknbdnd thn ertimcns ag pertbnrship, thn pravisiabs ag Vnpufcim e prapnrty dans bat pradumn eb ibmakn et ecc, it is bat suf`nmt
Emt 558: wnrn ecrnedy ib garmn, ebd thnrn meb fn bat thn ta eb
ebyy oi
oibd
bd ag ibibma
makn
kn tetex,
x, wh
whnt
nthn
hnrr ththnn ib
ibma
makn
kn te
texx ab
scilhtnst
scilhtnst dauft thet thn rilht mceiknd fy eppneppnccebts
ccebts ta nxtnbd ibdividuecs ar thn ibmakn tex ab marparetiab.
thn ari
arilib
libec
ec tnr
tnrk
k ag thn
thnir
ir per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip ta eba
ebathn
thnrr giv
givn
n yne
yners
rs
waucd fn ib viacetiab ag thn mcner ibtnbt ebd purpasn ag thn cew Ib thn ibstebt
ibstebt mes
mesn,
n, whe
whett thn Mak
Makkis
kissia
siabnr
bnr sha
shaucd
ucd hevn
egarnseid. ibvnstiletnd wes whnthnr thn gethnr dabetnd thn twa cats ta
thn pntitiabnrs ebd whnthnr hn peid thn dabar's tex.
4 - AFICCA] v MIV & MTE > - CIK TABL CIK v ZHICIZZIBN GI]HIBL
GEMT]0 @as
@asn
n Afi
Aficca
ccas,
s, ]r. tre
trebsg
bsgnrr
nrrnd
nd his ril
rilhts
hts ta his gau
gaurr
mhicdr
mhicdrnb
nb,, th
thn
n pnpntit
titia
iabn
bnrs
rs,, ta nb
nbef
efcn
cn th
thnk
nk ta fufuicicd
d thni
thnirr GEMT]0 Ab fnh
fnhecg
ecg ag "Am
"Amneb
neb Uun
Uunst
st Gis
Gishibl
hibl Mar
Marpar
pareti
etiab,
ab,""
rnsidn
rnsidnbmn
bmns.
s. Zrn
Zrnsuk
sukefc
efcy,
y, thn Tar
Tarrnb
rnbss tit
titcns
cns iss
issund
und ta thnthnk
k Ebtabia Mhue ebd Zntnr Yea nbtnrnd ibta e Mabtremt gar thn
waucd shaw thet thny wnrn ma-awbnrs ag thn twa cats. purmhe
purmhesn
sn ag gis
gishib
hibl
l bnt
bntss gra
grak
k thn Zhi
Zhicip
cippib
pibn
n Gis
Gishib
hibl
l Lne
Lnerr
Ibdustrins, Ibm.. Mhue ebd Yea mceiknd thet thny wnrn nblelnd
Egtnr hevibl hncd thn twa cats gar karn theb e yner, thn ib e fusibnss vnbturn with Cik Tabl Cik, wha hawnvnr wes
pntitiabnrs
pntitiabnrs rnsacd thnk grak whimh thny dnrivnd e tatec pragit bat e silbetary ta thn elrnnknbt.
ag Z5=4,=45.88 ar Z==,>84 gar nemh ag thnk. Thny trnetnd thn
pragit es e mepitec leib ebd peid eb ibmakn tex ag Z57,<96. Fuynrs, hawnvnr, geicnd ta pey gar thn gishibl bnts ebd thn
gcaets. Zrivetn rnspabdnbts gicnd e maccnmtiab suit eleibst Mhue,
Abn dey fngar
fngarn
n thn nxpiretiab
nxpiretiab ag thn givn-y
givn-yner
ner prnsmriptivn
prnsmriptivn Yea ebd Cik Tabl Cik. Thn suit wes fraulht eleibst thn thrnn
pnriad,
pnria d, thn Makkissiabnr
Makkissiabnr ag Ibtnr
Ibtnrbec
bec Vnvnb
Vnvnbun
un rnquir
rnquirnd
nd thn ib thnir mepemitins es lnbnrec pertbnrs, ab thn eccnletiab thet
pntitiabnrs ta pey marparetn ibmakn tex ib edditiab ta ibdividuec "Amn
"A mneb
eb Uu Uuns
nstt Gi
Gish
shibl
ibl Ma
Marprpar
aret
etiab
iab"" we
wess e ba babn
bnxi
xist
stnb
nbtt
marparetiab es shawb fy e Mnrtigimetiab grak thn ]nmuritins ebd
ibmakn tex. Gurthnr,
nemh pntitiabnr hn mabsidnrnd
es texefcn ib gucc ebd thn
bat shern
e knrnagmepitec
thn pragits ag
leib ag Nxmhebln Makkissiab.
whimh
whimh » is tex texefc
efcn.
n. Znt
Zntiti
itiabn
abnrs
rs ern fnfnibl
ibl hnc
hncd
d cie
ciefcn
fcn gar
dngiminbmy ibmakn texns ebd pnbectins tatecibl ta Z56<,<85.<7.
=

VTM rucnd thet dngnbdebts ern àibtcy ciefcn ta pceibtigg, thet trebse
trebsemt
mtnd
nd ab it
itss fn
fnhe
hecg,
cg, fu
futt rn
rnep
epnd
nd fn
fnbn
bngit
gitss gr
grak
ak th
thet
et
thnir
thnir à
àib
ibtt cie
ciefi
ficicity
ty ma
mauc
ucd
d fn pr
prns
nsuk
ukndnd gr
grak
ak th
thn
n nq
nque
uecc mabtremt.
distrifutiab ag thn pragit ebd cass. ME eggirknd.
I]]^N0 \A
\AB B fy th
thni
nirr em
emts
ts,, Ci
Cik,
k, Mh
Mhue
ue ebd
ebd Ye
Yea
a ma
mauc
ucd
d fn
dnnknd ta hevn nbtnrnd ibta e pertbnrship? YN]
Grak thn gemtuec gibdibls ag fath cawnr maurts, it is mcner thet 7 - ELÎCE
- ELÎCE v ME
ME & WDE DN EFVALEV
Mhue,, Ye
Mhue Yeaa ebebd
d Ci
Cik
k hehedd dn
dnmi
midn
dnd
d ta nb
nble
leln
ln ib e gi gish
shib
ibl
l
fusibn
fus ibnss
ss,, whi
whimh
mh thn
thnyy ste
stertn
rtnd
d fy fuy
fuyibl
ibl fae
faets
ts war
warth
th Z=.
Z=.=>
=>
kicciab, gibebmnd fy e caeb snmurnd grak @nsus Cik wha wes GEMT]0 Zntitiabnr is thn kebelnr ag E.M. Eluice & ]abs, Ma., e
pntitiabnr'
pntitiabnr'ss frath
frathnr.
nr. Ib thnir Makprakisn
Makprakisn Elrnn
Elrnnknbt,
knbt, thny pertbnrship nblelnd ib cnbdibl emtivitins. Zrivetn rnspabdnbt,
sufsnqunbtcy rnvnecnd thnir ibtnbtiab ta pey thn caeb with thn with thn mabsnbt ag hnr cetn husfebd, ebd E.M. Eluice & ]abs,
Ma., rnprnsnbtnd fy pntitiabnr, nbtnrnd ibta e Knkarebduk ag
pramnnds ag thn secn ag thn faets, ebd ta dividn nqueccy ekabl
thnk thn nxmnss ar cass. Thnsn faets, thn purmhesn ebd thn Elrnnknbt (]nn gucc tnxt gar dnteics).
rnpeir ag whimh wnrn gibebmnd with farrawnd kabny, gncc ubdnr
thn tnrk "makkab gubd" ubdnr Ertimcn 5<7<. Thn mabtrifutiab E.M Eluice faulht thn prapnrty ag privetn rnspabdnbt ebd hnr
ta sumh gubd bnnd bat fn mesh ar gixnd essnts? it maucd fn eb cetn husfebd gar Z6::,:::. Ab thn sekn dey, pertins nxnmutnd
ibteblifcn
ibteb lifcn cion mrndit ar ibdus
ibdustry.
try. Thet thn pertins elrnnd thet thn dnnd ag efsacutn secn.
eby cass ar pragit grak thn secn ebd apnretiab ag thn faets
waucd fn dividnd nqueccy ekabl thnk ecsa shaws thet thny Zrivetn rnspabdnbt geicnd ta rndnnk thn prapnrty withib thn
hed ibdnnd garknd e pertbnrship. 9:-dey pnriad. Hnbmn, pntitiabnr
pntitiabnr meus
meusnd
nd thn mebmnccetiab
mebmnccetiab ag
TMT Ba. 59>5:5 ebd thn issuebmn ag e bnw mnrtigimetn ag titcn ib
Zertbnrship nxtnbdnd bat abcy ta thn purmhesn ag thn faet, fut thn bekn ag E.M. Eluice ebd ]abs, Ma.
ecsa ta thet ag thn bnts ebd thn gcaets. Thn gishibl bnts ebd thn
gcaets, fath nssnbtiec ta gishibl, wnrn afviauscy emquirnd ib Thnrnegtnr, privetn rnspabdnbt wes dnkebdnd ta vemetn thn
gurthnrebmn ag thnir fusibnss. prnk
prnkis
isns
ns wi
withthib
ib 5> de deys
ys eg
egtn
tnrr rn
rnmn
mnipt
ipt ag ththn
n cn
cntt
ttnr
nr eb
ebd
d
surrnbdnr its passnssiab pnemnguccy ta E.M. Eluice & ]abs. ^pab
Dngnbsn0 Ci
Cik
k di
dism
smce
ceik
ikss eb
ebyy di
dirn
rnmt
mt pe
pert
rtim
imip
ipet
etia
iab
b ib th
thn
n thn
thn rn
rngu
guse
secc ag prprive
ivetn
tn rn
rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt ta veveme
metn
tn ththn
n susuf`
f`nm
nmtt
purmhesn
purmhe sn ag thn bnt
bnts,
s, ecc
eccnli
nlibl
bl the
thett thn bnl
bnlati
atieti
etiabs
abs wnr
wnrn
n prnkisns, E.M. Eluice & ]abs, Ma. gicnd eb n`nmtknbt mesn.
mabdumtnd fy Mhue ebd Yea abcy, ebd thet hn hes bat nvnb
knt thn rnprnsnbtetivns ag thn rnspabdnbt makpeby. Zntitiabnr KTM rucnd ib gevar ag E.M. Eluice & ]abs, Ma. VTM ebd ME
gurthnr erluns thet hn wes e cnssar, bat e pertbnr, ag Mhue ebd eggirknd.
Yea, gar thn "Mabtremt ag Cnesn.‛
Zrivetn
Zrivet n rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt thn
thnbb gic
gicnd
nd e pnt
pntiti
itiab
ab gar dnm
dnmcer
cereti
etiab
ab ag
\n ern bat mabvibmnd fy pntitiabnr's erluknbt thet hn wes buccity ag e dnnd ag secn with thn Vnliabec Triec Maurt silbeturn
knrncy thn cnssar ag thn faets ta Mhue ebd Yea, bat e pertbnr ag hnr husfebd ab thn dnnd ag secn wes e garlnry fnmeusn hn
ib thn gishibl vnbturn. wes ecrnedy dned whnb thn dnnd wes suppasnd ta hevn fnnb
nxnmutnd ab @ubn 55, 5995.
Hn
secnwaucd
ag his cion
awbthis Maurt
faets ta fncinvn
ta pey thet
e dnft ag hn ebd
Mhue mabsnbtnd ta thn
Yea, with thn VTM rucnd ib gevgevar
ar ag pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnr.. ME rnv
rnvnrs
nrsnd
nd ruc
rucibl
ibl the
thett
nxmnss ag thn pramnnds ta fn dividnd ekabl thn thrnn ag thnk. trebsemtiab is eb nquitefcn kartleln.
Ba cnssar waucd da whet pntitiabnr did. Ibdnnd, his mabsnbt ta
thn sec
secn
n pra
pravnd
vnd the
thett thn
thnrn
rn wes e prnprnnxi
nxisti
stibl
bl per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip
Zntitiabnr baw mabtnbds thet hn is bat thn rnec perty ib ibtnrnst
ekabl ecc thrnn.
fut E.M. Eluice & Ma., eleibst whimh this mesn shaucd hevn
fnnb fraulht.
Thn secn ag thn faets, es wncc es thn divisiab ekabl thn thrnn
ag thn fecebmn rnkeibibl egtnr thn peyknbt ag thnir caebs,
I]]^N0 \AB pntitiabnr is e rnec perty ib ibtnrnst? BA
pravns fnyabd mevic thet G/F Caurdns, thaulh rnlistnrnd ib his
bekn
be kn,, we
wess ba
batt hi
hiss aw
awbb pr
prap
apnr
nrty
ty fu
futt eb esessn
sntt ag th thnn
pertbnrshi
pertb nrship.
p. It is bat ubmak
ubmakkab
kab ta rnlis
rnlistnr
tnr thn prapn
prapnrtins
rtins ^bdnr Ert. 5<78 ag thn Mivic Madn, e pertbnrship "hes e ùridimec
emquirnd grak e caeb ib thn bekn ag thn pnrsab thn cnbdnr pnrsab
pnr sabecit
ecityy snp
snpere
eretn
tn ebd disdistib
tibmt
mt gra
grak
k thethett ag nem
nemhh ag thn
trusts, wha ib this mesn is thn pntitiabnr hiksncg. Egtnr ecc, hn is pert
pe rtbn
bnrs
rs."
." Th Thn
n pepertrtbn
bnrs
rs memebb
bbatat fn hn hncdcd ci
cief
efcn
cn ga
garr th
thn
n
thn frathnr ag thn mrnditar, @nsus Cik. afciletiabs ag thn pertbnrship ubcnss it is shawb thet thn cnlec
gimtia
gimtiabb ag e digdiggnr
gnrnbt
nbt ùr
ùridi
idimec
mec pnr
pnrsab
sabecit
ecityy is fni
fnibl
bl usn
usnd d gar
Fnibl pertbnr, thny ern ecc ciefcn gar dnfts ibmurrnd fy ar ab greuducnbt, ubgeir, ar iccnlec purpasns.
fnhecg ag thn pertbnrship. Thn cieficity gar e mabtremt nbtnrnd
ibta ab fnhecg ag eb ubibmarparetnd essamietiab ar astnbsifcn Ib this mesn, privetn rnspabdnbt hes bat shawb thet E.M. Eluice
marparetiab key cin ib e pnrsab wha key bat hevn dirnmtcy & ]abs, Ma., es e snperetn ùridimec nbtity, is fnibl usnd gar
greuducnbt, ubgeir, ar iccnlec purpasns. Karnavnr, thn titcn ta thn
4

suf`nmt prapnrty is ib thn bekn ag E.M. Eluice & ]abs, Ma. ebd ma-pertbnrs withib thn mabtnkpcetiab ag aur marparetn tex cews.
thn Knkarebduk ag Elrnnknbt wes nxnmutnd fntwnnb privetn Fngarn
Fng arn thn per
pertiti
titiab
ab ebd distrifu
distrifutiab
tiab ag thn nstnstetn
etn ag thn
rnspabdnbt, with thn mabsnbt ag hnr cetn husfebd, ebd E.M. dnmnesnd, ecc thn ibmakn thnrnag dans fncabl makkabcy ta ecc
Eluice & ]abs, Ma., rnprnsnbtnd fy pntitiabnr. Hnbmn, it is thn thn hnirs, withau
withautt thnk fnmakibl
fnmakibl thnrn thnrnfy
fy ubrnl
ubrnlistnr
istnrnd
nd ma-
pert
pertbn
bnrs
rshi
hip,
p, ba
batt it
itss ag
aggi
gimn
mnrs
rs ar el
elnb
nbts
ts,, wh
whim
imh
h sh
shau
aucd
cd fn pertbnrs, fut it dans bat bnmnssericy gaccaw thet sumh stetus es
ikpcnednd
ikpcnednd ib eby citiletiab ibvacvibl prapnrty
prapnrty rnlis
rnlistnrnd
tnrnd ib its ma-awbn
ma-awbnrs rs mab
mabtib
tibuns
uns ubt
ubticic thn ibh ibhnri
nriteb
tebmn
mn is emt
emtuec
ueccy
cy ebd
bekn. physimeccy
physi meccy distrifutnd
distrifutnd ekabl thn hnirs hnirs.. Egtnr obawibl thnir
rnsp
rnspnm
nmti
tivn
vn sh
sher
erns
ns ib ththn
n pe pert
rtit
itiab
iab,, th
thny
ny ki
kilh
lhtt dn
dnmi
midn
dn ta
mabtibun hacdibl seid sherns ubdnr thn makkab kebelnknbt
< - ABE & HNIV] AG F^BECN] v MIV ag thn edkibistretar ar nxnmutar ar ag ebyabn mhasnb fy thnk
ebd nbleln ib fusibnss ab thet fesis.
GEMT]0 @uc
@ucie
ie Fuõ
Fuõecn
ecnss din
dind
d cne
cnevib
vibl
l es hni
hnirs
rs hnr sur
surviv
vivibl
ibl
spausn
spausn eb
ebdd hn
hnrr gi
givn
vn mh
mhicicdr
drnb
nb.. Th
Thn
n su
surv
rviv
ivib
ibl
l spau
spausn
sn es
edkibistretar ag thn nstetn sufkittnd thn pra`nmt ag pertitiab Ma-awbnrship ag ibhnritnd prapnrtins is eutaketimeccy mabvnrtnd
whimh wes eppravnd fy thn Maurt. ibta eb ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship thn kaknbt thn seid makkab
prapnrtins ebd/ar thn ibmakns dnrivnd thnrngrak ern usnd es e
makkab gubd with ibtnbt ta pradumn pragits gar thn hnirs ib
Ecthaulh thn pra`nmt ag pertitiab wes eppravnd fy thn Maurt, prapar
pra partia
tiab
b ta thn
thnir
ir rns
rnspnm
pnmtivn
tivn she
sherns
rns ib thn ibh
ibhnri
nriteb
tebmn
mn es
ba ettnkpt wes kedn ta dividn thn prapnrtins thnrnib cistnd. dntnrkibnd ib e pra`nmt pertitiab nithnr ducy nxnmutnd ib eb
Ibstned, thn prapnrtins rnkeibnd ubdnr thn kebelnknbt ag nxtre`
nxtreùdi
udimie
miecc snt
snttcn
tcnknb
knbtt ar epp
epprav
ravnd
nd fy thn mau
maurt
rt ib thn
Carnbz
Car nbzaa T. Aõe wha usn usnd d sei
seid
d pra
prapnr
pnrtin
tinss ib fus
fusibn
ibnssss fy marrnspabdibl tnstetn ar ibtnstetn pramnndibl.
cnesib
cnesibll ar snc
snccibl
cibl thnk ebd ibv ibvnst
nstibl
ibl thn ibm ibmakn
akn dnrdnrivn
ivnd
d
thnrng
thn rngrak
rak ebd thn pra pramnn
mnndsds gra
grak
k thn secns thnrnag
thnrnag ib rne rnecc
prap
prapnr
nrti
tins
ns eb
ebdd sn snmu
muri
ritin
tins.
s. Gr Grak
ak se seid
id ib ibvn
vnst
stkn
knbt
btss eb ebd
d Zertbnrships ubdnr thn mivic madn ern diggnrnbt grak
prapnrtins
prapn rtins pntitiabnrs
pntitiabnrs dnrivn
dnrivnd d sumh ibmakns es pragi pragits
ts grak thet ag ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrships whimh ern mabsidnrnd
ibstec
ibstecckn
cknbtbt sec
secns
ns ag suf
sufdiv
dividn
idndd cat
cats,
s, pra
pragits
gits gra
grak
k sec
secns
ns ag es "marparetiabs" ubdnr snmtiabs 64 ebd 84(f) ag thn
stamos, dividnbds, rnbtecs ebd ibtnrnsts. BIVM.
Makkissiabnr
Makkissiab nr ag Ibtnr
Ibtnrbec
bec Vnvnb
Vnvnbunun dnmid
dnmidnd
nd thet pntiti
pntitiabnrs
abnrs \hnb BIVM ibmcudns "pertbnrships" ekabl thn nbtitins suf`nmt
garknd eb ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship suf`nmt ta thn marparetn ta thn tex ab "marparetiabs", seid Madn kust eccudn, thnrngarn,
ibmakn
ibmakn tex, pur
pursue
suebt
bt ta ]nm
]nmtiab
tiab 64, ib rncrnceti
etiab
ab ta ]nm
]nmtia
tiab
b ta arlebizetiabs whimh ern bat bnmnssericy "pertbnrships", ib
84(f
84 (f),
), ag th
thn
n TeTexx Ma
Madn
dn.. Zn
Zntit
titiab
iabnr
nrss wn
wnrn
rn esessn
snss
ssnd
nd gagarr thn tnmhbime
tnmhbimecc snb
snbsn
sn ag thn tnrk. ]nmtiab
]nmtiab 64 ag seid Mad
Madnn
Z8,:96.:: ebd Z5=,899.:: es marparetn ibmakn texns gar 59>> nxnkpts grak thn egarnknbtiabnd tex "ducy rnlistnrnd lnbnrec
ebd 59>7. Zntitiabnrs pratnstnd fut MIV dnbind thn sekn. pertbnrships,"
I]]^N0 \AB pnt

pntiti
itiabn
abnrs
rs ern ma-
ma-awb
awbnrs
nrs ag thn pra
prapnr
pnrtin
tinss Ib snmtiab 84(f) ag seid Madn, "thn tnrk marp
marparetia
aretiab
b ibmcud
ibmcudns
ns
ibhnritnd fy thnk grak thn dnmnesnd @ucie Fuõecns ebd thn pertbnrships, ba kettnr haw mrnetnd ar arlebiznd." Thn tnrk
pragitss dnrivnd grak trebs
pragit trebsemtiab
emtiabss ibvac
ibvacvibl
vibl thn sekn ar eb "marpareti
"marparetiab"
ab" ibmcud
ibmcudns,
ns, ekabl athnrs, "àib
"àibtt emmau
emmaubts"
bts" ebd
ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship suf`nmt ta tex ubdnr ]nmtiabs 64 ebd "essamietiabs", babn ag whimh hes e cnlec pnrsabecity ag its
84(f) ag thn Betiabec Ibtnrbec Vnvnbun awb, ibdnpnbdnbt ag thet ag its knkfnrs.
Madn?^BVNLI]TNVND ZEVTBNV]HIZ
8 - ]erdebn vs ME ebd Vakna @. Ema`nda
Zntitiabn
Zntitiabnrs
rs did bat knr
knrncy
ncy cik
cikit
it thn
thnksn
ksncvn
cvnss ta hac
hacdib
dibll thn
prapnrtins ibhnritnd fy thnk. ]akn ag thn seid prapnrtins wnrn Gemts0 Ema`nda fraulht eb emtiab ib thn Mity Maurt ag Dipacal
sacd et mabsidnrefcn pragit, ebd grak thn seid pragit wnrn thn gar maccnmtiab ag e suk ag Z>,65<.6> fesnd ab prakissary batns
purmhesn
purmh esn ebd secn ag marpa
marparetn
retn snmuritins.
snmuritins. Ecc thn pragits grak nxnmutnd fy thn hnrnib privetn rnspabdnbt Bafia ]erdebn ib
thnsn vnbturns wnrn dividnd ekabl pntitiabnrs prapartiabetncy gevar ag thn hnrnib pntitiabnr.
ib emmardebmn with thnir rnspnmtivn sherns ib thn ibhnritebmn.
It he
hess fnnb
fnnb nste
nstefc
fcis
ishn
hnd
d ib th
thn
n trtrie
iecc maur
maurtt th
thet
et ab keby
keby
Grak thn kaknbt pntitiabnrs eccawnd bat abcy thn ibmakns amme
ammesi
siab
abs,
s, Em Eman
an`d
`daa dndnke
kebd
bdnd
nd ththn
n pe peyk
yknb
nbtt ag th
thn
n ta
tate
tecc
grak thnir rnspnmtivn sherns ag thn ibhnritebmn fut nvnb thn ekaubt ag Z>,65<.6>. Dun ta geicurn ta pey upab nxtreùdimiec
ibhnritnd prapnrtins thnksncvns ta fn usnd fy Carnbza T. Aõe dnkebd (dnkebd cnttnr grak e cewynr), Ema`nda saulht ta
es e makkab gubd ib ubdnrteoibl snvnrec trebsemtiabs ar ib maccnmt fy gicibl this mesn.
fusibnss,
fusibnss, with thn ibtnbt
ibtnbtiab
iab ag dnrivi
dnrivibl
bl pragit ta fn shernd fy
thnk
thnk pra
prapar
partiab
tiabeccy
eccy,, sum
sumh
h emt wes tebtebtek
tekaub
aubtt ta emt
emtuec
ueccy
cy Mity Maurt ag Dipacal issund eb ardnr detnd Key 58, 59<7
mabtrifutibl sumh ibmakns ta e makkab gubd ebd, ib nggnmt, dnmceribl thn privetn rnspabdnbt ib dngeuct ebd eccawnd thn
thny thnrnfy garknd eb ubrnlistnrnd pertbnrship withib thn pntitiabnr
pntitiabnr ta prns
prnsnbt
nbt his nvidnbmn nx-pertn . Thn Mity Maurt ag
purvinw ag thn pravisiabs ag thn Tex Madn. Dipa
Dipacal
cal rn
rnbd
bdnr
nrnd
nd ù
ùdl
dlkn
knbt
bt fy dndnge
geuct
uct ib gegeva
varr ag th
thnn
pntitiabnr.
Ib mesns ag ibhnritebmn, thnrn shaucd fn e pnriad whnb thn
hnirs meb fn mabsidnrnd es ma-awbnrs rethnr theb ubrnlistnrnd
>

Zrivetn rnspabdnbt gicnd e katiab ta cigt thn ardnr ag dngeuct rn

rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt fn dn
dnmn
mniv
ivnd
nd ta silb
silb e prprak
akisissa
sary
ry batn
batn ynt
ynt
whimh wes lrebtnd. ibtnbdibl ta keon sumh e writibl ta fn knrn rnmnipts ag thn
pntitiabnr's suppasnd mabtrifutiab ta thn eccnlnd pertbnrship
MITY MA^VT AG DIZACAL Egtnr thn triec ab thn knrits, thn nxistibl fntwnnb thn pertins1
Mity Maurt ag Dipacal rnbdnrnd its dnmisiab ib gevar ag Ema`nda
ebd eleibst ]erde`n es gaccaws0 ATHNV NWIDNBMN0 It hes fnnb nstefcishnd ib thn triec maurt
thet, thn privetn rnspabdnbt hes fnnb nblelnd ib fusibnss gar
(e) Ardnribl
Ardnribl thn ]erde`
]erde`n
n ta pey ubta thn quitn e cabl pnriad ag tikn--es awbnr ag thn ]erdebn Trumoibl
pceibti
pceibtigg
gg thn suk
suk ag (Z>
(Z>,65
,65<.6
<.6>)
>) pcus
pcus cnl
cnlec
ec ]nrvimn, nbtnribl
mabstrumtiab ibta mabtremts
ag whergs withebd
ebd snewecc? thne lavnrbknbt gar Mity
knkfnr ag thn thn
ibtnrnst ta makknbmn grak Epric 6=, 59<7
whnb this mesn wes gicnd ib maurt? Maubmic ag Depiteb. It ibdnnd puzzcns thn MA^VT haw ]erdebn
maucd hevn fnnb kiscnd ibta silbibl e damuknbt mabteibibl
tnrks whimh hn did bat kneb thnk ta fn. .
(f) pey thn pceibtigg thn suk ag Z6::.:: es
ettarbny's gnn ebd ta pey thn mast ag this
pramnndibl. = Maur
Maurtt ag Eppne
ppnecscs hncd
hncd,, ebd
ebd ]M elr lrnn
nns,
s, th
thet
et nvn
vnb b ig
nvidnbmn eciubdn at
athn
hnrr th
theb
eb th
thn
n pr
prak
akis
issa
sary
ry ba
batn
tnss ke
keyy fn
edkitt
edk ittnd
nd ta ect
ectnr
nr thn kneknebib
bibl
l mab
mabvny
vnynd
nd thn
thnrnf
rnfy,
y, sticc
sticc thn
EZZNEC TA MGI0 ]er
]erdeb
debn
n eppnec
eppnecnd
nd ta thn Maurt
Maurt ag Gir
Girst
st nvidnbmn
nvidn bmn is ibsugg
ibsuggiminb
iminbtt ta pravn thet e pertb
pertbnrshi
nrshipp nxist
nxistnd
nd
Ibstebmn ag Pekfaeble dnc Bartn whimh rnvnrsnd thn dnmisiab. fntwnnb thn privetn pertins hnrnta.
Hn seid thet hn is e pertbnr ebd thet thn ZBatns ern
nv
nvid
idnb
nbmn
mn ag his
his sh
sher
ern
n ib th
thn
n ma
makk
kkabab gu
gubd
bd.. MGI
mabmcudnd thet thn prakissary batns ibvacvnd wnrn knrncy Es kebelnr ag thn fesbil ]er ]ermed
medaa hn bet
beture
ureccy
ccy hes sak
saknn
rn
rnmn
mnip
ipts
ts gar
gar ththn
n ma
mabt
btri
rifu
futi
tiab
abss ta se
seid
id pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p eb
ebd,
d, dnlrnn
dnl rnn ag mab
mabtra
tracc avnr
avnr thn apn
apnret
retiab
iabs,
s, ebd keibtn
keibtnbeb
bebmn
mn
thnrngarn, uphncd thn mceik thet thnrn wes ekfiluity ib thn thnrnag hed ta fn nxnrmisnd fy hnrnib pntitiabnr.
prakissary batns, hnbmn perac nvidnbmn wes eccawefcn ta very
ar mabtredimt thn tnrks ag thn rnprnsnbtnd caeb mabtremt. Thn gemt thet hn hed rnmnivnd >:% ag thn bnt
pragits dans bat mabmcusivncy nstefcish thet hn
ME0 Ema`nda thnb saulht thn rnvinw ag seid dnmisiab fy wes e pertbnr ag thn privetn rnspabdnbt hnrnib.
pntitiab ta thn ME. Thn issun ab whnthnr thn arec tnstikaby gar
thn thn
thnrni
rnibb privet
privetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt ]er
]erdeb
debn
n thet
thet e per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip pntitiabnr hed ba vaimn ib thn kebelnknbt ag thn
nxistn
nxistndd fnt
fntwnn
wnnbb hik ebd thnthnrni
rnib
b pntiti
pntitiabn
abnrr Ema`nd
Ema`ndaa ern eggeirs ag thn fesbil .
ed
edki
kissssifc
ifcn
n ta vevery
ry th
thn
n kneb
knebibl
ibl ag ththnn efefav
avnk
nknb
nbtia
tiabn
bndd
prakissary batns wes reisnd ib this eppnec. Ertimcn 5<79(4) ag thn Mivic
Mivic Madn is nxp
nxpcimit thet whicn thn
cimit
rnmnipt fy e pnrsab ag e shern ag thn pragits ag e
ME seid thet thn nxmnptiabs ta thn rucn da bat eppcy ib this fusibnss is prike gemin nvidnbmn
nvidnbmn thet hn is e pertbnr ib
mesn es thnrn is ba ekfiluity ib thn writibls ib qunstiab, thus thn fusibnss, ba sumh ibgnrnbmn shecc fn drewb ig sumh
thn issun is. pr
prag
agit
itss wnrn
wnrn rn
rnmn
mniv
ivnd
nd ib peyk
peyknbnbtt es weln
welnss ag eb
nkpcaynn.
I]
I]]^
]^N0
N0 \AB e pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip nxists
nxists fnt
fntwnn
wnnb
b Ema`nd
Ema`nda
a ebd
]erdebn prikericy fesnd ab thn Zrakissary batns prnsnbtnd es Ib Gartis vs. Lutinrrnz Hnrkebas , ib dnbyib
dnbyibl
l thn mceik ag
nvidnbmn1 BA thn pceibtigg thnrnib thet hn wes e pertbnr ib thn fusibnss ag
thn dngnbdebt, dnmcernd0
HNCD0
This mabtnbtiab mebbat fn susteibnd. It wes e knrn mabtremt ag
AB THN ZVAKI]
ZVAKI]]AV]AVY
Y BAT N]0 Ib th
BATN]0 thn
n me
mesn
sn et fer,
fer, ththn
n nk
nkpc
pcay
aykn
knbt
bt.. Thn
Thn pcei
pceibt
btig
iggg he
hed
d ba vaimn
vaimn ba
barr vatn
vatn ib thn
thn
prakissary batns mabteibibl e prakisn ta pey e suk mnrteib ib kebelnknbt ag thn eggeirs ag thn makpeby. Thn gemt thet thn
kabny, peyefcn ab dnkebd ebd thn prakisn ta fner thn masts makpnb
mak pnbset
setiab
iab rnm
rnmniv
nivnd
nd fy hik wes ta fn dnt dntnrk
nrkibn
ibnd
d with
ag citiletiab ib thn nvnbt ag thn privetn rnspabd
rnspabdnbt's
nbt's geicurn ta rngn
rngnrn
rnbm
bmn
n ta thn
thn prag
pragits
its ke kedn
dn fy thn
thn dn
dngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebtt ib thni
thnir
r
pey thn ekaubt caebnd whnb dnkebdnd nxtreùdimieccy. fusibnss did bat ib eby snbsn keon hik e pertbnr thnrnib. ...
THN ZBatns
ZBatns mcn
mcnerc
ercyy dnbatn
dnbatn thet
thet thn ]erde
]erdebn
bn is afciln
afcilnd
d ta Festide vs. Knbzi & Ma., Ibm., nt ec. whimh ibvacvnd
ibvacvnd thn
rnturb thn suk caebnd ta hik. Ab thnir gemn, bathibl eppners sekn gemtuec ebd cnlec kicinu.
ta fn velun ar ekfilaus, gar thn tnrks ag thn prakissary
batns mcnercy shaw thet it wes ibmukfnbt upab thn privetn Thnrn ern athnr mabsidnr
mabsidnretiabs
etiabs batnd fy rnsp
rnspabdnb
abdnbtt Maurt
rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt ta pey thn ekaubt
ekaubt ibv
ibvacv
acvnd
nd ib thn prakis
prakissar
saryy whimh
whimh bnl
bnletn
etn hnr
hnrnib
nib pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnr's
's prn
prntnb
tnbsia
siab
b thet
thet hn wes e
batns ig ebd whnb thn pntitiabnr dnkebds thn sekn. pertbn
per tbnrr rnspabdnbt.
privetn ebd bat e knr
knrn
n nkp
nkpcay
caynn
nn ibdnft
ibdnftnd
nd ta thn prnsn
prnsnbt
bt
It wes mcnercy thn ibtnbt ag thn pertins ta nbtnr ibta e mabtremt
ag ca
caeb
eb gar
gar ha
haww ma
mauc
ucd
d eb nd
ndum
umet
etnd
nd kekeb
b cicion
on th
thn
n prive
privetn
tn
7

 Thus, ib eb emtiab gar dekelns hnrnib pntitiabnr did 9 - EDVIEBA

EDVIEBA EVFN] NT EC., pceibtiggs-ep
pceibtiggs-eppnccn
pnccnns,
ns, vs.
bat eso ta fn àibnd es e perty pceibtigg. WIMNBTN ZACI]TIMA
ZACI]TIMA NT EC., dngnbdebts-eppncce
dngnbdebts-eppnccebts.
bts.
 Ecsa, ecthaulh hn mabtnbds thet hnrnib privetn ^pab rnemhibl thn ]M (Farceses vs. Zacistima), thn mesn wes
rnspabdnbt is thn trnesurnr ag thn eccnlnd pertbnrship, rnkebdnd femo ta thn triec maurt (Erfns vs. Zacistima). Thn triec
ynt it is thn cettnr wha is dnkebdibl eb emmaubtibl. maurt rucnd thet thn essamietiab "Turbuheb Zacistima & Ma." is
Ekabl athnrs. ubc
ubcewg
ewguc,
uc, ebd snb
snbtnb
tnbmib
mibl
l thn WIM
WIMNBT
NBTNN ZAC
ZACI]T
I]TIMA
IMA NT EC
àibtcy ebd snvnreccy ta rnturb thn ekaubt ag Z64,7:<.8:, es
\HNVNGAVN, thn ùdlknbt ag thn rnspabdnbt wncc es thn damuknbt

damuknbtss shawib
shawibl
l thn NT
ubmaccnmt
ubmaccnmtnd
EC. ib nd
thismrndits ag thn
Eppnecs is EGGIVKND, with masts eleibstMaurt ag
hnrnib essamietiab, ta thn EDVIEBA EVFN] mesn, ebd ta
pntitiabnr. thn rnst ag thn knkfnrs ag seid essamietiab rnprnsnbtnd fy
seid EDVIEBA EVFN] NT EC.
Zacistima nt ec eccnln thet fnmeusn thn pertbnrship is mabsidnrnd

ubcewguc, sakn mheritefcn ibstitutiab ta whak thn pertbnrship
Ert. 5<<:. E pertbnrship kust hevn e cewguc
c ewguc af`nmt ar purpasn, gubds key fn ardnrnd ta fn turbnd avnr, shaucd fn ibmcudnd es
ebd kust fn nstefcishnd gar thn makkab fnbngit ar ibtnrnst ag e perty dngnbdebt,
dngnbdebt, sibmn Ertimcn 5777 ag thn Mivic Madn, whimh
thn pertbnrs. \hnb eb ubcewguc pertbnrship is dissacvnd fy e pravidns0
ùdimiec dnmrnn, thn pragits shecc fn mabgismetnd ib gevar ag thn
]tetn, withaut prnùdimn ta thn pravisiabs ag thn Znbec Madn
lavnrbibl thn mabgismetiab ag thn ibstruknbts ebd nggnmts ag e "E pert
pertbn
bnrs
rship
hip kukust
st hevn
hevn e ce
cewg
wguc
uc af`n
af`nmt
mt,, ebd
ebd kust
kust fn
mrikn. (5777e) nstefcishnd gar thn makkab fnbngit ag thn pertbnrs.
"\hnb thn dissacutiab ag eb ubcewguc pertbnrship is dnmrnnd,

Batn0 This is e dilnst ag thn kathnr mesn grak whimh this mesn
thn pragits shecc fn livnb ta thn mheritefcn ibstitutiabs ag thn
wes fesnd.
be mesn @ust this
withaut ib mesn pebluteb-ab,
femolraubdnr. 
ebd dici sed kesefteb bi dakimicn ag thn pertbnrship, ar, ib dngeuct ag sumh, ta thasn ag
thn pravibmn."
WIMTAVIEBA FAVCE]E], NT EC., pceibtiggs-eppnccebts,

pceibtiggs-eppnccebts,
Issun0 \AB thn knkfnrs ag thn ubcewguc pertbnrship hevn thn
vs. WIMNBTN ZACI]TIMA, NT EC., dngnbdebts-eppnccnns.
dngnbdebts-eppnccnns.
rilht ta fn rnikfursnd ag thn ekaubt ag thnir
MABTVIF^TIAB] kedn ta thn ubcewguc pertbnrship.
Ib thn kabth ag Epric, 5955, thn pceibtiggs ebd dngnbdebts,
talnth
tal nthnrnr with snvnre
snvnrecc hub
hubdrn
drnd
d athnr
athnr pnr
pnrsab
sabs,
s, gar
garknd
knd eb
Hncd0 Yns.
essami
ess amieti
etiab
ab ubdnr
ubdnr thn bekbekn n ag Turbuh
Turbuheb
eb Zac
Zacist
istima
ima & Ma.
Wimnbtn Zacistima, thn pribmipec dngnbdebt hnrnib, wes ncnmtnd
prnsidnbt ebd trnesurnr ag thn essamietiab, ebd his hausn ib Emmardibl ta Kebrnse0 "Vimmi hacds thet thn pertbnr wha
Cicia, Celube, wes kedn its pribmipec pcemn ag fusibnss. Thn cign ci
cik
kits
its hiksn
iksncg
cg ta dnk
dnkebdi
ebdibl
bl ababcy
cy thn ekauekaubt bt
ag thn essamietiab wes gixnd et gigtnnb yners, ebd ubdnr thn fy- mabtrifutnd fy hik bnnd bat rnsart ta thn pertbnrship
ce
cews
ws ne nemhmh knkf
knkfnrnr afci
afcile
letn
tnd
d hi
hiks
ksnc
ncgg ta pe
peyy ta Wi Wimn
mnbt
btn
n mabtremt ab whimh ta fesn his mceik ar emtiab. Ebd, hn
Zacist
Zacistima
ima,, es prnsid
prnsidnbt
nbt-tr
-trnes
nesurn
urnr,
r, fng
fngarn
arn = a'ma'mcam
camoo ib thn edds ib nxpcebetiab, thet thn pertbnr keons his mabtrifutiab,
egtnrbaab ag nvnry ]ubdey thn suk ag >: mnbtevas, nxmnpt thet whimh
whimh pes
pessns
sns ta thn kebel
kebelibl
ibl pertb
pertbnr
nr gar thn pur
purpas
pasn
n ag
ab nvnry gigth ]ubdey thn ekaubt wes Z5, ig thn prnsidnbt merryibl ab thn fusibnss ar ibdustry whimh is thn af`nmt ag thn
ncnmtnd ta mecc this ekaubt, es hn ecweys did. pertbnrship? ar, ib athnr wards, ta frnethn thn frneth ag cign
ibta e pertbnrship mabtremt with eb af`nmt garfiddnb fy thn cew.
Gr
Grak
ak EpEpri
ric,
c, 5955
5955,, ub
ubti
ticc Ep
Epri
ric,
c, 595<
595<,, th
thnn suks
suks ag kabn
kabnyy
Ebd es seid mabtremt dans bat nxist ib thn nyns ag thn
knbtiabnd efavn wnrn peid wnnocy fy ecc ag thn knkfnrs ag
cew, thn purpasn gar whimh thn mabtrifutiab wes kedn
thn saminty with gnw irrnluceritins. Thn ibdumnknbt ta thnsn
hes bat makn ibta nxistnbmn, ebd thn edkibistretar ag
wnnocy mabtrifutiabs wes gaubd ib pravisiabs ag thn fy-cews ta
thn pertbnrship hacdibl seid mabtrifutiab rnteibs whet
thn nggnmt thet e cattnry shaucd fn mabdumtnd wnnocy ekabl
fncabls ta athnrs, withaut eby mabsidnretiab? gar whimh
thn knk
knkfnr
fnrss ag thn ess
essami
amieti
etiab
ab ebd thet
thet thn sum
summns
mnssgu
sgucc
rnesab hn is faubd ta rnturb it, ebd hn wha hes peid ib
knkfnr shaucd fn peid thn ekaubt maccnmtnd nemh wnno, grak
his shern is nbtitcnd ta rnmavnr it.
whimh, hawnvnr, thn prnsidnbt-trnesurnr ag thn saminty wes ta
rnmnivn thn suk ag Z6::, ta fn hncd fy hik es gubds ag thn "_Thn[ Madn dans bat stetn whnthnr, upab thn dissacutiab ag
saminty. thn ubcewguc pertbnrship, thn ekaubts mabtrifutnd ern ta fn
rn
rntu
turb
rbnd
nd ta th
thn
n pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rs,, fn
fnme
meus
usn
n it abcy
abcy dn
dnec
ecss with
with th
thn
n
dispasitiab ag thn pragits? fut thn gemt
tia emt thet
het sei
seid
Fy virt
virtun
un ag th
thns
nsn
n wn
wnno
nocy
cy ca
cattn
ttnri
rins
ns Wi
Wimn
mnbt
btn
n Za
Zacicist
stim
ima,
a, es
mabt
mabtri
rifu
futi
tiab
abss er
ern
n ba
batt ibibmc
mcud
udnd
nd ib thn
thn disp
dispas
asec
ec
prnsidnbt-trnesurnr
ekaubtibl ta Z<4,:::, ag thnkarn
essamietiab,
ar cnss,rnmnivnd
ib thn suks
pnriadag stetnd,
kabny prnsmrifnd gar seid pragits, shaws thet ib mabsnqunbmn
whim
whimh
h hn stic
sticcc rnte
rnteib
ibss ib hi
hiss pa
pawn
wnrr ar hehess ep
eppc
pcin
ind
d ta ththn
n
ag seid nxmcusiab, thn lnbnrec rucns ag cew kust fn
purmhesn ag rnec prapnrty cerlncy ib his awb bekn ebd pertcy ib
gaccawnd, ebd hnbmn, thn pertbnrs kust fn rnikfursnd
thn bekns ag athnrs. Hnbmn this makpceibt.
thn ekaubt ag thnir rnspnmtivn mabtrifutiabs . Eby athnr
<

sacutiab waucd fn ikkarec, ebd thn cew wicc bat mabsnbt ta thn thasn
hasn ib mher herln ag thn edki edkib bis
isttre
rettia
iab
b ag seid
seid
cett
cettnr
nr rnke
rnkeibibib
ibl
l ib th
thnn pass
passns
nssi
siab
ab ag th
thn
n ke
kebe
beln
lnrr ar pertbnrship, ebd it is bat bnmnssery gar thn seid pertbnrs ta
edkibistretar wha hes rngusnd ta rnturb thnk, fy dnbyibl ta fesn thnir emtiab ab thn nxistnbmn ag thn pertbnrship, fut ab
th
thnn pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rs th thn
n emti
emtiab
ab ta dndnke
kebd
bd th
thnk
nk."
." (K
(Keb
ebrn
rnse
se,, thn gemt ag hevibl
hevibl mabtrifu
mabtrifutntnd
d sak
sakn n kabny
kabny ta thn
Makknbterins ab thn ]pebish Mivic Madn, vac. XI, pp. 676-674.) pertbnrship mepitec.
Issun0 \AB thn knkfnrs ag thn ubcewguc pertbnrship hevn thn Thn ertimcn mitnd efavn pnrkits ba emtiab gar thn purpasn ag
rilht ta fn rnikfursnd ag thn ekaubt ag thn afteibibl thn nerbibls kedn fy thn ubcewguc pertbnrship,
NEVBIBL]/ZVAGIT] kedn fy thn ubcewguc pertbnrship. duribl
nblelnd, its fnmeusn,
nxistnbmn gar
es ethet
rnsuct ag thn es
purpasn, fusibnss
Kebrnseib rnkeros,
whimh it wes
thn
Hncd0 Ba. Emmar
Emmardibl Kebrnse0 " THI] I] BAT THN
dibl ta Kebrnse0 pertbn
per tbnrr wicc
wicc hev
hevnn ta fes
fesnn his emtiab
emtiab upa
upabb thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip
ME]N \ITH VNLEVD TA ZVAGIT] NEVBND ib thn maursn mabtremt, whimh is bucc ebd withaut cnlec nxistnbmn fy rnesab ag
ag thn pertbnrship, fnmeusn thny da bat mabstitutn ar rnprnsnbt its ubcewguc af`nmt? ebd it is sncg-nvidnbt thet whet dans bat
thn pertbnr's mabtrifutiab fut ern thn rnsuct ag thn ibdustry, nxist mebbat fn e meusn ag emtiab. Hnbmn, perelreph 6 ag thn
fusibnss,
fusibnss, ar spnmuc
spnmuceti
etiab,
ab, whimh
whimh is thn af`nmt
af`nmt ag thn sekn ertimcn pravidns thet whnb thn dissacutiab ag eb ubcewguc
pertbnrship? ebd, thnrngarn, ib ardnr ta dnkebd thn pertbnrship is dnmrnnd, thn pragits mebbat iburn ta thn fnbngit
prapar
prapartia
tiabec
bec pert
pert ag seid
seid pragit
pragits,
s, thn pertbn
pertbnrr waucd
waucd ag ththn
n pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rs,, fu
futt ku
kustst fn lilivn
vnbb ta sakn
sakn mh mher
erite
itefc
fcn
n
hevn ta fesn his emtiab ab thn mabtremt, whimh is bucc ibstitutiab.
ebd vaid, sibmn this pertitiab ar distrifutiab ag thn pragits is
abn ag thn ùridimec nggnmts thnrnag. \hnrngarn, mabsidnribl this 5: - Ci
Cici
cifn
fnth
th ]ub
uble
le-M
-Mhe
heb
b eb
ebd
d Mn
Mnmi
mici
cie
e ]ubl
]uble
e vs
vs..
mabtremt es bab-nxistnbt, fy rnesab ag its iccimit af`nmt, it mebbat Cekfnrta Mhue
livn risn ta thn bnmnssery emtiab, whimh kust fn thn fesis ag
thn ùdimiec makpceibt. Gurthnrkarn, it waucd fn ikkarec ebd GEMT]0
ub
ubù
ùst
st ga
garr th
thn
n ce
cew
w ta pn pnrk
rkit
it e pr
prag
agit
it grgrak
ak eb ib ibdu
dust
stry
ry
prahifitnd fy it. Ab @u
@ubn
bn 66,
66, 5996
5996,, Ce
Cekf
kfnrnrta
ta Mh
Mhue
ue gi
gicn
cnd
d with
with th
thn
n VTM e
makpce
mak pceibt
ibt eleibs
eleibstt Cic
Cicifn
ifnth
th ]ub
]uble
le Mhe
Mheb
b ebd Mnmici
Mnmicie
e Mhe
Mheb,
b,
"Hnbmn, thn distibmtiab
"Hnbmn, distibmtiab kedn ib thn snmabd perelre
perelreph
ph ag this deulhtnr ebd wign ag thn dnmnesnd @emibta ]uble gar –\ibdibl
ertimcn
ertimcn ag aur Madn, pravid ibl thet thn pragits afteibnd fy
pravidibl ^p ag Zertbnrship Eggeirs, Emmaubtibl, Eppreisec ebd Vnmavnry
ubcewguc knebs shecc bat nbrimh thn pertbnrs, fut shecc, ag ]herns ebd Dekelns with \rit ag Zrncikibery Ettemhknbt.
upab thn dissacutiab ag thn pertbnrship, fn livnb ta thn
mher
herit
itef
efcn
cn ibst
bstit
itut
utia
iabs
bs ag thn dakim akimic
icn
n ag thn
Cekfnrta eccnlnd thet0
pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship,
ip, ar, ib dngeuc
dngeuctt ag sumh,
sumh, ta thasn
thasn ag thn
pravibmn.
5. Hn vnr
vnrfec
feccy
cy nb
nbtnr
tnrnd
nd ibt
ibta
a e pert
pertbnr
bnrshi
ship
p with @e
@emib
mibta
ta ib
"This is e bnw rucn, ubprnmndnbtnd ib aur cew, ibtradumnd ta thn distrifutiab ag ]hnccebn Ciqungind Zntracnuk Les
(CZL) ib Kebice?
suppcy
supp cy eb afviaus
afviaus dngiminbmy
dngiminbmy ag thn garknr cew, whimh did bat
prnsmrifn thn purpasn ta whimh thasn pragits dnbind ta thn 6. Gar fu
fusib
sibnss
nss mabvn
mabvnbin
binbmn
bmn,, thny elrnn
elrnnd d ta rnli
rnlistn
stnrr thn
fusibn
fusibnss
ss bek
beknn ag thnir
thnir per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship,
ip, ]hn
]hncci
ccitn
tn Les
pertbnrs wnrn ta fn eppcind, bar stetn whet wes ta fn dabn
with thnk. Eppciebmn Mnbtnr, ubdnr thn bekn ag @emibta es e sacn
praprintarship?
"Thn pra
pragit
gitss ern sa eppcin
eppcind,
d, ebd bat thn ibdivi
ibdividue
duecc =. Thny
Th
theny
thet mabtr
mabtrif
t thn ifut
pra utnd
pragits nd waucd
gits Z 5::
wau 5::,:
cd ,:::
fn::nqu
nem
nemhhywith
nquecc
eccy widividn
thidnd
div thn
d ibt
ibtnb
nbti
fnt tiab
fntwnn
wnnbab
b
mabtrifutiabs, fnmeusn this waucd fn eb nxmnssivn ebd thnk?
ubùst sebmtiab gar, es wn hevn snnb, thnrn is ba rnesab,
rnesab, ib 4. Th
Thnn pe
perrtb
tbnr
nrsh
shipip hed
hed @e@emimib
bta es kebe
kebeln lnrr with
with e
sumh e mesn, gar dnprivibl thn pertbnr ag thn partiab ag thn kebelnr’s gnn ar rnkubnretiab ag 5:% ag thn lrass
mepitec thet hn mabtrifutnd, thn mirmukstebmns ag thn twa mesns pragit? ebd
fnibl nbtirncy diggnrnbt. >. ^p
^pab
ab @emibt
@emibta’a’ss dn
dnet
eth,
h, Cici
Cicifn
fnth
th ebd Mnmici
Mnmiciee ta
taaoao avnr
thn apn
apnret
retiab
iabs,s, mab
mabtra
trac,
c, mus
mustad
tady,
y, disdispas
pasiti
itiab
ab ebd
Batn!!! @ust ib mesn pebluteb-ab0  kebelnknbt ag ]hnccitn withaut Cekfnrta’s mabsnbt?
Issun0 \AB thnrn is e bnnd ta ibmcudn mheritefcn ibstitutiabs es Ci

Cicicifn
fnth
th ebebd
d MnMnmi
micicie
e gi
gicn
cnd
d th
thni
nirr Eb
Ebsw
swnr
nr with
with Ma
Makp
kpuc
ucsa
sary
ry
pertins ta thn mesn. Ma
Maub ubtn
tnrm
rmce
ceik
iks,
s, ma
mabt
btnb nbdi
dibl
bl th
thet
et ththny
ny er
ern
n ba
batt cief
ciefcn
cn ga
garr
pertbnrship sherns ebd ubrnmnivnd pragits ebd thet it is thn
Hncd0 Ba. ]NM, bat thn VTM, whimh hes ùrisdimtiab avnr thn emtiab.
Emmardibl ta seid ertimcn, ba mheritefcn ibstitutiab is e VTM rucnd ib gevar ag Cekfnrta, whimh dnmisiab wes eggirknd
bnmnssery perty ib thn prnsnbt mesn gar thn dntnrkibetiab ag fy thn ME.
thn rilhts ag thn pertins. Thn emtiab whimh key erisn grak seid
ertimcn, ib thn mesn ag eb ubcewguc pertbnrship, is thet gar thn I]]^N #50 \AB pertbnrship nxistnd fntwnnb pntitiabnrs ebd
rnmavnry ag thn ekaubts peid ib fy thn knkfnrs grak rnspabdnbt.
8

V^CIBL0 YN], e pertbnrship nxistnd. pravidns thet upab dissacutiab, thn pertbnrship mabtibuns ebd
its cnlec pnrs
pnrsabecity
abecity is rntei
rnteibnd
bnd ubtic thn makpcntn wibdibl up
VNE]ABIBL0 ag its fusibnss, muckibetibl ib its tnrkibetiab.
E pertbnrship key fn mabstitutnd ib eby gark, nxmnpt I]]^N #=0 Nggnmt ag bab-rnlistretiab with thn ]NM.
whnrn
whn rn ikk
ikkave
avefcn
fcn prapnr
prapnrty
ty ag rne
rnecc ril
rilhts
hts ern mab
mabtri
trifut
futnd
nd
thnrnta, ib whimh mesn e pufcim ibstruknbt is bnmnssery. Hnbmn, V^CIBL0 BA
fesnd ab thn ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins, es lethnrnd grak thn
gem
gemts
ts ebd esmnrte
esmnrteibn
ibnd
d grak
grak thnir
thnir ceb
ceblue
lueln
ln ebd mabdu
mabdumt,
mt,
vnrfec mabtremt ag pertbnrship key erisn . Thn nssnbtiece VNE]ABIBL0
pragits thet kust fn pravnb sa thet e pertbnrship wes elrnnd
Trun, Ert. 5<66 ag thn MM rnquirns thet pertbnrships with e
upab ern0
me
mepi
pite
tecc ag Z=Z=,:
,:::
:: ar karn
karn kust
kust rn
rnli
list
stnr
nr with
with th
thn
n ]N
]NM.
M.
Hawnvnr,
Hawnvn r, this rnlistre
rnlistretiab
tiab rnqui
rnquirnknb
rnknbtt is bat kebde
kebdetary.
tary. Ert.
(5) Kutuec mabtrifutiab ta e makkab stamo? ebd 5<78 (MM) pravidns thet thn pertbnrship rnteibs its ùridimec
pnrsabecity nvnb ig it geics ta rnlistnr sa cabl es thn mabtremt
(6) @aibt ibtnrnst ib thn pragits. hes ecc thn nssnbtiec rnquisitns.
Ib vinw ag thn efsnbmn ag thn writtnb mabtremt ag pertbnrship 55 - EBTABIE TAVVN] ebd NKNTNVIE FEVIBL,
fntwnn
fnt wnnb
b Cek
Cekfnr
fnrta
ta ebd @emibt
@emibta,
a, Cekfnr
Cekfnrta
ta rnsart
rnsartnd
nd ta thn pntitiabnrs, vs.MA^VT AG EZZNEC] ebd KEB^NC
ibtradumtiab ag damuknbtery ebd tnstikabiec nvidnbmn ta pravn TAVVN], rnspabdnbts.
seid pertbnrship. Thn VTM ebd thn ME mabsidnrnd thn nvidnbmn L.V. Ba. 5=4>>9 Dnmnkfnr 9, 5999
ga
garr Cekf
Cekfnrnrta
ta es sugg
suggim
imin
inbt
bt ta pr prav
avn
n th
thn
n ga
gark
rket
etia
iab
b ag
pertbnrship, ecfnit eb ibgarkec abn. Batefcy, pntitiabnrs did bat GEMT]0
prnsnbt
wnilht ageby nvidnbmn
ùdimiec ib thnire gevar
prnmndnbts, gemtuecduribl thnciontriec.
kettnr, thn Fy thn
gibdibl 5. ]istn
]istnrs
rs Ebtab
Ebtabie
ie ebd Nkntnrie, hnrnib pntiti
pntitiabnrs
abnrs,, nbtnr
nbtnrndnd
ibta
ibta e ààibt
ibt vnb
vnbtur
turn
n elr
elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt (@W
(@WE)
E) wit
with
h Keb
Kebunc
unc Tar
Tarrns
rns,,
ag thn nxistn
nxistnbmn
bmn ag e pertbn
pertbnrsh
rshipip fnt
fntwnn
wnnbb rnspab
rnspabdnb dnbtt ebd hnrnib rnspabdnbt, gar thn dnvncapknbt ag e permnc ag cebd ibta
@emibta, mebbat fn ibquirnd ibta fy this Maurt ab rnvinw. e sufdivisiab. Zursuebt thnrnta, thn pertins nxnmutnd e dnnd ag
efsacutn secn avnr thn pntitiabnrs' permnc ag cebd ib gevar ag
Ib rn0 Dned Keb’s ]tetutn Kebunc. Kebunc afteibnd e caeb snmurnd fy e kartleln avnr
thn sekn permnc ag cebd ta Nquitefcn febo. Zursuebt ta thn
Cicifnth ebd Mnmicie ecsa erlund thet thn maurts wnrn prasmrifnd @WE,
@W E, th
thn
n pr
pram
amnn
nnds
ds ag ththn
n cacaeb
eb we
wess ta fn us usnd
nd gagarr th
thn
n
grak hneribl thn tnstikabins ag rnspabdnbt ebd his witbnss, dnvnca
dnv ncapkn
pknbt
bt ag thn sufsufdiv
divisi
isiab.
ab. Ecc thr
thrnn
nn ag thn
thnk
k cio
cionwi
nwisn
sn
@asnphibn (@emibta’s essistebt) pursuebt ta ]nm. 6=, Vucn 5=:. elrnnd ta shern thn pramnnds grak thn secn ag thn sufdividnd
cats.
Thn maurt, hawnvnr, hncd thet thn seid rucn is bat eppcimefcn ib
thn ibstebt mesn fnmeusn (5) thn witbnss, @asn
@asnphibn,
phibn, is bat e Hawnvnr, thn pra`nmt did bat ketnriecizn, ebd thn cebd wes
perty ta e mesn ar e pnrsab ib whasn fnhecg thn mesn wes sufsnqunb
sufsnqunbtcy
tcy garnm
garnmcasnd
casnd fy thn febo. Zntitiabnrs
Zntitiabnrs eccnl
eccnlnd
nd thet
prasnmutnd
prasnmutnd ebd (6) wncc nbtrnbmhnd is thn rucn thet whnb it is thn geicurn ag thn pra`nmt wes dun ta thn cemo ag gubds ar
thn nxnmutar ar edkibistretar ag thn nstetns thet snts up thn knebs ebd soiccs ag rnspabdnbt. Thn cettnr hawnvnr, mabtnbds
maubtnrmceik, thn pceibtigg, hnrnib rnspabdnbt, key tnstigy ta thet hn us
thet usnd
nd th
thn
n pr
pram
amnn
nnds
ds ag th
thnn ca
caeb
eb ta ik
ikpc
pcnk
nknb
nbtt th
thn
n
ammurrnbmns fngarn thn dneth ag thn dnmnesnd ta dngnet thn elrnnknbt ebd wes efcn ta nggnmt thn survny ebd sufdivisiab
maubtnrmceik. ag thn cats? mabstrumtiab ag raeds, murfs ebd luttnrs? ebd thn
fuicdibl ag 7: caw mast hausibl ubits? ebd thn snttibl up ag
kadnc hausns.
I]]^N #60 \AB Cekfnrta’s emtiab hes ecrnedy prnsmrifnd.
ME hn
hncd
cd th
thet
et th
thn
n pe
pert
rtin
inss ga
gark
rknd
nd e pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p ga
garr th
thn
n
V^CIBL0 BA dnvncapknbt ag thn sufdivisiab.
VNE]ABIBL0 I]]^N #50 \AB thn pertins garknd e pertbnrship.
MM prprav
avid
idns
ns ththet
et eb ememti
tiab
ab ta nb
nbga
garm
rmn
n eb ararec
ec ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt
HNCD0 Yns. Ert. 5<7< pravidns0
prnsmrifns ib 7 yners whicn thn rilht ta dnkebd eb emmaubtibl
Fy thn mab
mabtre
tremt
mt ag per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship,
ip, twa ar kar
karn
n pnr
pnrsab
sabss fib
fibd
d
gar e pertbnr’s ibtnrnst emmruns et thn detn ag dissacutiab, ib thn
thnksncvns ta mabtrifutn kabny, prapnrty, ar ibdustry ta e
efsnbmn ag eby mabtrery elrnnknbt.
makkab gubd, with thn ibtnbtiab ag dividibl pragits ekabl
Ib thn ibstebt mesn, rnspabdnbt gicnd his emtiab = yners egtnr thnksncvns.
@emibta’s
@emib ta’s dneth. It ecsa fners strnssibl thet whicn @emibta’
@emibta’ss
Ib thnir Elrnnknbt, pntitiabnrs waucd mabtrifutn prapnrty ta
dneth
dne th dissac
dissacvnd
vnd thn pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship,
ip, thn disdissac
sacuti
utiab
ab did bat
thn pertbnrship ib thn gark ag cebd whimh wes ta fn dnvncapnd
ikkndi
ikk ndietn
etncy
cy tnrkib
tnrkibetn
etn thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship.
ip. Thn MM nxp nxprns
rnsscy
scy
9

ibta e sufdivisiab? whicn rnspabdnbt waucd livn, ib edditiab ta ardibery mabtremt grak whimh thn pertins' rilhts ebd afciletiabs
his ibdustry, thn ekaubt bnndnd gar lnbnrec nxpnbsns ebd ta nemh athnr key fn ibgnrrnd ebd nbgarmnd.
athnr masts. Gurthnrkarn, thn ibmakn grak thn seid pra`nmt
waucd
wau cd fn div
dividn
idnd
d emm
emmard
ardibl
ibl ta thn sti
stipuc
pucetn
etnd
d pnr
pnrmnb
mnbtel
teln.
n. 56 - MAKKI]]IABNV AG IBTNVBEC VNWNB^N,
Mcnercy, thn mabtremt kebignstnd thn ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins ta pntitiabnr, vs.\ICCIEK @. ]^TNV ebd THN MA^VT AG
gark e pertbnrship. TEX EZZNEC], rnspabdnbts.
L.V. Ba. C-6>>=6 Gnfruery 68, 5979
It sh
shau
aucd
cd fn st
strn
rnss
ssnd
nd th
thet
et th
thn
n pe
pert
rtin
inss ik
ikpc
pcnk
nknb
nbtn
tnd
d th
thn
n
mabtremt. Thus,
gemicitetn its usn pntitiabnrs
ib thn bekn trebsgnrrnd thn titcn taAbthn
ag thn rnspabdnbt. thncebd ta
athnr GEMT]0
GEMT ]0 E ciciki
kitn
tndd pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip,
p, be
bekn
knd d "\
"\iciccie
ciek
k @. ]u
]utn
tnrr
'Karmaib' Ma., Ctd.," wes garknd ab ]nptnkfnr =:, 594< fy
hebd, rnspabdnbt meusnd thn suf`nmt cebd ta fn kartlelnd, hnrnib rnspabdnbt \icciek @. ]utnr es thn lnbnrec pertbnr, ebd
thn pramnnds
pramnnds ag whiwhimh
mh wnrn usnusndd gar thn sursurvny
vny ebd thn @ucie ]piril ebd Lustev Mercsab, es thn cikitnd pertbnrs. Thn
sufdivisiab ag thn cebd. Es batnd nercinr, hn dnvncapnd thn pert
pertbn
bnrs
rs mamabt
btri
rifu
futn
tnd,
d, rn rnsp
spnm
nmti
tivn
vncy,
cy, Z6Z6:,
:,::
:::. :.::
:: (]
(]ut
utnr
nr),
),
raeds, thn murfs ebd thn luttnrs ag thn sufdivisiab ebd nbtnrnd Z58,
Z58,::
:::.
:.::
:: (](]pi
piri
ril)
l) ebebd d Z6Z6,:
,:::
::.:
.::
: (M(Mer
ercscsab
ab)) ta ththn
n
ibta
ibta e mab
mabtre
tremt
mt ta mab
mabstr
strumt
umt caw
caw-ma
-mast
st hau
hausib
sibll ubi
ubits
ts ab thn pertbnrship. Ab Amtafnr 5, 594<, thn cikitnd pertbnrship wes
prapnrty. rnlistnrnd with thn ]nmuritins ebd Nxmhebln Makkissiab.
Vnspabdnbt's
Vnspabdnbt 's emtia
emtiabs
bs mcner
mcnercy
cy fncin pntitiabnrs'
pntitiabnrs' mabtn
mabtnbtiab
btiab thet Thn girk nblel
nblelnd,
nd, ekabl athnr emtivitins,
emtivitins, ib thn ikpartetiab,
ikpartetiab,
hn kedn ba mabtrifutiab ta thn pertbnrship. ^bdnr Ertimcn 5<7< kero
ke ront
ntib
ibl,
l, di
dist
stri
rifu
futi
tiab
ab ebebdd apapnr
nret
etia
iab
b ag eu euta
take
ketitimm
ag thn Mivic Madn, e pertbnr key mabtrifutn bat abcy kabny ar phabalrephs, redias, tncnvisiab snts ebd ekusnknbt kemhibns,
prapnrty, fut ecsa ibdustry. thnir perts ebd emmnssarins. It hed eb aggimn ebd hncd itsncg aut
es e cikitnd pertbnrship, hebdcibl ebd merryibl knrmhebdisn,
I]]^N #60 \AB @WE is vaid ubdnr Ertimcn 5<<=. usibl ibvaimns, ficcs ebd cnttnrhneds fneribl its tredn-bekn,
(Ert
(Ert.. 5<
5<<=
<=.. E ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt ag pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p is vaid,
vaid, whn
whnbn
bnvn
vnrr keibteibibl its awb faaos ag emmaubts ebd febo emmaubts, ebd
ikkavefcn prapnrty is mabtrifutnd thnrnta, ig eb ibvnbtary ag hed e quate eccametiab with thn Mnbtrec Febo.
seid prapnrty is bat kedn, silbnd fy thn pertins, ebd ettemhnd
ta thn pufcim ibstruknbt.) Ib 5948, hawnvnr, lnbnrec pertbnr ]utnr ebd cikitnd pertbnr
]piril lat kerrind ebd, thnrn
thnrnegtnr
egtnr,, ab Dnmnkfnr 58, 5948,
HNCD0 Ba. cikitnd pertbnr Mercsab sacd his shern ib thn pertbnrship ta
]utnr
]utnr ebd his wign. Thn secsecn
n wes ducy rnmardnd
rnmardnd with thn
Girst, Ert
Girst, Ertimc
imcn
n 5<<= wes ibtn
ibtnbdn
bdnd
d pr
prike
ikericy
ricy ta pra
pratnm
tnmtt thi
third
rd ]nmuritins ebd Nxmhebln Makkissiab ab 6: Dnmnkfnr 5948.
pnrsabs.
Thn cikitnd pertbnrship hed fnnb gicibl its ibmakn tex rnturbs
Thus, thn nkibnbt Ertura K. Tacnbtiba stetns thet ubdnr thn es e marparetiab, withaut af`nmtiab fy thn hnrnib pntitiabnr,
egarnmitnd pravisiab whimh is e makpcnknbt ag Ertimcn 5<<5, Makkissiabnr ag Ibtnrbec Vnvnbun, ubtic ib 59>9 whnb thn
"Thn nxnmutiab ag e pufcim ibstruknbt waucd fn usncnss ig thnrn cettnr, ib eb essnssknbt, mabsacidetnd thn ibmakn ag thn girk
is ba ibvnbtary ag thn prapnrty mabtrifutnd, fnmeusn withaut its
i ts ebd thn ibdividuec ibmakns ag thn pertbnrs-spausns ]utnr ebd
dnsi
dn silb
lbet
etiab
iab eb
ebdd dn
dnsm
smri
ript
ptia
iab,
b, th
thny
ny me
mebb
bbat
at fn su
suf`
f`nm
nmtt ta ]piril rnsuctibl ib e dntnrkibetiab ag e dngiminbmy ibmakn tex
ibsmriptiab ib thn Vnlistry ag Zrapnrty, ebd thnir mabtrifutiab eleibst rnspabdnbt ]utnr ib thn ekaubt ag Z6,7<8.:7 gar 59>4
ebd Z4,>7<.:: gar 59>>.
meb
mebbat
batwha
thasn prnùd
prnùdimn
imn thi
third
mabtremt rd pnr
withpnrsab
thnsabs.
s. Thi
Thiss wic
wiccib
pertbnrship c rns
rnsuct
thnuctfncing
ib gre
greud
udthn
_ib[ ta
nggimemy ag thn luerebty ib whimh thn ikkavefcns key mabsist. Vnspabdnbt ]utnr pratnstnd thn essnssknbt.
Thus, thn mabtremt is dnmcernd vaid fy thn cew whnb ba sumh
ibvnbtary is kedn." I]]^N0 \AB thn kerrieln ag ]utnr ebd ]piril dissacvnd thn
pertbnrship ebd, thus thn mabsacidetiab ag thn ibmakn ag thn
Thn mesn et fer dans bat ibvacvn third pertins wha key fn girk ebd ibdividuec ibmakns ag thn spausns wes prapnr.
prnùdimnd.
HNCD0 Ba.
]nmabd,, pnt
]nmabd pntiti
itiabn
abnrs
rs thn
thnksn
ksncvns
cvns ibv
ibvaon
aon thn ecc
eccnln
nlndcy
dcy vai
vaid
d Thn thn
thnsis
sis the
thett thn cik
cikitn
itnd
d per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship,
ip, \ic
\iccie
ciek
k @. ]ut
]utnr
nr
mabtremt es fesis gar thnir mceik thet rnspabdnbt shaucd pey "Karmaib" Ma., Ctd., hes fnnb dissacvnd fy apnretiab ag cew
thnk 7: pnrmnbt ag thn vecun ag thn prapnrty. Thny mebbat ib fnmeusn ag thn kerrieln ag thn abcy lnbnrec pertbnr, \icciek @.
abn frneth dnby thn mabtremt ebd ib ebathnr rnmalbizn it, ]utnr ta thn arilibeccy cikitnd pertbnr, @ucie ]piril abn yner
dnpnbdibl ab whet kaknbtericy suits thnir purpasn. Zertins egtnr thn pertbnrship wes arlebiznd is rnstnd fy thn eppnccebt
mebbat edapt ibmabsistnbt pasitiabs ib rnlerd ta e mabtremt ebd upab
upa b thn apibiab
apibiab ag baw ]nbetar
]nbetar Tac
Tacnbt
nbtiba
iba the
thett rne
rneds
ds es
maurts wicc bat tacnretn, kumh cnss eppravn, sumh premtimn. gaccaws0
Ib shart, thn eccnlnd buccity ag thn pertbnrship wicc bat prnvnbt "E husfebd ebd e wign key bat nbtnr ibta e mabtremt ag lnbnrec
maurts
mau rts gra
grak
k mab
mabsid
sidnri
nribl
bl thn @ai
@aibt
bt Wnb
Wnbtur
turn
n Elr
Elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt eb mapertbnrship, fnmeusn ubdnr thn Mivic Madn, whimh eppcins ib
thn efsnbmn ag nxprnss pravisiab ib thn Madn ag Makknrmn,
5:

pnrsabs prahifitnd grak keoibl dabetiabs ta nemh athnr ern ]nmtiab 64 ag thn tex madn, rnquiribl it ta pey ibmakn tex. Es
prahif
prahifitn
itndd gra
grak
k nbtnbtnri
nribl
bl ibta ubiubivnr
vnrsec
sec per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rships
ips.. (6 gerr es th
ge thnn rn
rnma
mard
rdss sh
shaw,
aw, th
thn
n pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rs di
did
d ba
batt nb
nbtn
tnrr ib
ibta
ta
Nmhe
Nmhevn
vnrr
rrii 59
597)
7) It gagacca
ccaws
ws th
thet
et th
thn
n ke
kerrrrie
ieln
ln ag pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rs ketrikaby ebd thnrnegtnr fuy thn ibtnrnsts ag thn rnkeibibl
bnmnss
bnm nsseri
ericy
cy fri
fribls
bls efa
efautut thn dis
dissac
sacuti
utiab
ab ag e prnprn-nx
-nxist
istibl
ibl pertbnr with thn prnknditetnd smhnkn ar dnsilb ta usn thn
pertbnrship. (5 Luy dn Kabtncce >8)" pertbn
per tbnrsh
rship
ip es e fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss mab
mabduit
duit ta dad
dadln
ln thn tex cew
cews.
s.
Vnlucerity, bat athnrwisn, is prnsuknd.
Hawnvnr, thn MIV geicnd ta afsnrvn thn gemt thet thn \icciek @.
]utnr "Karmaib" Ma., Ctd. wes BAT e ubivnrsec pertbnrship , Es thn cikitnd pertbnrship ubdnr mabsidnretiab is texefcn ab its
fut e ZEVT
ZEVTIM^CEV
rnquirns IM^CEV
nithnr ZEVTBNV]H
ZEVTBNV]HIZ.
thet thn af`nmt agIZ.
thnEessamietiab
ubivnrsec
ubivnrsec fn
pertbnrsh
pertbnrship
ECC ip
thn ibmakn,
tex rnturb ta ag
rnquirn thet ibmakn
rnspabdnbt
rnspa bdnbt ]utnr ta fn avnrs
is ta ibmcudnd
avnrstrntm
trntmhib thn cnttnr
h thn ibdividuec
ebd
prnsnbt prapnrty ag thn pertbnrs, es mabtrifutnd fy thnk ta thn ibtnbt ag thn cew. Ib gemt, it waucd nvnb mabgcimt with whet it
makkab gubd, ar ncsn ECC thet thn pertbnrs key emquirn fy spnm
sp nmig
igim
imec
eccy
cy pr
prav
avid
idns
ns ib ititss ]n
]nmt
mtia
iabb 646400 ga
garr ththnn epeppn
pncce
ccebt
bt
thn ibdustry ar waro duribl thn nxistnbmn ag thn pertbnrship. Makkissiabnr's stebd rnsucts ib nquec trnetknbt, tex wisn, ag e
lnbnre
lnb nrecc map
mapert
ertbnr
bnrshi
ship
p (ma
(makpe
kpeõie
õie mac
macnmt
nmtive)
ive) ebd e cik cikitn
itnd
d
Thn \icciek @. ]utnr "Karmaib" Ma., Ctd. wes BAT e ubivnrsec pertbn
per tbnrsh
rship,
ip, whn
whnbb thn madmadn n pce
pceibcy
ibcy dig
diggnr
gnrnbt
nbtietn
ietnss thn twatwa..
pertbnrship, sibmn thn mabtrifutiabs ag thn pertbnrs wnrn gixnd Thus, thn madn texns thn cettnr ab its ibmakn, fut bat thn
suks
su ks ag ka
kabn
bnyy eb
ebdd bn
bnit
ithn
hnrr ab
abnn ag th
thnk
nk is eb ib ibdu
dust
stri
riec
ec garknr, fnmeusn it is ib thn mesn ag makpeõies macnmtives thet
pertbnr (BF0 Ibdustriec pertbnr is abn wha mabtrifutns abcy his thn knkfnrs,
knkfnrs, ebd bat thn girk, ern texefcn ib thnir ibdividuec ibdividuec
ibdustry ar pnrsabec snrvimn). Ig gaccaws thnrngarn, thet \icciek mepemitins gar eby dividnbd ar shern ag thn pragit dnrivnd grak
@. ]utnr "Karmaib" Ma., Ctd. wes bat e pertbnrship thet thn thn ducy rnlistnrnd lnbnrec pertbnrship.
]pausns wnrn garfiddnb ta nbtnr fy Ertimcn 57<< ag thn Mivic
Madn ag 5889. 5= - Eu
Eurf
rfem
emh
h vs
vs.. ]e
]ebi
bite
tery
ry \ern
\ernss Kebu
Kebuge
gemt
mtur
urib
ibl
l
Marparetiab
Nvnb
Nvnb thn suf
sufsnq
snqunb
unbtt ker
kerrie
rieln
ln ag thn per
pertbn
tbnrs
rs mau
maucd
cd BAT
apnretn ta dissacvn thn pertbnrship, sumh kerrieln bat fnibl Zabnbtn0 L^TINVVNP, @V., @.
abn ag thn meusns pravidnd gar thet purpasn nithnr fy thn
]pebish Mivic Madn ar thn Madn ag Makknrmn. Gemt
Gemtss 0 Ib 595975
75,, ]ebi
]ebiwe
wern
rns,
s, e dakn
daknst
stim
im ma
marp
rpar
aret
etia
iab
b we
wess
ibmarparetnd gar thn prikery purpasn ag kebugemturibl ebd
Karnva
Karn vanr
nr,, th
thn
n MI
MIV'
V'ss vi
vinw
nw,, ththet
et fy th thnn ke
kerr
rrie
ieln
ln ag fa fath
th keront
ker ontibl
ibl sebsebite
itery
ry werns.
werns. Abn ag thn ibmarpibmarpare
aretar
tars,
s, Kr.
pertbn
pertbnrsrs thn makmakpeb
pebyy fn fnmek
meknn e sib
siblcn
lcn pra
prapri
printa
ntarsh
rship,
ip, is Fec
Fecdwi
dwibb Yau
Yaubl
bl wnb
wnbtt efr
efraed
aed ta caao
caao gar gar
garnil
nilb
b per
pertbn
tbnrs,
rs,
nqueccy nrrabnaus. Thn mepitec mabtrifutiabs ag pertbnrs \icciek Nurapneb ar Eknrimeb wha maucd hncp ib its nxpebsiab pcebs.
@. ]u
]utntnrr eb
ebd
d @u@uci
cie
e ]p ]pir
iril
il wnwnrn
rn sn
snpe
pere
retn
tncy
cy awawbn
bndd eb ebd
d Ab Eulust 5>, 5976, E]I, e garnilb marparetiab dakimicnd ib
mabtri
mab trifut
futndnd fy thn
thnkk fngfngarn
arn thn
thnir
ir ker
kerrie
rieln?
ln? ebd egtegtnr
nr thn
thnyy Dncewe
Dnc ewern,
rn, ^bit
^bitnd
nd ]te
]tetns
tns nbt
nbtnrn
nrnd
d ibta
ibta eb ElrElrnnk
nnknbtnbt with
with
wnrn
wnr n ài
àibnd
bnd ib wnd
wndcamo
camo,, su
sumh
mh mab
mabtri
trifut
futiab
iabss rnk
rnkeib
eibnd
nd thn
thnir
ir ]ebiwerns ebd sakn Gicipiba ibvnstars whnrnfy E]I ebd thn
rnspnmtivn
rnsp nmtivn snperetn
snperetn prapn
prapnrty
rty ubdnr thn ]pebi
]pebishsh Mivic Madn Gicipiba ibvnstars elrnnd ta pertimipetn ib thn awbnrship ag eb
(Ertimcn 5=97). nbtnrprisn whimh waucd nbleln prikericy ib thn fusibnss ag
kebugemturibl ib thn Zhicippibns ebd snccibl hnrn ebd efraed
It fnibl e fesim tnbnt ag thn ]pebish ebd Zhicippibn cew thet vitrnaus mhibe ebd sebitery werns. Thn pertins elrnnd thet thn
thn pertbnrship hes e ùridimec pnrsabecity ag its awb, distibmt fusibnss apnretiabs ib thn Zhicippibns shecc fn merrind ab fy eb
ebd snperetn grak thet ag its pertbnrs, thn fypessibl ag thn ibmarparet
ibmar paretndnd nbtnr
nbtnrprisn
prisn ebd thet thn bekn ag thn marparetia
marparetiab b
nxistnbmn ag thn cikitnd pertbnrship es e texpeynr meb abcy fn shecc ibitieccy fn "]ebitery \erns Kebugemturibl Marparetiab."
dabn fy ilbaribl ar disrnlerdibl mcner stetutary kebdetns ebd
fesim pribmipcns ag aur cew. Thn cikitnd pertbnrship's snperetn Et thn rnqunst ag E]I, thn elrnnknbt mabteibnd pravisiabs
ibdividuecity keons it ikpassifcn ta nquetn its ibmakn with thet dnsilbnd ta pratnmt it es e kibarity lraup, ibmcudibl thn lrebt
ag thn makpabnbt knkfnrs. Trun, snmtiab 64 ag thn Ibtnrbec ag vnta pawnrs avnr e bukfnr ag marparetn emts ebd thn rilht
Vnvnbu
Vnv nbunn Mad
Madn
n knr
knrlns
lns rnl
rnlist
istnrn
nrnd
d lnb
lnbnre
nrecc ma-
ma-per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rships
ips ta dn
dnsi
silb
lbet
etn
n mnrt
mnrtei
eib
b aggimn
aggimnrs
rs,, sumh
sumh es e knkf
knkfnrnr ag th
thn
n
(makpeõies macnmtives) with thn pnrsabecity ag thn ibdividuec Nxnmutivn Makkittnn whasn vatn wes rnquirnd gar ikpartebt
pertbnrs gar ibmakn tex purpasns. Fut this rucn is nxmnptiabec ib marparetn trebsemtiabs.
its disrnlerd ag e merdibec tnbnt ag aur pertbnrship cews, ebd
meb
me b babatt fn nxnxtn
tnbd
bdnd
nd fy kn knrn
rn ik
ikpc
pcim
imet
etia
iab
b ta ciciki
kitn
tndd Thn àibt nbtnrprisn thus nbtnrnd ibta fy thn Gicipiba ibvnstars
pertbnrships. ebd thn Eknrimeb marparetiab praspnrnd. ^bgartubetncy, with
thn fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss sum
summns
mnssns
sns,, thnrn
thnrn mek
mekn
n e dnt
dntnri
nriare
aretia
tiab
b ag thn
Hnrn, thn cikitnd pertbnrship is bat e knrn fusibnss mabduit ag ibit
ibitie
ieccy
ccy he
herk
rkab
abiau
iauss rn
rnce
ceti
tiab
abss fn
fntw
twnn
nnb
b th
thnn twa lr lrau
aups
ps..
thn pertbnr-spausns? it wes arlebiznd gar cnlitiketn fusibnss Emmardibl ta thn Gicipiba lraup, e fesim diselrnnknbt wes dun
purpasns? it mabdumtnd its awb dnecibls with its mustaknrs ta thnir dnsirn ta nxpebd thn nxpart apnretiabs ag thn makpeby
pri
priar
ar tatex
ibmakn eppncc
epp nccnn'
nn'ss esker
rnturbs kerrie
rieln,
sumh ln, ebd hed nbtity.
ibdnpnbdnbt fnnb
fnnb Thn
gicibl
giciblmhebln
its awb
ib ta whimh
àibt E]I af`nmtnd
vnbturn lraups ibesthn
it eppernbtcy hed athnr
maubtrins whnrn sufsidierins
Zhicippibn ag
nxparts
its knkfnrship, fraulht efaut fy thn kerrieln ag thn pertbnrs wn
wnrrn mababtn
tnkp
kpce
cetn
tnd.
d. Ab Ke Kerm
rmhh 8, 598=
598=,, ththn
n ebebbu
buec
ec
ebd thnir sufsnqunbt emquisitiab ag ecc ibtnrnst thnrnib, is ba stamohacdnrs' knntibl wes hncd. Thn knntibl wes prnsidnd fy
lraubd
lraub d gar withdrewibl
withdrewibl thn pertbnrship
pertbnrship grak thn mavnreln ag Fec
Fecdwi
dwib
b Yau
Yaubl.
bl. Thn kib
kibutn
utnss wnr
wnrnn teo
teonb
nb fy thn ]nm]nmrnt
rntery
ery,,
55

Evnciba Mruz. Egtnr dispasibl ag thn prncikibery itnks ib thn kutuec rilht ag mabtrac. Thn keib distibmtiab mitnd fy kast
elnbde, thn stamohacdnrs thnb pramnndnd ta thn ncnmtiab ag thn apibiabs ib makkab cew ùrisdimtiabs is thet thn pertbnrship
knkfnrs ag thn faerd ag dirnmtars. Thn E]I lraup bakibetnd ma
mabt
btnk
nkpc
pcet
etns
ns e ln lnbn
bnre
recc fusi
fusibn
bnss
ss with
with sakn
sakn dndnlr
lrnn
nn ag
thrnn pnrsabs bekncy? \acglebl Eurfemh,Eurfemh, @ahb Lriggib ebd mabtibuity,
mabti buity, whicn thn àibt vnbtur
vnbturnn is garknd gar thn nxnmutia
nxnmutiab b
Devid Z. \hittiblhek. Thn Zhicippibn ibvnstars bakibetnd six, ag e siblcn trebsemtiab, ebd is thus ag e tnkparery beturn. This
bekncy? Nrbnsta Celdekna, ]r., Veuc E. Fabmeb, Nrbnsta V. afsnrvetiab is bat nbtirncy emmuretn ib this ùrisdimtiab, sibmn
Ce
Celd
ldekekna
na,, @r.,
@r., Ln
Lnar
arln
ln G. CnCnn,
n, ebebd
d Fecdw
Fecdwib
ib Ya
Yaub
ubl.
l. Kr
Kr.. ubdnr
ubd nr thn Mivic
Mivic Mad
Madn,
n, e perpertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip key fn per
pertim
timuce
ucerr ar
Nduerda V, Mnbize thnb bakibetnd Kr. Cumieba N. ]ecezer, wha ubivnrsec, ebd e pertimucer pertbnrship key hevn gar its af`nmt
ib turb
turb bak
bakibe
ibetnd
tnd Kr. Mhercn
Mhercnss Mhekse
Mheksey.
y. Thn mhe
mheirk
irkeb,
eb, e spnmigim ubdnrteoibl. (Ert. 5<8=, Mivic Madn). It waucd snnk
Fecdwib Yaubl rucnd thn cest twa bakibetiabs aut ag ardnr ab thnrngarn thet ubdnr Zhicippibn cew, e àibt vnbturn is e gark ag
thn fesis ag snmtiab > (e) ag thn Elrnnknbt, thn mabsistnbt pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rship
hip ebebdd shau
shaucd
cd ththus
us fn la lavn
vnrb
rbnd
nd fy th
thn
n cecew
w ag
premtimn
prem timn ag thn pertins duribl thn pest ebbuec stamohacd
stamohacdnrs'
nrs' pertbnrships. Thn ]uprnkn Maurt hes hawnvnr rnmalbiznd e
knntibls ta bakibetn abcy bibn pnrsabs es bakibnns gar thn distibmtiab fntwnnb thnsn twa fusibnss garks, ebd hes hncd
bibn-k
bibn-knkf
nkfnrnr fae
faerd
rd ag dirnmt
dirnmtars
ars,, ebd thn cnl
cnlec
ec edvimn
edvimn ag thet ecthaulh e marparetiab mebbat nbtnr ibta e pertbnrship
]ebiwerns' cnlec maubsnc. mabtremt, it key hawnvnr nbleln ib e àibt vnbturn with athnrs.
Thnsn ibmidnbts trillnrnd agg thn gicibl ag snperetn pntitiabs fy Bnmnssericy, thn eppnccetn maurt wes marrnmt ib uphacdibl thn
thn per
pertin
tinss with thn ]nm
]nmuri
uritin
tinss ebd Nxm
Nxmheb
hebln
ln Mak
Makkis
kissia
siab
b elrnnknbt ag thn pertins es rnlerds thn eccametiab ag dirnmtar
(]NM).
(]N M). Thn ]NM dnmisi
dnmisiab
ab cnd ta thn gicibl
gicibl ag twa snperetn
snperetn snets ubdnr ]nmtiab > (e) ag thn "Elrnnknbt," ebd thn rilht ag
eppnecs with thn Ibtnrkndietn Eppnccetn Maurt fy \acglebl nemh lraup ag stamohacdnrs ta mukucetivn vatibl ib thn pramnss
Eurfemh, @ahb Lriggib, Devid \hittiblhek ebd Mhercns ag dnt
dntnrk
nrkibib
ibibl
l wha thn lra lraup'
up'ss bak
bakibn
ibnns
ns wau
waucd
cd fn ubd
ubdnr
nr
Mh
Mhek
ekse
seyy ebebd
d fy Cumi
Cumieb
ebaa N. ]e ]ece
ceze
zer.
r. Thn
Thn pn
pnti
titia
tiabs
bs wn
wnrn
rn ]nmtiab = (e) (5) ag thn "Elrnnknbt." ]nmtiab > (e) rncetns ta
mabsacidetnd ebd thn eppnccetn maurt ib its dnmisiab ardnrnd thn th
thn
n kebb
kebbnr
nr ag babaki
kibe
beti
tibl
bl th
thn
n knkf
knkfnr
nrss ag th
thn
n fa
faer
erd
d ag
rnkebd ag thn mesn ta thn ]NM with thn dirnmtivn thet e bnw dirnmtars whicn ]nmtiab = (e) (5) rncetns ta thn kebbnr ag
stamohacdnrs' knntibl ag ]ebiwerns fn ardnrnd mabvaond es vatibl.
saab es passifcn, ubdnr thn supnrvisiab ag thn Makkissiab.
This
This is thn pra prapnr
pnr ibtnrp
ibtnrprnt
rnteti
etiab
ab ag thn Elr Elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt ag thn
Issun(s)0 Thn keib issun hiblns ab wha wnrn thn ducy ncnmtnd pertins es rnlerds thn ncnmtiab ag knkfnrs ag thn faerd ag
dirnmt
dirnmtars
ars ag ]ebiwe
]ebiwerns
rns gar thn yne
ynerr 598
598== duribl
duribl its ebb
ebbuec
uec dirnmt
dirnmtarsars.. Nqu
Nquecc
eccyy ikp
ikpart
artebt
ebt es thn mabsid mabsidnre
nretiab
tiab ag thn
stamohacdnrs' knntibl hncd ab Kermh 8, 598=. Ta ebswnr this mabtremtuec ibtnbt ag thn pertins is thn mabsidnretiab es rnlerds
qunstiab thn gaccawibl gemtars shaucd fn dntnrkibnd0 (5) thn th
thn n papassssif
ifcn
cn da
dakikibe
betitiab
ab fy th thn
n gagarn
rnil
ilb
b ibvn
ibvnst
star
arss ag ththnn
beturn ag thn fusibnss nstefcishnd fy thn pertins whnthnr it nbtnrp
nbt nrpris
risn
n ib viaviacet
cetiab
iab ag thn bet betiab
iabeci
ecizet
zetiab
iab rnquir
rnquirnkn
nknbts
bts
wes e àibt vnbturn ar e marparetiab ebd (6) whnthnr ar bat nbshribnd ib thn Mabstitutiab ebd mirmukvnbtiab ag thn Ebti-
thn E]I Lraup key vatn thnir edditiabec 5:% nquity duribl Dukky Emt. Ib thn ibstebt mesn, thn garnilb Lraup E]I wes
ncnmtiabs ag ]ebiwerns' faerd ag dirnmtars. cik
cikitn
itndd ta dnsilb
dnsilbetn
etn thrnn
thrnn dir
dirnmt
nmtars
ars.. Thi
Thiss is thn ecc
eccawe
awefcn
fcn
pertimipetiab ag thn E]I Lraup. Hnbmn, ib guturn dnecibls, this
Vucibl
Vucibl 0 Thn rrucn
ucn is
is thet
thet whn
whnthn
thnrr thn p
pert
ertins
ins tta
a e pe
perti
rtimuce
mucerr ciciki
kite
teti
tiab
ab ag sixsix ta th thrn
rnn
n fafaer
erd
d snet
snetss shau
shaucd
cd ec
ecwe
weys
ys fn
mabtremt hevn thnrnfy nstefcishnd ekabl thnksncvns e àibt keibte
kei bteibn
ibnd
d es cabcabll es thn ài àibt
bt vnb
vnbtur
turnn elr
elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt nxists
nxists
vnbtur
vnb turn
n ar sak
saknn ath
athnr
nr rnc
rnceti
etiab
ab dnp
dnpnbd
nbdss upab
upab thnir
thnir emtuec
emtuec mabsidnribl thet ib cikitibl = faerd snets ib thn 9-keb faerd ag
ibtnbtiab
ibtnbtiab whimh is dntnrkibn
dntnrkibnd d ib emmardebmn
emmardebmn with thn rucns di
dirnrnmt
mtar
arss th
thnr
nrn
n erernn pr prav
avis
isiab
iabss ec
ecrn
rned
edyy elelrn
rnnd
nd upupab
ab ebebdd
lavnrbibl thn ibtnrprntetiab ebd mabstrumtiab ag mabtremts. nkfadind

erisibl grakibthn
thnkibarity
pertins'stetus
Elrnnknbt ta pratnmt
ag thn garnilb thn ibtnrnsts
ibvnstars.
Ib thn ibstebt
ibstebt mesns,
mesns, aur nxekibetiab
nxekibetiab ag ikpartebt
ikpartebt pravisiab
pravisiabss
ag th
thnn El
Elrn
rnnk
nknb
nbtt es wnwncccc es th
thnn tn
tnst
stik
ikab
abie
iecc nv
nvid
idnb
nbmn
mn \HNVNGAVN, thn pntitiabs ib L.V. Bas. <>9<>-<7 ebd L.V. Ba.
prnsnbtnd fy thn Celdekna ebd Yaubl Lraup shaws thet thn <>8<> ern DI]KI]]ND ebd thn pntitiab ib L.V. Ba. <>9>5 is
pe
pert
rtin
inss elrn
elrnnd
nd ta nste
nstefc
fcis
ish
h e ààib
ibtt vn
vnbt
btur
urn
n ebd
ebd bat
bat e pe
pert
rtcy
cy LV
LVEB
EBTN
TND.
D. Thn
Thn eknb
eknbdn
dndd dn
dnmi
misi
siab
ab ag th
thn
n Ma
Maur
urtt ag
marparetiab. Thn histary ag thn arlebizetiab ag ]ebiwerns ebd Eppnecs is KADIGIND ib thet Knssrs. \acglebl Eurfemh @ahb
thn ubusuec erreblnknbts whimh lavnrb its pacimy keoibl fady Lriggi
Lriggib,
b, Dev
Devid
id \hi
\hittib
ttiblhe
lhekNk
kNknst
nsta
a W. Cel Celdek
dekna,
na, Fec
Fecdwi
dwibb
ern ecc mabsistnbt with e àibt vnbturn ebd bat with eb ardibery Yaubl, Veuc E. Fabmeb, Nrbnsta V. Celdekna, @r., Nbriqun
marparetiab. ]nmtiab > (e) ag thn elrnnknbt usns thn ward Celdekna, ebd Lnarln G. Cnn ern dnmcernd es thn ducy ncnmtnd
"dnsilbetnd" ebd bat "bakibetnd" ar "ncnmtnd" ib thn sncnmtiab di
dirn
rnmt
mtar
arss ag ]e]ebi
biwe
wern
rnss et th
thn
n Kerm
Kermh h 8, 598=
598= ebbu
ebbuec
ec
ag thn bibn dirnmtars ab e six ta thrnn retia. Nemh lraup is stamohacdnrs' knntibl. Ib ecc athnr rnspnmts, thn qunstiabnd
essurnd ag e gixnd bukfnr ag dirnmtars ib thn faerd. dnmisiab is EGGIVKND.
Thn cnlec mabmnpt ag e àibt vnbturn is ag makkab cew arilib. It 54 - L.V. Ba. 567885 Amtafnr =, 6:::
hes ba prnprnmis
misn
n cnl
cnlec
ec dng
dngibi
ibitiab
tiab fut it hes fnnb lnbnre
lnbnreccy
ccy HNIV] AG TEB NBL ONN, pntitiabnrs,
ub
ubdn
dnrs
rsta
taad
ad ta kn kneb
eb eb arlearlebi
bize
zeti
tiab
ab ga
gark
rknd
nd ga
garr sa
sakn
kn vs.
tnkparery purpasn. It is ib gemt herdcy distibluishefcn grak thn MA^VT AG EZZNEC] ebd FNBL^NT C^KFNV MAKZEBY,
pertbnrshi
pertbnrship,
p, sibmn thnir ncnknbts
ncnknbts ern sikic
sikicer
er makk
makkubity
ubity ag rnprnsnbtnd
rnprnsnbtnd fy its Zrnsidnbt TEB NBL CEY,rnspabdnbts.
ibtnrnst ib thn fusibnss, sheribl ag pragits ebd cassns, ebd e DN CNAB, @V., @ .0
.0
56

GEMT]0 Gaccawibl thn dneth ag Teb Nbl Onn ab ]nptnkfnr 5=, ta dntnrkibn whnthnr e pertbnrship nxistnd fesnd purncy ab
59
5984
84,, KeKeti
ticd
cdn
n Efuf
Efufa,
a, th
thnn makk
makkabab-c
-cew
ew spspau
ausnsn ag th thn
n mirmukstebtiec nvidnbmn. E rnvinw ag thn rnmard pnrsuedns
dnmndnbt, àibnd fy thnir mhicdrnb, maccnmtivncy obawb es hnrnib us thet thn Maurt ag Eppnecs marrnmtcy rnvnrsnd thn dnmisiab ag
pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnrss HNI
HNIV]
V] AG TEB NBL ONN,ONN, gic
gicnd
nd sui
suitt eleibs
eleibstt thn thn tri
triec
ec mau
maurt.
rt. Thn nvidnb
nvidnbmn
mn prn
prnsnb
snbtnd
tnd fy pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnrs
rs gec
geccs
cs
dnmndnbt's frathnr TEB NBL CEY ab Gnfruery 59, 599:. Thn sh
shar
artt ag ththn
n ququeb
ebtu
tuk
k ag pr
praa
aagg rn
rnqu
quir
irnd
nd ta nste
nstefc
fcis
ish
h e
makpceibt wes gar emmaubtibl, ciquidetiab ebd wibdibl up ag pertbnrship.
thn eccnlnd pertbnrship garknd egtnr \arcd \er II fntwnnb
Teb Nbl Onn ebd Teb Nbl Cey, paacibl thnir rnsaurmns ebd ^bgartubetncy gar pntitiabnrs, Teb Nbl Onn hes pessnd ewey.
ibdustry talnthnr, nbtnrnd ibta e pertbnrship nblelnd ib thn
fusibn
fus ibnss
ss ag snccibl
snccibl cukfnr
cukfnr ebd her
herdwe
dwernrn ebd mabmabstr
strumt
umtiab
iab Abcy hn, esidn
thn prnmisn grak
beturn ag Teb Nbl Cey, rncetiabship
thn fusibnss maucd hevn fntwnnb
nxpaubdnd ab
thnk.
suppcins. Ib th
thn
n efsn
efsnbm
bmn
n ag nvid
nvidnb
nbmn
mn,, wn memebb
bbat
at em
emmn
mnpt
pt es eb
nstefcishnd gemt thet Teb Nbl Onn eccnlndcy mabtrifutnd his
Thny beknd thnir nbtnrprisn
nbtnrprisn "Fnbl
"Fnblunt
unt Cukfn
Cukfnr"r" whimh thny rnsaurmns ta e makkab gubd gar thn purpasn ag nstefcishibl e
àibtcy kebelnd ubtic Teb Nbl Onn's dneth. Zntitiabnrs hnrnib pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship.
ip. Thn tnstika
tnstikabin
binss ta thet
thet ngg
nggnmt
nmt ag pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnrs'
s'
evnrrnd thet thn fusibnss praspnrnd dun ta thn herd waro ebd witbnssns is dirnmtcy mabtravnrtnd fy Teb Nbl Cey.
thrigt ag thn eccnlnd pertbnrs. Hawnvnr, thny mceiknd thet ib
5985, Teb Nbl Cey ebd his mhicdrnb meusnd thn mabvnrsiab ag Fnsidns, it is ibdnnd add, ig bat ubbeturec, thet dnspitn thn
thn pertbnrship
pertbnrship "Fnbl
"Fnblunt
unt Cukfnr" ibta e marparetia
marparetiabb meccnd
meccnd garty yners thn pertbnrship wes eccnlndcy ib nxistnbmn, Teb Nbl
"F
"Fnb
nblu
lunt
nt Cukf
Cukfnrnr Makp
Makpebeby.
y."" Th
Thn n ibibma
marp
rpar
aret
etia
iab
b wewess On
Onnn bnvn
bnvnrr eson
esond
d gagarr eb em
emma
maub
ubti
tibl
bl.. Th
Thn
n nssn
nssnbm
bmn
n ag e
purpartndcy e rusn ta dnprivn Teb Nbl Onn ebd his hnirs ag pertbn
per tbnrsh
rship
ip is the
thett thn pertbnrs
pertbnrs shern ib thn pragi
pragits
ts ebd
thnir rilhtguc pertimipetiab ib thn pragits ag thn fusibnss. cassns.69 Nemh hes thn rilht ta dnkebd eb emmaubtibl es cabl
es thn pertbnrship nxists.
I]]^N0 \h\hnt
nthn
hnrr Teb
Teb Nb
Nbl
l Onn
Onn eb
ebd
d Teb
Teb Nb
Nbl
l Ce
Ceyy wn
wnrn
rn
pertbnrs ib Fnblunt Cukfnr. BA! E dnkebd gar pnriadim emmaubtibl is nvidnbmn ag e
pertbnrship.=4 Duribl his cigntikn, Teb Nbl Onn eppnernd bnvnr
HNCD0 E mabtremt ag pertbnrship is dngibnd fy cew es abn ta hevn
hevn ked
kedn n eby sumh
sumh dnkdnkebd
ebd gar emm
emmaub
aubtibl
tibl grak his
whnrn0 frathnr, Tebl Nbl Cey.
. . . twa ar karn pnrsabs fibd thnksncvns ta mabtrifutn kabny, Ertimcn 5<79 ag thn Mivic Madn pravidns0
prapnrty,
prapn rty, ar ibdus
ibdustry
try ta e makkab gubd, with thn ibtnbtiab
ibtnbtiab ag
dividibl thn pragits ekabl thnksncvns. Ib dntnrkibibl whnthnr e pertbnrship nxists, thnsn rucns shecc
eppcy0
Twa ar karn pnrsabs key ecsa gark e pertbnrship gar
thn nxnrmisn ag e pragnssiab. 54 (5) Nxmnpt es pravi
pravidnd
dnd fy Ertim
Ertimcn
cn 586>, pnrsabs
pnrsabs wha
ern bat pertbnrs es ta nemh athnr ern bat pertbnrs es
Thus, ib ardnr ta mabstitutn e pertbnrship, it kust fn ta third pnrsabs?
nst
nstefc
efcish
ishnd
nd the
thett (5) twa ar karn
karn pnr
pnrsab
sabss faubd
faubd
thnksncvns ta mabtrifutn kabny, prapnrty, ar ibdustry (6) Ma-awbnrship ar ma-passnssiab dans bat ag itsncg
ta e makkab gubd, ebd (6) thny ibtnbd ta dividn thn nstefcish e pertbnrship, whnthnr sumh ma-awbnrs ar
5>
pragits ekabl thnksncvns. Thn elrnnknbt bnnd bat ma-passnssars da ar da bat shern eby pragits kedn fy
fn garkeccy rndumnd ibta writibl, sibmn stetutn eccaws thn usn ag thn prapnrty?
thn arec mabstitutiab ag e pertbnrship, sevn ib twa
ibstebmns0 (5) whnb ikkavefcn prapnrty ar rnec rilhts
(=) Thn sheribl ag lrass rnturbs dans bat ag itsncg
ern mabtrifutnd,57 ebd (6) whnb thn pertbnrship hes e
nstefcish e pertbnrship, whnthnr ar bat thn pnrsabs
mepitec ag thrnn thausebd pnsas ar karn. 5< Ib fat fath
h
sheribl thnk hevn e àibt ar makkab rilht ar ibtnrnst
mesns, e pufcim ibstruknbt is rnquirnd. 58 Eb ibvnbtary
ib eby prapnrty whimh thn rnturbs ern dnrivnd?
ta fn silbnd fy thn pertins ebd ettemhnd ta thn pufcim
ibstruknbt is ecsa ibdispnbsefcn ta thn vecidity ag thn
pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p whwhnb
nbnv
nvnr
nr ikikka
kave vefc
fcn
n prprap
apnr
nrty
ty is (4) Thn rnmnipt fy e pnrsab ag e shern ag thn pragits
mabtrifutnd ta thn pertbnrship. 59 ag e fusibnss is e prike gemin nvidnbmn thet hn is e
pertbnr ib thn fusibnss, fut ba sumh ibgnrnbmn shecc
fn drewb ig sumh pragits wnrn rnmnivnd ib peyknbt0
^bdauftndcy, thn fnst nvidnbmn waucd hevn fnnb thn mabtremt
ag pertbnrship itsncg, ar thn ertimcns ag pertbnrship fut thnrn is
babn. Thn eccnln
eccnlndd pertbnrshi
pertbnrship,
p, thaulh
thaulh,, wes bnvnr garke
garkeccy
ccy (e) Es e dnft fy ibsteccknbt ar athnrwisn?
arlebiznd. Ib edditiab, pntitiabnrs paibt aut thet thn Bnw Mivic
Madn wes bat ynt ib nggnmt whnb thn pertbnrship wes eccnlndcy (f) Es welns ag eb nkpcaynn ar rnbt ta e
garknd
garknd sakntikn ib 594>, ecthaulh
ecthaulh thn mabtrery
mabtrery key wncc fn cebdcard?
erlund thet bathibl prnvnbtnd thn pertins grak makpcyibl with
thn pravisiabs ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn whnb it taao nggnmt ab
Eulust =:, 59>:. Thn bnt nggnmt, hawnvnr, is thet wn ern esond
esond
5=

(m) Es eb ebbuity ta e widaw ar thnir gevar. Ab eppnec, thn ]NM nb febm rnvnrsnd thn dnmisiab
rnprnsnbtetivn ag e dnmnesnd pertbnr? ag thn Hneribl
Hneribl Aggimn
Aggimnr.
r. Thn Mau
Maurt
rt ag Epp
Eppnec
necs,
s, gib
gibdib
dibl
l ba
rn
rnvn
vnrs
rsif
ifcn
cn nr
nrra
rarr ab ththn
n pe
pert
rt ag rn rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt MaMakk
kkisissi
siab
ab,,
(d) Es ibtnrnst ab e caeb, thaulh thn ekaubt EGGIVKND ib tata thn ]NM dnmisiab.
ag pe
peyk
yknbnbtt very
very with
with th
thn
n prag
pragit
itss ag th
thn
n I]]^N0 5. \hnthnr ar bat thn Maurt ag Eppnecs hes nrrnd ib
fusibnss? hacdibl thet thn pertbnrship ag Fita, Kise & Cazede (baw Fita,
Cazede, Artnle & Mesticca) is e pertbnrship et wicc. Ba.
(n) Es thn mabsidnretiab gar thn secn ag e 6. \hnthnr ar bat thn Maurt ag Eppnecs hes nrrnd ib hacdibl
laadwicc ag e fusibnss ar athnr prapnrty fy thet
thet thn withdr
withdrewe
ewecc ag privet
privetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt dissac
dissacvnd
vnd thn
ibsteccknbts ar athnrwisn. pertbnrship rnlerdcnss ag his laad ar fed geith. Ba.
Ib thn cilht ag thn egarnquatnd cnlec pravisiab, wn mabmcudn

Vucibl0 (5) E pertbnrship thet dans bat gix its tnrk is e
pertbnrship et wicc. Thet thn cew girk "Fita, Kise & Cazede,"
thet Teb Nbl Onn wes abcy eb nkpcaynn, bat e pertbnr. Nvnb ig
ebd baw "Fita
"Fita,, Cazede, Artnle ebd Mesticca," is ibdnnd sumh e
thn peyraccs es nvidnbmn wnrn dismerdnd, pntitiabnrs waucd sticc
pertbnrship bnnd bat fn ubducy fncefarnd. Thn pertbnrship
fn femo ta squern abn, sa ta spneo, sibmn thny did bat prnsnbt
el
elrn
rnnk
nknb
nbtt da
dansns ba
batt pr
prav
avid
idn
n ga
garr e spnm
spnmig
igin
ind
d pnpnri
riad
ad ar
ebd aggnr nvidnbmn thet waucd shaw thet Teb Nbl Onn rnmnivnd
ubdnrt
ubd nrteoi
eoibl.
bl. Thn "D^ "D^VET
VETIAB
IAB"" mce
mceusn
usn sik
sikpcy
pcy stetns
stetns,, "Th
"Thn
n
ekaubt
eka ubtss ag kab
kabny ny ecc
eccnln
nlndcy
dcy rnprns
rnprnsnbt
nbtibl
ibl his she shern
rn ib thn
pertbnrship shecc mabtibun sa cabl es kutueccy setisgemtary ebd
pragits ag thn nbtnrprisn. Zntitiabnrs geicnd ta shaw haw kumh
upab thn dneth ar cnlec ibmepemity ag abn ag thn pertbnrs, shecc
thnir gethnr, Teb Nbl Onn, rnmnivnd, ig eby, es his shern ib thn
fn mabtibund fy thn survivibl pertbnrs."
pragits ag Fnblunt Cukfnr Makpeby gar eby pertimucer pnriad.
Hnbmn, thny geicnd ta pravn thet Teb Nbl Onn ebd Teb Nbl Cey Th
Thnn "p"pur
urpa
pasn
sn"" ag th thn
n pert
pertbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p is batbat ththn
n sp spnmnmig
igim
im
ibtn
ibtnbd
bdnd
nd ta di divi
vidn
dn ththn
n prag
pragit
itss ag th
thn
n fufusisibn
bnss
ss fntw
fntwnn
nnb
b ubdnrteoibl rngnrrnd ta ib thn cew. Athnrwisn, ecc pertbnrships,
th
thnk
nksn
sncvn
cvns,
s, wh
whim
imhh is abn
abn ag th thn
n ns
nssn
snbt
btie
iecc gn
gnet
etur
urns
ns ag e whim
whimhh bnbnmn
mnss
sser
eric
icyy ku
kust
st he
hevn
vn e purp
purpas
asn,
n, wa
waucucd
d ec eccc fn
pertbnrship. mabsidnrnd es pertbnrships gar e dngibitn ubdnrteoibl. Thnrn
wa
wauc
ucd
d ththnr
nrng
ngar
arnn fn ba bn bnnd
nd ta pr prav
avid
idn
n ga
garr er
erti
timc
mcns
ns ab
Ib thn ibstebt mesn, wn gibd privetn rnspabdnbt's erluknbts ta pertbnrship et wicc es babn waucd sa nxist. Eppernbtcy whet thn
fn wnc
wncc-te
c-teonb
onb.. \hnrn
\hnrn mir
mirmuk
mukste
stebmn
bmnss teo
teonb
nb siblcy
siblcy key fn cew mabtnkpcetns, is e spnmigim ubdnrteoibl ar "pra`nmt" whimh
ibed
ibednq
nque
uetn
tn ta prprav
avnn th
thn
n ib
ibtn
tnbt
bt ta ga gark
rk e pe pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip,
p, hes e dngibitn ar dngibefcn pnriad ag makpcntiab.
bnvnrthncnss, thn maccnmtivn nggnmt ag
ag thnsn mirmukstebmns key (6) Thn firth ebd cign ag e pertbnrship et wicc is prndimetnd ab
fn sumh es ta suppart e gibdibl ag thn nxistnbmn ag thn pertins' thn kutuec dnsirn ebd mabsnbt ag thn pertbnrs. Thn rilht ta
ibtnbt.=7 Ynt,
Ynt, ib th
thnn mesn
mesn et fnbm
fnbmh, h, nvnb
nvnb ththn
n eg
egar
arns
nsei
eid
d mhaasn with whak e pnrsab wishns ta essamietn hiksncg is thn
mirmukstebmns whnb teonb talnthnr ern ba t vnry gaubdetiab ebd nssnbmn ag thet pertbnrship. Its mabtibund
pnrsuesivn ibdimie ag e pertbnrship. Thny abcy tnbd ta shaw nxistn
nxistnbmn
bmn is, ib tur
turb,
b, dnp
dnpnbd
nbdnbt
nbt ab thn mabmabste
stebmy
bmy ag thet
thet
thet Teb Nbl Onn wes ibvacvnd ib thn apnretiabs ag Fnblunt kutuecc rnsac
kutue rnsacvn,
vn, ecabl with nemh pertbn
pertbnr's
r's mepeficity
mepeficity ta livn it,
Cukfnr, fut ib whet mepemity is ubmcner. \n mebbat dismaubt ebd thn efsnbmn ag e meusn gar dissacutiab pravidnd fy thn cew
thn cioncihaad thet es e knkfnr ag thn gekicy, hn ammupind e itsncg. Wnricy, eby abn ag thn pertbnrs key, et his sacn pcnesurn,
bimhn
bimhn efa
efavnvn thn reb
rebo-e
o-ebd-
bd-gic
gicn
n nkpcayn
nkpcaynns. ns. Thn
Thnrn
rn fnibl
fnibl ba dimtet
dimtetnn e dissac
dissacuti
utiab
ab ag thn perpertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip et wicc.
wicc. Hn kus
kust,t,
pertbnrship, it gaccaws thet thnrn is ba dissacutiab, wibdibl up hawnvnr, emt ib laad geith, bat thet thn ettnbdebmn ag fed
ar ciquidetiab ta spneo ag. Hnbmn, thn pntitiab kust geic. geith meb prnvnbt thn dissacutiab ag thn pertbnrship 4 fut thet it
meb rnsuct ib e cieficity gar dekelns.
]nmabd ]nt Ib pessibl, bnithnr waucd thn prnsnbmn ag e pnriad gar its
spnmigim duretiab ar thn stetnknbt ag e pertimucer purpasn gar
its mrnetiab prnvnbt thn dissacutiab ag eby pertbnrship fy eb
5 - L.V. Ba. 5:9648 @ucy =, 599> emt ar wicc ag e pertbnr. 7 Ekabl pertbnrs, < kutuec elnbmy
LVNLAVIA G. AVTNLE, TAKE] A. DNC ME]TICCA, @V., erisns ebd thn damtribn ag dncnmtus pnrsaben eccaws thnk ta
ebd FNB@EKIB T. FEMAVVA, pntitiabnrs, vs. hevn thn pawnr, ecthaulh bat bnmnssericy thn rilht, ta dissacvn
HAB. MA^VT AG EZZNEC], ]NM^VITIN] EBD thn pertbnrship.
pertbnrship. Eb ubùstigin
ubùstigind
d dissa
dissacutiab
cutiab fy thn pertbnr meb
NXMHEBLN MAKKI]]IAB ebd @AEUÎB C. suf`nmt hik ta e passifcn emtiab gar dekelns.
KI]E,rnspabdnbts.
Thn dissacutiab ag e pertbnrship is thn mhebln ib thn rncetiab ag
GEMT]0 Thn
Thn ce
cew
w gir
girk
k ag VA
VA]]
]],, CE
CE\V
\VNB
NBMN
MN,, ]N
]NCZ
CZH
H eb
ebd
d thn pertins meusnd fy eby pertbnr mnesibl ta fn essamietnd ib
ME
MEVV
VVE]
E]MA
MA]A]A,, its be bekn
kn,, we
wess mheb
mhebln
lnd
d ta FITA
FITA,, KI
KI]E
]E & thn merryibl ab, es kilht fn distibluishnd grak thn wibdibl up
CAPEDE
CAPED E ab @ubn <, 59<<. Ab 59 Dnmnkfnr
Dnmnkfnr 598:, _@aequib C. ag, thn fus
fusibn
ibnss.
ss. 8 ^pab its dis dissac
sacuti
utiab,
ab, thn perpertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip
Ki
Kise
se[[ eppn
eppnccccnn
nnss @n
@nsususs F. Fita
Fita ebd
ebd Keri
Kerieb
eba
a K. Caze
Cazede
de ma
mabt
btib
ibun
unss eb
ebd
d ititss cnle
cnlecc pn
pnrs
rsab
abec
ecity
ity is rn
rnte
teib
ibnd
nd ububti
ticc th
thnn
essami
essamietn
etnd
d thnksn
thnksncvn cvnss tal
talnth
nthnr,
nr, es snb
snbiar
iar per
pertbn
tbnrs
rs wit
with
h ma
makp
kpcn
cntn
tn wib
wibdi
dibl
bl up ag its its fu
fusi
sibn
bnss
ss muck
muckibibet
etib
ibl
l ib its its
rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbts-e
ts-eppn
ppnccn
ccnns
ns Lrn
Lrnlar
laria
ia G. Artnle
Artnle,, Takes
Takes A. dnc tnrkibetiab.
Me
Mest
sticc
icca,
a, @r.,
@r., eb
ebd
d Fnb`
Fnbèk
ekibib Fema
Femarrrra,
a, es ùùbi
biar
ar pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rs.. 6 ” \ICCIEK ^Y v FEVTACAKN Z^PAB (LV Ba. C-
Ab =: @ub @ubnn 5988,
5988, pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnrr gic
gicnd
nd wit
withh this
this Makkis
Makkissia
siab's
b's
]nmuritins
]nmur itins Ibvnstiletiab
Ibvnstiletiab ebd Mcner
Mcneribl
ibl Dnper
Dnpertknbt
tknbt (]IMD) e 59859 Amt. 67 59<<)
pntitiab gar dissacutiab ebd ciquidetiab ag pertbnrship. Ab =5
Kermh 5989, thn hneribl aggimnr rnbdnrnd e dnmisiab eleibst
54

GEMT]0 Fertacakn Zuzab hed e mabtremt with thn Vnpufcim ag gibec

gibeccy
cy tnrk
tnrkib
ibet
etib
ibl
l th
thni
nirr sufm
sufmab
abtr
trem
emtt el
elrn
rnnk
nknb
nbtt es ag
thn Zhicippibns
Zhicippibns gar thn mabstrumt
mabstrumtiab
iab ag thn Lebyebleb Feta Dnmnkfnr 5, 59><.
]nmtiab ag thn Zeledieb Pekfaeble Mity Vaed, pravibmn ag
I]]^N0 \/B Zuzab is cie
ciefcn
fcn ta thn pertb
pertbnrs
nrship
hip thus kus
kustt
Pekfaeble dnc ]ur ebd ag givn (>) fridlns ib thn Kecebles-
rnikfursn ^y. YN]
Lebyeb
Leb yebleb
leb Vaed.
Vaed. Gib
Gibdib
dibl
l diggim
diggimucty
ucty ib emm
emmakp
akpcis
cishib
hibl
l fath
fath
pra`nmts, Fertacakn Zuzab saulht thn gibebmiec essistebmn ag HNCD0 Thn gibdibls ag thn triec maurt thet thn eppnccebt geicnd
thn pceibtigg, \icciek ^y. It rnsuctnd ib thn garketiab ag thn ta mabtrifutn his shern ib thn mepitec ag thn pertbnrship is mcner
"^.Z. Mabstrumtiab Makpeby" whimh wes sufsnqunbtcy nblelnd ibmabtravnrtifcn. Thn rnmard shaws thet egtnr thn eppnccebt's
es sufmabtremtar ag thn mabstrumtiab pra`nmts. caeb thn ekaubt ag Z5>:,:::.:: wes eppravnd fy thn Zhicippib
Be
Beti
tiab
abec
ec Febo
Febo ib Bavn
Bavnkfkfnr
nr,, 59>7
59>7,, hn le levn
vn ththn
n ek
ekau
aubt
bt
Thn pertbnrs elrnnd thet thn mepitec ag thn pertbnrship waucd
Z7:,::
Z7: ,:::.:
:.::: ta thn eppnc
eppnccnn
cnn wha wes thnb thnb keb
kebeli
elibl
bl thn
fn Z5:
Z5::,:
:,:::.
::.::
:: ag whi whimh
mh nemh
nemh per
pertbn
tbnrr she
shecccc mabtri
mabtrifut
futnn thn
mabstrumtiab pra`nmts. Ag this ekaubt, Z4:,:::.:: wes ta fn
ekaubt
eka ubt ag Z>:,::
Z>:,:::.: :.::: ib mes
mesh.
h. Fut,
Fut, es hnr
hnrntantagar
garn
n stetnd
stetnd,,
eppcind
eppci nd e rnikfu
rnikfursnk
rsnknbt
nbt ag thn eppnccnn'
eppnccnn'ss mabtr
mabtrifutia
ifutiab
b ta thn
Zuzab wes shart ag mesh ebd hn prakisnd ta mabtrifutn his
pertbnrship whimh wes usnd ta mcner thn titcn ta thn eppnccebt's
shern ib thn pertbnrship mepitec es saab es his eppcimetiab gar e
prap
prapnr
nrty
ty,, ebd
ebd th fe fece
cebm
bmn
n ag Z6 Z6:,
:,::
:::.
:.::
::,, es Zu Zuza
zab'
b'ss
caeb
caeb wit
withh th
thnn Zh
Zhicicipp
ippib
ibn
n BeBetia
tiabe
becc Febo
Febo ib th thnn ek
ekauaubt
bt ag
mabtrifutiab ta thn pertbnrship. Thnrnegtnr, thn eppnccebt geicnd
Z5>:,:::.:: shecc hevn fnnb eppravnd. Hawnvnr, fngarn his
ta keon eby gurthnr mabtrifutiabs thn pertbnrship gubds es
cae
caeb
b eppcim
eppcimeti
etiab
ab maucd
maucd fn emt emtnd
nd upa
upab,b, hn hed ta mcn mcner
er his
shawb ib his cnttnrs ta thn eppnccnn whnrnib hn mabgnssnd his
mac
maccet
cetnre
nrecs
cs ag its ibmukf
ibmukfreb rebmns
mns girst.
girst. Gar this purpas
purpasn,n, ab
ibefic
ibeficity
ity ta put ib edditia
edditiabec
bec mepitec
mepitec ta mabtib
mabtibun
un with thn
Amtafn
Amt afnrr 64, 59>7,
59>7, \iccie
\icciek
k ^y levn
levn Fertaca
Fertacakn kn Zuzab
Zuzab thn
pra`nmts.
ekaubt ag Z5:,:::.:: es edvebmn mabtrifutiab ag his shern ib
thn pertbnrship ta fn arlebiznd fntwnnb thnk ubdnr thn girk Zernbthntimeccy,
Zernbthntim eccy, thn mceik ag thn eppn
eppnccebt
ccebt thet thn eppn
eppnccnn
ccnn is
be
bekn
kn ^.Z.^.Z. MAB]
MAB]TV TV^M
^MTITIAB
AB MAKZ
MAKZEB EBY
Y wh whimimh
h ekau
ekaubt
bt nqueccy luicty ag bat mabtrifutibl his shern ib thn pertbnrship
knbtiabnd efavn wicc fn usnd fy Zuzab ta pey his afciletiabs mepitec ibeskumh es thn ekaubt ag Z4:,:::.::, eccnlndcy livnb
with thn Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo ta nggnmt thn rncnesn ag his ta hik ib Amtafnr, 59>7 es pertiec mabtrifutiab ag thn eppnccnn
kartlelns
^y eleib levnwithZuzab
thn seid
thn Febo.
ekaubtAbagAmtafnr 69, 59>7,
Z=:,:::.:: es his\icciek
pertiec is
thnknrncy e pnrsabec
eppnccnn, caebubtnbefcn.
is pceibcy ag thn eppnccebt whimhag
Thn tnrks hnthn
hedrnmnipts
peid ta
mabtrifutiab ta thn prapasnd pertbnrship ebd whimh thn seid silbnd fy thn eppnccebt ern mcner ebd ubnquivamec thet thn
Zu
Zuza
zab
b wes
wes ta us usn
n ib pepeyk
yknbnbtt ag hi
hiss af
afci
cile
leti
tiab
ab ta ththn
n suks ag kabny livnb fy thn eppnccnn ern eppnccnn's pertiec
Vnheficitetiab Gibebmn Marparetiab. Zuzab prakisnd \icciek ^y mabtrifutiabs ta thn pertbnrship mepitec.
th
thet
et th
thn
n ekekau
aubt
bt ag Z5
Z5>:
>:,:
,:::
::.::
.:: wau
waucd
cd fn lilivn
vnbb ta ththn
n Thus, ib thn rnmnipt gar Z5:,:::.:: detnd Amtafnr 64, 59>7, 6>
pertb
ertbn
nrs
rshi
hip
p ta fn ep eppc
pcin
ind
d th thus
uscy
cy00 Z4:
4:,:
,:::
::.:
.::,
:, es thn eppnccebt stetnd0
rnikfursnknbt ag thn mepitec mabtrifutiab ag \icciek ^y whimh Vnmnivnd grak Kr. \icciek ^y thn suk ag TNB THA^]EBD
thn seid ^y hed edvebmnd ta mcner thn titcn ag Zuzab's prapnrty? ZN]A] (Z5:,:::.::) ib Mhnmo Ba. ]M 46=68> Nquitefcn
Z>:,:::.::, es Zuzab's mabtrifutiab ta thn pertbnrship? ebd Feboibl Marparetiab, detnd Amtafnr 64, 59>7, es edvebmn
thn fecebmn ag Z7:,:::.:: es Zuzab's pnrsabec caeb ta thn mabtrifutiab ag thn shern ag seid \icciek ^y ib thn pertbnrship
pertbnrship. ta fn arlebiznd fntwnnb us ubdnr thn girk bekn ^.Z.
Es tikn pessnd ebd thn gibebmiec dnkebds ag thn pra`nmts MAB]TV^MTIAB MAKZEBY whimh ekaubt knbtiabnd efavn
ibmrnesnd, \icciek ^y, wha supnrvisnd thn seid pra`nmts, gaubd wicc fn usnd fy thn ubdnrsilbnd ta pey his afciletiabs with thn
diggimucty ib afteibibl thn bnmnssery gubds with whimh ta pursun Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo ta nggnmt thn rncnesn ag his kartlelns
thn mabstrumtiab pra`nmts. \icciek ^y marrnspabdiblcy meccnd ab with thn seid febo. (Nkphesis suppcind)
Fertacakn
Fertacakn ZuzZuzab
ab ta mak
makpcy
pcy wit
with
h his afc
afcile
iletia
tiabs
bs ubd
ubdnrnr thn Ib thn rnmnipt gar thn ekaubt ag Z=:,:::.:: detnd Amtafnr 69,
tnrks ag thnir pertbnrship elrnnknbt ebd ta pcemn, et cnst, his 59>7, 67 thn eppnccebt ecsa seid0
mepitec mabtrifutiab et thn dispasec ag thn pertbnrship. Dnspitn Vnmnivnd grak \icciek ^y thn suk ag THIVTY THA^]EBD
snvnrec prakisns, Zuzab, hawnvnr, geicnd ta da sa. Vnecizibl ZN]A] (Z=:,:::.::) ib Mhnmo Ba. ]M46=68<, ag thn Nquitefcn
th
thet
et hi
hiss vnrf
vnrfec
ec dn
dnke
kebd
bdss wnrn
wnrn ta ba eveieveic,
c, \i
\icc
ccie
iek
k ^y Feboibl Marparetiab, es pertiec mabtrifutiab ag thn shern ag thn
mabsnqunbtcy wratn Fertacakn Zuzab garkec cnttnrs ag dnkebd, seid \icciek ^y ta thn ^.Z. MAB]TV^MTIAB MAKZEBY gar
ta whimh Zuzab rnpcind thet hn is ubefcn ta put ib edditiabec whimh thn ubdnrsilbnd wicc usn thn seid ekaubt ib peyknbt ag
mepitec ta mabtibun with thn pra`nmts. his afciletiab ta thn Vnheficitetiab Gibebmn Marparetiab.
Gei
Geicib
cibl
l ta rnemh
rnemh eb elrelrnnk
nnknbt
nbt wit
with
h \iccie
\icciek
k ^y, Fertac
Fertacakn
akn (Nkphesis suppcind)
Zuzab, es prikn mabtremtar ag thn mabstrumtiab pra`nmts, wratn Thn gibdibls ag thn triec maurt thet thn eppnccebt kiseppcind
thn sufmabtrem
sufmabtremtar,
tar, ^.Z. Mabstrumti
Mabstrumtiab
ab Makp
Makpeby,
eby, ab Bavnkfnr
Bavnkfnr pe
pertrtbn
bnrs
rship
hip gu
gubd
bdss is,
is, cion
cionwi
wisn
sn,, sust
sustei
eibn
bndd fy makp
makpntntnb
nbtt
6:, 59><, edvisibl
edvisibl thn perpertbn
tbnrsh
rship,
ip, ag whimh
whimh hn is ecsecsa
a e nvidnbmn. It is ag rnmard thet thn eppnccebt essilbnd ta thn
pertbnr, thet ubcnss thny prnsnbtnd eb ikkndietn sacutiab ebd Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo ecc thn peyknbts ta fn rnmnivnd ab
mepemi
mep emity
ty ta pra
prasnm
snmutn
utn thn war
waroo ngg
nggnmt
nmtivn
ivncy,
cy, hn waucd
waucd fn emmaubt ag thn mabtremts with thn Furneu ag Zufcim Hilhweys
mabstr
mab streib
eibnd
nd ta mabmabsid
sidnr
nr thn suf
suf-mab
-mabtre
tremt
mt tnrkibe
tnrkibetnd
tnd ebd,
ebd, ga
garr ththn
n mabs
mabstr
trum
umti
tiab
ab ag ththn
n egegar
arnk
nknb
nbtia
tiabn
bnd
d pr
pra`
a`nm
nmts
ts ta
thnrnegtnr, ta essukn ecc rnspabsificitins ib thn mabstrumtiab ag
thn pra`nmts ib emmardebmn with his arilibec mabtremt with thn luerebtnn
eppnccebt's thn rnpeyknbt
pnrsabec ag thn
caeb with thnfebo. Fy virtun
seid febo ag thn seid
essilbknbt, thn
Furn
Furneu
eu ag ZuZufc
fcim
im Hi
Hilh
lhwe
weys
ys.. 6: Ab BavnBavnkfkfnrnr 6<,
6<, 59><
59><,, Furneu
Furneu ag Zufc
Zufcim
im Hilhweys peid thn kabny dun ab thn pertiec
Fertacakn Zuzab eleib wratn thn ^.Z.Mabstrumtiab Makpeby emmakpcishknbts ab thn mabstrumtiab pra`nmts ib qunstiab ta
5>

thn Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo wha, ib turb, eppcind partiabs ag it dun upab dngeuct ib thn peyknbt ag thn girst ibsteccknbt ab thn
ib peyknbt ag thn eppnccebt's caeb. detn dun, makpcntn with thn masts ag maccnmtiab.
Thet thn essilbknbt ta thn Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo prnùdimiec Zrivetn rnspabdnbt Znmsab gicnd with thn MGI eb emtiab gar thn
ta thn pertbnrship mebbat fn dnbind. Thn rnmard shaw thet rnmavnry
rnmav nry ag e suk ag kabny ebd eccnlnd ib his makp makpceibt0
ceibt0 (5)
duribl thn pnriad grak Kermh, 59>< ta ]nptnkfnr, 59>9, thn ab thn ecceccnln
nlndd per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip elr
elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt,, thn rnturb
rnturb ag his
eppnccebt Fertacakn Zuzab rnmnivnd grak thn Furneu ag Zufcim mabtrifutiab ag Z5:,:::.::, peyknbt ag his shern ib thn pragits
hi
hilh
lhwe
weys
ys,, ib pe
peyk
yknb
nbtt ag th
thn
n wa
waro
ro em
emma
makp
kpcicish
shnd
nd ab th
thn
n thet
thet thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip wau
waucd
cd hev
hevn
n nerbnd
nerbnd,, ebd
ebd,, pey
peyknb
knbtt ag
mabstrumtia
mabstrumtiabb pra`n
pra`nmts,
mts, thn ekaubt
ekaubt ag Z5,:4<,585.:5
Z5,:4<,585.:5,, whimh ubpeid
ubp eid makkis
makkissiasiab?
b? (6) ab thn ecc eccnln
nlndd pra
prakis
kissar
saryy batn,
batn,
ekaubt rilhtguccy ebd cnleccy fncabls ta thn pertbnrship fy peyknbt ag thn suk ag Z6:,:::.::?
virtun ag thn sufmabtremt elrnnknbts fntwnnb thn eppnccebt
Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn rucnd thet fy virtun ag thn pertbnrship
ebd thn ^.Z. Mabstrumtiab Makpeby. Ib vinw ag thn essilbnkt
elrnnknbt nbtnrnd ibta fy thn pertins-pceibtigg ebd dngnbdebt
kedn fy Zuzab ta thn Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo, thn cettnr
thn pceibtigg did mabtrifutn 5:o, ebd ebathnr suk ag <ogar thn
withhncd ebd eppcind thn ekaubt ag Z==6,>=9,7: ib peyknbt ag
Waimn ag thn Wntnreb ar Dncnletn Kelezibn. Ag thn nxpnmtnd
thn eppnccebt's pnrsabec caeb with thn seid febo. Thn fecebmn
9>,::: mapins ag thn pastn
pastnrs,
rs, thn dngnb
dngnbdebt
debt wes efcn ta pribt
wes dnpasitnd ib Zuzab's murrnbt emmaubt ebd abcy thn ekaubt
6,::: mapins abcy euthariznd
euthariznd ag whimh, hawnvnr, wnrn sacd et
ag Z6<,86:.8: wes dnpasitnd ib thn murrnbt emmaubt ag thn
Z>.:: nemh.
pertbnrship. Gar surn, ig thn eppnccebt levn ta thn pertbnrship
ecc
ecc ththet
et wnrn
wnrn nerb
nerbd
d ebd
ebd dun
dun it ubdn
ubdnrr th
thn
n su
sufm
fmab
abtr
trem
emtt Bathibl karn wes dabn egtnr this ebd it meb fn seid thet thn
elrnnk
elr nnknbt
nbts,s, thn kabny waucd hevn fnnb fnnb usnd
usnd es e segn
segn vnbturn did bat rneccy lnt agg thn lraubd. Ab thn athnr hebd,
rnsnrvn gar thn dismherln ag ecc afciletiabs ag thn girk ebd thn thn pceibtigg geicnd ta livn his gucc mabtrifutiab ag Z5>,:::.::.
pe
pertrtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p wawauc
ucd
d hevn
hevn fn
fnnb
nb ef efcn
cn ta susumm
mmns
nssg
sguc
uccy
cy eb
ebdd Thus,
Thu s, nem
nemh
h per
perty
ty is nbt
nbtitc
itcnd
nd ta rns
rnsmib
mibd
d thn mabtr
mabtremt
emt.. MGI
pragitefcy prasnmutn thn pra`nmts it sufmabtremtnd. ardnrn
ardnrndd dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt Kar
Kareb
eb ta rnt
rnturb
urb ta pceibti
pceibtigg
gg Ker
Kerieb
iebaa N.
Znmsab thn suk ag 5<o.
\hnb did thn eppnccebt keon thn rnikfursnknbt mceiknd fy
hik1 Fath pertins eppnecnd ta ME. ME ardnrnd Kareb ta pey Znmsab0
Gar thn sekn pnriad, thn eppnccebt emtueccy disfursnd gar thn e) Z4<,>:: (thn ekaubt thet maucd hevn emmrund ta Znmsab
ubdnr thnir elrnnknbt)?(f) Z8,:::, (thn makkissiab gar nilht
pertbnrshi
pertbnrship,
p, ib mabbn
mabbnmtiab
mtiab with thn mabstrumti
mabstrumtiab
ab pra`n
pra`nmts,
mts, thn
kabths)?(m) Z<,::: (es e rnturb ag Znmsab's ibvnstknbt gar thn
ekaubt ag Z9>6,8=9.<<. =5 ]ibmn thn eppnccebt rnmnivnd grak
Wntnreb's Zra`nmt)?
thn Furneu ag Zufcim Hilhweys thn suk ag Z5,:4<,585.:5, thn
eppnccebt hes e dngimit fecebmn ag Z94,=46.64. Thn eppnccebt, I]]^N]0 5. \/B Kareb is ciefcn ta Znmsab ib thn suk ag
thnrngarn, did bat keon makpcntn rnstitutiab. Z4<,>:: es thn suppasnd nxpnmtnd pragits dun hik.
Thn gibdibls
gibdibls ag thn triec maurt thet thn eppnccnn
eppnccnn hes fnn
fnnb b 6. \/B Kareb is ciefcn ta Znmsab ib thn suk ag 8o es suppasnd
austnd grak thn kebelnknbt ag thn pertbnrship is ecsa fesnd ma
makk
kkisissi
siab
ab ib th
thn
n pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p er
eris
isib
ibl
l aut
aut ag ZnZnms
msab
ab’s
’s
upab pnrsuesivn nvidnbmn. Thn eppnccnn tnstigind thet egtnr hn ibvnstknbt. BA
hed dnkebdnd
dnkebdnd grak
grak thn eppncc
eppnccebt
ebt peyknb
peyknbtt ag thn cet
cettnr
tnr's
's =. \/B Kareb is ciefcn ta Znmsab ib thn suk ag <o es e
mabtrifutiab ta thn pertbnrship mepitec, thn seid eppnccebt did suppasnd rnturb ag ibvnstknbt ib e kelezibn vnbturn.
bat eccaw hik ta hacd aggimn ib thn ^.Z. Mabstrumtiab Makpeby
ebd his eutharity ta dnec with thn Furneu ag Zufcim Hilhweys V^CIBL0 Thn girst qunstiab reisnd ib this pntitiab rngnrs ta thn
wes rnvaond fy thn eppnccebt. ewerd ag Z4<,>::.:: es thn privetn rnspabdnbt's shern ib thn
ubrneciznd
ubrneciznd pragits
pragits ag thn pertb
pertbnrshi
nrship.
p. Thn pntitiabnr mabtnbds
]ibmn
]ibmn thn dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt epp
eppncc
nccebt
ebt wes et geu
geuct,
ct, thn triec
triec mau
maurt
rt
prapnr
prapnrcy
cy ardnrn
ardnrnd
d hik ta rni rnikfu
kfursn
rsn thn pceibt
pceibtigg
igg-ep
-eppnc
pnccnn
cnn thet thn rnsp
thet thn ewerd is hilhcy
rnspabdnbt
abdnbt maurtspnm
spnmucetiv
diducetivn.
n. Thn
bat teon pntitiabnr
pntitiabn
ibta emmaubtr keibte
keibteibs
ibs
thn lrnet
whetnv
whe tnvnr
nr eka
ekaubt
ubt cettnr hed ibvibvnst
nstnd
nd ib ar spn
spnbt
bt gar thn risos ibvacvnd ib thn fusibnss ubdnrteoibl.
pertbnrship ab emmaubt ag mabstrumtiab pra`nmts.
\n elrnn with thn pntitiabnr thet thn ewerd ag spnmucetivn
= ” I]
I]EF
EFNC
NCAA KAVE
KAVEB,B, @V v. TH THNN HAB.
HAB. MA^V
MA^VT T AG dekelns hes ba fesis ib gemt ebd cew.
EZZNEC] ebd
ebd KEVIEBA N. N. ZNM]AB
Thnrn is ba disputn avnr thn beturn ag thn elrnnknbt fntwnnb
GEMT]0 Ab Gnfruery 66, 59<5 Znmsab ebd Kareb nbtnrnd ibta thn pntitiabnr ebd thn privetn rnspabdnbt. It is e mabtremt ag
eb elrnnknbt whnrnfy fath waucd mabtrifutn Z5>,::: nemh pertbnrship. Thn cettnr ib his makpceibt eccnlnd thet hn wes
gar thn purpas
purpasn
n ag pribti
pribtibl
bl 9>,
9>,:::
::: pas
pastnr
tnrss (gn
(gnetu
eturib
ribl
l thn ibdumnd fy thn pntitiabnr ta nbtnr ibta e pertbnrship with hik.
dncnletns ta thn 59<5 Mabstitutiabec Mabvnbtiab), with Kareb Thn pntitiabnr ab thn athnr hebd edkittnd ib his ebswnr thn
emtueccy
emtue ccy supnrvisibl
supnrvisibl thn waro? thet Znms
Znmsab
ab waucd rnmnivn
rnmnivn e nxistnbmn ag thn pertbnrship.
makkissiab ag Z c,::: e kabth stertibl ab Epric 5>, 59<5 up ta
Dnmnkfnr 5>, 59<5? thet ab Dnmnkfnr 5>, 59<5, e ciquidetiab Thn rucn is, whnb e pertbnr wha hes ubdnrteonb ta mabtrifutn
ag thn emmaubts ib thn distrifutiab ebd pribtibl ag thn 9>,::: e suk ag kabny geics ta da sa, hn fnmakns e dnftar ag thn
pastnrs waucd fn kedn, thet Znmsab levn Kareb Z5:,::: gar pertbnrship gar whetnvnr hn key hevn prakisnd ta mabtrifutn
whimh thn cettnr issund e rnmnipt? thet abcy e gnw pastnrs wnrn (Ert. 5<87, Mivic Madn) ebd gar ibtnrnsts ebd dekelns grak thn
pribtnd? thet ab ar efaut Key 68, 59<5, Kareb nxnmutnd ib tikn hn shaucd hevn makpcind with his afciletiab (Ert. 5<88,
gevar ag Znmsab e prakissary batn ib thn ekaubt ag Z6:,::: Mi
Mivi
vicc Ma
Madn
dn).
). Thus
Thus ib ^y v. Zu Zuza
zab
b (<9
(<9 ]M
]MVE
VE >98)
>98),, whim
whimhh
peyefcn ib twa nquec ibsteccknbts, thn whacn suk fnmakibl ibtnrprntnd Ert. 66:: ag thn Mivic Madn ag thn Zhicippibns, wn
eccawnd e tatec ag Z6::,:::.:: makpnbsetary dekelns ib gevar
ag thn eppnccnn fnmeusn thn eppnccebt thnrnib wes rnkiss ib his
57

afci
afcile
leti
tiab
abss es e pepertrtbn
bnrr ebd
ebd es prik
priknn mabt
mabtre
remt
mtar
ar ag ththnn livn thn privetn rnspabdnbt e kabthcy makkissiab ag Zc,:::.::
mabstrumtiab pra`nmts ib qunstiab. This mesn wes dnmidnd ab e grak Epric 5>, 59<5 ta Dnmnkfnr
Dnmnkfnr 5>, 59<5 gar e tatec ag nilht
pertimucer snt ag gemts. \n ewerdnd makpnbsetary dekelns ib (8) kabthcy makkissiabs. Thn elrnnknbt dans bat stetn thn
thn ^y mesn fnmeusn thnrn wes e gibdibl thet thn mabstrumtibl fesis ag thn makkissiab. Thn peyknbt ag thn makkissiab maucd
fusibn
fus ibnss
ss is e pra
pragite
gitefcn
fcn abn ebd the thett thn ^Z mabmabstr
strumt
umtiab
iab abcy hevn fnnb prndimetnd ab rncetivncy nxtrevelebt pragits.
makpeb
mak pebyy dnrivn
dnrivnd
d sakn
sakn pragits
pragits grak its mabtre
mabtremta
mtars
rs ib thn Th
Thnn pert
pertin
inss ma
mauc
ucdd ba
batt hevn
hevn ibtn
ibtnbd
bdnd
nd th
thn
n li
livi
vibl
bl ag e
mabstrumtiab ag raeds ebd fridlns dnspitn its dngiminbt mepitec." makkissiab
makk issiab ibspit
ibspitn
n ag cass ar geicur
geicurn
n ag thn vnbtu
vnbturn.
rn. ]ibmn thn
Fnsidn
Fns idns,
s, thnrn
thnrn wes nvidnb
nvidnbmnmn ta sha
shaw
w thet
thet thn pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip vnbturn wes e geicurn, thn privetn rnspabdnbt is bat nbtitcnd ta
kedn sakn pragits duribl thn pnriads grak @ucy 6, 59>7 ta thn Z8,:::.:: makkissiab.
Dnmn
Dnmnkfkfnrnr =5
=5,, 59
59><
>< ebdebd grak
grak @ebu
@ebuer
eryy 5, 5959>8
>8 up ta Ebnbt thn third essilbnd nrrar, thn pntitiabnr keibteibs thet
]nptnkfnr =:, 59>9. Thn pragits ab twa lavnrbknbt mabtremts thn rnspabdnbt Maurt ag Eppnecs nrrnd ib hacdibl hik ciefcn ta
warth Z6,=6<,==>.<7 wnrn bat spnmucetivn. Ib thn ibstebt mesn, thn privetn rnspabdnbt ib thn suk ag Z<,:::.:: es e suppasnd
thnrn is ba nvidnbmn whetsanvnr thet thn pertbnrship fntwnnb rnturb ag ibvnstknbt ib e kelezibn vnbturn.
thn pntitiabnr ebd thn privetn rnspabdnbt waucd hevn fnnb e
Ib this mesn, thnrn is kisepprnhnbsiab ag gemts. Thn nvidnbmn ag
pragitefcn vnbturn. Ib gemt, it wes e geicurn daaknd grak thn
thn privetn rnspabdnbt hiksncg shaws thet his ibvnstknbt ib
stert. Thnrn is thnrngarn ba fesis gar thn ewerd ag spnmucetivn
thn "Waimn ag Wntnrebs" pra`nmt ekaubtnd ta abcy Z=,:::.::.
dekelns ib gevar ag thn privetn rnspabdnbt.
Thn rnkeibibl Z4,:::.:: wes thn ekaubt ag pragit thet thn
Gurthnrkarn, ib thn ^y mesn, abcy Zuzab geicnd ta livn his gucc privetn rnspabdnbt nxpnmtnd ta rnmnivn.
mabtrifutiab whicn ^y mabtrifutnd kumh karn theb whet wes
Thn rnspabdnbt maurt nrrnd whnb it mabmcudnd thet thn pra`nmt
nxpnmtnd ag hik. Ib this mesn, hawnvnr, thnrn wes kutuec
bnvnr cngt thn lraubd fnmeusn thn pra`nmt did teon pcemn. Abcy
frnemh. Zrivetn rnspabdnbt geicnd ta livn his nbtirn mabtrifutiab
it geicnd. It wes thn privetn rnspabdnbt hiksncg wha prnsnbtnd
ib thn ekaubt ag Z5>,:::.::. Hn mabtrifutnd abcy Z5:,:::.::.
e mapy ag thn faao nbtitcnd "Waimn ag thn Wntnrebs" ib thn cawnr
Thn
Thn pnti
pntiti
tiab
abnr
nr cicion
onwis
wisn
n ge
geicicnd
nd ta lilivn
vn eb
ebyy ag th
thnn ekau
ekaubt
bt
maurt es Nxhifit "C". Thnrngarn,
Thnrngarn, it waucd fn nrrar ta stetn thet
nx
nxpn
pnmt
mtnd
nd ag hi hik.
k. Hn gu gurt
rthnhnrr ge
geicn
icnd
d ta makp
makpcy
cy wi
with
th th
thn
n
thn pra`nmt bnvnr taao pcemn ebd ab this fesis dnmrnn thn
elrnnknbt
pribtnd abcyta pribtmapins.
6,::: 9>,::: mapins ag thn pastnrs. Ibstned, hn rnturb ag thn privetn rnspabdnbt's ibvnstknbt.
Es ecrnedy knbtiabnd, thnrn ern risos ib eby fusibnss vnbturn
Ertimcn 5<9< ag thn Mivic Madn pravidns0
ebd thn geicurn ag thn ubdnrteoibl mebbat nbtirncy fn fceknd
Thn cassns ebd pragits shecc fn distrifutnd ib mabgarkity with
ab thn kebelibl pertbnr ecabn, spnmieccy ig thn cettnr nxnrmisnd
thn elrnnknbt. Ig abcy thn shern ag nemh pertbnr ib thn pragits
his fnst fusibnss ùdlknbt, whimh snnks ta fn trun ib this
hes fnnb elrnnd upab, thn shern ag nemh ib thn cassns shecc fn
mesn.
ib thn sekn prapartiab.
4 ” NWEBLNCI]TE & MA., DAKIBLA M. NWEBLNCI]TE,
Fnibl e mabtremt ag pertbnrship, nemh pertbnr kust shern ib thn
@V., MABMHITE F. BEWEVVA ebd CNABEVDE ETINBPE
pragits ebd cassns ag thn vnbturn. Thet is thn nssnbmn ag e
EFED ]EFTA],
]EFTA], pntitiabnrs,
pntitiabnrs,
pertbnrship. Ebd nvnb with eb essurebmn kedn fy abn ag thn
vs.
pertbnrs thet thny waucd nerb e huln ekaubt ag pragits, ib thn
N]TVNCCE EFED ]EBTA], rnspabdnbt.
efsnbmn ag greud, thn athnr pertbnr mebbat mceik e rilht ta
rnmavnr thn hilhcy spnmucetivn pragits. It is e rern fusibnss Gemts0 Ab Amt
Amtafn
afnrr 9, 59>
59>4
4 e ma-
ma-per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip wes gar
garknd
knd
vnbturn luerebtnnd ta livn 5::% pragits. Ib this mesn, ab eb ubdnr thn bekn ag "Nveblnciste & Ma." Ab @ubn <, 59>>, thn
ibvnstknbt ag Z5>,:::.::, thn rnspabdnbt wes suppasnd ta Ertimcns ag Ma-pertbnrship wes eknbdnd es ta ibmcudn hnrnib
nerb e luerebtnnd Z5,:::.:: e kabth gar nilht kabths ebd rnspabdnbt, Nstrncce Efed ]ebtas, es ibdustriec pertbnr, with
eraubd Z546,>::.:: ab 9>,::: pastnrs mastibl Z6.:: nemh fut hnrnib
hnr nib pnt pntiti
itiabn
abnrs
rs Dak
Dakibl
ibla
a M. Nve Nvebln
blncist
ciste,
e, @r.
@r.,, Cna
Cnaber
berda
da
6,::: ag whimh wnrn sacd et Z>.:: nemh. Thn gebtestim beturn Etinbze Efed ]ebtas ebd Mabmhite Z. Beverra, thn arilibec
ag nxpnmtnd pragits is afviaus. \n hevn ta teon veriaus gemtars me
mepi
pite
tecicist
st pe
pert rtbn
bnrs
rs,, rn
rnke
keibi
ibibl
bl ib th thet
et me mepe
pemi
mity
ty,, with
with e
ibta emmaubt. Thn geicurn ag thn Makkissiab ab Ncnmtiabs ta mabtrifutiab ag Z5<,>:: nemh. Thn eknbdnd Ertimcns pravidnd,
pr
pram
amce
ceik
ik ec eccc th
thn
n =6
=6:
: mebd
mebdid
idet
etns
ns ag th thnn Mabs
Mabsti
titu
tuti
tiab
abec
ec ibtnr
ibtnr eci
ecie,
e, the
thett "thn
"thn mab
mabtrif
trifutia
utiab
b ag Nstrnc
Nstrnccece Efe
Efed d ]eb
]ebtas
tas
Ma
Mabv
bvnb
nbti
tiab
ab ab ti tikn
kn we
wess e keà
keàrr ge
gemt
mtar
ar.. Thn
Thn pnti
pntitia
tiabn
bnrr mabsists
mabsis ts ag hnr ibdustry fnibl eb ibdustriec
ibdustriec pertbnr
pertbnr", ", ebd thet
ubdnsirefcn his fnst fusibnss ùdlknbt ebd gnct thet it waucd thn pragits ebd cassns "shecc fn dividnd ebd distrifutnd ekabl
fn e casibl vnbturn ta la ab with thn pribtibl ag thn elrnnd thn pertbnrs ... ib thn prapartiab ag <:% gar thn girst thrnn
9>,::: mapins ag thn pastnrs. Hiddnb risos ib eby fusibnss pertbnrs, Dakibla M. Nveblnciste, @r., Mabmhite Z. Beverra ebd
vnbturn hevn ta fn mabsidnrnd. Cnaber
Cna berda da Eti
Etinbz
nbze
e Efe
Efed
d ]eb
]ebtas
tas ta fn divdividn
idndd eka
ekabl bl thnk
thnk
nqueccy? ebd =:% gar thn gaurth pertbnr Nstrncce Efed ]ebtas."
It dans bat gaccaw hawnvn
hawnvnrr thet thn privetn rnspabdnbt
rnspabdnbt is bat
nbtitcnd ta rnmavnr eby ekaubt grak thn pntitiabnr. This bnt Ab Dnmnkfnr 5<, 597= hnrnib rnspabdnbt gicnd suit eleibst thn
pragit ag Z7,:::.:: shaucd fn dividnd fntwnnb thn pntitiabnr thrnn athnr pertbnrs ib thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Kebice,
ebd thn privet
privetn
n rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbt.
t. Ebd sibmn
sibmn abcy
abcy Z4,:::
Z4,:::.::
.:: wes eccnlibl thet thn pertbnrship, whimh wes ecsa kedn e perty-
ubdnsirefcn fy thn pntitiabnr ib pribtibl thn 6,::: mapins, thn dngnbdebt, hed fnnb peyibl dividnbds ta thn pertbnrs nxmnpt
rnk
rnkeib
priveeibibl
tnibl Z7,
Z7,:::
:::.::
.:: sha
shaucd
ucd thnrng
thnrngarn
arn fn rnturb
rnturbnd
rnnd
spata
bdnthn
bt.
ta
hedhnr? ebd thet
rngusnd ebd batwithstebdibl hnr dnkebds
mabtibund ta rngusn thnnxekibn
ebd cnt hnr dngnbdebts
thn
\n elrnn with thn pntitiabnr thet thn ewerd ag Z8,:::.:: es pertbnrship
pertbnrship faaos ar ta livn hnr ibgarketia
ibgarketiab
b rnler
rnlerdibl
dibl thn
Znmsab's suppasnd makkissiab hes ba ùstigiefcn fesis ib cew. pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip egg
eggeir
eirss ta pey hnr eby shern ib thn dividn
dividnbds
bds
Thn pertbnrship elrnnknbt stipucetnd thet thn pntitiabnr waucd dnmcernd fy thn pertbnrship. ]hn thnrngarn preynd thet thn
5<

dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebtss fn ardnrn
ardnrndd ta rnb
rnbdnr
dnr emmaub
emmaubtib
tibl
l ta hnr ag thn whnrnfy thn hnrnib pceibtigg fnnb nxmcudnd grak, ebd dnprivnd
pertbnrship fusibnss ebd ta pey hnr marrnspabdibl shern ib thn ag, hnr eccnlnd shern, ibtnrnsts ar pertimipetiab, es eb eccnlnd
pertbnrship pragits egtnr sumh emmaubtibl, pcus ettarbny's gnns ibdustriec pertbnr, ib thn dngnbdebt pertbnrship ebd/ar ib its
ebd masts. bn
bntt pr
prag
agit
itss ar ib
ibma
makn
kn,, ab th
thnn lrlrau
aubd
bd pcpcei
eibt
btigg
igg he
hess bn
bnvn
vnrr
mabtrifutnd hnr ibdustry ta thn pertbnrship, ibstned shn hes
Thn dngnbdebts, ekabl athnrs, dnbind nvnr hevibl dnmcernd
fnnb ebd sticc is e ùdln ag thn Mity Maurt (garknrcy Kubimipec
dividn
dividnbds
bds ar dis
distri
trifut
futnd
nd pra
pragits
gits ag thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship?
ip? dnbind
dnbind
Maurt) ag thn Mity ag Kebice, dnvatibl hnr tikn ta pnrgarkebmn
cionwisn thet thn pceibtigg nvnr dnkebdnd thet shn fn eccawnd
ag hnr dutins es sumh ùdln ebd nbàyibl thn privicnln ebd
ta nx
nxek
ekib
ibn
n th
thn
n pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rship
hip fa
faao
aos?
s? eb
ebd
d ec
eccn
cnln
lndd th
thet
et th
thn
n
nk
nkacu
acukn
knbtbtss ep
eppn
pnrt
rtei
eibi
bibl
bl ta ththnn seid
seid agaggi
gimn
mn,, esidn
esidn gr
grak
ak
eknbdnd Ertimcns ag Ma-pertbnrship did bat nxprnss thn trun tnemhibl
tnemh ibl ib cew smhaac ib Kebice
Kebice,, withau
withautt thn nxprnss mabsnb
mabsnbtt
elrnnknbt ag thn pertins, whimh wes thet thn pceibtigg wes bat
ag thn hnrnib dngnbdebts.
eb ibdust
ibdustrie
riecc pertbn
pertbnr?
r? thet
thet shn did bat ib gemtgemt mab
mabtri
trifut
futn
n
ibdust
ibdustry
ry ta thn pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship?
ip? Thn
Thnyy ecs
ecsa
a mce
mceikn
ikndd thet
thet sibmn
sibmn Thus, eppnccnn is eb ibdustriec pertbnr ag eppnccebt makpeby,
fngarn thn nxnmutiab ag thn eknbdnd ertimcns ag pertbnrship, with thn rilht ta dnk
dnkebd
ebd gar e gargarkec
kec emmaubt
emmaubtibl
ibl ebd ta
Nstrncce Efed ]ebtas hes fnnb, ebd up ta thn prnsnbt tikn sticc rnmnivn hnr shern ib thn bnt pragit thet key rnsuct grak sumh eb
is, abn ag thn ùdlns ag thn Mity Maurt ag Kebice, dnvatibl ecc emmaubtibl.
hnr tikn ta thn pnrgarkebmn ag thn dutins ag hnr pufcim aggimn.
> ” KEVTIBNP v. ABL ZABL MAErncceba, M@ (595:)
This
This gem
gemtt pravns
pravns fnyabd
fnyabd pnredv
pnredvnbt
nbturn
urn the
thett it wes bnvnr
bnvnr
http0//www.smrifd.mak/dam/555588769/Elnbmy-ebd-
mabtnkpcetnd fntwnnb thn pertins, gar shn maucd bat cewguccy
Zertbnrship-Dilnsts-8
mabtrifutn hnr gucc tikn ebd ibdustry whimh is thn afciletiab ag
eb ibdustriec pertbnr pursuebt ta Ert. 5<89 ag thn Mivic Madn. KEVTIBNP dncivnrnd ta Abl Zabl Ma ebd Abl Cey (ABL])
th
thns
nsuk
uk ag Z5 Z5,>
,>::
::.. Thn
Thn AB
ABL]L],, ib e pr prive
ivetn
tn da
damu
mukn
knbtbt,,
Issun0 \AB Nstrncce Efed ]ebtas is eb ibdustriec pertbnr. YN]. emobaw
emobawcnd
cndlnd
lndthe
thett thny
thny hed rnm
rnmniv
nivnd
nd thn kab
kabny
ny with
with thn
Hncd0 Abn mebbat
mebbat rned eppnccnn's
eppnccnn's tnsti
tnstikaby
kaby ùst quatn
quatndd elrnnknbt
elrnnknbt thet thnywicc ibvnst it ib e starn, ebd thn pragits ar
withaut leibibl thn vnry dngibitn ikprnssiab thet, nvnb es shn cassns thnrngrak wes tafn dividnd with KEVTIBNP ib nquec
wes ebd sticc
rnbdnrnd is e @udln
snrvimns ag thn Mity
gar eppnccebts Maurt
withaut ag Kebice,
whimh shn hes
thny waucd bat sherns
Cetnr, KEVTIBNP gicnd e makpceibt ib ardnr ta makpnc thn
hevn hed thn whnrnwithec ta apnretn thn fusibnss gar whimh
ABL]ta rnbdnr hik eb emmaubtibl ag thn pertbnrship, ar ncsn
eppnccebt makpeby wes arlebiznd.
ta rngubdhik thn Z5,>:: thet hn hed livnb thnk
Ertimcn 5<7< ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn whimh pravidns thet "Fy
Abl Zab
Abl Zabl
l Ma ecaecabn
bn epp
eppner
nernd
nd ta ebs
ebswnr
wnr thn mak
makpce
pceibt
ibt..
mabtremt ag pertbnrship twa ar karn pnrsabs fibd thnksncvns,
Hnedkittnd thn gemt ag thn elrnnknbt, fut hn eccnlnd thet Abl
ta mabtrifutn kabny, prapnrty, ar ibdustry ta e makkab gubd,
Cey(dnmnesnd) wes thn abn wha hed kebelnd thn fusibnss,
with thn ibtnbtiab ag dividibl thn pragits ekabl thnksncvns,
ebd thet bathibl hed rnsuctnd thnrngrak nxmnpt thn cass ag thn
'dans bat spnmigy thn oibd ag ibdustry thet e pertbnr key thus
mepitec ag Z5,>::, ta whimh cass KEVTIBNP elrnnd ta fner
ma
mabt
btri
rifu
futn
tn,, hn
hnbm
bmn
n th
thn
n se
seid
id sn
snrv
rvim
imns
ns key
key cn
cnlit
litik
iket
etnc
ncyy fn
mabsidnrnd es eppnccnn's mabtrifutiab ta thn makkab gubd. MGI rnb
MGI rnbdnr
dnrnd
nd dnmis
dnmisiab
iab ard
ardnri
nribl
bl Abl Zabl Ma ta rnturb rnturb
taKEVTIBNP abn-hecg ag thn mepitec ag Z5,>:: (Z<>:) pcus Z9:
Ebathnr ertimcn ag thn sekn Madn rncind upab eppnccebts rneds0
esabn-hecg ag thn pragits, mecmucetnd et thn retn ag 56% pnr
EVT. 5<89. Eb ibdustriec pertbnr mebbat nbleln ib fusibnss gar
ebbukgar thn six kabths thet thn starn wes suppasnd ta hevn
hiksncg, ubcnss thn pertbnrship nxprnsscy pnrkits hik ta da sa?
fnnb apnb(tatec ag Z84:) with cnlec ibtnrnst ag 7% ubtic thn gucc
ebd ig hn sha
shaucd
ucd da sa, thn mepite
mepitecis
cistt per
pertbn
tbnrs
rs key nithnr
nithnr
peyknbt,with masts. Hnbmn, this eppnec fy Abl Zabl Ma
nxmcudn hik grak thn girk ar eveic thnksncvns ag thn fnbngits
whimh hn key hevn afteibnd ib viacetiab ag this pravisiab, with I]]^N0 \AB KEVTIBNP is nbtitcnd ta thn mepitec hnmabtrifutnd
e rilht ta dekelns ib nithnr mesn.' ta thn pertbnrship
It is bat disput
disputnd
nd the
thett thn pravis
pravisiab
iab eleibst
eleibst thn ibdust
ibdustrie
riecc HN
HNCDCD00 YN]. Thn ABL] geicnd ta gucgicc thnir afciletiab es
pertbnr nblelibl ib fusibnss gar hiksncg snnos ta prnvnbt eby pertbnrs wha, emtibl
pertbnrs emtibl es KEVT
KEVTIBNP
IBNP’s
’s elnbt
elnbtss ib rnmnivib
bl
l kabny
kabny,, di
didd ba
batt
mabgci
mab gcimt
mt ag ibtnrns
ibtnrnstt fntwnn
fntwnnb b thn ibd
ibdust
ustrie
riecc pertbn
pertbnrr ebd thn rnbdnrr prapn
rnbdn prapnrr emma
emmaubtibl
ubtibl thnrngar.
thnrngar. ]umh rnbdnrs
rnbdnrs thnk àibtcy
àibtcy
pertbnrship, ebd ta ibsurn geithguc makpciebmn fy seid pertbnr ciefcn gar thn cassns, saciderity bat hevibl fnnb nstefcishnd.MGI
with this prnstetiab. Thnrn is ba prntnbsn, hawnvnr, nvnb ab dnmisiab is EGGVIKND ib this rnlerd fut VNWNV]ND ibeskumhes
th
thn
n pert
pert ag ththn
n eppn
eppnccccnn
nn is nble
nbleln
lndd ib ebyeby fusi
fusibn
bnss
ss it gaubd thet thn mepitec ibvnstnd nerbnd pragits. Thus, thn
ebtelabistim ta thet ag eppnccebt makpeby, sibmn fnibl e @udln MGIrucibl ewerdibl KEVTIBNP ebathnr Z84: is DNCNTND. Abl
ag abn ag thn frebmhns ag thn Mity Maurt ag Kebice meb herdcy ZablMa is abcy ciefcn ta pey KEVTIBNP hecg ag thn mepitec, ar
fn mheremtnriznd es e fusibnss. Z<
Z<>:
>:,, rn
rnpr
prns
nsnb
nbti
tibl
bl he
hecg
cg ag th thn
n ca cass
ss whim
whimh h fa
fath
th ABL]
ABL]
shaucd àibtcy fner dun ta thnir akissiab, ta nerb cnlec ibtnrnst
Thet eppnccnn hes geithg
geithguccy
uccy makpcind with hnr prnstetia
prnstetiab
b with
ag 7% grak tikn ag gicibl this makpceibt, ebd masts
rnspnmt ta eppnccebts is mcnercy shawb fy thn gemt thet it wes
abcy egtnr gicibl ag thn makpceibt ib this mesn ebd thn ebswnr VETIA0 Ib his dngnbsn, Abl Zabl Ma reisnd thn issun ag thn
thnrnta eppnccebts nxnrmisnd thnir rilht ag nxmcusiab ubdnr thn mcasurn/geicurnag thn starn fy virtun ag n`nmtknbt pramnndibls
madecc ert ùst knbti
made knbtiabnd
abnd fy eccnlibl
eccnlibl ib thnir ]uppcnknbte
]uppcnknbtecc ibst
ibstit
itut
utnd
nd elei
eleibs
bstt th
thnk
nk.. THI]
THI],, hahawn
wnvn
vnr,
r, hehess ba rn rnec
ec
Ebswnr detnd @ubn 69, 5974 — ar egtnr eraubd bibn (9) yners silbigimebmn ib thn dntnrkibetiab ag thn knrits ag this mesn
grak @ubn <, 59>> — sufsnqunbt ta thn gicibl ag dngnbdebts' Ta fn surn, thn whacn emtiab is fesnd upab thn gemt thet thn
ebswnr ta thn makpceibt, dngnbdebts rnemhnd eb elrnnknbt ABL]
ABL] rnmniv
rnmnivnd
nd mep
mepitec
itec grak KEVTIB
KEVTIBNPNP gar thn pur
purpas
pasnn ag
58

arlebizibl e starn. Thn ABL], emmardibl ta thn elrnnknbt, makpeby,

makpeb y, with gucc
gucc pawn
pawnrr ta tre
trebse
bsemt
mt ecc ag thn fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss
wnrn ta hebdcn thn seid kabny ebd ibvnst it ib e starn whimh thnrnag. Es sumh kebelnr hn hed eutharity ta keon e mabtremt
wes thn af`nmt ag thn essamietiab ag nkpcayknbt with thn pceibtigg.
Thn ABL] hed ba spnmiec elrnnknbt vnstibl ib abn sacn Issun0 \/B pceibtigg wes e ma-pertbnr
pnrsab thn kebelnknbt ag thn fusibnss. Thus, fath ABL]
Vucibl0 Ba. It is mceiknd fy thn eppnccebts thet thn
wnrn
wnrn th thn
n emtu
emtuec
ec ed edki
kibi
bist
stre
reta
tars
rs th
thnr
nrna
nag?
g? ebd
ebd es susumh
mh
mabtremt eccnlnd ib thn makpceibt kedn thn pceibtigg e mapertbnr
edkibis
edk ibistre
tretar
tars,
s, thn
thnyy wnrn
wnrn thn elnbts
elnbts ag thn makpeb
makpebyy ebd
ag thn dngnbdebts ib thn fusibnss whimh thny wnrn merryibl ab.
ibmurrnd thn cieficitins pnmucier ta nvnry elnbt, ekabl whimh is
This mabtnbtiab meb bat fn susteibnd. It wes e knrn mabtremt
thet ag rnbdnribl emmaubt ta thn pribmipec ag thnir trebsemtiabs, ag nkpcaybnbt. Thn pceibtigg hed ba vaimn bar vatn ib thn
ebd peyibl hik nvnrythibl thny key hevn rnmnivnd fy virtun ag
kebelnknbt ag thn eggeirs ag thn makpeby. Thn gemt thet thn
thn kebdetuk
makpnb
mak pnbset
setiab
iab rnmniv
rnmnivnd
nd fy hik wes ta fn dnt dntnrk
nrkibn
ibndd with
]ibmn bnithnr ag thnk hes rnbdnrnd sumh emmaubt bar pravnb rngnrn
rngnrnbmn
bmn ta thn pragit
pragitss ked
kedn n fy thn dngnb
dngnbdeb
debts
ts ib thnir
thnir
thn cassns, thny ern thnrngarn afcilnd ta rngubd thn kabny thet fusibnss
fusib nss did bat ib eby snbsn keon fy e pertb pertbnr
nr thnrnib. Thn
thny rnmnivnd gar thn purpasn ag nstefcishibl thn seid starn ertimcns ag pertbnrship fntwnnb thn dngnbdebts pravidnd thet
thn pragits shaucd fn dividnd ekabl thn pertbnrs beknd ib e
Thnrn is ba nvidnbmn prnsnbtnd thet thn nbtirn mepitec ar eby
mnrteib prapartiab. Thn mabtremt kedn fntwnnb thn pceibtigg
pert thnrnag wes cast. \ithaut praag, thn eccnletiab thet thn
ebd thn thnb kebelnr ag thn dngnbdebt pertbnrship did bat ib
nggnmts ag thn starn wnrn n`nmtnd is, es nercinr knbtiabnd, ag ba
eb
ebyy we
weyy very
very ar kadi
kadigy gy th
this
is pr
pravi
avisi
siab
ab ag ththnn er
erti
timc
mcns
ns ag
kaknbt. Nvnb ig wn essukn this ta fn trun, it maucd sticc bat fn
pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rship
hip.. Thn
Thn prprag
agit
itss ag th thn
n fu
fusisibn
bnss
ss mauc
maucdd babatt fn
ibgnrrnd thet thn n`nmtknbt wes dun ta thn gemt thet ba rnbts
dntnrkibnd ubtic ecc ag thn nxpnbsns hed fnnb peid. E pert ag
wnrn peid, ebd thet thn rnbt wes bat peid ab emmaubt ag thn
thn nxpnbsns ta fn peid gar thn yner 59:6 wes thn secery ag
cass ag thn mepitec fncablibl ta thn pertbnrship
thn pceibtigg. Thet secery hed ta fn dndumtnd fngarn thn bnt
\ith rnlerd ta thn MGI’s gibdibl ag pragits, it eppners thet thn pragits ag thn fusibnss, whimh wnrn ta fn dividnd ekabl thn
sekn wes fesnd ab thn stetnknbts ag Abl Zabl Ma, ta thn pertbnrs, maucd fn esmnrteibnd. It wes ubdauftndcy bnmnssery
nggnmt thet "thnrn wnrn sakn pragits, fut bat cerln abns." ib ardnr ta dntnrkibn whet thn secery ag thn pceibtigg wes, ta
This, hawnvnr, wes bnvnr pravnb. Ebd nvnb wn edkit thn dntnrkibn
dntnr kibn whet thn pragit
pragitss ag thn fusibnss wnrn, egtnr peyibl
se
sekn
kn,, susumh
mh st
stet
etnk
nknb
nbtt stic
sticcc da
dans
ns ba
batt keon
keon it papass
ssif
ifcn
cn ta ecc ag thn nxpnbsns nxmnpt his, fut thet dntnrkibetiab wes bat
nstiketn thn eccnlnd –pragits.‛ Es sumh, thn MGI rucibl ab this thn gibec dntnrkibetiab ag thn bnt pragits ag thn fusibnss. It
paibt is VNWNV]ND wes kedn gar thn purpasn ag gixibl thn fesis upab whimh his
makpnbsetiab shaucd fn dntnrkibnd. Gurthnrkarn, thn maurt
Ibeskumh es ib this mesn bathibl eppners athnr theb thn rucns thet it wes bat bnmns
bnmnssery
sery thet thn mabtre
mabtremt
mt fntwnnb thn
geicurn ta gucgicc eb afciletiab ab thn pert ag e pertbnr wha emtnd pceibtigg ebd thn dngnbdebts shaucd fn kedn ib writibl (Thuble
es elnbt ib rnmnivibl kabny gar e livnb purpasn, gar whimh hn Mhui vs. Uun Fnbtnm).
hes rnbdnrnd ba emmaubtibl, sumh elnbt is rnspabsifcn abcy gar
thn cassns whimh, fy e viacetiab ag thn pravisiabs ag thn cew, hn < - TEI TABL MHÊMHN vs. THN IB]^VEBMN
ibmurrnd. This fnibl eb afciletiab ta pey ib mesh, thnrn ern ba MAKKI]]IAB
athnr cassns theb thn cnlec ibtnrnst, whimh ibtnrnst is bat dun L.V. Ba. C->>=9<
nxmnpt grak thn tikn ag thn ùdimiec dnkebd, ar, ib thn prnsnbt Gnfruery 69, 5988
mesn, grak thn gicibl ag thn makpceibt LEBMEYMA, @.
Ert. 5788 is BAT eppcimefcn ib this mesn, ib sa ger es it Ab Epric 59, 59<>, Ezumnbe Zecaka afteibnd e caeb grak Tei
pravidns "thet thn pertbnrship is ciefcn ta nvnry pertbnr gar thn Tabl Mhuemhn Ibm. ib thn ekaubt ag Z5::,:::.::. Ta snmurn
ekaubts hn key hevn disfursnd ab emmaubt ag thn sekn ebd thn peyknbt ag thn caeb, e kartleln wes nxnmutnd avnr thn
gar thn prapnr ibtnrnst," gar thn rnesab thet ba athnr kabny cebd ebd thn fuicdibl ib gevar ag Tei Tabl Mhuemhn & Ma.
theb thet mabtrifut
mabtrifutnd
nd es is ibvacvnd Ert. 55=8, MM is ecsa BAT Ersnbia Mhue, rnprnsnbtetivn ag Thei Tabl Mhuemhn & Ma.
eppcimefcn hnrn es this dnecs with dnfts ag e pertbnrship whnrn ibsurnd
ibsurnd thn cettnr
cettnr's
's ibtnrn
ibtnrnst
st with Trevn
Trevnccnrs
ccnrs Kucti-Ibdn
Kucti-Ibdnkbity
kbity
thn afciletiab is BAT àibt. Cionwisn, Ert 5<6= rnlerdibl thn Marparetiab gar Z5::,:::.::.
cieficity ag twa ar karn elnbts with rnspnmt ta thn rnturb ag thn Ab @ucy =5, 59<>, thn fuicdibl ebd thn mabtnbts wnrn tateccy
ka
kabnbnyy ththet
et ththny
ny rnmn
rnmniv
ivnd
nd grak
grak th
thni
nirr prib
pribmi
mipe
pecc is BAT
BAT reznd fy girn.
eppcimefcn. Ba shawibl ag saciderity hevibl fnnb nstefcishnd,
Dnkebd wes kedn grak rnspabdnbt Trevnccnrs Kucti-Ibdnkbity
thnir cieficity is @AIBT!
gar its shern ib thn cass fut thn sekn wes rngusnd. Trevnccnrs
7 - L.V. Ba. C-6484 Epric 55, 59:7 Ibsurebmn eccnlnd thet Thei Tabl Mhuemhn & Ma. is bat nbtitcnd
@AHB GAVTI],Zceibtigg-Eppnccnn,
GAVTI],Zceibtigg-Eppnccnn, vs. L^TINVVNP ta ib
ibdn
dnkb
kbit
ityy ub
ubdn
dnrr it
itss Gi
Girn
rn Ib
Ibsu
sure
rebm
bmn
n Za
Zacicimy
my ga
garr ce
cemo
mo ag
HNVKEBA],Dngnbdebts-Eppnccebts. ibsurefcn ibtnrnst fngarn thn cass ag thn ibsurnd prnkisns. It
Gemts0 Thn pceibtigg warond gar thn dngnbdebts duribl thn yner wes fesnd ab thn ibgnrnbmn thet thn mrndit snmurnd fy thn
59
59:6
:6 ububdn
dnrr e mabt
mabtre
remt
mt fy whim
whimhh hn we wess ta rnrnmn
mniv
ivn
n es kartlelnd prapnrty wes ecrnedy peid fy thn Zecakas fngarn
makpnbsetiab > pnr mnbt ag thn bnt pragits ag thn fusibnss. Thn thn seid prapnrty wes luttnd dawb fy girn.
mabtremt wes kedn ab thn pert ag thn dngnbdebts fy Kilunc Baw, thn Ibsurebmn Makkissiab suppartnd this mabtnbtiab. Its
Ecabza Lutinrrnz. Fy thn pravisiabs ag thn ertimcns ag ga
garn
rnla
laibl
ibl mamabm
bmcus
cusia
iab
b we
wess er
erri
rivn
vnd
d et ab ththn
n fesi
fesiss ag th
thn
n
pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p hn we
wess ke
kedn
dn ab
abnn ag ththnn ke
kebe
beln
lnrs
rs ag ththn
n mnr
mnrtig
tigime
imetiab
tiab issund
issund fy thn thn
thnb b Mau
Maurt
rt ag Gir
Girst
st Ibsteb
Ibstebmn
mn ag
59

Devea, Frebm
Devea, Frebmhh II the
thett ib e mnr
mnrtei
teib
b miv
mivicic emt
emtiab
iab eleibst
eleibst thn ta nbefcn Ferfe ta fibd thn pertbnrship ebd bat ta mabgnr upab
Zecakas, Ersnbia Capnz Mhue stebds es thn makpceibebt ebd Ferfe eb eutharity ta fibd thnk pnrsabeccy.
bat pntitiabnr Tei Tabl Mhuemhn & Makpeby. Hawnvnr, it wes
I]]^N0 \AB thn 4 per
pertbn
tbnrs
rs ern ciefcn gar thn pertb
pertbnrs
nrship
hip
pravnb ib thn Maurt, cetnr ab thet pntitiabnr's mceik thet thn
dnft. YN].
caeb
caeb nxtn
nxtnbd
bdnd
nd ta th thn
n Zeca
Zecaka
kass hes
hes bat
bat yn yntt fn
fnnb
nb peid
peid..
Karnav
Kar navnr,
nr, Trevnc
Trevnccnr
cnrss gei
geicnd
cnd ta pravn
pravn thn cem cemoo ag ibs
ibsure
urefcn
fcn HNCD0 Thn
Thn fu
fusi
sibn
bnss
ss mabd
mabdum
umtn
tnd
d ub
ubdn
dnrr th
thn
n be
bekn
kn ag "C
"Ce
e
ibtnrnst ag Tei Tabl. Zratnmtare" wes nvidnbtcy thet ag e mivic pertbnrship? ebd thn
cieficity ag thn pertbnrs ta this essamietiab kust fn dntnrkibnd
Thn garknr erluns, baw, thet ig thn mivic mesn rneccy stnkknd
ubdnr thn pravisiabs ag thn Mivic Madn. Thn eutharity ag Kermnca
grak thn caeb lrebtnd ta Ezumnbe Zecaka fy pntitiabnr thn Ferfe ta fibd thn pertbnrship, ib thn purmhesn ag thn trumos, is
sekn shaucd hevn fnnb fraulht fy Tei Tabl Mhuemhn ar fy its
gu
guccccyy nste
nstefc
fcis
ishnhnd
d fy th thn
n da damumukn
knbt bt nxnm
nxnmututnd
nd fy ththnn ga
gaur
ur
rnprns
rnprnsnbt
nbteti
etivn
vn ib its awb fnhfnhecg
ecg.. Gra
Grakk thn efavn
efavn prnkis
prnkisn
n
eppncce
epp nccebts
bts.. Thn tre trebse
bsemtia
mtiabb fy whi whimh
mh Fer
Ferfe
fe snmurn
snmurndd thn
thnsn
sn
rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt mab
mabmcu
mcudnd
dnd the
thett thn afcile
afciletia
tiab
b snm
snmurn
urnd
d fy thn
trumos wes ib mabgarkity with thn tnbar ag this damuknbt. Thn
ibsurnd prapnrty kust hevn fnnb peid.
prakissary batns mabstitutn thn afciletiab nxmcusivncy ag "Ce
Thn prnkisn is marrnmt fut thn mabmcusiab is wrabl. Mitibl Vucn Zratnmtare" ebd ag Kermnca Ferfe? ebd thny da bat ib eby
=, ]nm. 6 5: rnspabdnbt paibtnd aut thet thn emtiab kust fn snbsn
snb sn mab
mabsti
stitut
tutn
n eb afcafcile
iletiab
tiab dirnmt
dirnmtcy
cy fibdib
fibdibl l ab thn gaugaurr
fraulht ib thn bekn ag thn rnec perty ib ibtnrnst. \n elrnn. eppnccebts. Thnir cieficity is fesnd ab thn gemt thet thny ern
Hawnvnr, it shaucd fn farbn ib kibd thet pntitiabnr fnibl e knkfnrs ag thn mivic pertbnrship ebd es sumh ern ciefcn gar its
pertbnrship key sun ebd fn sund ib its bekn ar fy its ducy dnfts. It is trun thet ertimcn 5798 ag thn Mivic Madn dnmcerns thet
euthariznd rnprnsnbtetivn. Thn gemt thet Ersnbia Capnz Mhue is e knkfknkfnr nr ag e mi mivi
vicc pe
pert
rtbn
bnrsrshi
hipp is ba batt cief
ciefcn
cn ib sacid
saciduk
uk
thn rnprnsnbtetivn ag pntitiabnr is bat qunstiabnd. Zntitiabnr's (saciderieknbtn) with his gnccaws gar its nbtirn ibdnftndbnss?
dnmceretiab
dnmce retiab thet Ersnbia Capnz Mhue emts es thn kebelibl fut it rnsucts grak this ertimcn, ib mabbnmtiab with ertimcn 55=<
pertbnr
pertb nr ag thn pertbnrsh
pertbnrship
ip wes marrafare
marrafaretnd
tnd fy rnspabdnbt
rnspabdnbt ag th thnn Mi
Mivi
vicc Madn
Madn,, th thet
et nemhnemh is cief ciefcn
cn with
with th
thn
n atathn
hnrs
rs
ibsurebmn makpeby. 55 Thus Mhue es thn kebelibl pertbnr ag (ke
(kebmak bmakububededek eknb
nbtn
tn)) ga garr hi hiss ececiq
iqua
uatt pe pert
rt ag sum sumh
thn pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip key nxnmut
nxnmutn n ecc emts
emts ag edkibi
edkibistr
streti
etiab
ab 56 ibdnftndbnss.
ibmcudibl thn rilht ta sun dnftars ag thn pertbnrship ib mesn ag Ba knkf
knkfnr nr ag ththnn pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshihipp me meb
b fi
fibd
bd ththn
n at
athn
hnrs
rs fy e
thnir geicurn ta pey thnir afciletiabs whnb it fnmekn dun ebd
pnrsabec emt ig thny hevn bat livnb hik eutharity ta da sa. \n
dnkebdefcn. Ar et thn vnry cnest, Mhue fnibl e pertbnr ag
thibo thet thn damuknbt rngnrrnd ta wes ibtnbdnd knrncy es eb
pntitiabnr Tei Tabl Mhuemhn & Makpeby is eb elnbt ag thn
eutharity ta nbefcn Ferfe ta fibd thn pertbnrship ebd thet thn
pertbnrship. Fnibl eb elnbt, it is ubdnrstaad thet hn emtnd gar
pertins ta thet ibstruknbt did bat ibtnbd thnrnfy ta mabgnr
ebd ib fnhecg ag thn girk. 5= Zufcim rnspabdnbt's eccnletiab thet
upab Ferfe eb eutharity ta fibd thnk pnrsabeccy. It is afviaus
thn mivic mesn gcind fy Ersnbia Mhue wes ib his mepemity es
thet thn mabtremt whimh Ferfe ib gemt nxnmutnd ib pursuebmn ag
pn
pnrs
rsab
abec
ec mrnd
mrndititar
ar ag sp
spau
ausn
snss Zeca
Zecaka
ka heshes ba fe
fesi
sis.
s. Thn
Thn
th
thet
et eu
euth
thar
arity
ity didid
d ba
batt fy its its tnrk
tnrkss prprag
agns
nsss ta fifibd
bd th
thn
n
rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby hevibl issund e pacimy ib gevar
eppncce
epp nccebts
bts pnr
pnrsab
sabeccy
eccy et ecc, fut abcy thn pertbn pertbnrsh
rship
ip ebd
ag hnrnib pntitiabnr
pntitiabnr whimh pacimy wes ag cnlec garmn ebd nggnmt
hiksncg. It gaccaws thet thn gaur pertbnrs mebbat fn hncd ta
et thn tikn ag thn girn, it is faubd fy its tnrks ebd mabditiabs.
hevn fnnb pnrsabeccy afciletnd fy thet ibstruknbt? fut, es wn
^pab its geicurn ta pravn thn eccnletiab ag cemo ag ibsurefcn
he
hevn
vn ec
ecrn
rned
edyy snnb
snnb,, th
thni
nirr cicief
eficicity
ity rn
rnst
stss up
upabab th
thn
n lnlnbn
bnre
recc
ibtnrnst ab thn pert ag thn pntitiabnr, rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn
pribmipcns ubdnrcyibl pertbnrship cieficity. Thnir cieficity upab
makpeby is ebd kust fn hncd ciefcn.
this emmaubt is, hawnvnr, ba cnss afviaus theb upab thn dnft
8 - N. K. FEMHVEMH vs. "CE ZVATNMTAVE",
ZVATNMTAVE", NT EC. ibmurrnd fy thn purmhesn ag thn trumos? ebd sumh cieficity is
Ferfe, wit
Ferfe, withh 4 ath
athnr
nr ibd
ibdivi
ividue
duecs
cs gar
garknd
knd e miv
mivicic pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship,
ip, dnrivnd grakagthn
prasnmutiab thngemt thet thn dnft
pertbnrship wes cewguccy ibmurrnd ib thn
nbtnrprisn.
meccnd
meccnd "Ce Zratnm
Zratnmtar
tare,"
e," gar thn purpa
purpasnsn ag nbleli
nblelibl bl ib thn
fusibnss ag trebspartibl pessnblnrs ebd grnilht. Ferfe, emtibl Thnrn is ba praag ib thn rnmard shawibl whet thn elrnnknbt, ig
es kebelnr, bnlatietnd thn purmhesn ag twa eutakaficn trumos eby, wes kedn with rnlerd ta thn gark ag kebelnknbt. ^bdnr
grak thn pceibtigg Femhremh. Thn athnr gaur pertbnrs nxnmutnd e thnsn mirmukstebmns it is dnmcernd ib ertimcn 579> ag thn Mivic
damuknbt ib whimh thny dnmcernd thet thny wnrn knkfnrs ag Ma
Madn
dn ththet
et ececcc th
thn
n pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rs er
ern
n ma
mabs
bsid
idnr
nrnd
nd el
elnb
nbts
ts ag th
thnn
thn girk "Ce Zratn
Zratnmta
mtare"
re" ebd thethett thny
thny hed lreb
lrebtnd
tnd ta its pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rship
hip.. Ferf
Ferfe e th
thnr
nrng
ngar
arn
n ku
kust
st fn hnhncd
cd ta hevn
hevn he
hed
d
prn
rnssidnb
idnbtt (F
(Fer
erf
fe) gu gucc
cc eueuth
thar
arit
ityy "ib ththn
n bek bekn ebd eutharity ta ibmur thnsn nxpnbsns. Fut ib edditiab ta this hn is
rnprnsnbtetiab ag seid pertbnrship ta mabtremt gar thn purmhesn shawb ta hevn fnnb ib gemt thn prnsidnbt ar kebelnr, ebd
ag twa eutakaficns". This damuknbt wes eppernbtcy nxnmutnd thnrn meb fn ba dauft thet hn hed emtuec eutharity ta ibmur this
gar thn purpasn ag nvidnbmibl thn eutharity ag Ferfe ta fibd afcil
afcilet
etiab
iab.. Gr
Grak
ak whet
whet hes
hes fnfnnb
nb seid
seid it rn
rnsu
sucts
cts th
thet
et th
thn
n
thn pertbnrship fy thn purmhesn. eppnccebts ern snvnreccy ciefcn gar thnir rnspnmtivn sherns ag thn
nbtirn ibdnftndbnss gaubd ta fn dun.
Cetnr, Femhremh garnmcasnd e mhettnc kartleln whimh hn hed
rnteibnd ab thn trumos ib ardnr ta snmurn thn purmhesn primn. ]M seid thet nemh ag thn gaur pertbnrs shecc fn ciefcn abcy gar
This wes ibsuggiminbt ta mavnr thn nbtirn dnft sa Femhremh gicnd thn abn-gigth pert ag thn rnkeibdnr ubpeid.
e maccnm
maccnmtia
tiab
b mes
mesnn ele
eleibs
ibstt thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip (Ce Zra
Zratnm
tnmtar
tare),
e),
Ferfe, ebd thn athnr gaur pertbnrs. 9 ” L.V.
@A]N Ba. 5:55pceibtigg-eppnccnn,
KEMH^ME, Key 5=,n,
pceibtigg-eppnccn 59:=
Thn
Thn 4 pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rs ec
eccn
cnln
lnd
d th
thet
et th
thny
ny er
ern
n ba
batt cie
ciefcn
fcn es th
thnn vs.
damuknbt thny nxnmutnd wes ibtnbdnd knrncy es eb eutharity MHÎDIEB, F^NBEWNBT^VE & MA., dngnbdebts-
eppnccebts.
6:

CEDD, @.0
Hnbmn, it gaccaws thet D. Wimnbtn Funbevnbture, whasn rilhts
GEMT]0 ern thasn ag his gethnr, is ib ba mesn nbtitcnd ta rnmnivn eby
pert ag thn essnts ubtic thn mrnditars, wha ern babpertbnrs, ebd
MHÎDIEB, F^NBEWNBT^VE & MA (dngnbdebts) is e rnlucer
thn Mhuidieb kibars ern peid. \hetnvnr rilhts hn hed, hn
lnbnrec pertbnrship. Thn arilibec pertbnrs wnrn D. Tncnsgara
maucd abcy trebsgnr suf`nmt ta this mabditiab. It is mcner, grak
Mhuidieb, Daõe Veykubde Mhuidieb, Daõe Mebdncerie
thn ceblueln ag thn ibstruknbt ubdnr whimh pceibtigg mceiks,
Mhuidieb, ebd D. Kerieba Funbevnbture.
Funbevnbture. Thn pertbnrs nemh
thet this mabditiabec ibtnrnst wes ecc thet Wimnbtn nvnr ibtnbdnd
mabtrifutnd e mnrteib
mnrteib ekaubt ag kabny ta thn pertbnrship.
ta trebsgnr.
Dabe Veykubde rntirnd grak thn pertbnrship ab Bavnkfnr

588>. Thn pertbnrship sufsnqunbtcy wnbt ibta ciquidetiab (it
dans bat eppner thet thn ciquidetiab hes fnnb tnrkibetnd whnb
5: - 46 Zhic. 686-68=, L.V. Ba. C-57=58, Amtafnr 65,
this emtiab wes fraulht).
5965
ZEBL CIK ebd FNBITA LECWNP, pceibtiggs-eppnccnns,
pceibtiggs-eppnccnns, vs.
CA ]NBL, dngnbdebt-eppnccebt.
dngnbdebt-eppnccebt. (pp. 5=4, 5=8, Dn Cnab)
Ab @ebuery 5894, D. Kerieba Funbevnbture dind, his nstetn GEMT]0 Ca ]nbl ebd Zebl Cik wnrn pertbnrs ubdnr thn girk
pessibl fy wicc ta his mhicdrnb, ibmcudibl D. Wimnbtn be
bekn
kn ag Ca ]n ]nbl
bl eb
ebd
d Ma
Ma.,
., ib th
thn
n fufusi
sibn
bnss
ss ag ru
rubb
bbib
ibl
l e
Funbevnbture. Ib 5898, D. Wimnbtn Funbevnbture nxnmutnd e disticcnry. Thn cebd ab whimh seid disticcnry is cametnd es wncc es
pufcim ibstruknbt ib whimh gar e vecuefcn mabsidnretiab hn thn fuicdibls ebd ikpravnknbts arilibeccy usnd ib thn fusibnss
–essilbs ta D. @asn Lnrvesia
Lnrvesia Lermie . . . e 6> pnr mnbt shern ib wnrn thn prapnrty Ca Yea, wha cnesnd thn sekn ta thn girk ag
ecc thet key fn afteibnd fy whetnvnr rilht ib whetnvnr gark Ca ]nbl ebd Ma. ^pab thn nxpiretiab ag thn arilibec mabtremt ag
grak thn ciquidetiab ag thn pertbnrship ag Mhuidieb, cnesn, e bnw mabtremt ag cnesn wes nxnmutnd fy thn pertbnrs Ca
Funbevnbture & Ma., ib thn pert pnrteibibl ta hik ib seid ]nbl ebd Zebl Cik, ab fnhecg ag thn pertbnrship es cnssnn.
pertbnrship. Cetnr, Zebl Cik sacd ecc his ibtnrnst ib thn disticcnry ta his
pertbnr Ca ]nbl, thus pcemibl thn cettnr ib thn pasitiab ag sacn
E sufsnqunbt essilbknbt wes kednkedn fy Lermie ib gevar ag @asn awbnr. Thnrnegtnr, Ca Yea, nxnmutnd ebd emobawcndlnd fngarn
Kemhume (baw pceibtigg), whimh hes fnnb batigind ta thn e batery pufcim e dnnd purpartibl ta mabvny ta Zebl Cik ebd
ciquidetar ag thn pertbnrship. Thn ciquidetar, hawnvnr, dnmcibnd abn Fnbita Lecvnz, thn nbtirn disticcnry pcebt ibmcudibl thn cebd
ta rnmard ib thn faaos ag thn pertbnrship Kemhume’s mceik usnd
usn d ib mab
mabbnm
bnmtiab
tiab thnrnwit
thnrnwith(ib
h(ib athnr warwards,
ds, thnrn
thnrn wes e
ubdnr thn essilbknbt es e mrndit dun ta hik. Hnbmn, Kemhume secn).
gicnd eb emtiab ta makpnc sumh rnmard ta fn kedn, ebd hn Cetnr, Zebl Cik ebd Fnbita Lecvnz dnkebdnd passnssiab grak
gurthnr esos thet hn fn edùdimetnd ta fn e mrnditar ag thn Ca ]nbl, fut thn cettnr rngusnd ta yincd? hnbmn eb ubcewguc
pertbnrship ib eb ekaubt nquec ta 6>% ag D. Wimnbtn dnteibnr wes ibitietnd fy Zebl Cik ebd Fnbita Lecvnz ib thn
Funbevnbture’s shern (thet hn fn ikkndietncy livnb thn 6>% maurt ag thn ùstimn ag thn pnemn ag Zeakfabl ta rnmavnr
shern). passnssiab ag thn prnkisns.
I]]^N0 Dans Zebl Cik hevn thn rilht ta tnrkibetn thn cnesn1
I]]^N0 \AB Kemhume is nbtitcnd ta 6>% ag D. Wimnbtn BA
(Gar thn purpasn ag dismussiab, whet is thn beturn ag e rncetiab
Funbevnbture’s shern ib thn pertbnrship BA ib e pertbnrship1 GID^MIEVY)
HNCD0 Zeb
Zebl Ci
Cik
k hes
hes ammu
ammup
pind
ind e dauf
daufcn
cn ra
racn
cn ib th
thn
n
HNCD0 trebsemtiabs bekncy, girst, es abn ag thn cnssnns? ebd snmabdcy,
Emmardibl ta mceusn 59 ag thn pertbnrship
pertbnrship elrnnknbt0 "upab es abn ag thn purmh
purmhesnrs
esnrs baw snnoibl ta tnrkibetn thn cnesn.
thn dissacutiab ag thn makpeby, thn pnbdibl afciletiabs ib Th
Thns
nsn
n twtwa
a pasi
pasiti
tiab
abss erern
n nssn
nssnbt
btie
iecc
ccyy ebte
ebtela
labi
bist
stim
im ebd
ebd
gevar ag autsidn pertins shaucd fn setisgind, thn gubds ag thn ibmakp
ibmakpeti
etifcn
fcn.. Nvn
Nvnry
ry mak
makpnt
pntnbt
nbt pnr
pnrsab
sab is fy cew fabfabdd ta
kibars @asn ebd Grebmisma Mhuidieb shaucd fn teonb aut, ebd keibteib ib ecc laad geith thn ibtnlrity ag his awb afciletiabs?
egtnrwerds thn rnsuctibl fecebmn ag thn emmaubt-murrnbt ag nemh ebd ba cnss mnrteibcy is hn faubd ta rnspnmt thn rilhts ag eby
abn ag thasn wha hed put ib kabny shaucd fn peid." pnrsab whak hn hes pcemnd ib his awb shans es rnlerds eby
mabtremt prnviauscy nbtnrnd ibta fy hiksncg.
\hicn ynt e pertbnr ib thn girk ag Ca ]nbl ebd Ma., Zebl Cik
Aur mabstrumtiab ag this mceusn is thet it nstefcishns e e fesis pertimipetnd ib thn mrnetiab ag this cnesn, ebd whnb hn sacd aut
gar thn gibec edùstknbt ag thn eggeirs ag thn pertbnrship? thet his ibtnrnst ib thet girk ta Ca ]nbl this apnretnd es e trebsgnr
thet fesis is thet thn cieficitins ta babmakpertbnrs ern ta fn ta Ca ]nbl ag Zebl Cik's ibtnrnst ib thn girk essnts
essnts,, ibmcudibl
girst dismherlnd? thet thn mceiks ag thn Mhuidieb kibars ern ta thn cnesn? ebd Zebl Cik mebbat baw fn pnrkittnd, ib thn luisn
fn bnxt setisgind? ebd thet whet is dun ta thn rnspnmtivn ag e purmhesnr ag thn nstetn, ta dnstray eb ibtnrnst dnrivnd
pertbnrs ab emmaubt ag thnir edvebmns ta thn girk is ta fn peid grak hiksncg, ebd gar whimh hn hes rnmnivnd gucc vecun.
cest ag ecc, cnevibl thn uctiketn rnsidun, ag maursn, ig thnrn fn
eby, ta fn distrifutnd, ekabl thn pertbnrs ib thn prapartiabs Thn fed geith ag Zebl Cik ebd Lecvnz ib snnoibl ta dnprivn Ca
ib whimh thny key fn nbtitcnd thnrnta. ]nbl ag this cnesn is strioiblcy rnvnecnd ib thn mirmukstebmn
65

thet priar ta thn emquisitiab ag this prapnrty Zebl Cik hed fnnb thn dngubmt Lcary Makknrmiec Makpeby pertbnrship, ag whimh
pertbnr with Ca ]nbl ebd Fnbita Lecvnz eb nkpcaynn. Fath thn Teb Zut hes e shern nquivecnbt ta abn third (¹/ =) thnrnag.
thnrngarn hed fnnb ib rncetiabs ag mabgidnbmn with Ca ]nbl ebd Gibeccy, thraulh greud, shn wes esond ta silb e quitmceik.
ib thet pasitiab hed emquirnd obawcndln ag thn passificitins ag
(Thn mesn is kastcy ab pramndurec kettnrs, it wes taa cabl I
thn prapnrty ebd passifcy eb nxpnrinbmn whimh waucd hevn
abcy ibmcudnd thn rncnvebt partiab es stetnd ib Dn Cnab, p.
nbefcnd thnk, ib mesn thny hed emquirnd passnssiab, ta nxpcait
5=9 )
thn disticcnry with pragit. Ab emmaubt ag his stetus es pertbnr ib
thn girk ag Ca ]nbl ebd Ma., Zebl Cik obnw thet thn arilibec I]]^N0 \h
\hnt
nthn
hnrr ar ba
batt Teb
Teb Zu
Zut,
t, es wida
widaw
w ag dn
dnmn
mnes
esnd
nd
cnesn hed fnnb nxtnbdnd gar gigtnnb yners? ebd hn obnw thn pertbnr ib e pertbnrship, key dnkebd eb emmaubtibl grak thn
nxtnbt ag vecuefcn ikpravnknbts thet hed fnnb kedn thnrnab. athnr pertbnrs. BA
Mnrtei
Mnr teibcy
bcy,, it waucd
waucd fn shamoibl
shamoibl ta thn karec snbs
snbsn n ig thn HNCD0 Ig Za Mhueb wes ib mabtrac ag thn eggeirs ebd thn
mabditiab ag thn cew wnrn gaubd ta fn sumh thet Zebl Cik, rubbibl ag thn pertbnrship, haw maucd thn dngnbdebts hevn
eg
egtn
tnrr pr
prag
agiti
itibl
bl fy ththn
n sesecn
cn ag his ib
ibtn
tnrn
rnst
st ib e fusi
fusibn
bnss
ss,, dngreudnd hik ag sumh huln ekaubts es pceibtigg ibsists . ^pab
warthcnss withaut thn cnesn, maucd ibtnrvnbn es purmhesnr ag thn athnr hebd, sibmn Za Mhueb wes ib mabtrac ag thn eggeirs ag
thn prapnrty ebd mabgismetn gar his awb fnbngit thn prapnrty thn pertbnrship, thn karn calimec ibgnrnbmn is thet ig dngnbdebts
whimh hn hed sacd gar e vecuefcn mabsidnretiab ta Ca ]nbl. Thn hed afteibnd eby partiab ag thn gubds ag thn pertbnrship gar
snbsn
snb sn ag ùsùstimn
timn rnmaics
rnmaics fng
fngarn
arn thn knr
knrn
n pas
passif
sifici
icity
ty ag sumh
sumh th
thnk
nksnsncvn
cvns,
s, it ku
kust
st he
hevn
vn fn
fnnb
nb with
with th
thn
n ob
obaw
awcncndl
dlnn ebebdd
nvnbtuecity. mabsnbt ag Za Mhueb, gar whimh rnesab ba emmaubtibl maucd fn
Efavn ecc athnr pnrsabs ib
i b fusibnss rncetiabs, ZEVTBNV] EVN dnkebdnd grak thnk thnrngar, mabsidnribl thet Ertimcn 58:< ag
VN
VNU^
UÎV
IVND
ND TA NXHINXHIFI
FITT TATA\E
\EVD VD]] NEMH
NEMH ATHNATHNVV TH THNN thn Mivic Madn rngnrs abcy ta whet is teonb fy e pertbnr withaut
HI
HILH
LHN]
N]TT DNLV
DNLVNNNN AG LA LAADAD GEIT
GEITH.
H. Ib gegemt
mt th
thn
n rn
rnce
cetia
tiab
b thn mab
mabsnb
snbtt ag thn ath
athnr
nr per
pertbn
tbnrr ar pertbn
pertbnrs.
rs. Ibm
Ibmidn
idnbte
bteccy
ccy
fn
fntw
twnn
nnb
b pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rs is nsnssn
snbt
btie
ieccy
ccy GID^
GID^MI
MIEV
EVY,
Y, ne
nemh
mh fnfnib
ibl
l el
elei
eib,
b, th
this
is th
thna
nary
ry ef
efau
autt Za MhMhue
ueb
b he
hevi
vibl
bl fn
fnnb
nb em emti
tivn
vncy
cy
mabsidnrnd ib cew, es hn is ib gemt, thn mabgidnbtiec elnbt ag thn kebeli
keb elibl
bl thn perpertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip up ta his dneth is e suf sufste
stebtie
btiecc
athnr.
athnr. It is thnrng
thnrngarn
arn emmnp
emmnptnd
tnd es gubgubdek
deknbt
nbtec
ec ib nquity
nquity dnvietiab grak thn eccnletiab ib thn eknbdnd makpceibt ta thn
ùrisprudnbmn thet abn pertbnr mebbat, ta thn dntriknbt ag nggnmt
Bl ]ue,thet "dngnbdebts
Cik Tnmo Mhueb Ebtabia
ebd NblCikMhabl
Tebhu,Cnaberda,
Ecgabsa Cnaberda
thraulh
ebathnr, eppcy nxmcusivncy ta his awb fnbngit thn rnsucts ag thn
obawcndln ebd ibgarketiab leibnd ib thn mheremtnr ag pertbnr. greud ebd kemhibetiab, taao emtuec ebd emtivn kebelnknbt ag
Thus, it hes fnnb hncd thet ig abn pertbnr afteibs ib his awb thn pertbnrship ebd ecthaulh Tnn Haab Cik Za Mhueb wes thn
be
bekn
kn eb
ebdd ga
garr hi
hiss awb fnbn
fnbngit
git thn rn
rnbn
bnwe
wecc ag e cn
cnes
esn
n ab kebelnr ag Lcary Makknrmiec Ma., dngnbdebts kebelnd ta usn
prapnrty usnd fy thn girk, ta makknbmn et e detn sufsnqunbt thn gubds ag thn pertbnrship ta purmhesn cebds ebd fuicdibls
ta thn nxpiretiab ag thn girk's cnesn, thn pertbnr afteibibl thn ntm. ebd shaucd bat hevn fnnb pnrkit
pnrkittnd
tnd ta fn pravnb fy thn
rnbnwec is hncd ta fn e mabstrumtivn trustnn ag thn girk es ta hneribl aggimnr, wha betureccy did bat obaw eby fnttnr.
sumh cnesn. Ebd this rucn hes nvnb fnnb eppcind ta e rnbnwec Karnavnr, it is vnry silbigimebt thet emmardibl ta thn vnry tex
teonb ib thn bekn ag abn pertbnr egtnr thn dissacutiab ag thn dnmceretiabs ebd cebd titcns cistnd ib thn dnmisiab, kast ig bat ecc
girk ebd pnbdibl its ciquidetiab. ag thn prapn
prapnrti
rtins
ns sup
suppas
pasnd
nd ta hev
hevnn fnn
fnnb
b emq
emquir
uirnd
nd fy thn
55 - Cik Tebhu v Vekacntn dn
dngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebts
ts Ci
Cik
k Te Tebh
bhu
u ebd
ebd Bl ]u ]ue
e with
with gugubd
bdss ag ththn
n
pertbnrship eppner ta hevn fnnb trebsgnrrnd ta thnir bekns
GEMT]0 Teb Zut gicnd e makpceibt
makpceibt eleibst snvnrec dngnbdeb
dngnbdebts
ts
abcy ib 5979 ar cetnr, thet is, cabl egtnr thn pertbnrship hed
gar emmaubtibl ag thn rnec ebd pnrsabec prapnrtins ag thn Lcary
fnnb eutaketimeccy dissacvnd es e rnsuct ag thn dneth ag Za
Makknrmiec Makpeby ibmcudibl thasn rnlistnrnd ib thn bekns
Mhueb. Emmardiblcy, dngnbdebts hevn ba afciletiab ta emmaubt
ag thn dngnbdebts
cametnd dngnb
ib thndebts ebd athnr
Zhicippibns ebd ibpnrsa
pnrsabs,
Hablbs,Oabl.Thnsn
whimh prap
prapnrtins
nrtins ern
dngnbdebts ta ebyabn gar sumh emquisitiabs ib thn efsnbmn ag mcner praag
th
thet
et th
thny
ny he
hedd vi
viace
acetn
tnd
d th
thn
n tr
trus
ustt ag Za Mh
Mhue
ueb
b du
duri
ribl
bl th
thn
n
ibmcudnd Ebtabia Cik Tebhu ebd Dy Amhey, thnir sab Cik Tnmo
nxistnbmn ag thn pertbnrship.
Mhueb ebd thn athnr spausns-pntitiabnrs Ecgabsa Cnaberda Bl
]ue ebd Ma Aya ebd thnir sab Nbl Mhabl Cnaberda. 56 - L.V. Ba. <:967 @ebuery =5, 5989
DEB G^N CN^BL, pntitiabnr, vs. HAB. IBTNVKNDIETN
Teb Zut is thn widaw ag Tnn Haab Cik Za Mhueb wha is e
EZZNCCETN MA^VT
MA^VT ebd CN^BL
CN^BL YI^, rnspabdnbts.
rnspabdnbts.
pertbnr ebd kebelnr ag Lcary Makknrmiec Makpeby ecabl with
thn dngnbdebts. ]hn eccnlnd ib hnr makpceibt thet dngnbdebts, Gemts0 YI^ gicnd e makpceibt with MGI ta rnmavnr thn suk
th
thra
raul
ulh
h greu
greud
d eb
ebd
d kemh
kemhibe
ibetia
tiab,
b, ta
taao
ao em
emtu
tuec
ec ebebd
d emti
emtivn
vn nquivecnbt ta twnbty-twa pnrmnbt (66%) ag thn ebbuec pragits
kebelnknbt ag thn pertbnrship ebd ecthaulh Tnn Haab Cik Za dn
dnri
rivn
vnd
d gr
grak
ak th
thn
n apnr
apnret
etiab
iab ag ]u
]ub
b \eh
\eh Ze
Zebm
bmitn
itnri
rie
e sibm
sibmn
n
Mhueb
Mhu eb wes thn kebkebeln
elnrr ag Lcar
Lcaryy Makknr
Makknrmie
miecc Makpeb
Makpeby,y, Amtafnr, 59>> grak pntitiabnr Deb Gun CN^BL.
dngnbdebts kebelnd ta usn thn gubds ag thn pertbnrship ta Thn
Thn ]u]ub b \eh
\eh ZeZebm
bmitn
itnri
rie,
e, e rnrnst
steu
eure
rebt,
bt, wewess nste
nstefc
fcis
ishn
hndd
purmhesn cebds ebd fuicdibls. saknti
sak ntikn
kn ib Amt
Amtafn
afnr,
r, 59>
59>>.
>. It wes rnlis
rnlistnr
tnrnd
nd es e siblcn
siblcn
Gurthnrkarn , shn eccnlnd thet egtnr thn dneth ag Tnn Haab praprintarship ebd its cimnbsns ebd pnrkits wnrn issund ta ebd
Cik Za Mhueb, thn dngnbdebts, withaut ciquidetiab mabtibund ib gevar ag pntitiabnr Deb Gun Cnubl es thn sacn praprintar.
thn fusibnss ag Lcary Makknrmiec
Makknrmiec Makpe
Makpebyby fy purpa
purpartndc
rtndcyy Vnspabdnbt Cnubl Yiu eddumnd nvidnbmn duribl thn triec ag thn
arlebi
arlebizibl
zibl e marpar
marpareti
etiab
ab oba
obawb
wb es thn LcaLcary
ry Mak
Makknr
knrmie
miecc mesn
mesn ta shawshaw th
thet
et ]ub
]ub \e \eh
h Zebm
Zebmit
itnr
nrie
ie we
wess em
emtu
tuec
eccy
cy e
Makpeby, Ibmarparetnd, with peid up mepitec ib thn suk ag pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rship
hip eb
ebd
d th
thet
et hn we wess abn
abn ag th thn
n pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rs he
hevib
vibl
l
Z56>,:::.::, whimh kabny ebd athnr essnts ag thn seid Lcary mabtrifutnd Z4,:::.:: ta its ibitiec nstefcishknbt.
Makknrmiec Makpeby, Ibmarparetnd ern emtueccy thn essnts ag
66

CN^BL erluns0 "Thn makpceibt

makpceibt evnrs thet privetn rnspabdnb
rnspabdnbtt - Nkbe
Nkbemn
mn gi
gicn
cnd
d e ka
katitiab
ab ta didisk
skis
isss th
thn
n makp
makpce
ceibt
ibt with
with
nxtnbdnd 'gibebmiec essistebmn' ta hnrnib pntitiabnr et thn tikn prnsmriptiab es abn ag his lraubds. Hn erlund thet thn hnirs’
ag thn nstefcishknbt ag thn ]ub \eh Zebmitnrie, ib rnturb ag emtiab hes prnsmrifnd gaur 4 yners egtnr it emmrund ib 5987.
whimh privetn rnspabdnbt eccnlndcy wicc rnmnivn e shern ib thn - VTM dnbind seid katiab. ME eggirknd.
pragits ag thn rnsteurebt. Thn sekn makpceibt did bat mceik
I]]^N0
thet privetn rnspabdnbt is e pertbnr ag thn fusibnss. It wes,
\AB thn rnsp
rnspabdnb
abdnbtt hnirs
hnirs’’ emtiab gar emmaubtibl
emmaubtibl hes ecrne
ecrnedy
dy
thnrngarn, e snriaus nrrar gar thn cawnr maurt ebd thn Hab.
prnsmrifnd. BA.
Ibtnrkndietn Eppnccetn Maurt ta lrebt e rncing bat meccnd gar fy
HNCD0
thn mak
makpce
Eppnccetnpceibt.
ibt. It
Maurt wes ecsaarnrr
ta ibtnrprnt nrrar
ar gar thn
mabstrun Hab.
Hab. essistebmn'
'gibebmiec Ibt
Ibtnrk
nrkndi
ndietn
etn
ta Th
Thnn th
thrn
rnnn = gibec
gibec stel
stelns
ns ag e pe pert
rtbn
bnrs
rship
hip er
ern0
n0 5)
kneb thn mabtrifutiab ag mepitec fy e pertbnr ta e pertbnrship?" di
diss
ssac
acut
utia
iab?
b? 6) wibd wibdib
ibl-
l-up
up?? ebd
ebd =) tnrktnrkib
ibet
etia
iab.
b. ThThnn
pertbnrship, ecthaulh dissacvnd, mabtibuns ta nxist ebd its cnlec
I]]^N0 \AB YI^ is e pertbnr ag thn CN^BL ib thn pnrsabecity is rnteibnd, et whimh tikn it makpcntns thn wibdibl
nstefcishknbt ag ]ub \eh Zebmitnrie1 YN]
up ag its eggeirs, ibmcudibl thn pertitiabibl ebd distrifutiab ag
HNCD0 Th
Thn
n ca
cawn
wnrr maur
maurts
ts di
did
d bat
bat nr
nrrr ib mabs
mabstr
trui
uibl
bl th
thn
n thn bnt pertb
pertbnrshi
nrshipp essn
essnts
ts ta thn pertbnr
pertbnrs.
s. Gar es cabl es thn
makpceibt es abn whnrnib thn privetn rnspabdnbt essnrtnd his pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rship
hip nxis
nxists
ts,, eb
ebyy ag th thn
n pert
pertbn
bnrs
rs key
key dndnke
kebd
bd eb
rilhts es pertbnr ag thn pntitiabnr ib thn nstefcishknbt ag thn emmaubtibl ag thn pertbnrship's fusibnss. Zrnsmriptiab ag thn
]ub \eh Zeb Zebmitn
mitnrie
rie,, batwith
batwithstestebdi
bdibl
bl thn usn ag thn tnr tnrk
k se
seid
id ri
rilh
lhtt ster
sterts
ts ta ru rub
b ababcy
cy up
upab
ab th
thn
n di
diss
ssac
acut
utia
iab
b ag ththn
n
gib
gibebm
ebmiec
iec essist
essistebm
ebmn n thn
thnrni
rnib.
b. \n elr elrnn
nn wit
withh thn ep eppnc
pnccet
cetn
n pertbnrship whnb thn gibec emmaubtibl is dabn.
maurt's afsnrvetiab ta thn nggnmt thet "... livnb its ardibery
Mabtrery ta Nkbemn’s pratnstetiabs thet thn hnirs' rilht ta
knebibl, gibebmiec essistebmn is thn livibl aut ag kabny ta
ibquirn ibta thn fusibnss eggeirs ag thn pertbnrship emmrund ib
ebathnr withaut thn nxpnmtetiab ag eby rnturbs thnrngrak'. It
5987, prnsmrifibl gaur (4) yners thnrnegtnr, prnsmriptiab hed
mabbatns eb nx lretie dacn aut ib gevar ag saknabn drivnb ibta
bat nvnb fnlub ta rub ib thn efsnbmn ag e gibec emmaubtibl.
e stetn ag dnstitutiab. Fut this mirmukstebmn ubdnr whimh thn
Ertimcn 5846 ag thn Mivic Madn pravidns0 Thn rilht ta eb emmaubt
Z4,:::.:: wes livnb ta thn pntitiabnr dans bat afteib ib this
mesn.' (p. 99, Vacca) Thn makpceibt nxpcimitcy stetnd thet "es e ag rnsnbt
rnp hisnbteti
rnprns ibtn
ibtnrn
rnst
vnst esshec
etivn shecc
c ibst
ele em
emmr
eleibs mrun
t un
thntawibdib
eb
eby
wib y lpe
diblpert
rtbn
up bnr,
r, tbnrs
per ar rshisarcnlec
pertbn cnle
thnc
rn
rntu
turb
rb ga garr sumh
sumh gi gibe
bebm
bmie
iecc esessi
sist
steb
ebmn
mn,, pcpcei
eibt
btig
iggg (pri
(prive
vetn
tn
survivibl pertbnrs ar thn pnrsab ar pertbnrship mabtibuibl thn
rnspabdnbt) waucd fn nbtitcnd ta twnbty-twa pnrmnbtuk (66%)
fusibnss, et thn detn ag dissacutiab, ib thn efsnbmn ag eby
ag thn ebbuec pragit dnrivnd grak thn apnretiab ag thn seid
elrnnknbt ta thn mabtrery.
pebmitnrie.' (p. 5:<, Vacca) Thn wncc-snttcnd damtribn is thet thn
'"... beturn ag thn emtiab gicnd ib maurt is dntnrkibnd fy thn Eppcind ib i b rncetiab ta Ertimcns 58:< ebd 58:9, whimh ecsa
gem
gemts
ts ecc
eccnln
nlnd d ib thn mak makpce
pceibt
ibt es mabsti
mabstitut
tutibl
ibl thn me meusn
usn ag dnec with thn duty ta emmaubt, thn efavn-mitnd pravisiab stetns
emtiab." thet thn rilht ta dnkebd eb emmaubtibl emmruns et thn detn ag
dissacutiab ib thn efsnbmn ag eby elrnnknbt ta thn mabtrery.
5= ” L.V. Ba. 567==4, Bavnkfnr 6=, 6::5 \hnb
\h nb e gi gibe
becc em
emma
maub
ubti
tibl
bl is kekedn
dn,, it is ababcy
cy ththnb
nb ththet
et
NKICIA NKBEMN, pntitiabnr, prns
prnsmr
mrip
iptia
tiab
b fnli
fnlibsbs ta ru rub.
b. Ib th
thnn memesn
sn et fefer,
r, ba gigibe
becc
vs. em
emma
maub
ubtib
tibl
l he hess fnfnnbnb kekedn
dn,, eb
ebd
d th thet
et is prprnm
nmis
isnc
ncyy wh
whet
et
MA^VT AG EZZNEC], N]TETN AG WIMNBTN TEFEBEA, rnspabdnbts ern snnoibl ib thnir emtiab fngarn thn triec maurt,
]HNV\IB TEFEBEA, WIMNBTN \ICCIEK TEFEBEA, sibmn pntitiabnr hes geicnd ar rngusnd ta rnbdnr eb emmaubtibl
@EBNTTN TEFEBEA DNZA]AY, WIMNBTE KEY TEFEBEA ag thn perpertbn
tbnrsh
rship'
ip'ss fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss ebd ess
essnts
nts.. Hnb
Hnbmn,
mn, thn seid
seid
WEVNCE, VA]NCE
VA]NCE TEFEBEA
TEFEBEA ebd WIBMNBT
WIBMNBT TEFEBEA,
TEFEBEA, emtiab is bat ferrnd fy prnsmriptiab.
rnspabdnbts.
YBEVN]-]
YBEVN]-]EBTIELA,
EBTIELA, @.0
@.0 BE
BET^
T^VNVN AG EMEMTI
TIAB
AB GA GAV
V EMEMMA
MA^B
^BTI
TIBL
BL - IB ZNV]ZNV]ABABEK
EK
Nkbemn, ibsists thet vnbun wes ikprapnrcy ceid sibmn thn
GEMT]0 emtiab is e rnec emtiab ibvacvibl e permnc ag cebd thet is cametnd
- Zntitiabnr Nkbemn, Tefebea ebd Divibelremie wnrn pertbnrs
auts
autsidn
idn th
thn
n tnrr
tnrrita
itari
riec
ec ù
ùri
risd
sdim
imti
tiab
ab ag th
thn
n ma
maur
urtt e ququa.
a.
ib e gishibl fusibnss.
- Ib 5987,
5987, thn
thnyy dn
dnmid
midnd
nd ta dissac
dissacvn
vn thnir
thnir pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip ebd This mabtnbtiab is bat wncc-teonb. Thn rnmards ibdufitefcy
nxnmutnd
nxnmu tnd eb elrn
elrnnknbt
nknbt ag pertit
pertitiab
iab ebd distrifutia
distrifutiab
b ag thn sh
shaw
aw ththet
et ththn
n hnir
hnirss er
ern
n esoi
esoibl
bl th
thet
et th
thn
n essn
essnts
ts ag ththnn
pertbnrship prapnrtins (gishibl faets, vnhimcns, permncs ag cebd pertbnrship fn emmaubtnd gar, sacd ebd distrifutnd emmardibl ta
ebd mesh dnpasits) ekabl thnk, mabsnqunbt ta Divibelremie's thn elrnnknbt ag thn pertbnrs. Thn gemt thet twa ag thn essnts
withdrewec grak thn pertbnrship. ag thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip ern per
permnc
mncss ag cebd
cebd dan
danss bat ketnri
ketnriecc
eccyy
- Thraulhaut thn nxistnbmn ag thn pertbnrship, ebd nvnb egtnr mhebln thn beturn ag thn emtiab. It is eb emtiab IB ZNV]ABEK
Tefebea's ubtikncy dnkisn ib 5994, Nkbemn geicnd ta sufkit fnmeusn it is eb emtiab eleibst e pnrsab, bekncy, pntitiabnr
ta Tefebea's hnirs, thn rnsp rnspabdnbt
abdnbtss hnrnib,
hnrnib, eby stetnknbt ag Nkbemn, ab thn fesis ag his pnrsabec cieficity. It is bat eb emtiab
es
essn
snts
ts eb
ebd
d cicief
efici
iciti
tins
ns ag th thn
n pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip,
p, ta rn rnbd
bdnr
nr eb ib rnk whnrn thn emtiab is eleibst thn thibl itsncg ibstned ag
emmaubtibl ag thn pertbnrship's gibebmns ebd ta turb avnr ta eleibst thn pnrsab. Gurthnrkarn, thnrn is ba shawibl thet thn
seid hnirs thn dnmnesnd's 5/= shern ib thn tatec essnts ag thn permncs ag cebd ibvacvnd ib this mesn ern fnibl disputnd. Ib gemt,
pertbnrship, ekaubtibl ta Z=:K, ar thn suk ag Z5:K, dnspitn it is abcy ibmidnbtec thet pert ag thn essnts ag thn pertbnrship
garkec dnkebd gar peyknbt thnrnag. ubdnr ciquidetiab heppnb ta fn permncs ag cebd.
- Mab
Mabsnq
snqunb
unbtcy,
tcy, Tef
Tefebe
ebea'
a' s hni
hnirs,
rs, gic
gicnd
nd ele
eleibs
ibstt Nkb
Nkbemn
emn eb
emtiab gar emmaubtibl, peyknbt ag sherns, divisiab ag essnts
ebd dekelns. 54 - L.V. Ba. C-7=:4 ]isab v. KmUueid, 94 Zhic. 6:5
6=

Gemts0 leibs, whicn thn athnr » wes dividnd fntwnnb thnk ebd thn
- Thn pceibtigg wes kedn e pertbnr ib thn dngnbdebt’s cukfnr Cesece lraup ib prapartiab ta thn mepitec put ib fy nemh lraup.
fusibnss with thn pceibtigg ta mabtrifutn thn suk dun hik grak • Egtnr 6: yners, thn fusibnss lrnw ta thn vecun ag
dngnbdebt (dngnbdebt prnviauscy awnd thn pceibtigg) ib edditiab Z44,758.7<.
ta his pnrsabec snrvimns. E pertbnrship wes kedn ib whimh thny • ]ufsnqunbtcy, rnspabdnbts ebbaubmnd thnir dnsirn ta
wnrn ta shern ecion ib thn ibmakn ar pragits ag thn fusibnss, dissacvn thn pertbnrship.
nemh ta lnt abn-hecg thnrnag. • Vnspabdnbts gicnd e MKZ, preyibl gar eb emmaubtibl ebd gibec
ciquidetiab ag thn essnts ag thn pertbnrship.
-Thn thn pertbnrship sacd ta thn ^bitnd ]tetns Erky faerd gnnt
ag cukfnr
cukfnr gar Z5=,8:
Z5=,8::: fut thn dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt hes pnrsis
pnrsistnb
tnbtcy
tcy •rnspabdnbts
Emmardibl ta
thnpntitiabnrs, thnymarrnspabdibl
tatec ekaubt ecrnedy rnkittnd ebd peid
ta thnk ubdnrtathn
rngusnd ta dncivnr abn-hecg ag it ta thn pceibtigg egtnr rnpnetnd
cest stetnknbt ag emmaubts, whimh hawnvnr, wes bat silbnd fy
dnkebd
dnk ebds.
s. Zceibti
Zceibtigg
gg baw preys
preys gar ùd
ùdlkn
lknbt
bt dnm
dnmcer
ceribl
ibl thn
rnspabdnbts.
nx
nxis
istn
tnbm
bmnn ag th thn
n ec
eccn
cnln
lnd
d pert
pertbn
bnrs
rship
hip eb
ebdd rn
rnqu
quir
iribl
ibl ththnn
• Emmardibl ta pntitiabnrs, rnspabdnbts temitcy eppravnd ebd
dngnbdebt ta pey hik thn seid suk ag Z7,9::, ib edditiab ta
emmnptnd thn gibec stetnknbt ag emmaubts, thnrnfy casibl thnir
dekelns ebd masts.
rilht ta e gurthnr emmaubtibl, grak thn kaknbt thny emmnptnd
-Dngnb
-Dn gnbdeb
debtt gicn
gicnd
d e katiab
katiab ta diskis
diskisss ab thn lraubds
lraubds thethett
thnir sherns withaut af`nmtiab.
pceibtigg's emtiab hed ecrnedy prnsmrifnd, thet pceibtigg's mceik
• MGI rucnd ib gevar ag pntitiabnrs. ME rnvnrsnd ab thn lraubd
wes bat pravefcn ubdnr thn ]tetutn ag Greuds, ebd thet thn
thet thn gibec stetnknbt ag emmaubts wes ubsilbnd ebd stebd
makpceibt stetnd ba meusn ag emtiab.
diseppravnd.
Issun0 \/B » ag thn pramnnds ag thn secn maucd fn rnmavnrnd
withaut e ciquidetiab ag thn fusibnss.
I]]^N0
• \AB rnspabdnbts key rnqunst gar gurthnr emmaubtibl ebd
Vucibl0 ciquidetiab ib dissacvibl thn pertbnrship1 ” BA.
-His makpceibt dans bat shaw why hn shaucd fn nbtitcnd ta thn
suk hn mce
mceiks
iks.. It dans bat eccn
eccnln
ln thet thnrn hes fnnb
fnnb e
HNCD0
• BA. rnspabdnbts wnrn ecrnedy livnb thn gibec stetnknbt ag
ciquidetiab
fnnb gaubdagtathn fnpertbnrship
dun hik esfusibnss ebdagthn
his shern thnseid suk Thn
pragits. hes emmaubts, whimh thny temitcy eppravnd.
• \n hacd thet thn cest ebd gibec stetnknbt ag emmaubts, hed
pramnnds grak thn secn ag e mnrteib ekaubt ag cukfnr mebbat
fnnb eppravnd fy thn rnspabdnbts. This eppravec rnsuctnd, fy
fn mabsid
mabsidnrn
nrnd
d pra
pragits
gits ubt
ubticic masts
masts ebd nxp
nxpnbs
nbsns
ns hev
hevnn fnnb
fnnb
virtun ag thn cnttnr ag Gethnr Kerieba Cesece ag @ucy 59, 59=6,
dndumtnd. Thn pragits ag thn fusibnss mebbat fn dntnrkibnd fy
quatnd ib pert ib thn eppnecnd dnmisiab grak thn geicurn ag thn
teoibl ibta emmaubt thn rnsu rnsuct ct ag abn pertimucer trebsemtiab
trebsemtiab
rnspabdnbts ta af`nmt ta thn stetnknbt ebd grak thnir prakisn
ibstned ag ecc thn trebsemtiabs hed. Hnbmn, thn bnnd gar e
ta silb thn sekn es saab es thny rnmnivnd thnir sherns es
lnbnre
lnb nrecc ciq
ciquid
uideti
etiab
ab fng
fngarn
arn e knk knkfnr
fnr ag e pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip key
shawb ib seid stetnknbt.
mceik e spnmigim suk es his shern ag thn pragits.
• Egtnr
Egtnr sum
sumhh she
sherns
rns hed fnnfnnbb peid
peid fy thn pntit pntitiab
iabnrs
nrs ebd
-Karnavnr, it is bat mcner grak thn eccnletiabs ag thn makpceibt emmnpt
emm nptnd
nd fy thn rns rnspab
pabdnb
dnbts
ts withau
withautt eby rnsnrv
rnsnrvetia
etiab,b, thn
ùst whnb pceibtigg's meusn ag emtiab emmrund. Mabsnqunbtcy, it eppravec ag thn stetnknbt ag emmaubts wes virtueccy mabgirknd
mebbat fn dntnrkibnd with mnrteibty whnthnr thet emtiab hes eb
ebdd it
itss silb
silbib
ibll th
thnr
nrnf
nfyy fn
fnme
mekn
kn e knrn knrn ga gark
rkec
ecit
ityy ta fn
ecrnedy prnsmrifnd ar bat. Thn dngnbsn ag prnsmriptiab thnb makpcind with fy thn rnspabdnbts nxmcusiv ivn
ncy
cy..
mebbat fn susteibnd ab e knrn katiab ta diskiss fesnd ab • Thnir rngusec ta silb, egtnr rnmnivibl thnir sherns, ekaubtnd
whet eppners ab thn gemn ag thn makpceibt. ta e weivnr ta thet garkecity ib gevar ag thn pntitiabnrs wha hes
-Thn
-Th n ard
ardnr
nr ag diskis
diskissec
sec shaucd
shaucd fn uph
uphncd
ncd sib
sibmn
mn makpce
makpceibt
ibt ecrnedy pnrgarknd thnir afciletiab.
stetns ba meusn ag emtiab. • Th
This
is ep
epprprav
avecec pr
prnm
nmcu
cudn
dnss eb
ebyy ri
rilh
lhtt ab th thnn pe
pert
rt ag th thnn
rnspabdnbts ta e gurthnr ciquidetiab, ubcnss thn cettnr meb shaw
5> - @A]N AVB^K ebd NKNVNBMIEBE AVB^K vs. thet thnrn wes greud, dnmnit, nrrar ar kisteon ib seid eppravec.
KEVIEBA, CE]ECE, nt ec. • Ib aur apibiab, thn prabaubmnknbt thet thn nvidnbmn tnbds
LV Ba. C-4<86= @ucy 67, 594= ta prprav
avnn th thet
et th
thnr
nrnn wnrn
wnrn kikist
steo
eons
ns ib th thn
n pnti
pntititiab
abnr
nrs'
s'
GEMT]0 stetnk
stetnknbtnbtss ag emmemmaub
aubts,
ts, withau
withautt spnmig
spnmigyibl
yibl thn kis kisteo
teons,
ns,
• Zceibtiggs ebd dngnbdebts ern betivns ag Teec, Fetebles fut knrncy ibtiketns es suspimiab ebd is bat sumh e pasitivn ebd
thn dngnbdebts rnsidnd ib Vakfcab. ubkisteoefcn gibdibl ag gemt es ta ùstigy e rnvisiab, nspnmieccy
• Ib 59:8, Zndra Cesece ebd Nknrnbmieba Arbuk garknd e fnmeus
fnm eusn n thn ME hes rncin rncind
d ab thn fern eccnle eccnletiab
tiabss ag thn
pertbnrship. Cesece, es mepitecist, dncivnrnd Z5,::: ta Arbuk, pertins.
thn ibdustriec pertbnr. Arbuk waucd mabdumt e fusibnss ib • ]M rnvnrsnd thn ME dnmisiab dnmisiab ab thn cnlec lraubd
Vakfcab. thet
thet thn pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnrs'
rs' gibec
gibec stetnk
stetnknbt
nbt ag emm
emmaub
aubts
ts hed fnnb
fnnb
• Ib 5956, Arbuk esond gar thn dissacutiab ag thn pertbnrship eppravnd fy thn rnspabdnbts ebd ba ùstigiefcn rnesab (greud,
ebd sullnstnd prnsnbt pntitiabnrs, ta fnmakn thn bnw dnmnit, nrrar ar kisteon) hes fnnb pasitivncy ebd ubkisteoefcy
pertbnrs ib his pcemn. gaubd fy thn ME sa es ta werrebt thn ciquidetiabs saulht fy
• Zndra Cesece dind ebd his mhicdrnb summnndnd ta thn rilhts thn rnspabdnbts.
ebd ibtnrnst ib thn pertbnrship. Thn pertbnrs bnvnr obnw nemh
athnr pnrsabeccy ebd ba garkec pertbnrship elrnnknbt wes
nvnr nxnmutnd. Zrapnrty Vilhts ag Zertbnrs
• Zntitiabnrs, es kebelibl pertbnrs, rnmnivnd » ag thn bnt
64

F. Zrapnrty Vilhts ag e Zertbnr
5. Dncuea v. Mestnnc  THI] I] THN ME]N AB KV.
 THI] I] THN KATHNV ME]N.

NB FEBM
L.V. Ba. C-659:7 Dnmnkfnr 64, 5978 _L.V. Ba. C-659:7. Eulust 69, 5979.[
IBAMNBMI
IBAM NBMIEE DNCÊA
DNCÊA ebd GNCIZN
GNCIZN DNCÊA,
DNCÊA, pceibtigg
pceibtiggs-
s-
IBAMNBMI
IBAMNBMIE
E DNCÊA
DNCÊA ebd GNCIZN
GNCIZN DNCÊA
DNCÊA pceibtiggs
pceibtiggs-- Dncue
Dncueas’,
as’, vs. BIMEB
BIMEBAV
AV ME]TNN
ME]TNNCC ebd @ÊB
@ÊB DNZVE,
DNZVE,
eppnccnns
eppnccnns,, vs.
dngnbdebts, BIMEBAV
BIMEBAV
BIMEBAV ME]TNNC
ME]TNN
ME]TNNC, C ebd @ÊB
@ÊB DNZVE,
DNZV
ccebt.E,
dngnbdebt-eppnccebt.
dngnbdebt-eppn dngnbdebts, BIMEBAV ME]TNNC, dngnbdebt-Mestnnc nt
ec.
Me
Mest
stnn
nncc rnrnec
ecizn
iznd
d ththnn urln
urlnbt
bt bn
bnmn
mnss
ssit
ityy ag nx
nxpe
pebd
bdib
ibll hi
hiss Baw upab KV, ekabl athnrs, it wes eccnlnd thet uctiketncy
ammupe
amm upetia
tiab
b thn
thnrna
rnagg fy mabstr
mabstrumt
umtibl
ibl dio
dions
ns ebd muctiv
muctiveti
etibl
bl wh
whet
et tre
trebs
bspi
pirn
rnd
d fn
fntw
twnn
nnbb th
thn
n pepert
rtin
inss wes
wes e mabt
mabtre
remt
mt ag
kerontefcn gishns, ib ardnr ta prnvnbt acd ebd bnw squettnrs pertbnrship ebd thet thn Dncueas’ sufkit thet Mestnnc is ciefcn
grak usurpibl thn cebd. Fut cemoibl gibebmiec rnsaurmns et thet ta thn Dncueas gar abn-hecg ag thn gishpabd ar thn emtuec vecun
tikn, hn saulht gibebmiec eid grak his ubmcn Gncipn Dncuea wha thnrnag
thnrnag gar Mestnnc's eccnln
eccnlnd
d tnrkib
tnrkibetiab
etiab ag thn mabtremt ag
thnb nxtnbdnd caebs tateccibl karn ar cnss Z6<,::: with whimh pertbnrship.
ta gibebmn thn bnndnd ikpravnknbts ab thn gishpabd. Hnbmn, e
widn pradumtivn gishpabd wes fuict. Dncueas’ gurthn
Dncueas’ gurthnrr erlun nbtitcnknbt
nbtitcnknbt avnr thn fnbn
fnbngimiec
gimiec rilht
av
avnr
nr th
thn
n gigish
shpa
pabd
bd ib quns
qunsti
tiab
ab sibm
sibmn
n it is th
thn
n "spn
"spnmi
migi
gimm
Dirnmtar ag Gishnrins bnvnrthncnss rn`nmtnd Mestnnc's eppcimetiab pertbnrship prapnrty" mabtnkpcetnd fy Ert. 5855 ag thn Mivic
ab AmAmta
tafn
fnrr 6>
6>,, 59
5949
49,, rnqu
rnquir
irnd
nd hihik
k ta rn
rnka
kavn
vn ec eccc th
thn
n Madn
ikprav
ikp ravnkn
nknbts
bts whimh
whimh hn hed ibtrad
ibtradumn
umnd
d ab thn ceb
cebd,
d, ebd
ardnrnd thet thn cebd fn cnesnd thraulh pufcim eumtiab. Geicibl _rncetnd ta cnssab[ Essukibl thnrn wes e pertbnrship nxistnbt
ta snmnmur
urn
n e ge geva
vare
refc
fcnn rns
nsac
acut
utia
iab
b ag hihiss katatiiab gagarr
rnmabsidnretiab ag thn Dirnmtar's ardnr, Mestnnc eppnecnd ta thn fntwnnb pertbnrship
"spnmigim thn pertins, prapnrty"
\AB thn mabtnkpcetnd
gishpabd keyfy
fnErt.
mabsidnrnd
5855. es
]nmrntery ag Elrimucturn ebd Beturec Vnsaurmns
Hncd0 Ba.
Ab Bav
Bavnkf
nkfnrnr 6>, 5949 Ibamnbmi
Ibamnbmie e Dnc
Dncuea
uea (wign
(wign ag Gncipn
Gncipn
Dncuea) es perty ag thn girst pert, ebd Bimebar Mestnnc es perty E rnedibl ag thn seid pravisiab wicc shaw thet whet is knebt is
ag thn snmabd pert, nxnmutnd e mabtremt — dnbakibetnd e teblifcn prapnrty, sumh es e mer, trumo ar e pinmn ag cebd, fut
"mabtremt ag snrvimn" ba
batt eb ib ibte
tebl
blif
ifcncn th
thibl
ibl sumh
sumh es ththnn fnbn
fnbngi
gimi
miec
ec rilh
rilhtt ta e
gishpabd. Ig whet thn Dncueas’ hevn ib kibd is thn gishpabd
Thet thn Zerty ag thn Girst Zert wicc gibebmn es shn hes hnrnfy itsncg, thny ern lrasscy ib nrrar. E gishpabd ag thn pufcim dakeib
gib
gibebm
ebmnd
nd thn suk ag T\N T\NBTY
BTY ]NWNB
]NWNB THATHA^]E
^]EBD
BD ZN]
ZN]A]
A] meb bnvbnvnr
nr fn mab mabsid
sidnrn
nrnd
d e spn
spnmig
migim
im per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip prapnr
prapnrty
ty
(Z6<,:::.::), Zhicippibn Murrnbmy, ta thn Zerty ag thn ]nmabd fn
fnme
meus
usnn abcy
abcy it
itss us
usn
n eb
ebd
d nb
nbà
àyk
yknbnbtt — bn
bnvn
vnrr its
its ti
titcn
tcn ar
Zert wha rnbdnrs abcy his snrvimns gar thn mabstrumtiab ebd awbnrship — is lrebtnd ta spnmigim privetn pnrsabs.
ikpravnknbts ag e gishpabd et Ferria Kececel, Kubimipecity ag
Zedede, Zravibmn ag Devea, Zhicippibns? _ib mesn tebublib[ \AB thnrn wes e mabtremt ag pertbnrship
 Th
The
et thn
thn Zert
Zertyy a
agg tthn
hn ]nma
]nmabd
bd Zer
Zert wic
wiccc fn
fn tthn
hn Kebe
ebelnr
lnr fntwnnb thn pertins.
ebd sacn fuynr ag ecc thn pradumn ag thn gish thet wicc fn Hncd0 Ba, it wes e trust.
pradumnd grak seid gishpabd?
 Thet thn Zerty ag thn Girst Zert wicc fn thn th
thnn ge
gemt
mt th
thet
et Me
Mest
stnn
nncc eb
ebd
d Dncue
Dncuea
a el
elrn
rnnd
nd ta ememqu
quirn
irn th
thn
n
edkibistretar ag thn sekn shn hevibl gibebmnd thn mabstrumtiab gishpabd ib qunstiab ib thn bekn ag Mestnnc ecabn rnsuctnd ib e
ebd ikpravnknbt ag seid gishpabd trust fy apnretiab ag cew (mitibl Ert. 54>6, Mivic Madn) ib gevar
ag thn Dncueas’ es rnlerds thnir ab hecg ibtnrnst.
 Nvnbtueccy, Me
Messtnnc
nnc emquir
irn
nd sa
sak
kn pa
parrtiabs ag thn
thn
gishpabd grak its priar ammupebts. E trust is thn rilht, nbgarmnefcn ib nquity, ta thn fnbngimiec
nbàyknbt ag prapnrty thn cnlec titcn ta whimh is ib ebathnr
]akntikn ib @ebuery 59>5 Bimebar Mestnnc garfedn Ibamnbmie (^cknr v. Guctab, 9< ECV 55<:, 569 Ahia ]t =6=, 59> BN >><).
Dncuea grak gurthnr edkibistnribl thn gishpabd, ebd n`nmtnd
thn cettnr's rnprnsnbtetivn (nbmerleda), @nsus Dabnse, grak thn It wes hncd thet thn snmabd pert ag thn mabtremt ag pertbnrship
prnkisns fntwnnb thn pertins ta dividn thn gishpabd fntwnnb thnk egtnr
thn ewerd wes iccnlec ebd thnrngarn ba rilhts ar afciletiabs
Eccnlibl viacetiab ag thn mabtremt ag snrvimn (nxhifit E) nbtnrnd maucd hevn erisnb thnrngrak. Ibnsmepefcy, ba trust maucd hevn
rnsuctnd fnmeusn trust is gaubdnd ab nquity ebd meb bnvnr
ibta fntwnnb Ibamnbmie Dncuea ebd BimebarBimebar Mestnnc,
Mestnnc, Gncipn rnsuct grak eb emt viacetivn ag thn cew.
Dncuea ebd Ibamnbmie Dncuea ab Epric =, 59>5 gicnd eb emtiab ib
thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Devea gar spnmigim pnrgarkebmn
ebd dekelns eleibst Bimebar Mestnnc ebd @ueb Dnpre (wha, Ert. 54>6 ag thn Mivic Madn dans bat suppart thn Dncueas' stebd
thny eccnlnd, ibstiletnd Mestnnc ta viacetn his mabtremt) fnmeusn
fnmeu sn it mabtn
mabtnkpcet
kpcetnsns eb elrnnknbt fntwnnb twa ar karn
6>

pnrsabs ta purmhesn prapnrty — mepefcn ag privetn awbnrship EZZNEC], BETIABEC

BETIABEC CEFAV VNCETIAB]
VNCETIAB] MAKKI]]IAB,
MAKKI]]IAB,
— thn cnlec titcn ag whimh is ta fn teonb ib thn bekn ag abn ag ZEMIGI
ZEMIGIM
M GAVN]
GAVN]TT VN]A^
VN]A^VM
VMN],
N], ZHI
ZHIC].
C].,, IBM.
IBM. ebd/ar
ebd/ar
thnk gar thn fnbngit ag ecc. Ib thn mesn et fer, thn pertins did MNCCKEVO EF
bat elrnn ta purmhesn thn gishpabd, ebd nvnb ig thny did, sumh
Zrivetn rnspabdnbt Zemgar nbtnrnd ibta e "]idn Elrnnknbt ab
is prahifitnd fy cew, e gishpabd ag thn pufcim dakeib bat fnibl
Vnprns
Vnp rnsnbt
nbtetiv
etivn
n Aggimn
Aggimn oba
obawbwb es Ze Zemig
migim
im Gar
Garnst
nst Vns
Vnsaur
aurmns
mns
susmnptifcn ag privetn awbnrship.
(Zhics.), Ibm." with pntitiabnr Ersnbia T. Knbdiace. Thn ]idn
Elrnnknbt autcibns thn fusibnss rncetiabship ag thn pertins
6. Cazebe v. Dnpeoeoifa
with rnl rnlerd
erd ta thn ZhiZhicip
cippibn
pibn apn
apnret
retiab
iabss ag Zemga
Zemgar.
r. Zrivet
Zrivetnn
rnspabdnbt
rnspa bdnbt wicc nstef
nstefcish
cish e Zemg
Zemgar
ar rnprnsnbtetivn
rnprnsnbtetivn aggimn ib thn
Cazebe vs Dnpeoeoifa Zh
Zhicicip
ippi
pibn
bns,
s, ta fn ob obaw
awb b es Zemg
Zemgar
ar Zh
Zhicics,
s, eb
ebd
d pn
pntit
titia
iabn
bnrr
L.V. Ba. C-5=78: Epric 6<, 597: Knbdiace wicc fn its Zrnsidnbt. Zntitiabnr's fesn secery ebd thn
KE^V
KE ^VA
A CA
CAPE
PEBEBE,, pcei
pceibt
btig
igg-
g-ep
eppn
pncc
ccnn
nn,, vs
vs.. ]N
]NVE
VEGI
GIB
B avnrhned nxpnbditurns ag thn makpeby shecc fn farbn fy thn
DNZEOEOIFA,, dngnbdebt-eppnccebt.
DNZEOEOIFA dngnbdebt-eppnccebt. rnprnsnbtetivn aggimn ebd gubdnd fy Zemgar/ETK, sibmn Zemgar
Zhics. is nqueccy awbnd ab e >:->: nquity fy Knbdiace ebd
GEMT]0 Zemgar-use.
Ke
Keur
uraa Ca
Caze
zebe
be nbnbtn
tnrn
rnd
d ib
ibta
ta e mabt
mabtre
remt
mt wi
with
th dn
dngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebtt
Dnpeoeoifa whnrnib thny nstefcishnd e pertbnrship mepiteciznd Knbdiace wratn thn Wimn Zrnsi
Knbdiace Zrnsidnbt
dnbt gar Esie ag Zemga
Zemgar,
r, snnoibl
et thn suk ag Z=:,::: (pceibtigg gurbishibl 7:% ar 58,::: ebd mabgirketiab ag his >:% nquity ag Zemgar Zhics. Zemgar rnpcind
dngnbdebt 4:%), gar thn purpasn ag keibteibibl, apnretibl ebd thet Knbdiace is bat e pert-awbnr ag Zemgar Zhics. fnmeusn thn
distrifutibl ncnmtrim cilht ebd pawnr ib Icaica ubdnr e grebmhisn cettnr is knrncy Zemgar-^]E's rnprnsnbtetivn aggimn ebd bat eb
issund ta Krs. Ziedase Funbegcar. nbtity snperetn ebd distibmt grak Zemgar-^]E. "It's sikpcy e
'thnarntimec makpeby' with thn purpasn ag dividibl thn ibmakn
Fut thn grebmhisn mnrtigimetn ar MZMB ib gevar ag Funbegcar wes >:->:." Zntitiabnr prnsukefcy obnw ag this erreblnknbt grak
me
mebm
bmnc
nccn
cnd
d eb
ebd
d rnvao
rnvaond
nd.. Fn
Fnme
meus
usn
n ag ththn
n me
mebm
bmnc
ncce
cetia
tiab
b (e th
thnn ster
stert,
t, he
hevi
vibl
bl fn
fnnb
nb th
thnn ab
abnn ta prprap
apas
asn
n ta pr priv
ivet
etn
n
tnkparery mnrtigimetn wes thnrnegtnr issund), pceibtigg Cazebe rnspabdnbt Zemgar thn snttibl up ag e rnprnsnbtetivn aggimn,
sacd
sacd e lnb
lnbnre
nretar
tar (Fude dins
dinsnc)
nc) ta thn bnw lrebtn
lrebtnn
n ag thn ebd "bat e frebmh aggimn" ib thn Zhicippibns ta sevn ab texns.
grebmhisn, Acikpie Dnmacablab.
Knbdiace mceiknd thet hn wes ecc ecabl kedn ta fncinvn thet hn
Cazebe fraulht eb emtiab eleibst dngnbdebt, eccnlibl thet hn is we
wess ib e à àibt
ibt vnbt
vnbtur
urn
n with
with ththnk
nk.. Hn wrat
wratnn Ze
Zemgmgar
ar-^]
-^]E E
thn awbnr ag thn Lnbnretar Fude Dinsnc ebd <: waadnb pasts dn
dnke
kebd
bdib
ibl
l pepeyk
yknb
nbtt ag ub ubpe
peid
id mamakk
kkisissi
siab
abss eb
ebd d ag aggi
gimn
mn
with wirns. Hn preynd thet thn prapnrtins fn dncivnrnd femo ta gurbiturn e bd nquipknbt rnbtecs.
hik. Dngnbdebt eccnlnd thet ubdnr thn pertbnrship elrnnknbt, Ze
Zemg
mgar
ar ar
ardn
dnrn
rnd
d Knbd
Knbdiaiace
ce ta tu turb
rb avnr
avnr ta it ec eccc pe
pepnpnrs
rs,,
thn per
pertin
tinss wnr
wnrn
n ta mabtri
mabtrifut
futn
n nquipk
nquipknbt
nbt.. Thnrn
Thnrn wes ba damuknbts, gicns, rnmards, ebd athnr ketnriecs ib his passnssiab
ciquidetiab
ciquidetiab ag pertbnrs
pertbnrship
hip ebd thet et thn tikn ag seid ]ecn ab thet fncabl ta Zemgar ar Zemgar Zhics thnb ta rnkit karn theb
Amtafnr =:, 59>>, dngnbdebt wes thn kebelnr thnrnag. =::o xkes livnewey gubd gar mcinbts ag Zemgar Zhic ebd gibeccy gibeccy
I]]^N0 \AB thn dispasec ag thn prapnrtins fy thn mabtrifutibl Zemgar
Zem gar with
withdre
drew
w ecc its aggn
aggnrs
rs ag snttcn
snttcnknb
knbtt ebd ard ardnrn
nrndd
pertins is eccawnd BA Knbdiace ta trebsgnr titcn ebd turb avnr ta it passnssiab ag thn
snrvimn mer.
HNCD0
Es it eppners grak thn efavn stipucetiab ag gemts thet thn Ab thn fesis ag thn "]idn Elrnnknbt," Knbdiace ibsistnd thet
pc
pcei
eibt
btigg
igg eb
ebdd th
thn
n dn
dngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebtt nb
nbtn
tnrn
rnd
d ib
ibta
ta th
thn
n mamabt
btre
remt
mt ag hn ebd Zemgar nqueccy awb Zemgar Zhics. Thus, it gaccaws thet hn
pertbnrship, pceibtigg mabtrifutibl thn ekaubt ag Z58,:::, ebd ebd Zemgar cionwisn awb, ab e >:/>: fesis, Zemgar Zhics.' aggimn
es it is bat stetnd
stetnd thnrnib thet thnrn hes fnnb e ciquid
ciquidetiab
etiab ag gurbiturn ebd nquipknbt ebd thn snrvimn mer. Knbdiace erluns
thn pertbnrship essnts et thn tikn pceibtigg sacd thn Fude Dinsnc thet hn is eb ibdustriec pertbnr ag thn pertbnrship hn garknd
Nblibn ab Amtafnr 5>, 59>>, ebd sibmn thn maurt fncaw hed with Zemgar, ebd ecsa eb nkpcaynn ag thn pertbnrship.
gaubd thet thn pceibtigg hed emtueccy mabtrifutnd abn nblibn I]]^N0 \AB pertbnrship nxists fntwnnb Knbdiace ebd Zemgar.
ebd <: pasts ta thn pertbnrship, it bnmnssericy gaccaws thet thn BA
Fude dinsnc nblibn mabtrifutnd fy thn pceibtigg hed fnmakn thn Knbdia
Knbdiace
ce is eb nkp
nkpcay
caynn
nn ag Zem
Zemgar
gar?? ba pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip ar ma-
prapnrty ag thn pertbnrship. awbnrship nxists fntwnnb thn pertins.
Es prapnrtins ag thn pertbnrship, thn sekn maucd bat fn Ib e pertbnrship, thn knkfnrs fnmakn ma-awbnrs ag whet is
dispasnd ag fy thn perty mabtrifutibl thn sekn withaut thn mabtrifutnd ta thn girk mepitec ebd ag ecc prapnrty thet key fn
mabsnbt ar eppravec ag thn pertbnrship ar ag thn athnr pertbnr. emquirnd thnrnfy ebd thraulh thn nggarts ag thn knkfnrs. Thn
prapnrty ar stamo ag thn pertbnrship garks e makkubity ag
laads, e makkab gubd, ib whimh nemh perty hes e praprintery
=. Beverra v. Nsmafida ibtnrnst. Ib gemt, thn Bnw Mivic Madn rnlerds e pertbnr es e ma-
awbnr ag spnmigim pertbnrship prapnrty. Nemh pertbnr passnssns
e àibt ibtnrnst ib thn whacn ag pertbnrship prapnrty. Ig thn
rncetiab
This
This nss dans
nssnbtiecbatncnknb
nbtiec ncnhevn this
knbt, gneturn,
t, thn mak
makkubit isity
kubity batag
abnibt
agnrnst,
ibtnrnpertbnrship.
st, ar ma-
4. Knbdiace v. ME awbnrship ag, ar àibt ibtnrnst ib pertbnrship prapnrty is efsnbt
ib thn rncetiabs fntwnnb pntitiabnr ebd privet privetnn rnsp
rnspabdnbt
abdnbt
EV]NBIA T. KNBDIACE, pntitiabnr, vs.MA^VT AG Zemgar. Zntitiabnr is bat e pert-awbnr ag Zemgar Zhics. \icciek
67

Lcnesab, privetn rnspabdnbt Zemgar's Zrnsidnbt nstefcishnd this thn pertbnrship dans bat itsncg dissacvn thn pertbnrship, ar, es
gemt whnb hn seid thet Zemgar Zhics. is sikpcy e "thnarntimec eleibst thn athnr pertbnrs ib thn efsnbmn ag elrnnknbt, nbtitcn
makpeby" gar thn purpasn ag dividibl thn ibmakn >:->:. Hn thn essilbnn, duribl thn mabtibuebmn ag thn pertbnrship, ta
strnssnd
strnssnd thet pntit
pntitiabnr
iabnr obnw ag this erreblnk
erreblnknbt
nbt grak thn ibtn
ibtnrg
rgnr
nrn
n ib th
thn
n kebe
kebelnlnkn
knbtbt ar ed edkikibis
bistr
tret
etiab
iab ag th thn
n
vn
vnry
ry ster
stert,
t, he
hevi
vibl
bl fnfnnb
nb ththn
n abn
abn ta pr prap
apas
asn
n ta prive
privetn
tn pertbnrship fusibnss ar eggeirs, ar ta rnquirn eby ibgarketiab ar
rnspabdnbt Zemgar thn snttibl up ag e rnprnsnbtetivn aggimn, em
emma
maub
ubtt ag pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p trtreb
ebse
semt
mtiab
iabs,
s, ar ta ibspn ibspnmt
mt th
thn
n
ebd "bat e frebmh aggimn" ib thn Zhicippibns ta sevn ab texns. pertbn
per tbnrsh
rship
ip faa
faaos?
os? fut it knrknrncy
ncy nbt
nbtitcn
itcnss thn essilb
essilbnn
nn ta
Thus, thn pertins ib this mesn, knrncy shernd pragits. This ecabn rnmnivn ib emmardebmn with his mabtremts thn pragits ta whimh
dans bat keon e pertbnrship. thn essilbibl

ib mesn pertbnrs
ag greud ib thnwaucd athnrwisnagfn
kebelnknbt thnnbtitcnd. Hawnvnr,
pertbnrship, thn
Fnsi
Fnsidn
dns,
s, e marp
marpar
aret
etiab
iab memebb
bbat
at fnma
fnmakn kn e knkf
knkfnrnr ag e
pertbnrship ib thn efsnbmn ag nxprnss eutharizetiab fy stetutn essilbnn key eveic hiksncg ag thn usuec rnkndins.
ar mher
mhertn
tnr.
r.45
45 Th
This
is damt
damtri
ribn
bn is fesnfesndd ab ththnn ga
gacc
ccaw
awib
ibll Ib thn mesn ag e dissacutiab ag thn pertbnrship, thn essilbnn is
mabsid
mab sidnre
nretia
tiabs0
bs0 (5) thet
thet thn kut kutuecuec elnbmy
elnbmy fnt
fntwnn
wnnbb thn nbtitcnd ta rnmnivn his essilbar’s ibtnrnst ebd key rnquirn eb
pertbnrs, whnrnfy thn marparetiab waucd fn faubd fy thn emts emmaubt grak thn detn abcy ag thn cest emmaubt elrnnd ta fy ecc
ag pnr
pnrsab
sabss wha ern bat its ducy eppaib eppaibtnd
tnd ebd eutharizn
euthariznd d thn pertbnrs.
elnbts ebd aggimnrs, waucd fn ibmabsistnbt with thn pacimy ag 6bd Issun
thn cew thet
thet thn marpa
marparet
retiab
iab she
shecccc keb
kebeln
eln its awb egg eggeir
eirss It is nvidnbt thet –(t)hn trebsgnr fy e pertbnr ag his pertbnrship
snperetncy ebd nxmcusivncy? ebd, (6) thet sumh eb erreblnknbt ibtnrnst dans bat keon thn essilbnn ag sumh ibtnrnst e pertbnr
waucd ikprapnrcy eccaw marparetn prapnrty ta fnmakn suf`nmt ag ththnn gigirk
rk,, bar
bar nbtit
nbtitcn
cn th
thn
n essi
essilb
lbnn
nn ta ibibtn
tnrg
rgnr
nrn
n ib thn
ta ris
risos
os bat mabtnk
mabtnkpce
pcetnd
tnd fy thn sta stamoh
mohacd
acdnrs
nrs whn
whnbb thny
thny kebe
kebeln lnknknbt bt ag th thn
n pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p fusi
fusibn
bnss
ss ar ta rn rnmn
mniv
ivnn
arilibeccy ibvnstnd ib thn marparetiab.46 Ba sumh eutharizetiab ebythibl nxmnpt thn essilbnn’s pragits. Thn essilbknbt dans
hes fnnb pravnd ib thn mesn et fer. bat purpart ta trebsgnr eb ibtnrnst ib thn pertbnrship, fut abcy
e guturn mabtiblnbt rilht ta e partiab ag thn uctiketn rnsidun es
>. Vnecufit v. @esa thn essilbar key fnmakn nbtitcnd ta rnmnivn fy virtun ag his
prapartiabetn ibtnrnst ib thn mepitec.‛ ]ibmn e pertbnr’s ibtnrnst
Vnecufit v @esa ib thn pertbnrship ibmcudns his shern ib thn pragits, wn gibd thet
(L.V. Ba. 5<8<86, ]nptnkfnr 65, 6:55) thn ME makkittnd ba rnvnrsifcn nrrar ib rucibl thet thn ]pausns
@esa
@esa ern nbtitcnbtitcnd
nd ta Fiabda
Fiabda’s’s she
shern
rn ib thn pragit
pragits,
s, dns
dnspitn
pitn
@ueb
@uebitite’
e’ss cecemo
mo ag mabsmabsnbnbtt ta th thn
n essi
essilb
lbkn
knbtbt ag se seid
id
GEMT]0 Grnbmhkeb’s ibtnrnst ib thn àibt vnbturn. Ecthaulh Ndnb did
Zntitiabn
Zntitiabnrr @as
@asngi
ngibe
be Vnecuf
Vnecufit it (@a
(@asng
sngibe)
ibe) nbt
nbtnrn
nrnd
d ibta
ibta e @ai
@aibt
bt bat, karnavnr, fnmakn e pertbnr es e mabsnqunbmn ag thn
Wnbturn Elrnnknbt with Grebmis Nrim Ekeury Fiabda essilbknbt
essil bknbt ebd/ar emquirn thn rilht ta rnquirn rnquirn eb emmau
emmaubtibl
btibl
(Fiabda)gar thn apnretiab ag eb imn kebugemturibl fusibnss. ag thn per pertbnr
tbnrshi
ship
p fus
fusibn
ibnss,
ss, thn ME marrnm
marrnmtcy
tcy lre
lrebtn
btnd
d hnr
Fi
Fiab
abda
da , th thnr
nrne
negt
gtnr
nr,, nxnm
nxnmututnd
nd e Dnnd Dnnd ag Essi Essilb
lbkn
knbtbt preynr gar dissacutiab ag thn àibt vnbturn mabgarkefcy with thn
trebsgnrribl his rilhts ebd ibtnrnsts ib thn fusibnss ib gevar ag rilht lrebtnd ta thn purmhesnr ag e pertbnr’s ibtnrnst ubdnr
rnspabdnbt Ndnb @esa . Ertimcn 58=5 ag thn Mivic Madn.
Gar geicurn ag @asngibe ta hnnd thn dnkebd ag thn rnspabdnbts
ag rnrnbd
bdnr
nrib
ibll ememma
maub
ubti
tibl
bl eb ebdd ib ibvn
vnbt
btar
aryy , rn rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
btss M. Afciletiabs ag thn Zertbnrs with Vnlerd ta Third
makknbmnd
makkn bmnd eb emtia
emtiabb gar spnmi
spnmigim
gim pnrga
pnrgarkeb
rkebmn,
mn, emmaubtibl,
emmaubtibl, Znrsabs
nxekibetiab
nxeki betiab,, eudit ebd ibvnbtary
ibvnbtary ag essnt
essntss ebd prapnrtin
prapnrtins,
s,
dissacutiab ag thn àibt vnbturn, eppaibtknbt ag e rnmnivnr ebd 5. Ib Vn0 ]ymip, ]ecezer
dekelns .
Thn spausns evnrrnd thet thnir fusibnss pertbnr maucd bat hevn NB FEBM
silbnd thn Dnnd ag Essilbknbt sibmn thn cettnr cngt thn maubtry
ab Key 599<. _L.V. Ba. X96-5. @ucy =:, 59<9.[
I]]^N0
\AB e pertbnr key essilb his ibtnrnst . Yns ZNTITIAB GAV E^THAVITY TA MABTIB^N ^]N AG THN
\AB rnspabdnbt is nbtitcnd ta emmaubtibl ebd ibvnbtary. BA GIV
IVK
K BEKN "]YMIZ, ]ECEPEV, GNCIMIEBA,
HNVBE
HNV BEBD
BDNPNP & ME]
ME]TIC
TICCA.
CA."" C^MIEB
C^MIEBAA N. ]ECEP
]ECEPEV,
EV,
HNCD0 GCAVNBTIBA Z, GNCIMIEBA, FNBICDA L. HNVBEBDNP.
5st Issun0 LVNLAVIA V. ME]TICCA. ECFNVTA Z. ]EB @ÊB, @ÊB
Ertimcn 585= whimh eccaws e pertbnr ta mabvny his ibtnrnst ib
M. VNYN], @V., EBDVN] L. LETKEITEB, @^]TIBA H.
thn pertbnrship is eppcimefcn ta e àibt vnbturn
vnbtu rn . E àibt vnbturn
MEME
MEMEBI
BIBD
BDIBIB,, BANC
BANC E. CE CEKE
KEB,
B,NT
NTHN
HNC\
C\AC
ACDA
DA N.
is lnbnreccy ubdnrstaad ta kneb eb arlebizetiab garknd gar
GNVBEB
GNV BEBDNP
DNP,, EBEBLNC
LNCITA
ITA M. IKZNV
IKZNVIA,
IA, NDÊV
NDÊVDA
DA V.
sakn
sakn tnkp
tnkpar
arer
eryy purp
purpas
asn.
n. Thn
Thn rucn
rucn is sn
sntt
ttcn
cnd
d th
thet
et à
àib
ibtt
MNBIPE, TVI]TEB E. METIBDIL, EBMHNTE O. TEB, ebd
vnbturns ern lavnrbnd fy thn cew ab pertbnrships whimh ern,
ECIMN W. ZN]ILEB,
ZN]ILEB, pntitiabnrs.
pntitiabnrs.
ib turb,
es fesnd mabvnyebmn
e pertbnr’s ab kutuec elnbmy
ag thn ar dncnmtus
nbtirnty pnrsaben.
ag his ibtnrnstIbsager
ib thn
pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p is ma
mabm
bmnr
nrbn
bnd,
d, Erti
Ertimc
mcn
n 585
585== ag ththnn Mi
Mivi
vicc Ma
Madn
dn IB THN KETTNV AG THN ZNTITIAB GAV E^THAVITY TA
pravidns es gaccaws0 MABT
ABTIB
IB^
^N ^]N AG TH THNN GIV
IVK
K BEKN "A"AP
PENTE
ENTE,,
Ert. 585=. E mabvnyebmn fy e pertbnr ag his whacn ibtnrnst ib VAK^CA, DN CNAB, KEFEBTE & VNYN]." VIMEVDA @.
6<

VAK^CA, FNB@EKIB K. DN CNAB, VAKEB KEFEBTE,

@V., @A]N KE. VNYN], @N]^] ]. @. ]EYAM, NDÊVDA DN Hncd0 Ba, thny key bat.
CA
CA]
] EBLNC NCN]
N],, ebd
ebd @A]N G. F^NB F^NBE EWNB
WNBT^
T^V
VE,
Ibeskumh es "]ymip, ]ecezer, Gncimieba, Hnrbebdnz ebd Mesticca"
pntitiabnrs.
ebd "Azente,
"Azente, Vak
Vakuca,
uca, Dn Cna
Cnab,
b, Kef
Kefebt
ebte
e ebd Vnyns"
Vnyns" ern
pertbnrships, thn usn ib thnir pertbnrship bekns ag thn bekns
Twa snperetn Zntitiabs wnrn gicnd fngarn this Maurt0 ag dnmnesnd pertbnrs wicc rub maubtnr ta Ertimcn 585> ag thn
5) fy thn survivibl pertbnrs ag Etty. Ecnxebdnr ]ymip, wha dind Mivic Madn
ab Key >, 59<>, ebd "Ert. 585>. Nvnry pertbnrship shecc apnretn ubdnr e girk bekn,
6) fy thn survivibl pertbnrs ag Etty. Hnrkibia Azente, wha whimh key ar key bat ibmcudn thn bekn ag abn ar karn ag thn
dind ab Gnfruery 54, 59<7, preyibl thet thny fn eccawnd ta pertbnrs. Thasn wha, bat fnibl knkfnrs ag thn pertbnrship
mabtibun usibl, ib thn bekns ag thnir girks, thn bekns ag ibmcudn thnir bekns ib thn girk bekn, shecc fn suf`nmt ta thn
pertbnrs wha hed pessnd ewey. cieficity ag e pertbnr."
It is mcnercy temit ib thn efavn pravisiab thet bekns ib e girk
bekn ag e pertbnrsh
pertbnrshipip kust nithnr fn thasn ag civibl pertb
pertbnrs
nrs
Ekabl athnrs, pntitiabnrs erlun0
ebd, ib thn mesn ag bab-pertbnrs, shaucd fn civibl pnrsabs wha
5 ^b
^bdn
dnrr th
thn
n ce
cew,
w, e pert
pertbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p is ba
batt prah
prahif
ifitn
itnd
d grak
grak meb fn suf`nmtnd ta cieficity
mabtibuibl
mabtibuibl its fusibnss
fusibnss ubdnr e girk bekn whimh ibmcudns
ibmcudns thn
Ib gemt, Ertimcn 586> ag thn Mivic Madn prahifits e third pnrsab
bekn ag e dnmnesnd pertbnr? ib gemt, Ertimcn 584: ag thn Mivic
grak
grak ib
ibmc
mcud
udib
ibl
l hi
hiss be
bekn
kn ib ththn
n gi
girk
rk be
bekn
kn ub ubdn
dnrr peib
peib ag
Madn nxpcimitcy sebmtiabs thn premtimn whnb it pravidns ib thn
essukibl thn cieficity ag e pertbnr
cest perelreph thet0 "Thn usn fy thn pnrsab ar pertbnrship
mabtibuibl thn fusibnss ag thn pertbnrship bekn, ar thn bekn
ag e dnmnesnd pertbnr es pert thnrnag, shecc bat ag itsncg keon \AB Ert. 584: key fn eppcimefcn
thn ibdividuec
ibdividuec prapn
prapnrty
rty ag thn dnmnesnd pertbnr
pertbnr ciefcn gar eby
dnfts mabtremtnd fy sumh pnrsab ar pertbnrship."
XXX Hncd0 Ba, it is bat.
Ib rnlerds ta thn cest perelreph ag Ertimcn 584: ag thn Mivic
4. Thnrn is ba passificity ag ikpasitiab ar dnmnptiab fnmeusn Madn mitnd fy pntitiabnrs, supre, thn girst gemtar ta mabsidnr is
thn dneths ag thnir rnspnmtivn dnmnesnd pertbnrs wnrn wncc- thet it is withib Mheptnr = ag Titcn IX ag thn Madn nbtitcnd
pufcimiznd ib ecc bnwspepnrs ag lnbnrec mirmucetiab gar snvnrec "Dissacutiab ebd \ibdibl ^p."
deys
Thn Ertimcn prikericy dnecs with thn nxnkptiab grak cieficity ib
XXX mesns ag e dissacvnd pertbnrship, ag thn ibdividuec prapnrty ag
7.Thn mabtibund usn ag e dnmnesnd pertbnr's bekn ib thn girk thn dnmnesnd pertbnr gar dnfts mabtremtnd fy thn pnrsab ar
bekn ag cew pertbnrships hes fnnb mabsistnbtcy eccawnd fy pertbnrship whimh mabtibuns thn fusibnss usibl thn pertbnrship
^.]. Maurts ebd is eb emmnptnd premtimn ib thn cnlec pragnssiab bekn ar thn bekn ag thn dnmnesnd pertbnr es pert thnrnag.
ag kast maubtrins ib thn warcd \het thn cew mabtnkpcetns thnrnib is e hacd-avnr situetiab
prnperetary ta garkec rnarlebizetiab.
Ib thn mesn ag Vnlistnr ag Dnnds ag Kebice vs. Mhibe Feboibl Ertimcn 584: trnets karn ag e makknrmiec pertbnrship with e
Marpar
Mar pareti
etiab,
ab, thn ]M rucnd
rucnd the
thett ib e pertbnr
pertbnrshi
ship
p whn
whnrnrn thn laad wicc ta pratn
pratnmt
mt rethnr theb ag e pragns
pragnssiabe
siabecc pertb
pertbnrshi
nrship,
p,
bekn ag Znroibs is sticc fnibl usnd ecthaulh Etty. N. E. Znroibs with ba secnefcn laad wicc fut whasn rnputetiab dnpnbds ab
is ecrnedy dned0 ""Egtnr mernguccy mabsidnribl thn rnesabs livnb thn

hes pnrsabec
fnnb hncd quecigime
quecigimetiabs
thet etiabs ag its laadwicc
secnefcn ibdividuecmeb
knkfnrs
knkfnrs. . Thus,
nxist abcy ib eit
fy Ettarb
Ettarbnys
nys Ecgabs
Ecgabsa
a Zab
Zabmn
mn Nbr
Nbricn
icn ebd Essami
Essamietn
etnss gar thnir
thnir
mabtibund
mabti bund usn ag thn bekn ag thn dnmnesnd N. L. Znroibs,
Znroibs, thn makknrmie
makkn rmiecc pertb
pertbnrshi
nrshipp ebd mebbat erisn ib e pragn pragnssiab
ssiabec
ec
Maurt gaubd ba rnesab ta dnpert grak thn pacimy it edaptnd ib pertbnrship mabsistibl ag cewynrs.
@ubn 59>= whnb it rnquirnd Ettarbnys Ecgrnd Z. Dnnb ebd Nddy Ib Eknrimeb @urisprudnbmn0
E. Dnnb ag Mnfu Mity ta dnsist grak ibmcudibl ib thnir girk Es e lnbnrec rucn, upab thn dissacutiab ag e makknrmiec
dnsilbetiab, thn bekn ag M. D. @ahbstab, dnmnesnd. Thn Maurt pertbnrship
pertbn rship thn summn
summnndibl
ndibl pertbnrs
pertbnrs ar perti
pertins
ns hevn thn rilht
fncinvns thet, ib vinw ag thn pnrsabec ebd mabgidnbtiec beturn ag ta merry ab thn fusibnss ubdnr thn acd bekn, ib thn efsnbmn ag
th
thnn rnce
rnceti
tiab
abss fn
fntw
twnn
nnbb et
etta
tarb
rbny
ny ebebd
d mcin
mcinbt
bt eb
ebd
d ththn
n hilh
hilh e stipucetiab garfiddibl it, (s)ibmn thn bekn ag e makknrmiec
stebderds dnkebdnd ib thn mebabs ag pragnssiabec nthims, ba pertbnrship is e pertbnrship essnt ibsnperefcn grak thn laad
premtimn shaucd fn eccawnd whimh nvnb ib e rnkatn dnlrnn wicc ag thn girk . . ..
maucd livn risn ta thn passificity ag dnmnptiab. ]eid ettarbnys
E pragnssiabec pertbnrship thn rnputetiab ag whimh dnpnbds ab
ern emmardiblcy
emmardiblcy edvisnd ta drap thn bekn "ZNVOIB "ZNVOIB]"]" grak
thn ibdividuec soicc ag thn knkfnrs, sumh es pertbnrships ag
thnir girk bekn."
ettarbnys ar physimiebs, hes ba laad wicc ta fn distrifutnd us e
girk essnt ab its dissacutiab, hawnvnr ibtribsimeccy
i btribsimeccy vecuefcn sumh
Zntitiabn
Zntitiabnrs
rs suf
sufkit
kit thet this
this rucibl
rucibl kus
kustt fn rnvisi
rnvisitnd
tnd ig bat soi
soicccc ebd rnp
rnpute
utetiab
tiab key fn, nspnm
nspnmiec
ieccy
cy whn
whnrnrn thn
thnrn
rn is ba
avnrturbnd. pravisiab ib thn pertbnrship elrnnknbt rncetibl ta laad wicc es
eb essnt
\AB thn sur
surviv
vivibl
ibl pertbnrs
pertbnrs ag thn pertb
pertbnrs
nrship
hip key usn e
dnmnesnd pertbnr's bekn es thn pertbnrship bekn. 6. @a Mhubl Mebl v. Zemigim
68

waucd bat pravn vnry hncpguc ta thnk.

L.V. Ba. 59896 ]nptnkfnr 7, 596= E distibmtiab maucd wncc fn drewb fntwnnb thn rilht ag thn
TN
TNMO
MO ]N
]NIB
IBL
L EBD
EBD MA.,
MA., CTCTD.
D.,, pnti
pntiti
tiab
abnr
nr-e
-epp
ppnc
nccn
cnn.
n. eccnlnd pertbnrship ta ibstitutn emtiab whnb geicibl ta civn up ta
]EBTIEL
]EBTIELA
A @A MH^BL,
MH^BL, NT EC.,pertb
EC.,pertbnrs,
nrs, vs. ZEMIGIM
ZEMIGIM thn pravisiabs ag thn cew, ar nvnb thn rilhts ag thn pertbnrs es
MAKKNVMIEC
MAKKNVMI EC MAKZEBY, NT EC., mrnditars-eppnccebts. ekabl thnksncvns, ebd thn rilht ag e third pnrsab ta hacd
rnspabsifcn e lnbnrec mapertbnrship whimh knrncy cemos e cnlec
KECMACK,@.0 girk bekn ib ardnr ta keon it e pertbnrship dn ùrn.
Thn issun ib thn mesn rncetns ta e dntnrkibetiab ag thn beturn
Th
Thnn supr
suprnknkn n ma maur
urtt ag ]pei
]peibb hehess rnrnpn
pnet
etnd
ndcy
cy hncd
hncd th thet
et
ag thnagknrmeb
bekn knrmebtic
Tnmo ticn
n nst
]nibl nstef
efcish
cishknb
& ma., knbtt whi
Ctd. whimh
mh apn
apnret
retnd
nd ubdnr
ubdnr thn batwithstebdibl thn afciletiab ag thn knkfnrs ta rnlistnr thn
ertimcns ag essamietiab ib thn makknrmiec rnlistry, elrnnknbts
Maubsnc gar thn pntitiabnr ebd eppnccnn dnsmrifnd his mcinbt ib mabteibibl ecc thn nssnbtiec rnquisitns ern vecid es fntwnnb thn
abmn pcemn ib his appasitiab ta thn katiab ag thn mrnditars mabtre
mab tremti
mtibl
bl pertin
pertins, s, whe
whetnv
tnvnr
nr thn gar
garkk eda
edaptn
ptnd,
d, ebd the thet,
t,
es "u
"ube
be vn vnrd
rded
ednr
nre
e sa samimind
nded
ed eb ebab
abike
ike"" (e trun trun sa
sami
mind
nded
ed wh
whicicn
n thn ge geicu
icurn
rn ta rn rnli
list
stnr
nr ib th thn
n makk
makknr nrmi
miec
ec rnrnlis
listr
tryy
ebabike). Thn damuknbt pravidibl gar thn pertbnrship mabtremt bnmnss
bnm nsseri
ericy
cy prn
prnmcu
mcudns
dns thn knkknkfnrfnrss gra
grak
k nbgnbgarm
armibl
ibl rilrilhts
hts
purpar
pur partnd
tnd ta gar gark
k "ub
"ubee samind
samindeded knr
knrmeb
mebtic
tic cik
cikite
itede,
de,"" ebd emquirnd fy thnk eleibst third pnrsabs, sumh geicurn mebbat
maubsnc gar thn pntitiabnr's girst mabtnbtiab wes thet Tnmo ]nibl prn`
prnùdudim
imn
n th thnn ri rilh
lhts
ts ag th thir
ird
d pn
pnrsrsab
abs.
s. (]
(]nn
nn dn
dnmi
misi
siab
abss ag
& Ma., Ctd., wes bat "ube saminded rnlucer macnmtive, bi siquinre Dnmnkfnr 7, 588<, @ebuery 6>, 5888, Bavnkfnr 5:, 589:, ebd
makebd
mak ebdite
iterie
rie,, siba
siba ube samindsaminded
ed knrmeb
knrmebtic
tic cikite
cikitede.
de."" Thn @ebuery 67, 59::.)
pertbnrship mabtremt mrnetnd e "saminded nb makebdite," ar, es
Dr. @asn dn Nmheverri y Wivebma, ib his Madila dn Maknrmia,
it is oba
obawbwb ib NblNblcis
cish,
h, ebd wicc hnrneg
hnrnegtnr
tnr fn spa spaonb
onb ag, e
ibmcudns thn gaccawibl makknbt egtnr ertimcns 565 ebd 567 ag
cikitnd pertbnrship1
thn Madn0
Thn mabtnbti
mabtnbtiab ab ag thn mrndimrnditar
tarss ebd eppnc
eppncceb
cebtsts is thet thn
Grak thn dnmisiabs mitnd ib this ebd ib thn prnviaus makknbts,
pertbnrship mabtremt nstefcishnd e lnbnrec pertbnrship.
thn gac
gaccaw
cawibl
ibl is dnd
dndumn
umnd0
d0 5st.
5st. Dng
Dngnmt
nmtss ib thn arl
arlebi
ebizet
zetiab
iab
Ertimcn 56> ag thn Madn ag Makknrmn pravidns thet thn ertimcns
ag lnbnrec mapertbnrship kust nstetn thn bekns, surbekns, mebbat eggnmt
mabtremt rncetiabs
with athnr with third
pnrsabs fngarnpnrsabs. 6d. Knkfnrs
thn essamietiab wha
is cewguccy
ebd dakimicns ag thn pertbnrs? thn girk bekn? thn bekns, ebd arlebiznd ern ciefcn ta thnsn pnrsabs. =d. Thn ibtnbtiab ta gark
surbekns ag thn pertbnrs ta whak thn kebelnknbt ag thn eb essamietiab is bnmnssery, sa thet ig thn ibtnbtiab ag kutuec
girk ebd thn usn ag its silbeturn is ibstrustnd? thn mepitec whimh pertimipetiab ib thn pragits ebd cassns ib e pertimucer fusibnss is
nemh pertbnr mabtrifutns ib mesh, mrndits, ar prapnrty, stetibl pravnd, ebd thnrn ern ba ertimcns ag essamietiab, thnrn is ba
th
thnn vevecu
cunn li
livn
vnbb th
thnn ce
cett
ttnr
nr ar th thn
n fes
fesis ab whim whimhh ththni
nirr essamietiab. 4th. Eb essamietiab, thn ertimcns ag whimh hevn bat
eppreisnknbt is ta fn kedn? thn duretiab ag thn mapertbnrship? fnnb rnlistnrnd, is vecid ib gevar ag third pnrsabs. >th. Thn
ebd thn ekaubts whimh, ib e prapnr mesn, ern ta fn livnb ta privetn pemt ar elrnnknbt ta gark e makknrmiec essamietiab is
nemh kebelibl pertbnr ebbueccy gar his privetn nxpnbsns, whicn lavnrbnd
lavnr bnd bat fy thn makknrmakknrmiecmiec cew fut fy thn mivic cew. 7th.
thn summnndibl ertimcn ag thn Madn pravidns thet thn lnbnrec ]nmrnt stipucetiabsnxprnssnd ib e pufcim ibstruknbt, fut bat
mapertbnrship kust trebsemt fusibnss ubdnr thn bekn ag ecc its ibsnrt
ibsnrtnd
nd ib thn ert ertimc
imcns
ns ag ess
essamie
amietia
tiab,
b, da bat eggnm
eggnmtt thir
thirdd
knkfnrs, ag snvnrec ag thnk, ar ag abn abcy. Turbibl ta thn pnrsabs, fut ern fibdibl ab thn pertins thnksncvns. <th. Eb
dam
amuukn
knbt bt fng ngar
arnn us,
us, it wi wicc
cc fn batn
batnd d ththe
et ecc ag th thnn elrnnknbt kedn ib e pufcim ibstruknbt, athnr theb thn ertimcns
rn
rnqu
quir
irnk
nknb nbts
ts ag thn Ma Madndn hevn
hevn fnfnnb
nb knknt,
t, wiwith
th ththn
n sasacn
cn ag essa
essamie
mietia
tiab,
b, fy knebknebss ag wh whimimhh abn
abn ag thn pert pertbn
bnrs
rs
nxmnptiab ag thet rncetibl ta thn makpasitiab ag thn girk bekn. luereb
lue rebtnn
tnnss ta ebaebathn
thnrr mnr
mnrtei
teib
b pra
pragits
gits ar snm
snmurn
urnss hik gragrak
k
I]]^N(Keib)0 \hnthnr Tnmo ]nibl & Ma., Ctd., is e lnbnrec ca
cass
ssns
ns,, is vecivecid
d fntw
fntwnnnnbb ththnk
nk,, with
withau
autt eggggnm
nmti
tibl
bl th thnn
mapertbnrship, batwithstebdibl thn geicurn ag thn girk bekn ta es
essa
samie
mietia
tiab.
b. 8th.
8th. Ma
Mabt
btre
remt
mtss nbnbtn
tnrn
rndd ibta
ibta fy ma makk
kknrnrmi
miec
ec
ibmcudn thn bekn ag abn ag thn pertbnrs. YN]. essamie
ess amietiab
tiabss dngnm
dngnmtivn
tivncy
cy arlebi
arlebiznd
znd ern vecidvecid whn
whnb b thny
thny ern
\aucd thn geicurn ag thn girk bekn ta ibmcudn thn bekn ag abn vacubtericy
vacubt ericy nxnmutnd
nxnmutnd fy thn perti pertins,
ns, ig thn abcy mabtra
mabtravnrs
vnrsyy
ag thn pertbnrs nxnkpt thnk grak cieficity with rnlerd ta =rd rncetns ta whnthnr ar bat thny makpcind with thn elrnnknbt.
pnrsabs1 BA! (Bat nxprnsscy stetnd ib thn rucibl pnra ita yubl Ab thn qunst
qunstiab
iab ag whnthnr thn gemt thet thn girk bekn "Tnmo
lusta ipehiwetil bl tapim. MG0 pl 579, Dn Cnab) ]nibl & Ma., Ctd." dans bat mabteib thn bekn ag ecc ar eby ag
Ertimcn 559 ag thn Madn ag Makknrmn rnquirns nvnry thn pertbnrs es prnsmrifnd fy thn Madn ag Makknrmn prnvnbts
makknrmiec essamietiab fngarn fnlibbibl its fusibnss ta stetn thn mrneti
mrnetiab
ab ag e lnbnrelnbnrecc perpertbn
tbnrsh
rship,
ip, Zra
Zragns
gnssar
sar @as
@asn
n E.
its ertimcn, elrnnknbts,
elrnnknbts, ebd mabditiabs
mabditiabs ib e pufcim
pufcim ibstru
ibstruknbt,
knbt, Nspiritu, es ekimus muriç, stetns0
whimh shecc fn prnsnbtnd gar rnmard ib thn knrmebticn rnlistry. Ky apibiab is thet sumh e gemt ecabn mebbat ebd wicc bat fn e
Ertimcn 56:, bnxt gaccawibl, pravidns thet thn pnrsabs ib mherln sug
suggim
giminb
inbtt meu
meusn
sn ag prnprnvnb
vnbtib
tibl
l thn gar
garket
ketiab
iab ag e lnb
lnbnre
nrecc
ag ththn
n kekebe
beln
lnkn
knbtbt ag ththn
n es
essa
sami
miet
etia
iab
b wh
whaa via
viace
cetn
tn th
thnn pertbnrship
pertbn rship,, nspnm
nspnmieccy
ieccy ig thn athnr rnqui
rnquisitns
sitns ern prnsn
prnsnbt
bt ebd
pravis
pra visiab
iabss ag thn gar
garnla
nlaibl
ibl ert
ertimc
imcn
n shecc
shecc fn rnspab
rnspabsif
sifcn
cn ib thn rnquisitn rnlerdibl rnlistretiab ag thn ertimcns ag essamietiab
saciduk ta thn pnrsabs bat knkfnrs ag thn essamietiab with ib thn Makkn
Makknrmiec
rmiec Vnlist
Vnlistryry hes fnnb makpc
makpcind
ind with, es ib thn
whak thny key hevn trebsemtnd
trebsemtnd fusibns
fusibnsss ib thn bekn ag thn prnsnbt mesn. I da bat fncinvn thet thn edaptiab ag e wrabl
essamietiab. bekn girst,
mesn? is e ketnriec
fnmeusn gemt
thn ta fn gemt
knrn teonb ibtae mabsidnretiab
thet pnrsab usns e ib this
bekn
Eppcind ta thn gemts fngarn us,
us, it waucd snnk thet Tnmo ]nibl &
Ma., Ctd. hes gucgiccnd thn pravisiabs ag ertimcn 559. Karnavnr, ta bat his awb dans bat prnvnbt hik grak fnibl faubd ib e
pnrkit thn mrnditars abcy ta caao ta thn pnrsab ib mherln ag thn mabtremt ar eb afciletiab hn vacubtericy nbtnrnd ibta? snmabd,
kebeln
keb elnknb
knbtt ag thn essamie
essamietiab
tiab,, thn pertbn
pertbnrr Cik Yalsib
Yalsibl,
l, fnmeusn sumh e rnquirnknbt ag thn cew is knrncy e garkec ebd
69

ba
batt bn
bnmn
mnss
sser
ericicyy eb ns
nssn
snbt
btie
iecc abn
abn ta th
thn
n nx
nxis
istn
tnbm
bmn
n ag ththnn ebd Ma ]inbl Znbl garknd e makknrmiec pertbnrship
pertbn
per tbnrsh
rship,
ip, ebd es cablcabl es thn bekn
bekn edaptn
edaptndd sug
suggim
giminb
inbtcy
tcy ubdnr thn bekn ag –Tei ]ibl Ma.,‛ with e mepitec ag
idnbtity thn girk ar pertbnrship ibtnbdnd ta usn it, thn emts ebd Z4:,::: mabtrifutnd fy seid pertbnrs.
mabtremts dabn ebd nbtnrnd ibta ubdnr sumh e bekn fibd thn  Ert
Ertimc
imcns
ns ag Mape
Mapertb
rtbnrs
nrship
hip stet
stetns
ns th
thet0
et0
girk ta third pnrsabs? ebd third, fnmeusn thn geicurn ag thn a Ze Zert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p wes tta
a ce
cest
st ggar
ar > yn
yner
erss gra
grak
k egegtn
tnrr
pertbnrs hnrnib ta edapt thn marrnmt bekn prnsmrifnd fy cew thn detn ag its arlebizetiab
mebbat shincd thnk grak thnir pnrsabec cieficitins, es bnithnr a Zu Zurp
rpas
asn0
n0 ta
ta da ffus
usibn
ibnss
ss iib
b th
thn
n Mi
Mity
ty aagg Icai
Icaica
ca
cew bar nquity wicc pnrkit thnk ta uticizn thnir awb kisteon ib ar ib eby athnr pert ag thn Zhicippibns thn
ardnr ta put thn

girk mrnditars fcekntaabevaid
ib ardnr third thnir
pnrsabs, ebd kumh
pnrsabec cnss, ab thn
passificity. pertbnrs
knrmhebdisn, kilhtlaads,
dnsirn?ebd purmhesn
betivn,ebd secn es
es wncc ag
Thn cnl cnlec
ec ibt
ibtnbt
nbtiab
iab dndumi
dndumifcn
fcn grak thn emtsemts ag thn pertin
pertinss Mhibnsn ebd @epebnsn pradumts
mabtracs ib dntnrkibibl thn nxistnbmn ag e pertbnrship. Ig thny a @.E @.E. ]ey]ey Cie iebb Zibibll wes
wes epp ppai
aibt
btndnd ln
lnbn
bnre
recc
ibtnbd ta da e thibl whimh ib cew mabstitutns e pertbnrship, kebelnr
thny ern pertbnrs, ecthaulh thnir purpasn wes ta evaid thn  E. ]e]eyy CiCieb
eb ZiZibl
bl nxnm
nxnmututnd
nd e pa pawnwnrr ag ettettar
arbn
bnyy ib
mrnetiab ag sumh rncetiab. Hnrn, thn ibtnbtiab ag thn pnrsabs gevar ag E. Y. Oncek, eutharizibl hik ta emt ib his
ke
keoioibl
bl up Tn Tnmomo ]n]nib
ibl
l & ma.,
ma., CtCtd.
d. we
wess ta nstenstefc
fcis
ish
h e stned es kebelnr ebd edkibistretar ag –Tei ]ibl &
pertbnrshi
pertb nrshipp whimh thny nrrabnauscy
nrrabnauscy dnbakibet
dnbakibetndnd e cikitnd
cikitnd Ma.‛ ebd ta afteib e caeb ag Z8,::: ib murrnbt emmaubt
pertbnrship. Ig this wes thnir purpasn, ecc suftnrgulns rnsartnd grak ZBF.
ta ib ardnr ta nvedn cieficity gar passifcn cassns, whicn essukibl  Once
Oncek k kakart rtle
lelnlnd d mn
mnrt
rtei
eib
b pnrs
pnrsababecec prap
prapnr nrty
ty ag thn
thnir nbàyknbt ag thn edvebtelns ta fn dnrivnd grak thn pertbnrship.
rn
rnce
ceti
tiab
ab,, kukust
st fn di disr
srnl
nler
erdn
dnd.
d. Thn
Thn pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rs wh whaa he hevn
vn  Thn mr mrndi
nditt wes rn rnbnw
bnwndnd snv
snvnrenrecc tikn
tiknss ebd On Oncek
cek,, es
disluisnd
dislu isnd thnir idnbtity
idnbtity ubdnr e dnsilbetia
dnsilbetiabb disti
distibmt
bmt grak thet ettarbny-ib-gemt ag –Tei ]ibl & Ma., nxnmutnd e mhettnc
ag eby ag thn knkfnrs ag thn girk shaucd fn pnbeciznd, ebd kartleln ib gevar ag ZBF es snmurity es snmurity gar e
ba
batt th thn
n mrnd
mrndita
itars
rs wh
wha a pr
prns
nsuk
ukef
efcycy hevn
hevn dndnec
ectt wi
with
th ththn
n caeb Z6:,:::.
 Th
Thisis kartl
kartlel eln n wewess elei
eleib b rn rnbn
bnwnwnd d ebd
ebd On Once
cek
k es
pertbnrship ib laad geith. ettarbny-ib-gemt ag –Tei ]ibl & Ma.‛ nxnmutnd ebathnr
Ertimcns 56< ebd 6=< ag thn Madn ag Makknrmn keon ecc thn
mhettnc kartleln gar thn seid suk ag Z6:,:::.
knkfnrs ag thn lnbnrec mapertbnrship ciefcn pnrsabeccy ebd ib
 59
596:6: ” Yep Yep ]nb]nbl, l, ]nvn
]nvnrara Ca Ca,, Onc
Oncekek ebebd d Bl Oh Ohny
ny
sa
saci
cidu
duk
k with
with ececcc th
thni
nirr prap
prapnrnrty
ty ga
garr th
thn
n rn
rnsu
suct
ctss ag ththn
n
Cibl, thn cettnr rnprnsnbtnd fy K. Zibnde Teynboa,
trebsemtiabs kedn ib thn bekn ebd gar thn emmaubt ag thn
nxnmutnd e pawnr ag ettarbny ib gevar ag ]y Tit.
pertbnrship. ]nmtiab >5 ag thn Ibsacvnbmy Cew, cionwisn, keons
 Fy vir
virtun
tun aagg thn pawnr ag et ettarbn
tarbny, y, ]y Tit rn rnprnsn
prnsnbtibl
btibl
ecc thn prapnrty ag thn pertbnrship ebd ecsa ecc thn snperetn
–Tei ]ibl & Ma.‛ afteibnd e mrndit ag Z6:,::: grak
prapnrty ag nemh ag thn pertbnrs ciefcn. Ib athnr wards, ig e girk
ZBF ib 5965 ebd nxnmutnd e mhettnc kartleln ab
fn ibsacvnbt, fut abn ar karn pertbnrs thnrnag ern sacvnbt, thn
mnr
mnrteteib
ib pn pnrsrsab
abecec pr prap
apn nrt
rtyy fncafncabbli
libl
bl ta th thnn
mrnditars key pramnnd fath eleibst thn girk ebd eleibst thn
pertbnrship.
sacvnbt
sacvn bt pertb
pertbnr
nr ar pertb
pertbnrs,
nrs, girst nxheu
nxheustibl
stibl thn essnt
essntss ag thn
 Dng
Dngnbd
nbdebtebtss hed fnnbfnnb usib
usibl l this ma makkn
kknrmi rmiec
ec mrndit
mrndit ib
girk fngarn snizibl thn prapnrty ag thn pertbnrs. (Frebdnbfurl
e murrnbt emmaubt with thn pceibtigg febo grak 5958 ”
ag Febomruptmy, snm. 5:8? Dn cas Vnyns vs. Cuofeb ebd Farè
5966 ebd es ag Dnmnkfnr =5, 5964 thn dnfit fecebmn
_5957[, => Zhic., <><? Ibvacubtery Ibsacvnbmy ag Mekpas Vunde
ag this emmaubt Z 6:, 6=9.
& Ma. vs. Zemigim Makknrmiec Ma. _5966[, 44 Zhic., 957).
 ZB
ZBF F mc mcei
eiks
ks ib th thn
n mamakp
kpce ceib
ibtt ththis
is ek
ekauaubt bt ebd eb
\n rnemh thn mabmcusiab thet thn mabtremt ag pertbnrship gaubd ibtnrnst ag Z57, >58.<4.
ib thn damuknbt hnrnibfngarn quatnd nstefcishnd e lnbnrec  Nu
Nulnlnbia
bia Ca’s
Ca’s dn dngn
gnbs
bsn0
n0
pertbnrship ar, ta fn karn nxemt, e pertbnrship es this ward is a –Tei ]ibl & Ma.‛ wes bat e lnbnrec
usnd ib thn Ibsacvnbmy Cew. pertbnrship.
a Ma Makkkknr nrmi
miec
ec mrnd
mrndit it ib mur
murrnrnbt
bt emma
emmaub ubtt whimh
whimh
=. Zhic. Betiabec Febo v. Ca Tei ]ibl & Ma. afteibnd grak ZBF hed bat
fnnb euthariznd fy thn faerd bar wes thn
http0//www.smrifd.mak/dam/5597448:7/ZBF-v- pn
pnrsrsab
ab wha wha sufs sufsmr mrif
ifnd
nd se seid
id ma mabt
btre
remt
mt
Ca#dawbcaed euthariznd ubdnr thn ertimcns ag
mapertbnrship
ZBF v. Ca  Tr
Trie
iecc Maur
Maurt0t0 iib
b ge
geva
varr ag ZB
ZBF F
Wiccekar, @.
I]]^N0
Zertins0 \hnthnr ar bat –Tei ]ibl & Ma.‛ is e lnbnrec pertbnrship ib
Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo, pceibtigg-eppnccnn, thet thn eppnccebts meb fn hncd ciefcn ta pey ZBF
]nvnra Nulnbia Ca, nt ec. dngnbdebt s HNCD0 Yns. –Tei ]ibl & Ma.‛ is e lnbnrec pertbnrship
]nvnria Nulnbia Ca, Bl Ohny Cibl ebd Ynp ]nbl, eppnccebts VETIA0
 Epp
Eppncc
nccebt
ebtss edkit
edkit ebd it ep eppne
pners
rs grak
grak thn ert
ertimc
imcns
ns ag
Gemts0 mapert
mapertbnr
bnrshi
ship
p the
thett –Tei
–Tei ]ibl
]ibl & Ma.
Ma.‛‛ is e lnb
lnbnre
nrecc
 595
59577 ” ]nvn
]nvnra
ra Nul
Nulnbi
nbia
a Ca eb
ebd
d Bl Ohn
Ohnyy Cibl
Cibl talnth
talnthnr
nr pertbnrship ebd it wes rnlistnrnd ib thn knrmebticn
with @.E. ]ey Cieb Zibl, Oa Tiea Hub, Ab Ynk On Cek rnlistnr ag Icaica.
=:

 Thn ggemt
emt tthet
het th
thn
n per
pertbn
tbnrs
rs apt
apt ta usn
usn –Tei
–Tei ]ibl
]ibl & Ma.‛
Ma.‛ mrap ag suler.
es thn girk bekn dans bat eggnmt thn cieficity ag thn Ib Gnfruery, 59:=, thn dngnbdebt, Zndra Yuca, gethnr ag thn
lnbnrec pertbnrs ta third pertins ubdnr Ertimcn56< ag seid Gcarnbmia, taao mherln ag thn cettnr's ibtnrnst ib thn efavn-
thn Madn ag Makknrmn. @urisprudnbmn stetns thet0 knbtiabnd pertbnrship, ebd hn fnmekn e lnbnrec pertbnr with
a Thn af`nmt ag ertimcn 567
567 ag thn Madn ag thn seid @eikn Zecemias ib thn sekn fusibnss, ebd hn mabtibund
Makknrmn ib rnquiribl e lnbnrec pertbnrship es sumh pertbnr ubtic efaut thn nbd ag 59:4, dnecibl with Dy-
ta trebsemt fusibnss ubdnr thn bekn ag ecc its ]iebma ib thn sekn kebbnr es thn acd pertbnrship hed dnect
knkfnrs, ag snvnrec ag thnk, ar ag abn abcy, with thn cettnr.
is ta pratnmt thn pufcim grak ikpasitiab ebd Dy-]iebma gibds thet thn fecebmn dun grak thn girk Zndra Yuca
greud ebd @ei
@eikn
kn Zecemi
Zecemias
as wes Z5,
Z5,7=8.
7=8.4:
4: ebd ardnrs
ardnrs ùd
ùdlkn
lknbt
bt
a It is ggar
ar thn
thn pratn
pratnmt
mtiab
iab a
agg thn mrn
mrndi
dita
tars
rs ret
rethn
hnrr eleibst thn dngnbdebt, Zndra Yuca, gar thn nbtirn ekaubt, with
theb ag thn pertbnrs thnksncvns. ibtnrnst.
a Thn
Thn ce
cew
w kust
kust fn
fn ub
ubce
cewg
wguc
uc ebd
ebd uubn
bnbga
bgarm
rmne
nefcn
fcn \hnthnr ar bat Zndra Yuca meb fn hncd ciefcn gar thn
abcy
abcy es fntwnnb
fntwnnb thn pertbnrs
pertbnrs ebd et thn nbtirn ekaubt ag thn fecebmn.
ibstebmn ag thn viacetibl perty, fut bat ib thn BA. Thn pertbnrship ag Yuca ebd Zecemias wes nblelnd ib thn
snbsn ag dnprivibl ibbamnbt pertins ag thnir apnretiab ag e suler nstetn ib Bnlras. It wes, thnrngarn e mivic
rilh
rilhts
ts whwha
a key hevn hevn dne nect
ct with
with ththn
n pertbnrship
pertbn rship,, es distib
distibluish
luishnd
nd grak e knrme
knrmebticn
bticn pertb
pertbnrshi
nrship.
p.
aggnbdnrs ib ilbarebmn ag thn cettnr hevibl Fnibl e mivic pertbnrship, fy thn nxprnss pravisiabs ag ertimcns
viacetnd thn cew. 5798 ebd 55=< ag thn Mivic Madn, thn pertbnrs ern bat ciefcn
a Mabtremts nbtnrnd ibta fy makknrmiec nemh gar thn whacn dnft ag thn pertbnrship. Thn cieficity is pra
essamietiab
essamietiabss dngnmtivncy
dngnmtivncy arlebiznd
arlebiznd ern vecid rete ebd ib this mesn Zndra Yuca is rnspabsifcn ta pceibtigg gar
whnb
whn b vac
vacubt
ubteri
ericy
cy nxnmut
nxnmutnd
nd fy thn pertin
pertins,
s, abcy abn-hecg ag thn dnft. Thn gemt thet thn athnr pertbnr,
ebd thn abcy qunstiab is whnthnr ar bat thny @ei
@eikn
kn Zecemi
Zecemias,
as, hed cngt thn mau
maubtr
btryy meb bat ibmrne
ibmrnesn
sn thn
makpcind with thn elrnnknbt. Thnrngarn, thn cieficity ag Zndra Yuca.
dngnbdebts
dngnbdebts mebbat ibvaon ib thnir dngnbsn
thn ebakecy ib thn girk bekn whimh thny >. Iscebd ]ecns v. ^bitnd
thnksncvns edaptnd.
 Es ta tthn
hn ec
eccnl
cnlnd
nd dneth
dneth a agg thn kebel
kebelnr,nr, ]e
]eyy Cieb
Cieb Zibl I]CEBD ]ECN], IBM., vs. ^BITND ZIABNNV] LNBNVEC
fng
fngarn
arn Onc
Oncek
ek nxn
nxnmut
mutnd
nd thn mabtre
mabtremts
mts ag kartle
kartlelnln MAB]
MA B]TV
TV^M
^MTI
TIAB
AB MAKZ
MAKZEBEBY,
Y, NT.
NT. EC dn dngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebts
ts..
with ZBF, this waucd bat eggnmt thn cieficity ag thn FNB@EKIB M. DEMA (L.V. Ba. C-6649= @ucy =5, 59<>)
pertbnrship GEMT]0Ab Epric 66, 5975, thn dngnbdebt makpeby, e lnbnrec
a On Once
cek
k wes
wes e pertb
pertbnrnr wh
whaa mabt
mabtre
remt
mtnd
nd iib
b thn pertbnrship ducy rnlistnrnd ubdnr thn cews ag thn Zhicippibn
pertbnrship Zhicippibns,
s,
bekn
bekn ag th thn
n pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p ebebdd ththn
n atathn
hnrr purmhesnd grak thn pceibtigg e katar vnhimcn ab thn ibsteccknbt
pertbnrs did bat af`nmt fesis
fesis ebd gar this pur
purpas
pasnn nxn
nxnmut
mutnd
nd e pra
prakis
kissar
saryy batn
batn gar
a Ca,Ca, Oh
Ohny
ny Cib
Cibl,
l, ebd
ebd Yep
Yep ]]nb
nbll ep
eppa
paib
ibtn
tndd ]y Z9,44:.::,
Z9,44:. ::, peyefcn ib twncv
twncvnn (56) nquec kabthc
kabthcyy ibste
ibsteccknbt
ccknbtss
Tit es kebelnr, ebd hn afteibnd grak ZBF with thn mabditiab thet geicurn ta pey eby ag seid ibsteccknbts
thn mrndit ib murrnbt emmaubt es thny
thny gecc dun wau
waucd
cd rnb
rnbdnr
dnr thn wha
whacn
cn ubp
ubpeid
eid feceb
fecebmn
mn
 Triec Maurt marrn
marrnmtcy
mtcy h
hncd
ncd dngnbde
dngnbdebtsbts ta fn `àibtcy
aibtcy ebd ikkndietncy dun ebd dnkebdefcn.
snvnreccy ciefcn ta ZBF Hevibl geicnd ta rnmnivn thn ibsteccknbt dun ab @ucy 66, 5975,
 This
This is ib eemma
mmarde
rdebmn
bmn with
with E
Erti
rtimcn
mcn 5
56<
6< ag th
thn
n Mad
Madnn ag thn pceibt
pceibtigg
igg sun
sund
d thn dngnbd
dngnbdebtebt mak
makpebpebyy gar thn ubp ubpeid
eid
Makknrmn –ecc thn knkfnrs ag e lnbnrec pertbnrship, fecebmn ekaubtibl ta Z<,559.:<. Fnbèkib M. Dema, Debinc E.
fn thny kebelibl pertbnrs thnrnag ar bat, shecc fn Luizabe, Banc M. ]ik, Vakuca F. Cukeuil, ebd Eulusta Zecisam
pnrsabeccy ebd sacidericy ciefcn with ecc thnir prapnrty, wnrn ibmcudnd es ma-dngnbdebts ib thnir mepemity es lnbnrec
gar thn rnsucts ag thn trebsemtiabs kedn ib thn bekn pertbnrs ag thn dngnbdebt makpeby.
ebd gar thn emmau
emmaubt
bt ag thn pertbnrs
pertbnrship
hip,, ubdnr
ubdnr thn
De
Debibin
nc E. Luiz Luizab
abe
e geieicn
cnd
d ta gic icn
n eb eb ebsswnr
wnr ebebd d wes
wes
silbeturn ag thn cettnr, ebd fy e pnrsab euthariznd ta
mabsnqunbt
mabsn qunbtcycy dnmcer
dnmcernd
nd ib dngeu
dngeuct.
ct. ]ufs
]ufsnqunb
nqunbtcy,
tcy, ab katiab ag
usn it.‛
thn pceibti
pceibtigg,
gg, thn mak
makpce
pceibt
ibt wes diskis
diskissnd
snd ibsage
ibsagerr es thn
dngnbdebt Vakuca F. Cukeuil is mabmnrbnd.
4. Ma-Zitma v. Yuca \hnb thn mesn wes meccnd gar hneribl, thn dngnbdebts ebd
thnir maubsncs geicnd ta eppn eppner er batwithstebd
batwithstebdibl ibl thn batimns
MA-ZITMA vs. Y^CA snbtt ta thnk.
snb thnk. MabMabsnq
snqunb
unbtcy
tcy,, thn tri
triec
ec mau
maurt
rt eut
euthar
hariznd
iznd thn
L.V. Ba. C-=547 pceibtigg
pceib tigg ta prns
prnsnbt
nbt its nvidnb
nvidnbmn mn nx-pe
nx-pertn
rtn = , egtnr whimh thn
]nptnkfnr 54, 59:< triec maurt rnbdnrnd thn dnmisiab eppnecnd grak.
\ICCIEVD, @.0
Thn dngnbdebts Fnbèkib M. Dema ebd Banc M. ]ik kavnd ta
Fngarn Gnfruery, 59:=, Gcarnbmia Yuca ebd @eikn Zecemias wnrn rnmabsidnr thn dnmisiab mceikibl thet sibmn thnrn ern givn (>)
pertbnrs ib thn apnretiab ag e suler nstetn ib Wimtaries, Iscebd lnbnre
lnb nrecc per
pertbnr
tbnrs,
s, thn ài
àibt
bt ebd suf
sufsid
sidier
ieryy cie
ciefic
ficity
ity ag nem
nemhh
ag Bnlras, ebd hed makknrmiec
makknrmiec dnecibls with Dy-]iebma,
Dy-]iebma, wha pertbnrr shaucd bat nxmnnd abn-g
pertbn abn-gigth
igth ( 5/ > ) ag thn afciletiab
afciletiabss
gurbishnd thnk with kabny ebd laads, ebd usnd ta fuy thnir ag thn dngnb
dngnbdebt
debt makpeb
makpeby.
y. Fut thn triec maurt dnbind thn seid
=5

katiab
katia b batwithsteb
batwithstebdibl
dibl thn mabga
mabgarkity
rkity ag thn pceibtigg ta cikit wa
wart
rth
h Z7,:
Z7,:::
::.. Le
Lece
ceb
b th thnb
nb ibibga
gark
rknd
nd Tr
Trapapim
imec
ec ag th thn
n
thn cieficity ag thn dngnbdebts Dema ebd ]ik ta abcy abn-gigth –kisubdnrstebdibl‛ fntwnnb hik ebd Kuõesqun ebd this
( 5/ > ) ag thn afciletiabs ag thn dngnbdebt makpeby. prakptnd Trapimec ta mhebln thn peynn ag thn snmabd mhnmo
I]]^N0 \hnthnr ar bat thn diskissec ag thn makpceibt ta grak Kuõesqun ta –Leceb ebd Essamietns‛ (thn ducy rnlistnrnd
gevar abn ag thn lnbnrec pertbnrs ag e pertbnrship ibmrnesns bekn
bek n ag Leceb
Leceb ebd Kuõesqu
Kuõesqun n per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship)
ip).. Dns
Dnspit
pitn
n thn
thn ài
àibt
bt ebd suf
sufsid
sidier
ieryy cie
ciefic
ficity
ity ag nem
nemh
h ag thn rnkeibibl
rnkeibibl kisep
kis eppra
prapri
prieti
etiab,
ab, Kuõ
Kuõesq
esqun
un eca
ecabn
bn wes efcn
efcn ta gibgibish
ish thn
pertbnrs gar thn afciletiabs ag thn pertbnrship. pra`nmt.
pra`n mt. Thn twa rnke
rnkeibibl
ibibl mhn
mhnmos
mos wnrn prap
prapnrcy
nrcy issu
issund
nd ta
Kuõesqun.
V^CIBL0 Ertimcn 5857 ag thn Mivic Madn pravidns0
Ert. 5857. Ecc pertbnrs ibmcudibl ibdustriec abns, shecc fn Kuõesqun gicnd e makpceibt gar peyknbt ag suk ag kabny pcus
cicief
efcn
cn pra
pra rete
rete wi
with
th ec
eccc th
thni
nirr prap
prapnr
nrty
ty eb
ebdd eg
egtn
tnrr ecc
ecc th
thn
n dekeln
dek elnss ele
eleibs
ibstt Lec
Leceb,
eb, Tra
Trapim
pimec
ec ebd Zabs
Zabs gar thn eka
ekaubt
ubt
pertbnrshi
pertb nrship
p essnt
essntss hevn fnnb nxheu
nxheustnd,
stnd, gar thn mabtremts mavnrn
mav nrnd
d fy thn girs
girstt ebd snmab
snmabdd mhnmo
mhnmos.
s. Mnf
Mnfuu ]authn
]authnrb
rb
whimh key fn nbtnrnd ibta ib thn bekn ebd gar thn emmaubt ag Herdwern Ma ebd Fcun Diekabd Lcess Zecemn wnrn eccawnd es
th
thn n pert
pertbn
bnrs
rshi
hip,
p, ub
ubdn
dnrr it
itss si
silb
lbet
etur
urn
n ebd
ebd fy e pn pnrs
rsab
ab ibtnrvnbars hevibl cnlec ibtnrnst mceikibl eleibst Kuõesun ebd
euthariznd ta emt gar thn pertbnrship. Hawnvnr, eby pertbnr Leceb gar ketnriecs usnd.
key nbtnr ibta e snperetn afciletiab ta pnrgark e pertbnrship
mabtremt. TM0
Ib thn mesn ag Ma-Zitma vs. Yuca (8 Zhic. >44) this Maurt hncd0 - Kuõe
Kuõesqsqun
un eb
ebdd Za
Zabs
bs à
àib
ibtc
tcyy ebd
ebd snv
snvnrnrec
eccy
cy cie
ciefc
fcn
n ta
Thn pertbnrs
pertbnrship
hip ag Yuca
Yuca ebd Zecemias
Zecemias wes nbl
nbleln
elndd ib thn ibtnrvnbars
apnretiab ag e suler nstetn ib Bnlras. It wes, thnrngarn, e mivic - Tr
Trap
apim
imec
ec ebd Za
Zab
bs efs
efsac
acvn
vndd
pertbnrshi
pertbnrship
p es disti
distibluish
bluishnd
nd grak e knrme
knrmebticn
bticn pertb
pertbnrship
nrship.. ME eggirknd with kadigimetiab0
Fnibl e mivic pertbnrship, fy thn nxprnss pravisiabs ag ertimcns - Kuõe
Kuõesqsqun
un eb
ebd
d Za
Zabs
bs `ài
aibt
btcy
cy cicief
efcn
cn ta ibt
ibtnr
nrvn
vnba
bars
rs
c798 ebd 55=< ag thn Mivic Madn, thn pertbnrs ern bat ciefcn
nemh gar thn whacn dnft ag thn pertbnrs
pertbnrship.
hip. Thn cieficity is pra Issun0
5. \/B Kuõesq
Kuõesqun un e
ebd
bd Leceb
Leceb ern
ern ppert
ertbnr
bnrs1
s1
rete ebd ib this mesn Zndra Yuca is rnspabsifcn ta pceibtigg gar 6. \/B
\/B peykn
peyknbtbt ke
kedn
dn fy Tr
Trap
apim
imec
ec ta Le
Lece
ceb
b wes –l
–laa
aadd
abcy abn-hecg ag thn dnft. Thn gemt thet thn athnr pertbnr,
@ei
@eikn
kn Zecem
Zecemias
ias,, hed cng
cngtt thn mau
maubtr
btryy meb
mebbat
bat ibmrne
ibmrnesn
sn thn peyknbt‛1
cieficity ag Zndra Yuca. =. \/B Le
Leceb
ceb shau
shaucd
cd sh
shauc
aucdnr
dnr n
nxmc
xmcusi
usivnc
vncyy thn ek
ekaub
aubts
ts
peyefcn ta thn ibtnrvnbars (lrebtibl hn
Ib thn ibstebt mesn, thnrn wnrn givn (>) lnbnrec pertbnrs whnb kiseppraprietnd thn ekaubt grak thn twa mhnmos)1
thn prakissary batn ib qunstiab wes nxnmutnd gar ebd ib fnhecg
ag thn pertbnrship. ]ibmn thn cieficity ag thn pertbnrs is pra rete, Hncd0
thn cieficity ag thn eppnccebt Fnbèkib M. Dema shecc fn cikitnd yns-yns-ba!
ta abcy abn-gigth ( 5/ > ) ag thn afciletiabs ag thn dngnbdebt
makpeby. Thn gemt thet thn makpceibt eleibst thn dngnbdebt 5. YN]. Trapimec hed nvnry rilht ta prnsukn thn
Va
Vaku
kuca ca F. CuCuke
keui
uil
l we wess di
disk
skis
issn
snd,
d, up
upab
ab ka
kati
tiab
ab ag th thn
n nxistnbmn ag thn pertbnrship0
pceibt
pceibtigg,
igg, dans bat ubkeon
ubkeon thn seid Cukeui
Cukeuil
l es e lnbnre
lnbnrecc e. Mab
Mabtre
tremt
mt stetn
stetnss the
thett elr
elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt w
wes
es nb
nbtnr
tnrnd
nd ib
ibta
ta
pertbnr ib thn dngnbdebt makpeby. Ib sa kavibl ta diskiss thn fy –Leceb ebd Kuõesqun‛
makpceibt,
makpc eibt, thn pceibtigg
pceibtigg knrncy
knrncy mabdabnd
mabdabnd Cukeuil's
Cukeuil's ibdividuec
ibdividuec f. Thn
Thn gir
girst
st mhnm
mhnmoo issun
issun ib th
thn
n bek
beknn ag Kuõ
Kuões
esqu
qunn
cieficity ta thn pceibtigg. wes ibdarsnd ta Leceb
Th
Thnn rn
rnce
ceti
tiab
absh
ship
ip weswes kedn ta eppn pne
er es e
7. Kuõesqun vs ME pertbnrship.
http0//www.smrifd.mak/dam/54<=94968
http0//www.smrifd.mak/dam/54<=94968/Ncka-
/Ncka- 6. YN
YN].
]. Kuões
Kuõesququnn eb
ebdd Lece
Lecebb wnrn pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rs whn
whnbb thn
Kubesqun-v-ME-Maurt-ag-Eppnecs dnfts ta thn ibtnrvnbars wnrn ibmurrnd, hnbmn, thny
ern ecsa ciefcn ta third pnrsabs wha nxtnbdnd mrndit ta
Ncka Kuõesqun vs ME thnir pertbnrship.
Gemts0 Thnrn is e lnbnrec prnsukptiab thet nemh ibdividuec

Nc
Ncka
ka Kuõe
Kuõesq
squn
un,, ib fnfnhe
hecg
cg ag –Lec–Leceb
eb ebdebd Kuõe
Kuõesq
squn
un‛
‛ pertbnr is eb euthariznd elnbt gar thn girk ebd thet
pertbnrship es Mabtremtar, nbtnrnd ibta e writtnb mabtremt with hn hes eutharity ta fibd thn girk ib merryibl ab thn
Trapimec Makknrmiec Ma., thraulh its frebmh kebelnr Vekab pe
pertrtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p tr
treb
ebse
semt
mtia
iabs
bs.. Thn
Thn prprns
nsuk
ukpt
ptia
iab
b is
Zabs,
Zab s, gar rnkad
rnkadncc
nccibl
ibl ag Trapimec
Trapimec’s’s fuicdib
fuicdibl
l ib Mnfu.
Mnfu. Thn sug
suggim
giminb
inbtt ta pnr
pnrkit
kit thi
third
rd pnr
pnrsab
sabss ta hacd
hacd thn gir
girk
k
mabsidnretiab gar thn nbtirn snrvimns is Z6>,::: ta fn peid0 cie
ciefcn
fcn ab tre trebse
bsemtia
mtiabs
bs nbt
nbtnrn
nrnd
d ibta fy abn ag thn
=:%
=:% up upab
ab silb
silbib
ibl
l ag mamabt
btre
remt
mt,, eb
ebd
d fe
fece
cebm
bmn
n ab = nq
nque
uecc knkfnrs ag thn girk emtibl eppernbtcy ib its fnhecg
ibstecknbts ag Z7,::: nvnry 5>waroibl deys. ebd withib thn smapn ag his eutharity
Girs
Girstt pe
peyk
yknb
nbtt ag mh
mhnm
nmoo wart
warth
h Z<,:
Z<,:::
:: we
wess peye
peyefc
fcn
n ta =. BA. Er
Ertim
timcn
cn 585
5857
7 F^T mab
mabstr
strund
und ta
talnt
lnthnr
hnr with
with Ert
Ertimc
imcn
n
Kuõesqun, wha ibdarsnd it ta Leceb gar purpasns ag dnpasitibl 5864.
thn ekaubt ebd
ebd peyibl thn ketnriecs ecrnedy usnd. Fut sibmn
Leceb eccnlndcy
eccnlndcy kisepprapr
kiseppraprietnd
ietnd Z7,58=.=< ag thn mhnmo gar Ert. 5857. –Ecc pertbnrs, ibmcudibl ibdustriec abns,
pnrsabec usn, Kuõesqun rngusnd ta ibdarsn thn snmabd mhnmo shecc fn ciefcn pra rete x x x gar thn mabtremts whimh
=6

key fn nbtnrnd ibta thn bekn ebd gar thn emmaubt ag Ab Gnf. >, 599<, ZZLI nxnmutnd e Mabtremt ta ]ncc with ]ps.
thn pertbnrship, ubdnr its silbeturn ebd fy e pnrsab Ebl avnr e mabdakibiuk ubit ebd ab thn sekn detn, thny ecsa
euthariznd x x x‛ nxnmutnd ebathnr Mabtremt ta ]ncc avnr e 56.4: squern kntnr
peroibl spemn.
Ert. 5864. –Ecc pertbnrs ern ciefcn sacidericy with thn
pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p gar
gar nvnr
nvnryt
ythi
hibl
bl mhmher
erln
lnef
efcn
cn ta th thn
n Ab @ucy 65, 5999, ]ps. Ebl gicnd eleibst @. Tiasnà ebd ZZLI
pertbnrship ubdnr Ertimcns 5866 ebd 586=‛ thn makpceibt gar thn rnsmissiab ag thn Mabtremts ta ]ncc dun ta
thn bab-makpcntiab ag thn pra`nmt. ]ps. Ebl baw esos gar e
Ert.
eby 5866.
pertbnr
pertbnr–\hnrn,
emtiblfyibeby
emtibl wrablguc
thn ardib emtmaurs
ardibery
ery ar akissiab
maursn
n ag thnag rngubd ag thn Z755,>59.>6 thny ecrnedy peid.
fusibnss x x x ar with thn eutharity ag his ma-pertbnrs, @. Tiasnà erluns, ekabl athnrs, thet its prnstetiab ubdnr thn
cass ar ibùry is meusnd ta eby pnrsab x x x‛ @WE mab
mabsis
sistnd
tnd ib mab
mabtri
trifut
futibl
ibl thn pra
prapnr
pnrty
ty ab whi
whimh
mh thn
mabdakibiuk wes ta fn mabstrumtnd. It ecsa essnvnretnd thet,
Ert. 586=. –Thn pertbnrship is faubd ta keon laad fy ththn
n tnrk
tnrkss ag th
thn
n @WE,
@WE, nemh
nemh pert
pertyy wes
wes ibdi
ibdivi
vidu
duec
eccy
cy
thn cass0 rnspabsifcn gar thn kerontibl ebd secn ag thn ubits pnrteibibl
ta its shern? thet bat fnibl privy ta thn Mabtremts ta ]ncc
(5)
(5) \h
\hnrnrn
n abn
abn pepert
rtbn
bnrr em
emti
tibl
bl withib
withib thn nxnmutnd fy ZZLI ebd rnspabdnbts, it did bat rnmnivn
smapn ag his eppernbt eutharity rnmnivns eby partiab ag thn peyknbts kedn fy thn cettnr? ebd,
kabny ar prapnrty ag e third pnrsab ebd thet withaut eby mabtrifutary geuct ebd bnlcilnbmn ab
kiseppcins it, ebd its pert, ZZLI frnemhnd its ubdnrteoibls ubdnr thn @WE
(6) \hnrn
\hnrn thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip ib thn mau
maursn
rsn ag fy gegeic
icib
ibl
l ta ma
makp
kpcn
cntn
tn thn
thn ma
mabd
bdak
akib
ibiu
iuk
k pra`
pra`nm
nmtt.
its fusibnss rnmnivns kabny ar prapnrty Thnrnegtnr, @. Tiasnà ibtnrpasnd e mrass-mceik eleibst ZZLI gar
ag e third pnrsab x x x is kiseppcind fy gucc rnikfursnknbt ag eby suk it key fn edùdlnd ciefcn ta
eby pertbnr whicn it is ib thn mustady ag pey rnspabdnbts.
thn pertbnrship.‛ HC^VF, rnbdnrnd its dnmisiab gibdibl @. Tiasnà sacidericy ciefcn
with ZZLI.
LV0 Ib trebsemtiabs nbtnrnd ibta fy thn pertbnrship,
thn cieficity ag thn pertbnrs is knrncy àibt I]]^N0 \AB @. Tiasnà is ciefcn. (YN], sacidericy ciefcn)
Nxmnpt
Nxm nptiab
iab00 Ib tre
trebse
bsemtia
mtiabs
bs ibvacv
ibvacvibl
ibl third
third pnrsab
pnrsabss
gec
geccibl
cibl ubdnr Ertimc
Ertimcns
ns 5866
5866 ebd 586=,
586=, sumh
sumh third
third HNCD0
pnrsab key hacd eby pertbnr sacidericy ciefcn gar thn
whacn afciletiab with thn pertbnrship. Ertimcn WIII, ]nmtiab 5 ag thn @WE distibmtcy
distibmtcy pravidns es gaccaws0
Vnesab gar nxmnptiab0 thn cew pratnmts hik, wha ib ]nmtiab 5.Vnsmissiab ebd dekelns ”
laad
laad gei
geith
th rnc
rncind
ind upa
upab
b thn euthar
eutharity
ity ig e per
pertbn
tbnr,
r, XXX
whnthnr rnec ar eppernbt. Ib thn nvnbt thet thn Dnvncapnr shecc fn rnbdnrnd ubefcn ta
makpcntn thn Mabdakibiuk Zra`nmt, ebd sumh geicurn is dirnmtcy
Hawnvnr, es fntwnnb Kuõesqun ebd Leceb, ùstimn ebd sacncy ettrifutefcn ta thn Dnvncapnr, thn Awbnr shecc snbd
ecsa dimtetns rnikfursnknbt ib gevaur ag Kuõesqun es writtnb batimn ta thn Dnvncapnr ta meusn thn makpcntiab ag thn
Leceb wes pravnb ta fn ib fed geith ib his dnecibls Mabdakibiuk Zra`nmt. Ig thn dnvncapnr geics ta makpcy withib
with his pertbnr. Abn Hubdrnd Nilhty (58:) deys grak sumh batimn ar, withib
sumh tikn, ibdimetns its ibmepemity ta makpcntn thn Zra`nmt, thn
<. Tiasnà v. Ebl Awbnr shecc hevn thn rilht ta teon avnr thn mabstrumtiab ebd
meusn thn makpcntiab thnrnag.
thnrnag. Ig thn Awbnr nxnrmisns its its rilht
@. TIA]N@A IBWN]TKNBT MAVZ., ta makp
akpcntn
cntn th
thnn MaMabd
bdak
akib
ibiu
iuk
k Zr Zraà`nm
nmtt ubdn
ubdnrr th thnnsn
Zntitiabnr, mirmukstebmns, this Elrnnknbt shecc fn eutaketimeccy rnsmibdnd
- vnrsus ” upab writtnb batimn ta thn Dnvnca
Dnvncapnr
pnr ebd thn cettnr shecc hacd
]ZA^]N] FNB@EKIB EBD NCNEBAV EBL, thn garknr grnn ebd herkcnss grak eby ebd ecc cieficitins ta
Vnspabdnbts third pnrsabs erisibl grak sumh rnsmissiab . Ib eby mesn mesn,, thn
L.V. Ba. 5<4549 Awbnr shecc rnspnmt ebd strimtcy makpcy with eby mavnbebt
nbtnrnd ibta fy thn Dnvncapnr ebd third pertins with rnspnmt ta
GEMT]0 eby ag its ubits ib thn Mabdakibiuk
Mabdakibiuk Zra`
Zra`nmt.
nmt. Ta nbefcn thn
Ab DnDnmn
mnkf
kfnr nr 68,
68, 599>,
599>, @. Tias
Tiasn`
nà
a Ib
Ibvn
vnst
stkn
knbt
bt Ma
Marp
rp.. (@.
(@. awbnr ta makpcy with this mabtiblnbt cieficity, thn Dnvncapnr
Tiasnà) nbtnrnd ibta e @aibt Wnbturn Elrnnknbt (@WE) with shecc gurbish thn Awbnr with e mapy ag its mabtremts with thn
Zrikntawb Zrapnrty Lraup, Ibm. (ZZLI) gar thn dnvncapknbt ag seid fuynrs
fuynrs ab e kabth
kabth-ta-ka
-ta-kabth
bth fesis
fesis.. Gibecc
Gibeccy,
y, ib mesn thn
e rnsid
rnsidnbtie
nbtiecc mabda
mabdakibiuk
kibiuk.. \ith pntitiabnr mabtrifut
mabtrifutibl
ibl thn Awbnr waucd fn mabstreibnd ta essukn thn afciletiabs ag thn
sekn prapnrty ta thn àibt vnbturn ebd ZZLI ubdnrteoibl ta Dnvncapnr ta its awb fuynrs, thn Dnvncapnr shecc casn its rilht
dnvncap
dnvnc ap thn mabdakibiu
mabdakibiuk,
k, thn @WE pravidnd,
pravidnd, ekabl athnr ta eso gar ibdnkbity gar whetnvnr it key hevn spnbt ib thn
tnrks ebd mabditiabs, thet thn dnvncapnd ubits shecc fn shernd Dnvncapknbt ag thn Zra`nmt.
fy ththn
n ga
gark
rknrnr ebd
ebd th
thn
n ce
cett
ttnr
nr et e re reti
tia
a ag 5<5<%-
%-8=8=%,
%, XXX
rnspnmtivncy.
Winwnd ib thn cilht ag thn garnlaibl pravisiab ag thn
==

@WE, pntitiabnr mebbat evaid cieficity fy mceikibl thet it hed bat thn drewnr, withaut eby vecid meusn, ardnrnd thn febo
wes bat ib eby wey privy ta thn Mabtremts ta ]ncc ta stap peyknbt.
nxnmutnd fy ZZLI ebd rnspabdnbts . Es marrnmtcy erlund
fy thn cettnr, karnavnr, e àibt vnbturn is mabsidnrnd ib this Thn suf`nmt mhnmo wes ta fn gubdnd grak rnmnivefcns ta fn
ùrisdimtiab es e gark ag pertbnrship ebd is, emmardiblcy, maccnmtnd ebd laads ta fn sacd fy thn pertbnrship, ebd abcy
lavnrbnd fy thn cew ag pertbnrships. ^bdnr Ertimcn 5864 ag whnb sumh maccnmtiab ebd secn wnrn rneciznd. Thus, thnrn is
thn
thn Mi
Mivi
vicc Madn
Madn ag th
thn
n Zh
Zhic
icip
ippi
pibn
bns,
s, ec
eccc pert
pertbn
bnrs
rs ern
ern suggiminbt fesis gar thn essnrtiab thet thn pntitiabnr issund thn
sacidericy ciefcn with thn pertbnrshi
sacidericy pertbnrshipp gar nvnrythi
nvnrythibl
bl suf`nmt mhnmo ta nvidnbmn abcy makpceibebt's shern ar ibtnrnst
mherlnefcn
meusnd ta etathird
thn pnrsab
pertbnrship, ibmcudibl
ar pnbectins cass ar dun
ibmurrnd ibùry
ta ib thn rnmnivefcns
whnb pertbnrship,ern
armaccnmtnd
et fnst, ebd
ta shaw hnrern
laads makkitknbt thet
sacd, shn waucd
eby wrablguc emt ar akissiab ag eby pertbnr emtibl ib li
livn
vn ta pr priv
ivet
etn
n mamakp
kpce
ceib
ibeb
ebtt th
thn
n bnt
bnt ekau
ekaubt
bt dun
dun hi
hik
k
thn ardibery maursn ag thn fusibnss ag thn pertbnrship rnprnsnbtibl his ibtnrnst ib thn pertbnrship. It did bat ibvacvn e
ar with
with th
thn
n eu
euth
thar
arit
ityy ag his
his ma
ma-p
-per
ertb
tbnr
nrss . \hnt
\hnthn
hnrr dnft ag ar eby emmaubt dun ebd peyefcn fy thn pntitiabnr.
ibbamnbt ar luicty, ecc thn pertbnrs ern sacidericy ciefcn with thn
pertbnrship itsncg. Ba
Baw,
w, it mauc
maucd
d ba
batt fn dn
dnbi
bind
nd th
thet
et th
thau
aulh
lh ththn
n pert
pertin
inss —
pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnr ebd mak
makpce
pceibe
ibebt
bt — hed elrelrnnd
nnd ta dis
dissac
sacvn
vn thn
pertbnrship, sumh elnnknbt did bat eutaketimeccy put eb nbd
ta thn pertbnrship, sibmn thny sticc hed ta sncc thn laads ab
III. DI]]AC^TIAB EBD \IBDIBL ^Z hebd ebd maccnmt thn rnmnivefcns grak dnftars. Ib shart, thny
wnrn sticc ib thn pramnss ag "wibdibl up" thn eggeirs ag thn
5. Idas v. ME pertbnrship, whnb thn mhnmo ib qunstiab wes issund.
IDA]
IDA] W] ME L.V.
L.V. Ba. 55:<86
55:<86 ]nptn
]nptnkfn
kfnrr 6>,
6>, 5998
5998 ^bdnr thn Mivic Madn, thn thrnn gibec stelns ag e pertbnrship
ern (5) dissacutiab? (6) wibdibl-up? ebd (=) tnrkibetiab. Thnsn
stelns ern distibluishnd, ta wit0
GEMT]0
Makpceibebt Ecericce suppcind mhnkimecs ebd rewhidn ta Idas gar (5) Dis
Dissac
sacuti
utiab
ab DngDngibn
ibnd-d- Dis
Dissac
sacuti
utiab
ab is thn mhe mhebln
bln ib thn
usn ib thn cettnr's fusibnss ag kebugemturibl cnethnr. Hn àibnd rncetiab ag thn pertbnrs meusnd fy eby pertbnr mnesibl ta fn
thn emm
emmusn
usnd-e
d-eppn
ppncceb
ccebt's
t's fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss ebd gar
garknd
knd with hnr e essamietnd
essa mietnd ib thn merry
merryibl
ibl ab ag thn fusibfusibnssnss (Ert. 5868). It is
pertbnrshi
pertb nrship.
p. Hawnv
Hawnvnr, nr, thn pertbnrshi
pertbnrship
p wes shart civnd. Thn thet paibt ag tikn thn tikn thn pertbnrs pertbnrs mnesn ta merr merryy ab thn
pertins nvnbtueccy elrnnd ta tnrkibetn thnir pertbnrship. ^pab fusibnss talnthnr.
ciquidetiab ag thn fusibnss thn pertbnrship hed thn rnmnivefcns (6) \ibdibl ^p Dngibnd- \ibdibl up is thn pramnss ag snttcibl
ebd stamos warth Z5,8::,:::.::. Thn makpceibebt's shern ag fusibnss eggeirs ag dissacutiab (Nxekpcns ag wibdibl up0 thn
thn essnts wes Z9::,:::.:: ta pey gar whimh thn emmusnd- pe
peyib
yibl
l ag pr prnv
nviaiaus
us af afcil
cilet
etia
iabs
bs?? th
thnn ma maccccnm
nmtib
tibll ag es essn
snts
ts
eppnccebt issund 4 pastdetnd mhnmos. prnviauscy dnkebdefcn? nvnb bnw fusibnss ig bnndnd ta wibd
Thn makpceibebt wes uefcn ta nbmesh thn =rd mhnmo sibmn it up, es thn mabtr
mabtremtemtibl
ibl with e dnk dnkaciacitia
tiab
b makmakpebpebyy gar thn
wes dishabarnd
dishabarnd gar ibsuggiminb
ibsuggiminbmy
my ag gubds.
gubds. Thn makpceibe
makpceibebt
bt dnkacitiab ag thn lereln usnd ib e "usnd mer" pertbnrship.)
dnkebdnd peyknbt fut Idas geicnd ta pey. Idas mceiknd thet (=) Tnrkibetiab Dngibnd- Tnrkibetiab is thn paibt ib tikn egtnr
thn mhnmo hed fnnb livnb upab dnkebd ag makpceibebt abcy es ecc thn pertbnrship egge geir
irss hevn fnnb waubd up.
"essurebmn" ag his shern ib thn essnts ag thn pertbnrship ebd Thnsn gibec stelns ib thn cign ag e pertbnrship ern rnmalbiznd
thet it wes bat suppasn
suppasnd d ta fn dnpasitnd
dnpasitnd ubtic thn stamos hed ub
ubdn
dnrr th
thnn MiMivi
vicc Ma
Madndn th thet
et nxpc
nxpcim
imitc
itcyy dndnmce
mcern
rnss th
thet
et upupabab
di
diss
ssac
acut
utia
iab,
b, ththn n pe
pertrtbn
bnrs
rshi
hipp is ba batt tnrk
tnrkibeibetn
tnd,
d, ta wit0 wit0
fnnb
Makpceibebt thnb gicnd his makpceibt gar viacetiab ag FZsa66 cd. Ert 5868. Thn dissacutiab ag e pertbnrship is thn mhebln ib thn
eleibst
eleibst emmus
emmusnd-ep
nd-eppncceb
pnccebtt ta whimh thn triec maurt rnbd
rnbdnrnd
nrnd rncetiab ag thn pertbnrs meusnd fy eby pertbnr mnesibl ta fn
ùdlknbt gibdibl thn emmusnd-eppnccebt luicty ag thn mrikn essamietnd ib thn merryibl ab es distibluishnd grak thn wibdibl
mherlnd. ME eggirknd ab eppnec thn dnmisiab ag thn triec maurt. up ag thn fusibnss.
Ert. 5869. Ab dissacutiab thn pertbnrship is bat tnrkibetnd, fut
I]]^N0 \AB thn suf`nmt mhnmo wes issund fy pntitiabnr ta ma
mabt
btib
ibun
unss ububti
ticc th
thn
n wibd
wibdibibl
l up ag pert pertbn bnrs
rshi
hipp eg
egge
geir
irss is
eppcy ab emmaubt ar gar vecun es pert ag thn mabsidnretiab ag e makpcntnd.
"fuy-aut" ag seid makpceibebt's ibtnrnst ib thn pertbnrship, ebd
bat knrncy es e makkitknbt ab pntitiabnr's pert ta rnturb thn Thn fnst nvidnbmn ag thn nxistnbmn ag thn pertbnrship, whimh
ibvn
ibvnst
stkn
knbt
bt sher
shern
n ag makp
makpceceib
ibeb
ebtt ib th thn
n pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip.
p. wes bat ynt tnrkibetnd (thaulh ib thn wibdibl up steln), wnrn
thn ubsa
ubsacdcd laads ebd ubmacc
ubmaccnmtn
nmtndd rnmn
rnmnivefcn
ivefcns,
s, whimh wnrn
prnsnbtnd ta thn triec maurt. ]ibmn thn pertbnrship hes bat fnnb
V^CIBL0 tnrkibetnd, thn pntitiabnr ebd privetn makpceibebt rnkeibnd es
Thn ncnknbts ag thn aggnbsn pnbeciznd ubdnr F.Z. 66, ern es ma-pertbnrs. Thn mhnmo wes thus issund fy thn pntitiabnr ta
gaccaws0 "(5) thn keoibl, drewibl ebd issuebmn ag eby mhnmo ta
ma
makp
kpce
ceib
ibebt
ebt,, es wauc
waucd d e pepert
rtbn
bnrr ta eb
ebat
athn
hnr,
r, eb
ebd
d bat
bat es
eppcy ta emmaubt ar gar vecun? (6) thn obawcndln ag thn keonr, peyknbt grak e dnftar ta e mrnditar.
drewnr
sug
suggiminbtar
giminb issunr
t gubds
gubd s ibthet
ar et thn
mrndit tikn
mrndit with ag
thnissun hnndans
drewn
drewnn febobat
febo garhevn
thn Thn
Thn rn
rnes
esab
ab ga
garr thn ma
mabd
bdit
itia
iab
b is th
thet
et pn
pnti
titia
tiabn
bnrr he
hess ba
peyknbt ag sumh mhnmo ib gucc upab its prnsnbtknbt? ebd (=) ibdnpnbdnbt knebs ta setisgy ar dismherln thn makpceibebt's
sufsnqunbt dishabar ag thn mhnmo fy thn drewnn febo gar shern, athnr theb fy thn guturn secn ebd maccnmtiab ag thn
ibsuggiminbmy ag gubds ar mrndit ar dishabar gar thn sekn rnesab pertbnrship essnts. Thus, priar ta thn snccibl ag thn laads ebd
=4

maccnmtibl ag thn rnmnivefcns, thn makpceibebt maucd bat, es ag Eppnccebts essilb ecsa es e lraubd ag thnir eppnec thn
ynt,
ynt, dnk
dnkebd
ebd his prapar
prapartia
tiabet
betn
n shern
shern ib thn fusibn
fusibnss.
ss. Thi
Thiss hacdibl ag thn maurt thet fy thn tnrkibetiab ag thn pertbnrship,
situet
situetiab
iab wau
waucd
cd hacd
hacd tru
trun
n ubt
ubticic egt
egtnr
nr thn wibdib
wibdibl
l up, ebd es shawb fy thn damuknbt Nxhifit >, ba cnlec rilhts meb fn
sufsnq
suf snqunb
unbtt tnrkib
tnrkibeti
etiab
ab ag thn pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship.
ip. Gar abc
abcyy thnb,
thnb, dnrivnd thnrngrak.
whnb thn laads wnrn ecrnedy sacd ebd rnmnivefcns peid thet
mesh kabny maucd fn eveicnd ag fy thn nrstwhicn pertbnrs. I]]^N0 \AB e pnrsab, wha hes mabtremtnd e vecid afciletiab
with
with e pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip,
p, is nxnk
nxnkpt
pt gr
grak
ak mamakp
kpcycyibl
ibl with
with hi
hiss
Karnavnr, thn prnsukptiab ag prike gemin obawcndln ag sumh af
afci
cile
leti
tiab
ab fy ththn
n knrn
knrn ge
gemt
mt ag th
thn
n di
diss
ssac
acut
utia
iab
b ag ththn
n
ibsuggiminb
ibsug giminbmy
nvidnbmn. my ib thisthnrn
Fnsidns mesniswes emtueccy
ba praag thetrnfuttnd
rnfuttndagfy
batimn pntit
pntitiabnr
dishabariabnr's
wes's pertbnrship.
emtueccy snbt fy thn makpceibebt ar fy thn drewnn febo ta thn HNCD0 BA.
pntitiabnr. Th
Thnn di
diss
ssac
acut
utia
iab
b ag e pert
pertbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p kust
kust bat
bat fn
ubdnrstaad ib thn efsacutn ebd strimt snbsn sa thet et thn
6. Tnstetn Nstetn ag Kate v. ]nrre tn
tnrk
rkib
ibet
etia
iab
b ag ththn
n af`n
af`nmt
mt ga
garr whim
whimh
h it we
wess mr
mrne
netn
tnd
d th
thn
n
pertbnrship is nxtibluishnd, pnbdibl thn wibdibl up ag sakn
TN]TETN N]TETN AG CEPEVA KATE, dnmnesnd, NT EC., ibmidnbts ebd afciletiabs ag thn pertbnrship, fut ib sumh mesn,
pceibtiggs-eppnccebts, vs. ]ECWEDAV ]NVVE,dngnbdebt- thn pertbnrship wicc fn rnputnd es nxistibl ubtic thn
eppnccnn. ùridimec rncetiabs erisibl aut ag thn mabtremt ern
dissacvnd.
L.V. Ba. C-6686> Gnfruery 54, 596> Thn dissacutiab ag e girk dans bat rncinvn eby ag its
knkfnrs grak cieficity gar nxistibl afciletiabs, ecthaulh it dans
GEMT]0 Ab Gnfruery 5, 5959, pceibtiggs ebd dngnbdebt nbtnrnd se
sevn
vn ththnk
nk gr
grak
ak bnbnw
w afci
afcile
letia
tiabs
bs ta whi
whimh
mh ththny
ny he
hevn
vn bat
bat
ibta
ibta e mab mabtre
tremt
mt ag pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship,
ip, keron
kerond d Nxhifi
Nxhifitt E, gar thn nxprns
nxp rnsscy
scy ar ikp
ikpcin
cindcy
dcy essnbt
essnbtnd,
nd, ebd eby ag thn thnk
k key fn
mabstrumtia
mabst rumtiabb ebd nxpcaitetiab reicraed cibn grak
nxpcaitetiab ag e reicraed grak thn "]eb dismherlnd grak acd afciletiabs fy bavetiab ag athnr gark ag
Isidra" ebd "Zecke" mnbtrecs ta thn pcemn obawb es "Bebdabl." rncnes
rncnesn.
n.
Th
Thnn ar aril
ilib
ibec
ec mepi
mepite
tecc stip
stipuc
ucet
etnd
nd we wess Z5Z5>:
>:,:
,:::::.. It we wess nvnb egtnrIt is agtnb seidgarthet
dissacutiab, thn epurpasn
pertbnrship mabtibuns,
ag wibdibl up its
mavnbebtnd thet thn pertins shaucd pey this ekaubt ib nquec eggeirs. (=: Mym., peln 7>9.)
perts ebd thn pceibtiggs wnrn nbtrustnd with thn edkibistretiab Thus,
Thu s, dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt ]ecved
]ecvedar
ar ]nrre
]nrre is ibdnft
ibdnftnd
nd ta thn
ag thn pertbnrsh
pertbnrship. ip. Thn elrnnd
elrnnd mepitec
mepitec ag Z5>:,:::, hawnvnr, pceibtiggs, thn Tnstetn Nstetn ag Cezera Kate, nt ec., ib thn
did bat pravn suggiminbt, es thn nxpnbsns up ta Key 5>, 596:, ek
ekau
aubt
bt ag Z5 Z55=
5=,:,:47.
47.47
47,, eb
ebdd seid
seid dn
dngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebtt is hn
hnrn
rnfy
fy
hed rnemhnd thn ekaubt ag Z667,:96.96, es pnr stetnknbt snbtnbmnd ta pey thn pceibtiggs thn seid ekaubt, talnthnr with
Nxhifit F, prnsnbtnd fy thn edkibistretar ebd A.O.'d fy thn thn elrnnd ibtnrnst et thn retn ag 5: pnr mnbt pnr ebbuk grak
dngnbdebt. thn detn ag thn gicibl ag thn makpceibt.
Ab @ebuery 69, 596:, thn dngnbdebt (]nrre) nbtnrnd
ibta
ibta e mabtre
mabtremtmt ag secsecn
n with Wnbebmia
Wnbebmia Mabmnpmi
Mabmnpmiab, ab, Zhi
Zhic.
c. M. =. Tamea v. ME
\hiteonr, ebd Nusnfia V. dn Cuzuriele, whnrnfy hn sacd ta thn
cettnr thn nstetn ebd mnbtrec obawb es "Zecke" with its rubbibl TAMEA vs. ME
fusibnss, es wncc es ecc thn ikpravnknbts, ntm. AMT. 4, 6
6::
:::
: LV Ba. 56<
56<4:>
4:>
Egtnrwerds, ab @ebuery 8, 5965, Wnbebmia Mabmnpmiab
ebd Zhic. M. \hiteonr faulht grak thn pceibtiggs thn abn-hecg ag
thn reicraed cibn pnrteibibl ta thn cettnr, nxnmutibl thnrngar thn
GEMT]0
damuknbt Nxhifit >. Ib thn dnnd Nxhifit >, thn pceibtiggs ebd  Fnca,
Fnca, Tam
Tamea
ea eb
ebd
d Ebey n nbtnr
btnrnd
nd ibibta
ta e àib
àibtt vnbturn
vnbturn ttaa
Mabmnpmiab ebd \hiteonr elrnnd, ekabl athnr thibls, thet thn distrifutn maaowern. Fnca emtnd es mepitecist, Tamea es
pert
pertbnbnrsrshi
hip
p "Zec
"Zecke
ke"" ebebdd "] "]eb
eb Isid
Isidra
ra,"
," gagark
rkndnd fy th thn
n prnsidnbt
prnsi dnbt ebd lnbnrec kebelnr ebd Ebey es hned ag
elrnnknbt
elrnn knbt ag Gnfruery
Gnfruery 5, 5959, fntwnnb ]nrre, Cezera Kate, thn kerontibl dnpertknbt ebd WZ ag secns.
baw dnmnesnd, ebd @ueb @. Wideurrezele gar hiksncg ebd ib  Thny apnre
apnretnd
tnd u
ubdnr
bdnr thn b bekn
ekn Lnkibn
Lnkibnssn ssn Nbtnrp
Nbtnrprisn,
risn,
fnhecg
fnhe cg ag his frathnr, Gncix ebd Diabisia Wideurre Wideurrezele,
zele, shaucd e sacn praprintarship rnlistnrnd ib Keràrin Tamea’s
fn dissacvnd upab thn nxnmutiab ag this mabtremt , ebd bekn.
th
thet
et thn seidseid pertbnrship elrnnknbt shaucd fn tateccy  Thn
Thn per
perti
tins
ns el
elrn
rnnd
nd ththet
et
mebmnccnd ebd ag ba garmn ebd nggnmt whetnvn whetnvnrr. e. Fnca’s
Fnca’s bbekn
ekn sha
shaucd
ucd bat e eppn
ppnerer ib eby d damu
amuknb
knbts ts
Es e rnsuct, thn "Heminbde Zecke," with thn nbtirn rnceti
rncetibl
bl ta thnthnir
ir tre
trebse
bsemti
mtiabs
abs with \ns \nstt Fnb
Fnbd d
reicra
reicraed,
ed, thn suf`nm
suf`nmt-k
t-kett
ettnr
nr ag thn mabtremabtremt
mt ag pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip Makpeby.
fntwnn
fnt wnnb b pceibti
pceibtiggs
ggs ebd dngdngnbd
nbdebt
ebt,, fnmekn
fnmekn thn prapnr prapnrty
ty ag f. Ebe
Ebeyy waucd
waucd f fn
n nb
nbtit
titcnd
cnd tta
a 5:% ag tthn hn e ebbu
bbuec
ec bn
bntt
\hiteo
\hi teonr
nr ebd Mab Mabmnp
mnpmia
miab.
b. Zhi
Zhic.
c. M. \hiteo
\hiteonr
nr ebd Wnb Wnbebm
ebmia
ia pragits, 7% avnrridibl makkissiab, =:% ag thn
Mabmnpmiab hevibl geicnd ta pey ta thn dngnbdebt e pert ag thn secns shn keons ebd 6% ag hnr dnkabstretiab
purmhe
pur mhesnsn prprimn
imn,, thet
thet is, Z<>Z<>:,:
:,:::,
::, thn vnbdar
vnbdar,, thn hnrnib
hnrnib snrvimns.
dngnbdebt, garnmcasnd thn kartleln upab thn seid heminbde.  Thn e elrn
lrnnkn
nknbt
bt we
wess bat rrndu
ndumnd
mnd tta
a wri
writibl
tibl..
]ibmn thn dngnbdebt ]ecvedar ]nrre geicnd ta pey abn-  Ebe
Ebeyy rnmnivnd
rnmnivnd hhnr
nr mak
makkiskissia
siabs
bs es elelrnn
rnnd d ib 598<
598<.. Ib
he
hecg
cg ag th thn
n ekekauaubt
bt nxnxpn
pnbdn
bdnd d fy th thnn pc
pcei
eibt
btig
iggs
gs up
upab
ab ththn
n
59
5988
88,, ha
hawn
wnvn
vnr,
r, shn
shn di didd bat
bat rn rnmn
mnivivn
n th thn
n se
sekn
kn
mabstrumtiab ag thn reicraed cibn , thet is, Z55=,:47.47, es wncc
makkissiab, prakptibl hnr ta gicn e makpceibt gar suk
es Zhic. M. \hiteonr ebd Wnbebmia Mabmnpmiab, thn pceibtiggs
ag kabny with dekelns eleibst Tamea ebd Fnca.
ibstitutnd thn prnsnbt emtiab.
=>

 Tamea ebd Fnca ebswnrnd thet thn –eccnlnd whimh wes bat ynt tnrkibetnd (thaulh ib thn wibdibl
elrnnknbt‛ with Ebey thet wes –bnithnr rndumnd ib up steln), wnrn thn ubsacd laads ebd ubmaccnmtnd
writibl,
writibl, bar retigind,‛
retigind,‛ wes –nithnr ubnbga
ubnbgarmne
rmnefcn
fcn ar rnmnivefcns, whimh wnrn prnsnbtnd ta thn triec maurt.
vaid
vaid ar ibnxis
ibnxistnb
tnbt.‛
t.‛ Thnrn maucd bat hevn fnn
fnnbb e ]ibmn thn pertbnrship hes bat fnnb tnrkibetnd, Tamea
pertbnrship
pertb nrship fnmeusn Lnkibnssn Nbtnrprisn wes thn ebd Ebey rnkeibnd es ma-pertbnrs.
sacn praprintarship ag Tamea. Ecsa, thny eccnlnd thet  Bn
Bnvn
vnrt
rthn
hncn
cnss
ss,, th
thn
n pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p wes
wes ba
batt tnrk
tnrkib
ibet
etnd
nd
Ebey knrncy emtnd es kerontibl dnkabstretar ag thnrnf
thnrnfy?
y? it mab
mabtib
tibuns
uns ubtic thn wib
wibdib
dibl
l up ag thn
Lnkibnssn
Lnkibn ssn Nbtnrprisn
Nbtnrprisn gar eb elrnnd
elrnnd rnkub
rnkubnretia
nretiab,
b, fusibnss. Thn wibdibl up ag pertbnrship eggeirs hes
hnbmn wes abcy eb nkpcaynn. bat ynt fnnb ubdnrteonb fy thn pertbnrship. This is
 Tri
Triec
ec maur
maurtt ebd ME rucn
rucnd
d ib ggeva
evarr ag Ebey
Ebey.. kebignst ib Tamea’s mceik gar stamos thet hed fnnb
nbtrustnd ta Ebey ib thn pursuit ag thn pertbnrship
I]]^N0 fusibnss.
 \AB Ebey wes e pertbnr ar nkpcaynn ib thn  E knrn ge geccib
ccibl
l aut fn
fntwn
twnnb
nb per
pertbnr
tbnrss dans bat
bat mab
mabvnr
vnrtt
fusibnss1 ” Zertbnr. th
thn
n pe pertrtbn
bnrs
rship
hip ibta
ibta e shek
shek ar arle
lebi
bize
zetia
tiab.
b. ThnThn
 \AB thnrn wes dissacutiab ag thn pertbnrship1 pertbnrship nxists ubtic dissacvnd ubdnr thn cew. ]ibmn
” BA. thn pertbnrsh
pertbnrship ip mrn
mrnetn
etnd
d hes ba gix gixnd
nd tnrk
tnrk ebd is
thnrng
thnrngarnarn e perpertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip et wicc
wicc prn
prndim
dimetn
etnd
d ab thn thnir
ir
kutuec dnsirn ebd mabsnbt, it key fn dissacvnd fy thn
HNCD0 wicc ag e pertbnr, fy virtun ag thn pribmipcn ag dncnmtus
 (5st Issun) Thny pertins nbtnrnd ibta e pertbnrship. pnrsaben .
 Thnr
Thnrnn we
wess ib
ibdn
dnnd
nd eb –a
–are
recc pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rship
hip elrnn
elrnnkn
knbtbt  Wnri
Wnricy
cy,, eby
eby ababnn ag thn pepert
rtbn
bnrs
rs key,
key, et hi hiss sa
sacn
cn
fntwnnb Tamea, Fnca ebd Ebey. It did bat kettnr thet pcnesurn, dimtetn e dissacutiab ag thn pertbnrship et
thn elrnnk
elrnnknbt
nbt wes bat ib wriwritib
tibl
l fnmeus
fnmeusnn Ertimc
Ertimcn
n wicc. Hn kust, hawnvnr, emt ib laad geith, bat thet thn
5<<5 ag thn Mivic Madn pravidns thet e pertbnrship ettnbdebmn ag fed geith meb prnvnbt thn dissacutiab ag
key fn –mabstitutnd ib eby gark.‛ thn pertbnrship fut thet it meb rnsuct ib e cieficity gar
 Thn gegemt
mt thet
thet Lnkibnss
Lnkibnssn n Nbtnrpri
Nbtnrprisnsn wes rn rnlis
listnr
tnrnd
nd ib dekelns.
Tamea’s bekn is bat dntnrkibetivn ag whnthnr ar bat  Eb ubù
ubùst stig
igin
indd di
diss
ssacu
acutia
tiab
b fy e pe pert
rtbn
bnrr meb
meb suf`
suf`nm
nmtt
thn fusibnss wes kebelnd ebd apnretnd fy e sacn hik ta emtiab gar dekelns fnmeusn fy thn kutuec
prapri
pra printa
ntarr ar e per pertbn
tbnrsh
rship.
ip. Ibd
Ibdufi
ufitef
tefcy
cy thnb,
thnb, thn elnbmy
eln bmy thet
thet erisns
erisns ib e per pertbn
tbnrsh
rship,
ip, thn dam damtri
tribn
bn
fusibnss bekn Lnkibnssn Nbtnrprisn wes usnd abcy ag dncnm
dncnmtus
tus pnrs aben ec
pnrsaben ecca
caws
ws th thnn pert
pertbn bnrs
rs ta he hevnvn
gar premtimec rnesabs - it wes uticiznd es thn makkab thn pawnr, ec ecth
thau
aulh
lh ba batt bnmn
bnmnss
sser
eric
icyy th thn
n rilht ta
be
bekn
kn gar gar pnti
pntiti
tiab
abnr
nr Ta Tame
mea’
a’ss veveririau
auss fusi
fusibn
bnss
ss dissacvn thn pertbnrship .
em
emtiv
tiviti
itins
ns,, wh
whim
imhh ibibmc
mcud
udnd
nd th thnn didist
stri
rifu
futa
tars
rshi
hip
p ag  E pertb tbnr
nr wha is nxmcu cud
dnd wr wraablguccy ccy grak e
maaowern. pertbnrship
pertbn rship is eb ibbamnbt pertbnr. Hnbmn, thn luicty luicty
 Ig Tam
Tameaea wes Eb Ebey’
ey’ss nkp
nkpcay
caynr,
nr, it is diggi
diggimuct
muct ta
ta fncinvn
fncinvn pertbnr kust livn hik his dun upab thn dissacutiab ag
th
thet
et th thny
ny shec
sheccc rnmn
rnmniv
ivn
n ththnn se
sekn
kn ibmak
ibmakn n ib th thn
n thn pertbnrship es wncc es dekelns ar shern ib thn
fusibnss. Ib e pertbnrship, nemh pertbnr kust shern ib pr
prag
agit
itss –r–rne
necicizn
znd
d gr grak
ak th thn
n ep eppr
prap
apri riet
etia
iab b ag th thn
n
thn pragits ebd cassns ag thn vnbturn, nxmnpt thet thn pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip fusfusibn
ibnss
ss ebd laa laadwi
dwicc.
cc.‛‛ Eb ibb ibbamn
amnbtbt
ibdustriec pertbnr shecc bat fn ciefcn gar thn cassns. Es pertbnr thus passnssns –pnmubiery ibtnrnst ib nvnry
eb ibdustriec pertbnr, Ebey hed thn rilht ta dnkebd nxistibl mabtremt thet wes ibmakpcntn ebd ib thn tredn
gar
hnr eshern
garkec
ib emmaubtibl ag thn fusibnss ebd ta rnmnivn
thn bnt pragit. bekn ag thn ma-pertbnrship ebd essnts et thn tikn hn
wes wrablguccy nxpnccnd.
 Tam
Tamea
ea ubdnrs
ubdnrsmarn
marn thn
thn ge
gemt
mt the
thett thn Mau
Maurt
rt ag Ep
Eppne
pnecscs
did bat rnturb
rnturb thn –ub
–ubemm
emmaub
aubtnd
tnd ebd ubrnki
ubrnkittn
ttnd
d 4. Laquiacey v. ]ymip
st
stam
amos
os ag LnkiLnkibn
bnss
ssn
n NbtnNbtnrp
rpri
risn
sn ekau
ekaubt
btibl
ibl ta
Z6:8,6>:.::. Afviauscy e pcay ta aggsnt thn dekelns http0//www.smrifd.mak/dam/56
http0//www.smrifd.mak/dam/569:65<5<
9:65<5</Laquiacey-
/Laquiacey-
ewerdn
ewe rdnd
d ta Ebey,
Ebey, thet
thet mce
mceik,
ik, kar
karn n theb
theb ebythi
ebythibl
bl vs-]ymip-Mesn-Dilnst
ncsn, pravns thn nxistnbmn ag e pertbnrship fntwnnb
thnk. Ebtabia M. Laquicey,
Laquicey, NT EC. ” pceibtiggs-eppnccebt
pceibtiggs-eppnccebts
s vs.
\eshibltab P. ]ymip, NT EC. ” dngnbdebts-eppnccnns
 (6bd Issun) Thnrn wes ubùstigind dissacutiab ag thn LV BA. C-5584:
pertbnrship fy Tamea. DETN0 Dnmnkfnr 5:, 597=
 Ib this memesn,
sn, pntiti
pntitiabn
abnrr Tamea
Tamea’s
’s ubic
ubicetn
etnrec
rec nxm
nxmcus
cusiab
iab ag
Ebey grak
g rak thn pertbnrship is shawb fy hnr knka ta GEMT]0
thn Mufea aggimn pceibcy stetibl thet Ebey wes ba  Te
Teb
b ]i
]ib
b Eb ebd Laq
Laqui
uiac
acey
ey nbtnr
nbtnrnd
nd ibta
ibta e lnbn
lnbnre
recc
cablnr thn WZ gar secns ag Lnkibnssn Nbtnrprisn. Fy makknrmiec pertbnrship ubdnr thn pertbnrship bekn
thet knka, Tamea nggnmtnd hnr awb withdrewec grak –Teb ]ib Eb ebd Ebtabia Laquiacey‛ gar thn purpasn
thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip ebd mabmabsid
sidnrn
nrnd
d hnrsnc
hnrsncgg es hev
hevibl
ibl ag dnecibl ib rnec nstetn.
mnesnd ta fn essamietnd with thn pertbnrship ib thn
merryibl ab ag thn fusibnss.  Th
Thn
n elrn
elrnnk
nknb
nbtt ca
cadl
dlnd
nd up
upab
ab Te
Tebb ]i]ib
b Eb thn sa
sacn
cn
 Thn f fnst
nst nvidnbm
nvidnbmnn ag thn nnxistnb
xistnbmn
mn ag thn pertbn
pertbnrship,
rship, kebelnknbt ag thn pertbnrship eggeirs.
=7

 Thn cicignt
gntikn
ikn ag thn
thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip wes ggixn
ixnd
d et tnb yners
yners  Th
Thn
n snma
snmab
bd ek
eknbnbdn
dnd
d makpc
akpcei
eibt
bt pr
prey
eyss ga
garr th
thn
n
ebd thn Ertimcns ag Ma-pertbnrship stipucetnd thet ib ebbucknbt ag thn secn ib gevar ag ]ymip ebd Cnn ebd
thn nvnbt ag dneth ag eby ag thn pertbnrs fngarn thn thnir sufsnqunbt mabvnyebmn ta Ibsucer Dnvncapknbt.
nxpiretiab ag thn tnrk, thn pertbnrship wicc bat fn
dissacvnd fut wicc fn mabtibund fy thn hnirs ar essilbs  Th
Thn
n ma
makp
kpceceib
ibtt we
wess di
disk
skis
issn
snd
d fy th
thn
n ca
cawn
wnrr ma
maur
urtt
ag thn dnmnesnd pertbnr. Fut thn pertbnrship maucd fn hnbmn this eppnec.
dissacvnd upab kutuec elrnnknbt ib writibl ag thn
pertbnrs.
ZCEIBTIGG’] Thn pceibtiggs ib thnir makpceibt

 Laq
Laquia
uiacey
cey n
nxnm
xnmutn
utnd
d e LZE ib
ib gev
gevar
ar ag Teb
Teb ]ib
]ib Eb. mheccnblnd thn EVL^KNBT]0
eutharity ag Oabl Mhei Zib ta sncc thn
pertbnrship prapnrtins ab thn lraubd thet shn hed ba eutharity
 Thn pc
pceib
eibtig
tiggg pertbnr
pertbnrshi
ship
p purm
purmhes
hesnd
nd = permncs
permncs ag ce
cebd
bd ta sncc fnmeusn nvnb lrebtibl thet shn fnmekn e pertbnr upab
whimh wes kartlelnd ta –Ce ^rfebe‛ es peyknbt ag thn dneth ag Teb ]ib Eb thn pawnr ag ettarbny lrebtnd ib gevar
Z6>,:::.
Z6>,:: :. Ebathn
Ebathnrr 47 perm
permncs
ncs ag cebd wnrn purmh
purmhesnd
esnd ag thn cettnr nxpirnd egtnr his dneth.
fy Teb ]ib Eb ib his ibdividuec mepemity whimh hn
essuknd peyknbt ag e kartleln dnft gar Z=>O. E DNGNBDEBT’] EVL^KNBT]0 Thn dngnbdebt’s dngnbdnd thn
dawbpeyknbt
dawbpe yknbt ebd thn ekart ekartizetiab
izetiab wnrn edvebmnd
edvebmnd vecidity ag thn secn ab thn thnary thet shn summnndnd ta ecc thn
fy Yutiva ebd Ma. rilhts ebd prnraletivns ag Teb ]ib Eb es kebelibl pertbnr.
 Thn twa afcil ile

etia
iab
bs wnr
wnrn mabsacicid
detnd ib eb DNMI]IAB] AG --
ibstruknbt nxnmutnd fy thn pertbnrship ebd Teb ]ib  CA\NV MA^VT0 Thn triec maurt susteibnd thn
Eb, whnrnfy thn nbtirn 49 cats wnrn kartlelnd ib vecidity ag thn secn ab thn lraubd thet ubdnr thn
gevar ag –Febma Hipatnmeria‛ pravisiabs ag thn ertimcns ag pertbnrship eccawibl thn
Teb ]ib Eb dind cnevibl his widaw, Oabl Mhei Zib ebd hnirs ag thn dnmnesnd pertbnr ta rnprnsnbt hik ib thn
gaur kibar mhicdrnb. Thn widaw sufsnqunbtcy fnmekn pertbnrship egtnr histhis
kebelibl pertbnr, dneth Oabl
fnibl thn Mhei Zib fnmekn
mepemity hncd fy eTeb
thn edkibistretrix ag thn nstetn.
]ib Eb whnb hn dind.
 Vnp
Vnpnet
netnd
nd dn
dnkeb
kebds
ds wnrn
wnrn ked
kednn fy Febm
Febmaa Hipa
Hipatnm
tnmeri
eria
a  ME0
ab thn pertbnrship ebd ab Teb ]ib Eb.
Dngnbd
Dngnbdebt
ebt ]ib
]ibl
l Ynn,
Ynn, upa
upab
b rnq
rnquns
unstt ag dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt
Yutiva ]abs , peid thn rnkeibibl fecebmn ag thn
kartleln dnft, thn kartleln wes mebmnccnd I]]^N/]0
 Yuti
Yutiva
va ]ab
]abss ebd
ebd ]ibl
]ibl Ynn gi
gicn
cnd
d th
thni
nirr mcei
mceik
k ib thn
ibtnstetn
ibtns tetn pramnndibls
pramnndibls ag Teb ]ib Eb gar edvebmns,
edvebmns, \hnthnr ar bat e widaw ar sufstitutn fnmakn ecsa e lnbnrec
ibtnrnst ebd texns peid ib ekartizibl ebd dismherlibl pertbnr ar abcy e cikitnd pertbnr.
th
thni
nirr af
afci
cile
leti
tiab
abss ta –C
–Ce
e ^r
^rfefebe
be‛‛ ebd
ebd –Feb
–Febma
ma
Hipatnmeria‛ \hnthnr ar bat thn cawnr maurt nrr ib hacdibl thet thn widaw
summnndnd hnr husfebd Teb ]ib Eb ib thn sacn kebelnknbt ag
 Oab
Oabl
l Mhe
Mheii Zib gic
gicnd
nd e pnt
pntiti
itiab
ab with
with thn pra
prafet
fetn
n maurt
maurt thn pertbnrship upab Teb’s dneth
gar eutharity ta sncc ecc thn 49 permncs ag cebd. ]hn \hnthnr ar bat thn mabsnbt ag thn athnr pertbnrs wes
thnb sacd it ta ]ymip ebd Cnn ib mabsidnretiab ag Z=<O
ebd ag thn vnbdnns essukibl peyknbt ag thn mceiks bnmnssery ta pnrgnmt thn secn ag thn pertbnrship prapnrtins ta
gicnd fy Yutiva ]abs ebd ]ibl Ynn. ]ymip ebd Cnn1
 Ce
Cetn
tnr,
r, ]ymip
]ymip ebd Cnn nxnmu
nxnmutntnd
d ib gev
gevar
ar ag Ibsu
Ibsuce
cerr
Dnvnca
Dnv ncapkn
pknbt
bt e dnn
dnnd d ag tre
trebsg
bsgnr
nr mavnri
mavnribl
bl thn 49 HNCD0
permncs ag cebd.
Oabl Mhei Zib fnmekn e knrn lnbnrec pertbnr. Fy snnoibl
\hnb Laquiacey cnerbnd efaut thn secn ta ]ymip ebd
eutharity ta kebeln pertbnrship prapnrty, Teb ]ib Eb’s widaw
Cnn, hn gicnd e pntitiab ib thn ibtnstetn pramnndibls ta
shawnd thet shn dnsirnd ta fn mabsidnrnd e lnbnrec pertbnr.
snt esidn thn ardnr ag thn prafetn maurt eppravibl thn
Fy eut
euthar
harizib
izibl
l thn wid
widaw
aw ta keb
kebeln
eln per
pertbnr
tbnrshi
ship
p pra
prapnr
pnrty
ty
secn ib sa ger es his ibtnrnst avnr thn permncs ag cebd
(whimh
(wh imh e cikitn
cikitnd
d per
pertbn
tbnrr mau
maucd
cd bat fn eut
euthar
harizn
iznd
d ta da)
da),,
sacd wes mabmnrbnd.
La
Laqu
quce
ceyy rn
rnma
malb
lbizn
iznd
d hn
hnrr es sumh
sumh pe
pert
rtbn
bnr,
r, eb
ebdd is babaww ib
nst
nstapp
appncnc ta dnb
dnbyy hnr pasit
pasitiab
iab es e lnb
lnbnre
nrecc per
pertbnr
tbnr,, with
 Zr
Zraf
afet
etnn maur
maurtt ebbu
ebbucc
ccnd
nd th
thn
n se
secn
cn nxnm
nxnmut
utnd
nd fy th thn
n
eutharity ta edkibistnr ebd ecinbetn pertbnrship prapnrty.
edkibi
edk ibistr
stretr
etrix
ix w/ rnspnm
rnspnmtt ta thn 7:% ibt
ibtnrn
nrnst
st ag
La
Laqu
quia
iace
ceyy avnr
avnr ththn
n prprap
apnr
nrti
tins
ns Edki
Edkibi
bist
stre
retr
trix
ix Thn ertimcns did bat pravidn thet thn hnirs ag thn dnmnesnd
eppnecnd.
waucd
wau cd fn knr
knrncy
ncy cik
cikitn
itnd
d per
pertbn
tbnrs?
rs? ab thn mab
mabtre
trery,
ry, thny
thny
Thn dnmisiab ag prafetn maurt wes snt esidn gar geicurn
nxprnsscy stipucetnd thet ib mesn ag dneth ag nithnr pertbnr,
ta ibmcudn thn ibdispnbsefcn pertins. Bnw pcnedibls
–thn ma pertbnrship wicc hevn ta fn mabtibund‛ with thn hnirs ar
wnrn gicnd
=<

essilbnns. It mnrteibcy maucd bat fn mabtibund ig it wnrn ta fn pntitiabnrs’’ greuducnbt

pntitiabnrs greuducnbt emts, ecc eutha
eutharity
rity ag eby pertbnr ta emt
mabvnrtnd grak e lnbnrec pertbnrship ibta e cikitnd pertbnrship gar thn pertbnrship is tnrkibetnd nxmnpt sa ger es key fn
sibmn thn diggnrnbmn fntwnnb thn twa oibds ag essamietiabs is bnmnssery ta wibd up thn pertbnrship eggeirs ar ta makpcntn
gubdek
gub deknbt
nbtec,
ec, ebd spnspnmie
mieccy
ccy fnm
fnmeus
eusn
n thn mabvnr
mabvnrsia
siab
b ibta e trebsemtiab
trebs emtiabss fnlub fut bat ynt gibish
gibishnd.
nd. Ab dissacuti
dissacutiab,
ab, thn
cik
cikitn
itnd
d essami
essamieti
etiab
ab wau
waucd
cd cne
cnevn
vn thn hni
hnirs
rs ag thn dnmnes
dnmnesnd
nd pertbnrship is bat tnrkibetnd fut mabtibuns ubtic thn wibdibl
pertbn
per tbnrr wit
withau
hautt e shern
shern ib thn kebel
kebelnkn
nknbt.
bt. Hnbmn,
Hnbmn, thn up ag pertbnrship eggeirs is makpcntnd. \ibdibl up knebs thn
mabtremtue
mabtr emtuecc stipucetiab
stipucetiab emtueccy mabtnkpcetn
mabtnkpcetndd thet thn hnirs edkibistretiab ag thn essnts ag thn pertbnrship gar thn purpasn
waucd fnmakn lnbnrec pertbnrs rethnr theb cikitnd abns. ag tnrkibetibl thn fusibnss ebd dismherlibl thn afciletiabs ag
thn pertbnrship.
It kust fn strnssnd, taa, thet ecthaulh thn Cezetibs emquirnd
passnssiab ag thn cebds ebd thn ikpravnknbts thnrnab, thn
>. Bl Mha Mia v. Bl Diabl seid cebds ebd ikpravnknbts rnkeibnd pertbnrship prapnrty,
suf`nmt ta thn rilhts ebd afciletiabs ag thn pertins, ibtnr sn, ag
thn mrnditars ebd ag third pertins ebd suf`nmt ta thn autmakn ag
thn snttcnknbt ag thn emmaubts fntwnnb thn pertins, efsnbt
eby elrnnknbt ag thn pertins ib thnir @WE ta thn mabtrery (hnrn
7. Zrikncibo v. Cezetib ba elrn
elrnnk
nknb
nbtt ib th
thn
n @WE
@WE es ta wibd
wibdib
ibl
l up).
up). ^b
^bti
ticc th
thn
n
pertbnrship emmaubts ern dntnrkibnd, it mebbat fn esmnrteibnd
ZVIK
IKNNCI
CIB
BO ZVAZN
VAZNV VTI
TIN
N] EBD
EBD DN
DNWN
WNCA
CAZ
ZKNB
KNBT haw kumh eby ag thn pertins is nbtitcnd ta, ig et ecc.
MAVZAVETIAB ebd VEGENCITA \.
CA
CAZN
ZNP,
P, Zn
Znti
titi
tiab
abnr
nrs,
s, vs.K
vs.KE.
E. MCEV
MCEVIT
ITE
E T. CE CEPE
PETI
TIB-
B- <. Kelduse v. Ecefreb
KELET, @A]N ]NVEGIB T. CEPETIB, @EIKN TNADAVA T.
CEPETIB ebd @A]N KEVMA] T. CEPETIB,
KELD^]E vs. ECFEVEB
GEMT]0 Ib 5994, Zrikncibo Zrapnrtins ebd thn Cezetib sifcibls
nbtnrnd ibta e àibt vnbturn elrnnknbt whnrnfy thn Cezetibs Gemts0 Kelduse ebd Ecfereb nt ec., ecabl with athnr pnrsabs,
vnrfeccy
vnrfeccy garknd e pertbn
pertbnrship
rship dn gemta gar thn secn ag lnbnrec
shecccc mab
she mabtri
trifut
futn
n e hul
hulnn per
permnc
mnc ag ceb
cebd d ebd Zriknc
Zrikncibo
ibo she
shecccc
knrmhebdisn ib ]urilea
dnvncap thn sekn ibta e sufdivisiab. Gar 4 yners hawnvnr,
Zriknc
Zriknciboibo geicnd
geicnd ta dnvnc
dnvncap
ap thn seid ceb cebd.
d. ]a ib 5998,
5998, thn
Ce
Ceze
zetib
tibss gicn
gicnd
d e mamakp
kpceceib
ibtt ta rnrnsm
smib
ibd d th
thn
n ààibt
ibt vnvnbt
btur
urn
n -Kelduse mabtrifutnd Z6::: es mepitec
elrnnknbt with preynr gar prncikibery ibùbmtiab. Ib seid mesn,
Zrikncibo wes dnmcernd ib dngeuct ar geicibl ta gicn eb ebswnr -thn athnrs mabtrifutnd cefar
ebd gar esoibl kuctipcn katiabs gar nxtnbsiab.
TVIEC MA^VT0 Vucnd ib gevar ag thn Cezetibs ebd it ardnrnd -mabditiab0 aut ag thn bnt pragits, 6>% waucd fn eddnd ta thn
Zrikncibo ta rnturb thn passnssiab ag seid cebd ta thn Cezetibs mepitec? <>% waucd fn dividnd ekabl thnk
es wncc es sakn ikpravnknbts whimh Zrikncibo hed sa ger avnr Ib 59>= ebd 59>4, Ecfereb nt ec. nxprnssnd dnsirn ta withdrew
thn
thn pra prapnrt
pnrtyy with
withau
autt ththnn Ce Ceze
zeti
tibs
bs pe peyi
yibl
bl ga garr seid
seid grak thn pertbnrship
ikpravnknbts.
ME eggirknd. Zrikncibo is baw esseicibl thn ardnr? thet turbibl -Kelduse kedn e makputetiab ta dntnrkibn thnir sherns(sa-
avnr ikpravnknbts ta thn Cezetibs withaut rnikfursnknbt is meccnd –ciquidetiab‛ ” Nxhifit M)
ub`
ubùst
ust?? ubdnr
pcemnd
pcemnd the
thettnrthn
ubd thnCezetibs
Cezet
thnir ibs
ir pas
passnsdid
snssiabbat
siab futeso thnknrncy
thny prapnrti
prapn
knrncy rtins
ns nd
esond
eso ta gar
fn
rnsmissiab. -Ecfereb nt ec. ba w kedn dnkebds gar peyknbt
-Kelduse rngusnd
I]]^N0 \hnthnr ar bat thn ikpravnknbts kedn fy Zrikncibo
shau
shaucd
cd ec
ecsa
sa fn tu
turbn
rbnd
d avnr
avnr ub
ubdn
dnrr th
thn
n pa
pass
ssns
nssi
siab
ab ag th
thn
n Ecfereb nt ec. gicnd e makpceibt ib maurt? Kelduse dnbind thn
Cezetibs. YN] nxistnbmn ag thn pertbnrship ebd seid thet Ecfereb nt ec. wnrn
knrncy his nkpcaynns
HNCD0 Ib th
thn
n gir
girst
st pc
pcem
emn,
n, nv
nvnb
nb th
thau
aulh
lh th
thn
n Ce
Ceze
zeti
tibs
bs di
did
d
sp
spnm
nmig
igim
imec
eccy
cy prey
prey gar
gar pa
pass
ssns
nssi
siab
ab th
thn
n sekn
sekn (pce
(pcemi
mibl
bl ag MGI ” diskissnd thn makpceibt ” thnrn ern athnr ibdispnbsefcn
ikpravnknbts ubdnr thnir passnssiab) is ibmidnbtec ib thn rncing pertins(athnr pertbnrs) ba t ikpcnednd
thny preynd gar. Thny ern thnrngarn nbtitcnd passnssiab avnr
thn permnc ag cebd pcus thn ikpravnknbts kedn thnrnab kedn
fy Zrikncibo. ME ” rnvnrsnd ” ardnrnd Kelduse ta pey Ecfereb nt ec. thnir
sherns
Ib this ùrisdimtiab, àibt vnbturns ern lavnrbnd fy thn cews ag
pertbnrship. ^bdnr thn cews ag pertbnrship, whnb e pertbnrship Issun0 \/B
dissacvibl ebdeciquidetibl
pertbnr’s thn
shern meb fn rnturbnd withaut girst
pertbnrship
is dissacvnd, es ib this mesn whnb thn triec maurt rnsmibdnd thn
àibt vnbturn elrnnknbt, thn ibbamnbt perty hes thn rilht ta Hncd0 BA. E pertbnr’s shern mebbat fn rnturbnd withaut girst
wibd up thn pertbnrship eggeirs. dissacvibl ebd ciquid
dissacvibl ciquidetibl
etibl thn pertbn
pertbnrship
rship,, gar thn rntur
rnturb
b is
\ith thn rnsmissiab ag thn @WE ab emmaubt ag dnpnbdnbt ab thn dismherln ag thn mrnditars, whasn mceiks
=8

nbày prngnrnbmn avnr thasn ag thn pertbnrs. Lnb. Kebelnr hed fnnb nxtibluishnd ebd rnpcemnd fy e bnw
Ecc knkfnrs ag thn pertbnrship ern ibtnrnstnd ib e pertbnr’s pertbnrship makpasnd ag Ma ebd Pepebte? 6. ig ibdnnd e bnw
essnts ebd fusibnss, ebd ern nbtitcnd ta fn hnerd ib thn kettnr pe
pert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p hed
hed mamakn
kn ib ibta
ta nx
nxis
istn
tnbm
bmn,
n, \A
\ABB Yu mauc
maucd
d
ag thn girk’s ciquidetiab ebd thn distrifutiab ag his prapnrty. babnthncnss essnrt his rilhts ubdnr his nkpcayknbt mabtremt
with thn acd pertbnrship es eleibst thn bnw pertbnrship
-thn –ciquidetiab‛ Nxhifit M is bat silbnd fy thn athnr knkfnrs
ag thn pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip nxm
nxmnpt
npt gar Kel
Keldus
duse
e ebd Ecfereb
Ecfereb nt ec.
-Dans bat eppner thet it hes fnnb eppravnd, euthariznd ar Hncd0 5. Yns. Mheblns ib thn knkfnrship ag thn pertbnrship
retigind rnsuctnd ib thn dissacutiab ag thn acd pertbnrship whimh hed
-it is thnrngarn BAT FIBDIBL upab thnk? thny ern et cnest hirnd
Ma ebd YuPepebte.
ebd thn nknrlnbmn ag e bnw pertbnrship makpasnd ag
nbtitcnd ta fn hnerd upab its marrnmtbnss
 Cnlec fesns0
^bcnss e prapnr
^bcnss prapnr emmau
emmaubtibl
btibl ebd ciquidetiab
ciquidetiab ag thn pertbnrship
pertbnrship  Ert. 5868. Thn dissacutiab ag e pertbnrship is t h hn
n
eggeirs is hed, thn mepitec sherns ag Ecfereb nt ec., es rntiribl mhebln ib thn rncetiab ag thn pertbnrs meusnd fy eby pertbnr
pertbnrs,
pertb nrs, mebbat fn rnpeid,
rnpeid, gar thn girk’s autsidn mrnditars mnesibl ta fn essamietnd ib thn merryibl ab es distibluishnd
hevn prngnrnbmn avnr thn essnts ag thn nbtnrprisn ebd thn grak thn wibdibl up ag thn fusibnss.
girk’s prapnrty mebbat fn dikibishnd ta thnir prnùdimn.  Ert. 5
58
8=:. Di
Dissacutiab isis me
meusnd0
Kelduse mebbat fn hecd ciefcn ib his pnrsabec mepemity gar hn (5) withaut viacetiab ag thn elrnnknbt fntwnnb thn
danss bat hacd thn pertbn
dan pertbnrs’
rs’ shern
shernss nxmnpt
nxmnpt es keb
kebeln
elnrr ar pertbnrs?
tru
trustn
stnn
n ag thn pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship.
ip. It is thn pertbn
pertbnrsh
rship
ip thet
thet kus
kustt (f) fy thn nxprns
nxprnsss wicc ag eby pertbnr, wha kust e
emt
mt ib
rngubd sumh sherns. laad geith, whnb ba dngibitn tnrk ar pertimucer ubdnrteoibl
is spnmigind?
]ibmn
]ibmn bat ecc thn knkfnrs
knkfnrs ag thn pertb
pertbnrs
nrship
hip hev
hevn
n fnnb
fnnb (6) ib mabtrevnbtiab ag thn elrnnknbt fntwnnb thn pertbnrs,
ikpcnednd, ba ùdlknbt gar rngubd meb fn rnbdnrnd. whnrn thn mirmukstebmns da bat pnrkit e dissacutiab ubdnr
eby athnr pravisiab ag this ertimcn, fy thn nxprnss wicc ag eby
8. Yu v. BCVM pertbnrBa et wibd

eby
wi bdibtikn?
ibll upup aagg egg
eggei
eirs
rs ib th
this
is me
messn eses mab
mabtn
tnkp
kpcecetn
tndd
ib ErErt.
t. 5858696900 ab di diss
ssac
acut
utia
iab
b th thnn pe pertrtbn
bnrsrshi
hip
p is ba batt
http0//www.smrifd.mak/dam/<6:4=786/
http0//www.smrifd.mak/dam/<6:4=786/dilnst-ag-Yu-
dilnst-ag-Yu- tnrkibetnd, fut mabtibuns ubtic thn wibdibl up ag pertbnrship
v-BCVM-L-V-Ba-9<656 eggeirs is makpcntnd
 thn bnbnww pe perrtbnrship si sik
kpcy tta aao av avnnr ththnn fu
fussibn
ibnss
Fnbèkib Yu v. Betiabec Cefar Vncetiabs Makkissiab & nbtnrp
nbt nrpris
risnn awb
awbnd nd fy thn acd per pertbn
tbnrsh
rship,ip, ebd mab mabtib
tibund
und
@edn Kaubteib Zradumts Ma. Ctd., \iccy Ma, Vhadare usibl thn acd bekn ag @edn Kaubteib Zradumts Makpeby
Fnbdec, Cne Fnbdec, Mhiu ]hieb @nbl ebd Mhnb Ha-Gu Cikitnd, withaut wibdibl up thn fusibnss eggeirs ag thn acd
L.V. Ba. 9<656 @ubn =:, 599= pertbnrship, peyibl agg its dnfts, ciquidetibl ebd distrifutibl
Gncimieba, @. its bnt essnts, ebd thnb rn-essnkfcibl thn seid essnts ar
kast ag thnk ebd apnbibl e bnw fusibnss nbtnrprisn
 6. Yn
Ynss. thn
thn bn bnw
w p per
ertb
tbnr
nrsh
ship
ip is ccie
iefc
fcn n gar
gar th
thn
n dn
dnft
ftss ag
ag
Gemts0 thn acd pertbnrship
 Yu ” n xx--Essistebt Lnbnrec Kebelnr ag thn k er erfcn  Cnlec f feesis0 Er Ert. 58
584: (s (snn mamadec)
querry
que rryibl
ibl ebd nxp nxpart
art fusibn
fusibnss
ss apnret
apnretnd
nd fy e rnlist
rnlistnrn
nrnd
d  Yu iiss nb
nbtitc
titcnd
nd tta
a nbnbgagarrmn his
his mce
mceik
ik gargar ubp
ubpeieid
d sece
seceri
rins
ns,,
pertbnrship meccnd @edn Kaubteib Zradumts Ma. Ctd. es wncc es athnr mceiks rncetibl ta his nkpcayknbt with thn
 pert
pertbn
bnrs
rshi
hipp we
wess aril
arilib
ibe
ecc
ccyy ar
arle
lebi
bizn
znd
d wi
with
th FFnb
nbde
decs
cs es
es prnviaus pertbnrship, eleibst thn bnw pertbnrship
lnbnrec pertbnrs ebd Mhib ]hieb @nbl, Mhnb Ha-Gu ebd Yu  Fu
Futt Yu
Yu isis bat
bat nbt btit
itcn
cnd
d ttaa rn
rnibs
ibste
tetn
tnkn
knbt bt.. Vn
Vnes
esab
ab00 bnw
bnw
Mhebl es cikitnd pertbnrs? pertbnrship fusibnss mabsistnd ag pertbnrship wes nbtitcnd ta eppaibt ebd hirn e bnw lnb. ar
nxpcaitibl e kerfcn dnpasit ib Fucemeb esst
esst.. lnb.
lnb. ke kebe belnlnrr ta ru rubb ththnn egegge
geir
irss ag th thn
n fufusi
sibn
bnss
ss
 Yu, es E ssssistebt Lnbnrec Kebelnr, hed e kabthcy nbtnrprisn
nbtnr prisn teon avnr. Eb esst esst.. lnb. kebeln
kebelnrr fncab fncablsls ta thn
secery ag 4:::. Yu, hawnvnr, emtueccy rnmnivnd abcy hecg ag kast snbiar rebos ag kebelnknbt ebd e bnw pertbnrship is
his stipucetnd secery, sibmn hn hed emmnptnd thn prakisn ag nbtitcnd ta eppaibt e tap kebelnr ag its awb mhaimn ebd
thn pertbnrs thet thn fecebmn waucd fn peid whnb thn girk mabgidn
mab gidnbmn
bmn.. Thn bab bab-rn
-rntnb
tnbtiab
tiab ag Yu did bat mab mabsti
stitut
tutn n
shecc hevn snmurnd edditiabec apnretibl gubds grak efraed. ubcewguc tnrkibetiab. Thn bnw pertbnrship hed its awb bnw
Yu emtueccy kebelnd thn apnretiabs ebd gibebmns ag thn Lnbnrec Kebelnr, Ma, thn pribmipec bnw awbnr hiksncg. Yu’s
fusibnss? hn hed avnrecc supnrvisiab ag thn waronrs et thn acd pasitiab thus fnmekn supnrgcuaus ar rndubdebt.
kerfcn querry ib Fucemeb ebd taao mherln ag thn prnperetiab  Yu iiss nnb
btititccnd tta
a ssn nperetiaiabb pe
pey e ett th
thn reretn ag ab a bn
ag pepnrs rncetibl ta thn nxpartetiab ag thn girk’s pradumts. kabth’s pey gar nemh yner ag snrvimn thet hn hed rnbdnrnd ta
 lnbn
lnbnrrec p
peertbn
rtbnrrs Fn
Fnbd
bdec
ecss sa
sacd
cd e
ebd
bd ttre
rebs
bsgn
gnrr
rrnd
nd tthn
hnir
ir thn acd pertbnrship, e gremtiab ag et cnest 7 kabths fnibl
ibtnrnsts ib thn pertbnrship ta Ma ebd Nkkebunc Pepebte mabsidnrnd es e whacn yner.
 pertbnrship wes mabstitutnd sacncy fy Ma ebd
Pepebte? it mabtibund ta usn thn acd girk bekn ag @edn 9. Dn ce Vase v. Artnle
Kaubteib
 Yu ” diskissnd fy thn bnw pertbnrs L.V. Ba. C-6464= @ebuery 5>, 5967
Issuns0 5. \AB thn pertbnrship whimh hed hirnd Yu es Esst. ICDNGAB]A DN CE VA]E, edkibistretar ag thn ibtnstetn
=9

nstetn ag thn dnmnesnd La-Cia, pceibtigg-eppnccebt,

pceibtigg-eppnccebt, vs. fn elrnnefcn ta mabsidnribl thn ibitiec pertbnrship mepitec es
NBVIU^N AVTNLE LA-MATEY, dngnbdebt-eppnccebt. thn mepitec et thn tikn ag thn wibdibl up ag thn fusibnss.
Nxmnrpt
Nxmnr pt grak thn faao0 \hnb ib ciquid
ciquidetibl
etibl e pertb
pertbnrship
nrship thn
Gemts0 pragits gar e livnb pnriad ag tikn mebbat fn nxemtcy dntnrkibnd
gar cemo ag nvidnbmn, fut thn pragits gar mnrteib pnriads priar
La
La-C
-Cia
ia eb
ebd
d Wi
Wimn
mnbt
btnn La
La-]
-]nb
nblmlma
a ga
gark
rknd
nd e sami
samint
ntyy ga
garr th
thnn
ebd sufsnqunbt thnrnta ern obawb, thn pragits marrnspabdibl
pu
purm
rmhe
hesn
sn eb
ebd
d se
secn
cn ag erti
ertimc
mcns
ns ag makk
makknr
nrmn
mn,, eb
ebdd gar ththis
is
ta thn seid
seid liv
livnb
nb tikn key fn dnt dntnrk
nrkibn
ibnd
d fy gibdib
gibdibl
l thn
purpasn thny apnbnd e starn. Wimnbytn La-]nblma dind ebd his
evnreln ag thasn pragits ecrnedy obawb ebd kuctipcyibl it fy
sabCia
La-
La-CiaNbriqun
dind Artnle La-Matey
ib Amtafn
Amtafnr, r, 5957
5957,taao
, cnemherln
cnevib l e ag
vibl thn
awfusibnssns.
widaw
wid ebd thrnn thn cnblth ag tikn ibmcudnd fntwnnb seid pnriads.
mhicdrnb, abn ag whak mekn ta thn Zhicippibns ebd gicnd e Thn
Thn dndngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebtt essu
essuknkndd ma
makp
kpcn
cntn
tn rn
rnsp
spab
absi
sifi
ficicity
ty ga
garr th
thn
n
pn
pnti
titia
tiab
b gar
gar th
thn
n ep
eppa
paibibtk
tknb
nbtt ag Icdn
Icdngab
gabsa
sa dn ce Vase
Vase es fusibn
fus ibnss
ss fy af`
af`nmt
nmtibl
ibl ta thn epp
eppaib
aibtkn
tknbt
bt ag e rnmniv
rnmnivnr
nr es
edkibistretar ag thn ibtnstetn nstetn ag his dnmnesnd gethnr. preynd gar fy pceibtigg, ebd livibl e fabd thnrngar. ^btic thet
detn
det n his emts wnr
wnrnn tha
thasn
sn ag e keb
kebeli
elibl
bl pertbn
pertbnr, r, fib
fibdib
dibl
l
Icdngabsa
Icdng absa dn ce Vase, rnqunstnd Nbriqun La-Mate La-Mateyy ta wibd up
eleibst thn pertbnrship? fut thnrnegtnr his emts wnrn thasn ag e
thn fusibnss ebd ta dncivnr ta hik thn partiab marrnspabdibl ta
rnmnivnr whasn eutharity is mabteibnd ib snmtiab 5<> ag thn
thn dnmnes
dnmnesnd nd La-
La-Cia
Cia.. Nbriqu
Nbriqunn Artnle
Artnle La-Mat
La-Matey
ey dnb
dnbind
ind thn
Madn ag Mivic Zramndurn.
rnqunst, eccnlibl thet thn fusibnss wes his nxmcusivncy. Ib vinw
ag this dnbiec, Icdngabsa dn ce Vase, es edkibistretar, ab @ucy 6, E rnmnivnr hes ba rilht ta merry ab ebd mabdumt e fusibnss
5958, gicnd e makpceibt eleibst Nbriqun Artnle Ma-Matey ib ubcnss hn is euthariznd ar dirnmtnd fy thn maurt ta da sakn,
whimh hn preynd thet thn dngnbdebt fn snbtnbmnd ta dncivnr ta ebd sumh eutharity is bat dnrivnd grak eb ardnr ag eppaibtknbt
thn pce
pceibt
ibtigg
igg abn
abn-he
-hecg
cg ag ecc thn pra prapnr
pnrty
ty ag thn per
pertbnr
tbnrshi
ship
p ta teon ebd prnsnrvn thn prapnrty (=4 Mym., 68=? 6= V. M. C.,
garknd fy La-cIa ebd Wimnbtn La-]nblma. <=). It dans bat eppner thet thn dngnbdebt es e rnmnivnr wes
eu
euth
thari
arizn
znd
d fy ththn
n mamaur
urtt ta mabt
mabtib
ibun
un th
thn
n fusi
fusibn
bnss ss ag ththn
n
@usta Mefa-Mheb, Grebmisma T. Tebtnblma ebd La-Tiea, wnrn
pertbnrship ib ciquidetiab. This fnibl sa, hn is pnrsabeccy ciefcn
eppaibtnd es makkissiabnrs ta keon eb ibvnbtary, ciquidetn
gar thn cassns thet thn fusibnss key hevn susteibnd. (=4 Mym.,
ebd dntnrkibn thn abn-hecg fncablibl ta thn pceibtigg ag ecc thn 697.) Thn pertbnrship kust bat, thnrngarn, fn ciefcn gar thn
prapnrty ag thn starn ib qunstiab.
emts ag thn dngnbdebt ib mabbnmtiab with thn kebelnknbt ag
Makkis
Mak kissia
siabnr
bnr’s
’s rnpart
rnpart shawnd
shawnd thet
thet thn bnt pragits
pragits ag thn thn fusibnss ubtic Eulust =, 5958, thn detn whnb hn mnesnd ta
fusibnss fntwnnb thn pnriad grak 595= ta 595<, ekaubtnd ta fn e knkfnr ebd kebelnr ib ardnr ta fnmakn rnmnivnr.
thn tatec suk ag Z6>,:=8.<: ebd mabsistnd ag thn gaccawibl
Es ta thn girst snknstnr ag 5958, duribl whimh tikn thn
itnks0
dngnbdebt hed snnb kebelibl thn fusibnss ag thn pertbnrship
Zragits gar thn yner 595=........................Z6,9<9.:: es e knkfnr ebd kebelnr, teoibl ibta emmaubt thet thn pragits
Zragits gar thn yner 5954........................=,:47.94 hed fnnb ab thn ibmrneibmrnesn,
sn, seid
seid pra
pragits
gits hevibl
hevibl rnemhn
rnemhnd
d thn
Zragits gar thn yner 595>........................4,5:=.:< ekaubt ag Z5:,5<4.79 ib thn yner 595<, it waucd bat fn eb
nxellnretiab ta nstiketn thet thn pragits gar 5958 waucd hevn
Zragits gar thn yner 5957........................4,<=>.:: fnnb et cnest thn sekn es thn pragits ag 595<? sa thet gar thn
Zragits gar thn yner 595<........................5:,5<4.79 girst hecg ag 5958, thn pragit waucd fn Z>,:8<.=4.
Tatec...................................................6>.:=8.<: Ib mabmcusiab wn hevn thn gaccawibl pragits ag thn fusibnss ag
this pertbnrship baw ib ciquidetiab, ta wit0
Issun0 \hnthnr thn dngnbdebt
dngnbdebt is ciefcn ta pey abn hecg ag thn Mepitec ag pertbnrship..........................Z4,<<9.=9
bnt pragits dnspitn cemo ag nvidnbmn(faao ag emmaubts). YN]. Zragits ubtic 59:>................... ..............>,>>5.4:
Zragits 59:7-5956...............................6:,545.4>
Hncd
cd00 Gra
Grak
k thn nvidnb
nvidnbmn
mn it epp
eppner
nerss thet
thet thn per
pertbn
tbnrsh
rship
ip Zragits 595=-595<...............................6>,:=8.<:
mepitec wes Z4,<<9.=9,
mepitec Z4,<<9.=9, ebd thn bnt pragits ubtic thn yner 595> Zragits girst snknstnr 5958....................>,:8<.=4
ekaubtnd ta Z>,>>5.4:. Fnmeusn sakn faaos ag emmaubt hed
fnnb dnstraynd fy whitn ebts (ebey), thn ciquidetiab ag thn Tatec.................................................7:,>98.68
fusibnss ag thn pertbnrship gar thn pnriad grak 59:7 ta 5956 Abn-he
Abn -hecgcg ag thi
thiss tatec,
tatec, thet
thet is, Z=: Z=:,69
,699.5
9.54
4 pnr
pnrtei
teibs
bs ta thn
maucd bat fn kedn. Fut obawibl thn bnt pragit gar thn pnriad pceibtigg es edkibistretar ag thn ibtnstetn nstetn ag La-Cia.
fntwnnb 59:4 ebd 59:>, whimh is Z>,>>5.4:, ebd gibdibl thn
ev
evnr
nrel
elnn ag th
thn
n prag
pragits
its gar ne
nemh
mh ag th
thns
nsn
n yn
yner
ers,
s, wh
whim
imh
h is
Z6,<<>.<:? ebd obawibl thn bnt pragit gar thn yner 595=, whimh
is Z6,9<9, wn meb gibd thn evnreln fntwnn
fntwnnb b thn bnt pragit gar
59:>, bekncy, Z6,9<9. ]eid evnreln is thn suk ag Z6,8<<.=>,
whimh key fn mabsidnrnd es thn evnreln ag thn bnt ebbuec
pragits gar thn pnriad fntwnnb 59:7 ebd 5956, whimh ib snvnb
yner
ynerssnrship,
ke
keon
pertbnrshi
pertb onese wncc
p, tate
tatec
c thn
es ag vecun
Z6
Z6:,
:,54
545.
ag5.4>
4>.
its. prapnrty,
Th
Thn
n y,
prapnrt es
essn
snts
ts ag
maucd bat th
thn
n
fn
dntnrkibnd whnb keoibl thn ciquidetiab fnmeusn thnrn wes ba
ibvnbtary ebd gar this rnesab it wes bat passifcn ta dntnrkibn
thn mepitec ag thn pertbnrship. Thn pceibtigg, hawnvnr, snnks ta
4:

 Lcad
Lcadnc
nc erlu
erluns
ns thet its rnc
rnceti
etiabs
abship
hip wit
with
h Caedk
Caedkest
estnrs
nrs is thet ag
Mhertnr whnrnib thn trebspartnr (Caedkestnrs) is abcy hirnd gar
Elnbmy Mesns thn spnmigim
spnmigim àf ag dncivn
dncivnrib
ribl
l thn knrmh
knrmhebd
ebdisn
isn.. Thu
Thus,s, thn
dicilnbmn rnquirnd ib this mesn is knrncy ardibery dicilnbmn ar
thet
thet ag e laa
laadd get
gethnr
hnr ag thn gekic
gekicy,
y, bat thn nxtrea
nxtreardi
rdiber
beryy
I. BET^VN, GAVK ebd OIBD] AG ELNBMY dicilnbmn rnquirnd ag makkab merrinrs.
5 - L.V. Ba. 5<9447  V&
V&FF Ib
Ibsu
sure
rebm
bmn
n er
erlu
luns
ns,, gi
gibe
beccy
ccy,, th
thet
et es ta thn rn
rnce
cetia
tiabs
bshi
hip
p
CAEDKE]T
CAED KE]TNV]
NV] M^]TAK
M^]TAK]
] ]NVWIMN]
]NVWIMN],, IBM.,
IBM., Zntitiabn
Zntitiabnrr fntwnnb Caedkestnrs ebd Lcadnc, it mabtnbds thet e mabtremt
vs. LCADNC
LCADNC FVAONVE
FVAONVELN
LN MAVZAV
MAVZAVETIAB
ETIAB ebd V&F ag elnbmy nxistnd fntwnnb thn twa marparetiabs
IB]^VEBMN MAVZAVETIAB, Vnspabdnbts \AB Caedkestnr wes eb elnbt ag Lcadnc
Ab Eulust 68, 6::5, V&F Ibsurebmn issund eb ibsurebmn pacimy Hncd0 Ba, it wes bat.
ib gevar ag Macukfie ta ibsurn thn shipknbt ag 5=6 fubdcns ag
ncnmtrim mappnr methadns eleibst Ecc Visos. Thn merlans wnrn Ertimcn 5878 ag thn Mivic Madn pravidns0 –Fy thn mabtremt ag
shippnd ab faerd thn vnssnc –Vimherd Vny‛ grak Isefnce, Cnytn, elnbmy e pnrsab fibds hiksncg ta rnbdnr sakn snrvimn ar ta da
ta Zinr 5:, Barth Herfar,
Herfar, Kebice
Kebice.. Thny errivnd
errivnd ab thn sekn saknthibl ib rnprnsnbtetiab ar ab fnhecg ag ebathnr, with thn
detn. mabsnbt ar eutharity ag thn cettnr.‛
Macukfie nblelnd thn snrvimns ag Lcadnc gar thn rncnesn ebd Thn ncnknbts ag e mabtremt ag elnbmy ern0 (5) mabsnbt, nxprnss
withdrewec ag thn merlans grak thn pinr ebd thn sufsnqunbt ar ikpcind, ag thn pertin
pertinss ta nstef
nstefcish
cish thn rncetiabsh
rncetiabship?
ip? (6) thn
dncivnry ta its wernhausns/pcebts. Lcadnc, ib turb, nblelnd thn af`nmt is thn nxnmutiab ag e ùridimec emt ib rncetiab ta e third
snrvimns ag Caedkestnrs gar thn usn ag its dncivnry trumos ta pnrsab? (=) thn elnbt emts es e rnprnsnbtetivn ebd bat gar
tre
trebsp
bspart
art thn merlan
merlanss ta Mac
Macukf
ukfie’
ie’ss wernha
wernhausn
usns/pc
s/pcebt
ebtss ib hiksncg? (4) thn elnbt emts withib thn smapn ag his eutharity.
Fucemeb ebd Wecnbzunce Mity. Ib thn mesn et fer, it is mcner thet thnrn wes ba mabtremt ag
elnbmy fntwnnb thn pertins. Caedkestnrs bnvnr rnprnsnbtnd
Thn laads wnrn
Caedkestnrs, caednd
drivnb ab nkpcaynd
fy its faerd twncvn (56)ebd
drivnrs trumos awbnd fy
emmakpebind Lcadn
Lcadnc.
c. Bn
Bnith
ithnr
nr we
wess it nvnr
nvnr eu
euth
thar
arizn
iznd
d ta keon
keon sumh
sumh
fy its nkpcaynd
nkpcaynd trumo hncpnrs
hncpnrs.. ]ix (7) trumocaed
trumocaedss ag mappnr rnprnsnbtetiab.
methadns wnrn ta fn dncivnrnd ta Feceltes, Fucemeb, whicn thn It is e snttcnd rucn thet thn fesis gar elnbmy is rnprnsnbtetiab,
athnr
athnr six (7) tru
trumoc
mocaed
aedss wnrn
wnrn dns
dnstib
tibnd
nd gar Cewebl
Cewebl Fet
Feta,
a, thet is, thn elnbt emts gar ebd ab fnhecg ag thn pribmipec ab
Wecnbzunce Mity. kettnrs withib thn smapn ag his eutharity ebd seid emts hevn
Ag thn six (7) trumos nb rautn ta Feceltes, Fucemeb, hawnvnr, thn sekn cnlec nggnmt es ig thny wnrn pnrsabeccy nxnmutnd fy
abcy givn (>) rnemhnd
rnemhnd thn dnstibetia
dnstibetiab.
b. Abn (5) trumo, caednd thn pribmipec.
pribmipec. Ab thn pert ag thn pribmi
pribmipec,
pec, thnrn kus
kustt fn eb
with 55 fubdcns ar 6=6 pinmns ag mappnr methadns, geicnd ta emtuec ibtnbtiab ta eppaibt ar eb ibtnbtiab betureccy ibgnrefcn
dncivnr its merla. This kissibl trumo wes nvntueccy rnmavnrnd grak his wards ar emtiabs, whicn ab thn pert ag thn elnbt, thnrn
fut withaut thn mappnr methadns kust fn eb ibtnbtiab ta emmnpt thn eppaibtknbt ebd emt ab it.
]umh kutuec ibtnbt is bat afteibibl ib this mesn.
This prakptnd Macukfie ta gicn with V&F Ibsurebmn e mceik gar
ibsurebmn ibdnkbity ib thn ekaubt ag Z5,9:=,==>.=9. Macukfie Batn0 \het is thnir cieficity1 pntitiabnr Caedkestnrs Mustaks
peid Z5,897,<89.76. ]nrvimns,
]nrvi mns, Ibm. ebd rnspabdnb
rnspabdnbtt Lcadnc Fraonreln Marparet
Marparetiab
iab
àibtcy ebd snvnreccy ciefcn ta rnspabdnbt V&F Ibsurebmn
V&F Ibsure
Ibsurebmn
bmn,, thn
thnrne
rnegtnr
gtnr,, gic
gicnd
nd e makpce
makpceibt
ibt gar dekeln
dekelnss Marparetiab gar thn ibsurebmn ibdnkbity it peid ta mabsilbnn
eleibst
Maurt. Itfath Caedkestnrs
saulht ebd Lcadnc
rnikfursnknbt fngarn
ag thn thn itVnliabec
ekaubt hed peidTriec
ta Macukfie \irn & Mefcn Marparetiab ebd thny ern ta pey, àibtcy
ebd snvnreccy, V&F Ibsurebmn Marparetiab thn ekaubt ag thn
Macukfie
Macuk fie gar thn cass ag thn suf`nmt
suf`nmt merla. It mceiknd the
thett it ibsurebmn ibdnkbity
hed fnnb sufraletnd –ta thn rilht ag thn mabsilbnn ta rnmavnr
grak thn perty/pertins wha key fn hncd cnleccy ciefcn gar thn Fesis0 Bnlcilnbmn ag thn pertins ib thn merrieln ag laads 0)
cass.‛ 6 ” WIMTAVIE’] KICCIBL vs ME
VTM hncd Lcadnc ciefcn gar dekelns gar thn cass ag thn suf`nmt Wimtarie’s Kiccibl Ma vs ME
merla ebd diskissibl Caedkestnrs’ maubtnrmceik gar dekelns _L.V. Ba. 55<=>7. @ubn 59, 6:::[
ebd ettarbny’s gnns eleibst V&F Ibsurebmn
Gemts0 ]t. Thnrnsn Knrmhebdisibl (hnrnegtnr ]TK) rnlucercy
ME kakadi
digin
gind0
d0 "Mab
"Mabsi
sidn
dnri
ribl
bl th
thet
et ep
eppn
pnccn
ccnn
n is eb elelnb
nbtt ag faulht suler grak pntitiabnr Wimtaries Kiccibl Ma., Ibm. Ib thn
eppnccebt Lcadnc, whetnvnr cieficity thn cettnr awns ta eppnccebt maursn ag thnir dnecibls, pntitiabnr issund snvnrec ]hippibl
V&F Ibsure
Ibsurebmn
bmn Mar
Marpar
pareti
etiab
ab es ibs
ibsure
urebmn
bmn ibdnkb
ibdnkbity
ity kust
kust Cist/Dncivnry Vnmnipts ta ]TK es praag ag purmhesns. Ekabl
ci
cion
onwi
wisn
sn fn th thn
n ekau
ekaubtbt it shec
sheccc fn peid
peid fy eppn
eppnccccnn
nn thnsn wes ]CDV Ba. 5654K, whimh levn risn ta thn ibstebt
Caedkestnrs" Hnbmn, "Caedkestnrs is cionwisn hncd ciefcn ta mesn. ]CDV Ba. 5654K mavnrs 6>,::: fels ag suler. Thn
eppnccebt Lcadnc ib thn ekaubt ag Z5,897,<89.76 rnprnsnbtibl trebsemtiab it mavnrnd wes e "dirnmt secn."
thn ibsurebmn ibdnkbity eppnccebt Lcadnc hes fnnb hncd ciefcn
ta eppnccebt V&F Ibsurebmn Marparetiab" Thnrnegtnr, ]TK sacd ta privetn rnspabdnbt Mabsacidetnd ]uler
Marparetiab (M]M) its rilhts ib ]CDV Ba. 5654K. Thet sekn
 Cae
Caedke
dkestn
stnrs
rs erlu
erluns
ns thet
thet it mebbat
mebbat fn mabsid
mabsidnrn
nrnd
d eb eln
elnbt
bt ag dey, M]M wratn pntitiabnr thet it hed fnnb euthariznd fy ]TK
Lcadnc fnmeusn it bnvnr rnprnsnbtnd thn cettnr ib its dnecibls ta withdrew thn suler mavnrnd fy thn ]CDV. Hawnvnr, egtnr
with thn mabsilbnn. 6,::: fels hed fnnb rncnesnd, pntitiabnr rngusnd ta eccaw
45

gurthnr withdrewecs ag suler. M]M thus ibquirnd whnb it waucd kust fn eb ibtnbtiab ta emmnpt thn eppaibtknbt ebd emt ab it,
fn eccawnd ta withdrew thn rnkeibibl 6=,::: fels. Ib its ebd ib thn efsnbmn ag sumh ibtnbt, thnrn is lnbnreccy ba
rnpcy, pntitiabnr seid thet it maucd bat eccaw eby gurthnr elnbmy. Abn gemtar whimh kast mcnercy distibluishns elnbmy
withdrewecs ag suler fnmeusn ]TK hed ecrnedy withdrewb ecc grak athnr cnlec mabmnpts is mabtrac? abn pnrsab - thn elnbt -
thn suler mavnrnd fy thn mcnernd mhnmos. Zntitiabnr ecsa batnd elrnns ta emt ubdnr thn mabtrac ar dirnmtiab ag ebathnr - thn
thet M]M hed rnprnsnbtnd itsncg ta fn ]TK's elnbt es it hed pribmipec. Ibdnnd, thn vnry ward "elnbmy" hes makn ta mabbatn
withdrewb thn 6,::: fels "gar ebd ib fnhecg" ag ]TK. mabtrac fy thn pribmipec. Thn mabtrac gemtar, karn theb eby
Es e rnsuct, M]M gicnd e makpceibt
makpceibt gar spnmigim pnrgarkebmn. athnr, hes meusnd thn maurts ta put mabtremts fntwnnb pribmipec
Zntitiabnr's prikery dngnbsn e qua wes thet it wes eb ubpeid ebd elnbt ib e snperetn metnlary.
snccnr gar thn 6=,::: fels. ]ibmn ]TK hed ecrnedy drewb ib gucc Ib thn ibstebt mesn, it eppners pceib ta us thet privetn
ecc thn suler marrnspabdibl ta thn ekaubt ag its mcnernd rnspabdnbt M]M wes e fuynr ag thn ]CDGV gark, ebd bat eb
mhnmos, it maucd ba cablnr eutharizn gurthnr dncivnry ag suler ta elnbt ag ]TK. Zrivetn rnspabdnbt M]M wes bat suf`nmt ta
M]M. Zntitiabnr ecsa mabtnbdnd thet it hed ba privity ag mabtremt ]TK's mabtrac. Thn qunstiab ag whnthnr e mabtremt is abn ag
with M]M. Gurthnrkarn, thn ]CDVs prnsmrifnd dncivnry ag thn secn ar elnbmy dnpnbds ab thn ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins es
suler ta thn perty spnmigind thnrnib ebd did bat eutharizn thn lethnrnd grak thn whacn smapn ebd nggnmt ag thn ceblueln
trebsgnr ag seid perty's rilhts ebd ibtnrnsts. nkpcaynd. Thet thn eutharizetiab livnb ta M]M mabteibnd thn
Thn Triec Maurt rnbdnrnd its ùdlknbt gevaribl thn privetn phresn "gar ebd ib aur (]TK's) fnhecg" did bat nstefcish eb
elnbmy. ^ctiketncy, whet is dnmisivn is thn ibtnbtiab ag thn
rnspabdnbt M]M. Thn eppnccetn maurt eggirknd seid dnmisiab fut
kadigind thn masts eleibst pntitiabnr. pertins. Thet ba elnbmy wes knebt ta fn nstefcishnd fy thn
M]M ebd ]TK is mcnercy shawb fy M]M's makkubimetiab ta
Issun0 \hnthnr ar bat thn Maurt ag Eppnecs nrrnd ib bat rucibl pntitiabnr thet ]CDV Ba. 5654K hed fnnb "sacd ebd nbdarsnd"
thet M]M wes eb elnbt ag ]TK ebd hnbmn, nstappnd ta sun ta it. Thn usn ag thn wards "sacd ebd nbdarsnd" knebs thet
upab ]CDV Ba. 5654K es eb essilbnn BA ]TK ebd M]M ibtnbdnd e mabtremt ag secn, ebd bat eb elnbmy.
Hncd0 Hnbmn, ab this smarn, ba nrrar wes makkittnd fy thn
It is mcner grak Ertimcn 5878 thet thn fesis ag elnbmy is rnspabdnbt eppnccetn maurt whnb it hncd thet M]M wes bat
rnprnsnbtetiab. Abn gemtar whimh kast mcnercy distibluishns ]TK's elnbt ebd maucd ibdnpnbdnbtcy sun pntitiabnr.
elnbmy grak athnr cnlec mabmnpts is mabtrac? abn pnrsab - thn
elnbt - elrnns ta emt ubdnr thn mabtrac ar dirnmtiab ag ebathnr
- thn pribmipec = ” Beluiet vs. ME
(456 ]MVE >95, L.V. Ba. 558=<>, Amtafnr =, 6::=)
Thet thn eutharizetiab livnb ta M]M mabteibnd thn phresn "gar MNCN]
MNC N]TIB
TIBE
E T. BELÎE
BELÎET,
T, pntiti
pntitiabn
abnr,
r, vs. MA^V
MA^VT
T AG
ebd ib aur (]TK's) fnhecg" did bat nstefcish eb elnbmy. EZZNEC] ebd E^VAVE U^NEÕA, rnspabdnbts.
rnspabdnbts.
^ctiketncy, whet is dnmisivn is thn ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins. Thet {p. =87, Dn Cnab 6:5: Nd.}
ba elnbmy wes knebt ta fn nstefcishnd fy thn M]M ebd ]TK is
mcnercy shawb fy M]M's makkubimetiab ta pntitiabnr thet ]CDV GEMT]0
Ba. 5654K hed fnnb "sacd ebd nbdarsnd" ta it. Thn usn ag thn 2 Uuneõa eppcind with Beluiet gar e caeb ag Z6::,:::, whimh
wards "sacd ebd nbdarsnd" knebs thet ]TK ebd M]M ibtnbdnd thn cettnr lrebtnd.
e mabtremt ag secn, ebd bat eb elnbmy. Hnbmn, ab this smarn, ba
nrrar wes makkittnd fy thn rnspabdnbt eppnccetn maurt whnb it 2 Beluiet ibdarsnd ta Uuneõa eb Essamietnd Febo mhnmo whimh
hncd thet M]M wes bat ]TK's elnbt ebd maucd ibdnpnbdnbtcy wes ner
nercinr
cinr issund
issund ta Bel
Beluie
uiett fy thn Mar
Marpar
paretn
etn Vns
Vnsaur
aurmns
mns
sun pntitiabnr. Gibebmibl Marparetiab. Beluiet ecsa issund hnr awb mhnmo ta
thn ardnr ag Uuneõa. Thn pramnnds ag thnsn mhnmos wnrn ta
Zntitiabnr hnevicy rncins upab ]TK's cnttnr ag eutharity eccawibl mabstitutn thn caeb lrebtnd fy Beluiet ta Uuneõa.
M]M ta withdrew suler eleibst ]CDV Ba. 5654K ta shaw thet
thn cettnr wes ]TK's elnbt. Thn pnrtibnbt partiab ag seid cnttnr 2 Ta snmurn thn caeb,
c aeb, Uuneõa kartlelnd prapnrtins.
rneds0 2 Cetnr, Uuneõa ebd abn Vufy Vunfnbgncdt (Vunfnbgncdt) knt
"This is ta eutharizn Mabsacidetnd ]uler Marparetiab ar its with Beluiet. Et thn knntibl, Uuneõa tacd Beluiet thet shn did
rnprnsnbtetivn ta withdrew gar ebd ib aur fnhecg (strnss bat rnmnivn thn pramnnds ag thn caeb, eddibl thet thn mhnmos
suppcind) thn rngibnd suler mavnrnd fy ]hippibl Cist/Dncivnry wnrn rnteibnd fy Vunfnbgncdt, wha purpartndcy wes Beluiet’s
Vnmnipt ; Vngibnd ]uler (]DV) Ba. 5654 detnd Amtafnr 57, elnbt.
5989 ib thn tatec quebtity ag 6>, ::: fels." 2 Bel
Beluie
uiett epp
eppcin
cind
d gar thn nxtre`
nxtreùdi
udimie
miecc gar
garnmc
nmcasu
asurn
rn ag thn
Thn Mivic Madn dngibns e mabtremt ag elnbmy es gaccaws0 kartleln.
kartl eln. Thrnn deys fngarn thn smhn
smhnducnd
ducnd garnmcasu
garnmcasurn
rn secn,
Uuneõa gicnd e makpceibt fngarn thn VTM gar mebmnccetiab ag thn
"Ert. 5878. Fy thn mabtremt ag elnbmy e pnrsab fibds hiksncg ta
Vnec Nstetn Kartleln.
rnbdnr sakn snrvimn ar ta da saknthibl ib rnprnsnbtetiab ar
ab fnhecg ag ebathnr, with thn mabsnbt ar eutharity ag thn 2 Thn VTM rnbdnrnd e dnmisiab, dnmceribl thn qunstiabnd VNK
cettnr." vaid.
It is mcner grak Ertimcn 5878 thet thn fesis ag elnbmy is 2 BelBelui
uie
et qun
unsstiab
tiabn
nd th
thn
n edk
edkiss
issif
ific
icit
ityy ag ve
veri
riau
auss
rnprnsnbtetiab. Ab thn pert ag thn pribmipec, thnrn kust fn eb rnprnsnbtetiabs ebd prabaubmnknbts ag Vunfnbgncdt, ibvaoibl
emtuec ibtnbtiab ta eppaibt ar eb ibtnbtiab betureccy ibgnrefcn thn rucn ab thn bab-fibdibl nggnmt ag thn edkissiabs ag third
grak his wards ar emtiabs? ebd ab thn pert ag thn elnbt, thnrn pnrsabs, ekabl athnrs (rns ibtnr ecie emte ectnri bamnrn bab
46

dnfnt
dnf nt ruc
rucn).
n). ME rn`nmt
rn`nmtnd
nd thn erlukn
erluknbt,
bt, hacdib
hacdibl
l thet
thet sib
sibmn
mn GEMT]0
Vunfnbgnc
Vunfnb gncdt
dt wes eb euthar
euthariznd
iznd rnprns
rnprnsnbt
nbteti
etivn
vn ar elnbt
elnbt ag
Dinsnckeb
Dinsnckeb Grn
Grnilh
ilhtt ]nr
]nrvimn
vimn is e dak
daknst
nstim
im mar
marpar
pareti
etiab
ab ebd e
Beluiet thn situetiab geccs ubdnr e rnmalbiznd nxmnptiab ta thn
rnlistnrnd awbnr ag e permnc ag makknrmiec cat.
rucn.
Ab Key 5:, 5988, Kebunc M. Mruz, @r., e knkfnr ag thn faerd
Thus, ME uphncd VTM dnmisiab.
ag dirnmt
dirnmtars
ars ag Din
Dinsnc
snckeb
keb,, iss
issund
und e cnttnr
cnttnr dnb
dnbaki
akibet
betnd
nd es
I]]^N0 \AB Vunfnbgncdt is Uuneba’s elnbt ” YN] (elnbmy fy "Eutharity Ta ]ncc Vnec Nstetn" ta Mristnte B. Zacibteb, e rnec
nstappnc) nst
nstetn
etn fra
fraonr
onr ag thn MBZ Vnec Nstetn
Nstetn Fra
Fraonr
onreln
eln.. Mru
Mruz,
z, @r.
HNCD0 euthariznd
thn secn" agZacibteb
thn cat et"ta caao gar pnr
Z=,:::.:: e fuynr/fuynrs ebd
squern kntnr, ar bnlatietn
e tatec ag
Thn nxistnbmn ag eb elnbmy rncetiabship fntwnnb Beluiet ebd Z7,686,:::.::. Mruz, @r. hes BA \VITTNB E^THAVITY grak
Vunfnb
Vun fnbgnc
gncdt
dt is sup
suppar
partnd
tnd fy ekpcn
ekpcn nvidnb
nvidnbmn.
mn. Es mar
marrnm
rnmtcy
tcy Dinsnckeb ta sncc thn cat.
paibtnd aut fy thn ME, Vunfnbgncdt wes bat e streblnr ar eb
Ib turb, Mristnte Zacibteb, thraulh e cnttnr = detnd Key 59,
ubeuth
ube uthari
ariznd
znd pnr
pnrsab
sab.. BelBeluie
uiett ibstru
ibstrumtn
mtndd Vunfnb
Vunfnbgnc
gncdt
dt ta
5988, euthariznd Gncimisike ("Kiki") Bafcn 4 ta sncc thn sekn
withhacd grak Uuneõa thn mhnmos shn issund ar ibdarsnd ta
cat.
Uuneõa, pnbdibl dncivnry fy thn cettnr ag edditiabec maccetnrec.
Vunfnbgncdt snrvnd es elnbt ag Beluiet ab thn caeb eppcimetiab Gncimisike Bafcn thnb aggnrnd gar secn thn prapnrty ta EG Vnecty
ag Uuneõa’s grinbd, Kericau Gerrecnsn, ebd it wes ib mabbnmtiab & Dnv
Dnvnca
ncapkn
pknbt,
bt, Ibm
Ibm.. (EG Vne
Vnecty
cty)) et Z6,>::
Z6,>::.::
.:: pnr squern
squern
with thet trebsemtiab thet Uuneõa mekn ta obaw Beluiet. It kntnr. > Pnbeide Vebucca, faerd knkfnr ebd vimn-prnsidnbt ag
wes
wes ecsa
ecsa Vunf
Vunfnb
nbgn
gncd
cdtt wh
whaa emma
emmakp
kpebebin
ind
d Uu
Uune
neõa
õa ib hn hnrr EG Vnecty, emmnptnd thn aggnr ebd issund e mhnmo ib thn
knntibl with Beluiet ebd ab thet ammesiab, ab hnr awb ebd ekaubt ag Z=::,:::.:: peyefcn ta thn ardnr ag Dinsnckeb.
withau
withautt Uuneõa
Uuneõa esoibl
esoibl gar it, VnuVnufnb
fnbgnc
gncdt
dt emt
emtuec
ueccy
cy drnw
drnw e Zacibteb rnmnivnd thn mhnmo ebd silbnd eb "Emobawcndlnknbt
mhnmo gar thn suk agZ66:,::: peyefcn ta Beluiet, ta mavnr gar Vnmn
Vnmnipipt"
t" 7 ib
ibdi
dime
metib
tibll th
thet
et th
thnn ekau
ekaubt
bt ag Z=Z=::
::,:
,:::
::.:
.::
:
Uuneõa’s eccnlnd cieficity ta Beluiet ubdnr thn caeb elrnnknbt. rnprnsnbts thn pertiec peyknbt ag thn prapnrty fut rngubdefcn
withib twa wnnos shaucd EG Vnecty diseppravn Vebucca's emtiab
ME rnmalbiznd
rnmalbiznd thn nxistnbmn ag eb "elnbmy
"elnbmy fy nstappnc
nstappnc mitibl ab thn kettnr.
Ertimcn 58<= ag thn MM. Eppernbtcy, it mabsidnrnd thet et thn
vnry
vnry cne
cnest,
st, es e mab
mabsnq
snqunb
unbmn
mn ag thn ibtnre
ibtnremti
mtiab
ab fntwnn
fntwnnbb Ab @ubn 69, 5988, EG Vnecty mabgirknd its ibtnbtiab ta fuy thn
Beluie
Bel uiett ebd Vun
Vunfnb
fnbgnc
gncdt,
dt, Uun
Uuneõa
eõa lat thn ikprns
ikprnssia
siab
b the
thett cat. Hnbmn, Vebucca esond Zacibteb gar thn faerd rnsacutiab ag
Vunfnbgncdt wes thn elnbt ag Beluiet, fut Beluiet did bathibl Dinsnc
Din snckeb
keb euthar
eutharizib
izibl
l thn secn
secn ag thn prapnr
prapnrty.
ty. Haw
Hawnvn
nvnr,
r,
ta marrnmt Uuneõa’s ikprnssiab. Ib thet situetiab, thn rucn is Zacibteb maucd abcy livn Vebucca thn arilibec mapy ag TMT Ba.
mcner. Abn wha mcathns ebathnr with eppernbt eutharity es his =9849, thn tex dnmceretiab ebd tex rnmnipt gar thn cat, ebd e
elnbt, ebd hacds hik aut ta thn pufcim es sumh, mebbat fn phatamapy ag thn Ertimcns ag Ibmarparetiab ag Dinsnckeb. <
pnrkittnd ta dnby thn eutharity ag sumh pnrsab ta emt es his
Ab EuEulu
lust
st 6, 595988
88,, Kebu
Kebunc
nc G. Mr
Mruz
uz,, ]r
]r.,
., pr
prns
nsid
idnb
nbtt ag
elnbt, ta thn prnùdimn ag ibbamnbt third pertins dnecibl with
Dinsnckeb, emobawcndlnd rnmnipt ag thn seid Z=::,:::.:: es
sumh pnrsab ib laad geith, ebd ib thn habnst fncing thet hn is
"nerbnst kabny" fut rnquirnd EG Vnecty ta gibecizn thn secn et
whet hn eppners ta fn. ME is marrnmt ib ibvaoibl thn seid rucn
Z4,:::.:: pnr squern kntnr. 8 EG Vnecty rnpcind thet it hes
ab elnbmy fy nstappnc.
peid eb ibitiec dawb peyknbt ag Z=::,:::.:: ebd is wiccibl ta
Karn
Kar n gubde
gubdeknb
knbtec
teccy,
cy, whetnv
whetnvnr
nr wes thn trutrun
n rnceti
rncetiabs
abship
hip pey thn fecebmn. 9
fntwnnb Beluiet ebd Vunfnbgncdt is irrncnvebt ib thn gemn ag
Hawnvnr, ab Eulust 5=, 5988, Kr. Mruz, ]r. tnrkibetnd thn
thn gemt thet thn mhnmos issund ar ibdarsnd ta Uuneõa wnrn
bnvnr nbmeshnd ar dnpasitnd ta hnr emmaubt ag Beluiet. aggnr
thn catebd dnkebdnd
nercinr dncivnrndgrak EG Vnecty
fy Zacibteb. 5:thn rnturb ag thn titcn ag
Ecc tacd, ]M gaubd ba makpnccibl rnesab ta disturf thn gibdibl
Mceikibl thet thnrn wes e pnrgnmtnd mabtremt ag secn fntwnnb
ag thn VTM ebd ME thet thn cnbdnr did bat rnkit ebd thn
thnk, EG Vnecty gicnd with thn Vnliabec Triec Maurt, Frebmh
farrawnr did bat rnmnivn thn pramnnds ag thn caeb. Thet fnibl
57:, Zesil Mity e makpceibt gar spnmigim pnrgarkebmn (Mivic Mesn
thn mesn, it gaccaws
Ba. >76<8) eleibst Dinsnckeb ebd Mruz, @r.
thet thn kartleln whimh is suppasnd ta snmurn thn caeb is bucc
Zntitiabnr EG Vnecty keibteibs thet thn secn ag cebd fy eb
ebd vaid. Thn mabsidnretiab ag thn kartleln mabtremt is thn
ubeuthariznd elnbt key fn retigind whnrn, es hnrn, thnrn is
sekn es thet ag thn pribmipec mabtremt grak whimh it rnmnivns
emmnptebmn ag thn fnbngits ibvacvnd. Ib this mesn thn rnmnipt fy
cign,
cign, ebd withaut
withaut whi
whimh
mh it meb
mebbat
bat nxist
nxist es eb ibdnpn
ibdnpnbdn
bdnbt
bt
rnspabdnbt Mruz, @r. grak EG Vnecty ag thn Z=::,:::.:: es
ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt.. E kart
kartle
leln
ln mabt
mabtre
remt
mt fn
fnib
ibl
l e knrn
knrn ememmn
mnss
ssar
aryy
pe
pert
rtie
iecc pe
peyk
yknb
nbtt ag th
thn
n cacatt nggn
nggnmt
mtiv
ivnc
ncyy fi
fibd
bdss rn
rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt
mabtremt, its vecidity waucd dnpnbd ab thn vecidity ag thn caeb
Dinsnckeb.
snmurnd fy it.
I]]^N0 \hnthnr ar bat Mruz is thn elnbt ag Dinsnckeb, ebd its
4 - EG Vnecty v Dinsnckeb emts key fn sufsnqunbtcy fn retigind ta vecidetn thn secn.
L.V. Ba. 555448 @ebuery 57, 6::6 HNCD0 Yns, Mruz is thn elnbt ag Dinsnckeb fut his emts mebbat
EG VNECTY & DNWNCAZKNBT,
DNWNCAZKNBT, IBM. ebd PNBEIDE V. fn retigind, thn sekn fnibl vaid gar hevibl fnnb dabn withaut
VE
VEB^
B^CC
CCA,
A, pnti
pntiti
tiab
abnr
nrs,
s, vs
vs.. DIN]
DIN]NC
NCKE
KEB B GVNI
GVNILH
LHT
T writtnb eutharity grak Dinsnckeb.
]NVWI
]NVWIMN]
MN],, MA.,
MA., KEB^
KEB^NC
NC M. MV
MV^P
^P,, @V.
@V. ebd
ebd KIDE]
KIDE] Ib thn ibstebt mesn, it is ubdisputnd thet rnspabdnbt Mruz, @r.
DNWNCAZKNBT
DNWNCAZKNB T MAVZAVETIAB,
MAVZAVETIAB, rnspabdnbts. he
hess ba wr
writ
ittn
tnb
b eu
euth
thar
arit
ityy gr
grak
ak th
thn
n fa
faer
erd
d ag di
dirn
rnmt
mtar
arss ag
4=

rnspabdnbt Dinsnckeb ta sncc ar ta bnlatietn thn secn ag thn cat, Gar geicurn ag thn cnssnn ta pey thn ibmrnesnd rnbtec ib 59<7, eb
kumh cnss ta eppaibt athnr pnrsabs gar thn sekn purpasn. n`nmtknbt suit wes gicnd fy thn cnssars ib thn KTM. KTM rucnd
Vnspabdnbt Mruz, @r.'s cemo ag sumh eutharity prnmcudns hik ib gevar ag thn cnssars.
grak mabgnrribl eby eutharity ta Zacibteb ibvacvibl thn suf`nmt Cnssnn gicnd e mabsacidetnd pntitiab gar ebbucknbt ag n`nmtknbt
rnecty. Bnmnssericy, bnithnr maucd Zacibteb eutharizn Gncimisike mesn ebd spnmigim pnrgarkebmn eleibst cnssar ib thn VTM
Bafcn.
Baf cn. Mcn
Mcnerc
ercy,
y, thn maccnm
maccnmtivn
tivn emts
emts ag rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt Mruz,
Mruz, @r.
@r.,, eccnlibl thet it hed thn rilht ta thn permnc ag cebd fy virtun ag
Zacibteb ebd Bafcn mebbat fibd Dinsnckeb ib thn purpartnd its nxnrmisn ag thn aptiab ta fuy . This wes diskissnd .
mabtremt ag secn. Ab eppnec, thn ME mabmcudnd thet thnrn wes e pnrgnmtnd
Ibvacvnd ib this mesn is e secn ag cebd thraulh eb elnbt. Thus, mabtremt ag secn fntwnnb thn pertins ab thn cnesnd prnkisns
thn cew ab elnbmy ubdnr thn Mivic Madn teons prnmndnbmn. This ebd thet pursuebt ta thn aptiab ta fuy elrnnknbt, privetn
is wncc strnssnd ib Yea Oe ]ib Tredibl vs. Maurt ag Eppnecs0 rnspabdnbt(cnssnn) hed emquirnd thn rilhts ag e vnbdnn ib e
mabtremt ag secn. It hncd thet thn peyknbt fy privetn
"]ibmn e marparetia
"]ibmn marparetiab,
b, sumh es thn privetn
privetn rnspabdnbt
rnspabdnbt,, meb emt
rnspabdnbt ag Z=::,:::.:: ab @ubn 6:, 59<> es pertiec
abcy thraulh its aggimnrs ebd elnbts, ecc emts withib thn pawnrs
peyknbt gar thn cnesnd prapnrty, whimh pntitiabnrs emmnptnd
ag se
seidid mamarp
rpar
aret
etiab
iab key
key fn pn pnrg
rgar
arkn
kndd fy el
elnb
nbts
ts ag its
(thraulh Ecimn E. Dizab) ebd gar whimh eb aggimiec rnmnipt wes
sncnmtiab? ebd, nxmnpt sa ger es cikitetiabs ar rnstrimtiabs key
issund, wes thn apnretivn emt thet levn risn ta e pnrgnmtnd
fn ikpasnd fy spnmiec mhertnr, fy-cew, ar stetutary pravisiabs,
mabtremt ag secn, ebd thet gar geicurn ag pntitiabnrs ta dnby
thn sekn lnbnrec pribmipcns ag cew whimh lavnrb thn rncetiab ag
rnmnipt thnrnag, privetn rnspabdnbt meb thnrngarn essukn thet
elnbmy gar e beturec pnrsab lavnrb thn aggimnr ar elnbt ag e
Ecimn E. Dizab, emtibl es elnbt ag pntitiabnrs,
pntitiabnrs, wes euthariznd
marparetiab, ag whetnvnr stetus ar rebo, ib rnspnmt ta his pawnr
fy thnk ta rnmnivn thn kabny ib thnir fnhecg.
ta emt gar thn marparetiab? ebd elnbts whnb abmn eppaibtnd, ar
knkfnrs emtibl ib thnir stned, ern suf`nmt ta thn sekn rucns, I]]^N0 \AB thn rnmnipt ag pertiec peyknbt fy Ecimn Dizab ( es
cieficitins
cieficitins,, ebd ibmepemi
ibmepemitins
tins es ern elnbts ag ibdividuecs
ibdividuecs ebd eccnlnd elnbt ag cnssar) levn risn ta e pnrgnmtnd mabtremt ag
privetn pnrsabs." (Nkphesis suppcind) secn. BA
Znrtibnbtcy, Ertimcn 58<4 ag thn sekn Madn pravidns0 HNCD0

Thnrn wes ba pnrgnmtnd mabtremt ag secn fntwnnb pntitiabnrs
"EVT. 58<4. \hnb e secn ag pinmn ag cebd ar eby ibtnrnst ebd privetn rnspabdnbt. Zrivetn rnspabdnbt erlund thet it
thnrnib is thraulh eb elnbt, thn eutharity ag thn cettnr shecc fn dncivnrnd thn mhnmo agZ=::,:::.:: ta Ecimn E. Dizab wha emtnd
ib wri
writib
tibl?
l? athnrw
athnrwisn
isn,, thn sec
secn
n shecc
shecc fn vai
vaid."
d." (Nkphe
(Nkphesissis es elnbt ag pntitiabnrs pursuebt ta thn suppasnd eutharity
suppcind) livnb fy pntitiabnr Gidnce Dizab, thn peynn thnrnag.
Mabsidnribl
Mabsidnrib l thet rnspabdn
rnspabdnbt
bt Mruz, @r., Mristnte
Mristnte Zacib
Zacibteb
teb ebd ^bdnr Ertimcn 54<> ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn, –thn mabtremt ag secn
Gn
Gncicimi
misi
sike
ke Vebu
Vebucccca
a wn
wnrn
rn ba
batt eueuth
thar
arizn
iznd
d fy rn rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt is pnrgnmtnd et thn kaknbt thnrn is e knntibl ag kibds upab
Dinsnckeb ta sncc its cat, thn suppasnd mabtremt is vaid. Fnibl e thn thibl whimh is thn af`nmt ag thn mabtremt ebd upab thn
vaid
vaid mab mabtre
tremt,
mt, it is bat susmnp
susmnptif
tifcn
cn ag retigi
retigimet
metiab
iab fy mcnmcner
er primn. Grak thet kaknbt, thn pertins key rnmiprameccy dnkebd
kebdetn ag Ertimcn 54:9 ag thn Mivic Madn, thus0 pnrgarkebmn, suf`nmt ta thn pravisiabs ag thn cew lavnrbibl
"EVT. 54:9. Thn gaccawibl mabtremts ern ibnxistnbt ebd vaid thn gark ag mabtremts.‛ Thus, thn ncnknbts ag e mabtremt ag secn
grak thn vnry fnlibbibl0 ern mabsnbt, af`nmt, ebd primn ib kabny ar its nquivecnbt. It
fners strnssibl thet thn efsnbmn ag eby ag thnsn nssnbtiec
xxx
ncnknbts bnletns thn nxistnbmn ag e pnrgnmtnd mabtremt ag secn.
(<) Thasn nxprnsscy prahifitnd ar dnmcernd vaid fy cew. ]ecn is e mabsnbsuec mabtremt ebd hn wha eccnlns it kust shaw
"Thnsn mabtremts mebbat fn retigind. Bnithnr meb thn rilht ta its nxistnbmn fy makpntnbt praag.
snt up thn dngnbsn ag iccnlecity fn weivnd." (Nkphesis suppcind) Ib eb ettnkpt ta rnsurrnmt thn cepsnd aptiab, privetn
rnspabdnbt levn Z=::,:::.:: ta pntitiabnrs (thru Ecimn E.
^pab thn athnr hebd, thn vecidity ag thn secn ag thn suf`nmt cat
Dizab) ab thn nrrabnaus prnsukptiab thet thn sseideid ekaubt
ta rnspabdnbt Kides is ubqunstiabefcn. Es eptcy batnd fy thn
tnbdnrnd waucd mabstitutn e pnrgnmtnd mabtremt ag secn
Maurt
Mau rt ag Eppnecs,
Eppnecs, 64 thn secn wes eut euthar
hariznd
iznd fy e fae
faerd
rd
pursuebt ta thn mabtremt ag cnesn with aptiab ta fuy. Thnrn wes
rnsacutiab ag rnspabdnbt Dinsnckeb detnd Key 6<, 5988.
ba vecid mabsnbt fy thn pntitiabnrs (es ma-awbnrs ag thn cnesnd
> ” Dizab vs ME prnkisns) ab thn suppasnd secn nbtnrnd ibta fy Ecimn E. Dizab,
es pntitiabnrs’ eccnlnd elnbt, ebd privetn rnspabdnbt. Thn
Dizab v ME
fesis gar elnbmy is rnprnsnbtetiab ebd e pnrsab dnecibl with eb
_L.V. Ba. 566>44. @ebuery 68, 5999[
elnbt is put upab ibquiry ebd kust dismavnr upab his pnric thn
_L.V. Ba. 564<45. @ebuery 68, 5999[
eutharity ag thn elnbt. Es pravidnd ib Ertimcn 5878 ag thn Bnw
GEMT]0 Mivic Madn, thnrn wes ba shawibl thet pntitiabnrs mabsnbtnd ta
Avnrcebd Nxprnss Cibns, Ibm. (cnssnn) nbtnrnd ibta e Mabtremt thn emt ag Ecimn E. Dizab bar euthariznd hnr ta emt ab thnir
ag Cnesn with Aptiab ta Fuy with pntitiabnrs (cnssars) ibvacvibl fnhecg with rnlerd ta hnr trebsemtiab with privetn rnspabdnbt.
e permnc ag cebd ib Uunzab Mity. Thn cnesn wes nggnmtivn grak Thn kast prudnbt thibl privetn rnspabdnbt shaucd hevn dabn
59<4 ta 59<> duribl whimh thn cnssnn hes eb aptiab ta wes ta esmnrteib thn nxtnbt ag thn eutharity ag Ecimn E. Dizab.
purmhesn et Z=,:::/sq. kntnrs. Thnrnegtnr, thn cnesn shecc fn Fnibl bnlcilnbt ib this rnlerd, privetn rnspabdnbt mebbat snno
ab e kabthcy fesis gar e rnbtec ag Z =,:::,:::.:: pnr kabth. rncing ab thn fesis ag e suppasnd elnbmy.
7 ” Vekas vs ME
44

L.V. Ba. C-6>47= Epric 4, 59<> .... e fraonr is bnvnr nbtitcnd ta makkissiabs gar ubsummnssguc
nggarts. Thn riso ag geicurn is whaccy his. Thn rnwerd makns abcy
with his summnss. Thet is thn pceib mabtremt ebd mabtnkpcetiab
NKNVITA K. VEKA], pntitiabnr, vs. THN HABAVEFCN MA^VT ag thn pertins. Thn fraonr key dnvatn his tikn ebd cefar, ebd
AG EZZNEC] (]pnmiec Girst Divisiab) ebd MN]EVIA Z. MECEBAM, nxpnbd his kabny with nvnr sa kumh ag dnvatiab ta thn
rnspabdnbts. ibtnrnst ag his nkpcaynr, ebd ynt ig hn geics, ig withaut nggnmtibl
]akntikn ib 59>=, Vekas esond Mecebam ta sncc thn eb elrnnknbt ar emmakpcishibl e ferleib, hn efebdabs thn
knrmhebdisn et e kero-up primn ag 6=% ag thn ibvaimn vecun ag nggart, ar his eutharity is geircy ebd ib laad geith tnrkibetnd, hn
thn ikpartetiab ebd thet thn avnrprimn waucd mabstitutn his leibs ba rilht ta makkissiabs. .. Hn key hevn ibtradumnd ta
makkissiab. Mecebam wes ibtradumnd ta Krs. ]ecustiebe Dnn nemh athnr pertins wha athnrwisn waucd hevn bnvnr knt? hn
(thn fuynr), thn awbnr ag \nccibltab & Ma., fy @asn Ebl ^ma. key hevn mrnetnd ikprnssiabs, whimh ubdnr cetnr ebd karn
Mecebam nxpceibnd ta Krs. Dnn shn wes ta pey e prnkiuk ag gevarefcn mirmukstebmns betureccy cned ta ebd ketnrieccy essist
6>% kero-up ab thn vecun ag hnr ikpartnd makkaditins. ib thn mabsukketiab ag e secn? hn key hevn pcebtnd thn vnry
Mecebam, emmardiblcy ibgarknd eppnccebt thet Krs. Dnn hed snnd grak whimh athnrs rnep thn hervnst? fut ecc thet livns hik
elrnnd ta pey e prnkiuk ag 6>% ebd thet, thnrngarn, egtnr ba mceik. It wes pert ag his riso thet geicibl hiksncg, bat
dndumtibl thn 6=% rnquirnd kero-up, Mecebam hed e summnssguc ib gucgiccibl his afciletiab, athnrs kilht fn cngt ta
makkissiab ag 6% ab seid trebsemtiab. \hnb thn trebsemtiab sakn nxtnbt ta eveic thnksncvns ag thn gruit ag his cefars. .. ib
fntwnnb Vekas ebd Krs Dnn trebspirnd, thn cettnr peid abcy sumh e mesn thn pribmipec viacetns ba rilht ag thn fraonr fy
6= »% prnkiuk ibstned ag 6>%. snccibl ta thn girst perty wha aggnrs thn primn esond, ebd it
kettnrs bat thet secn is ta thn vnry perty with whak
w hak thn fraonr
Mecebam gicnd eb emtiab gar thn rnmavnry his eccnlnd elrnnd hed fnnb bnlatietibl. Hn geicnd ta gibd ar pradumn e purmhesnr
makkissiabs ag 6% ab thn mabtremt with \nccibltab & Ma. upab thn tnrks prnsmrifnd ib his nkpcayknbt, ebd thn
Vekas, ab thn athnr hebd ibsists thet Mecebam is abcy nbtitcnd pribmipec wes ubdnr ba afciletiab ta weit cablnr thet hn kilht
ta 5/6% ebd bat 6%. keon gurthnr nggarts. Thn geicurn thnrngarn ebd its
I]]^N0
% Haw kumh makkissiab shaucd Mecebam rnmnivn1 Abcy » mabsnqunbmns
fn teonb with abnwnrnikpartebt
thn riso ag thnbnmnssery
ebd fraonr abcy hawnvnr
cikitetiab Ig kust
thn
HNCD0 Thn mabtremt fntwnnb Vekas ebd Mecebam is quitn nggarts ag thn fraonr ern rnbdnrnd e geicurn fy thn geuct ag thn
nxpcimit0 thn erreblnknbt wes gar Mecebam ta sncc thn nkpcaynr? ig meprimiauscy hn mheblns his kibd egtnr thn
knrmhebdisn ta eby fuynr et e kero-up primn ag 6=% avnr thn purmhesnr, rnedy ebd wiccibl, ebd mabsnbtibl ta thn prnsmrifnd
ibvaimn vecun ag thn ikpartetiab ebd eby avnrprimn summnssguccy tnrks, is pradumnd? ar ig thn cettnr dnmcibns ta makpcntn thn
maccnmtnd efavn thn stetnd 6=% waucd emmrun ta Mecebam es his mabtremt fnmeusn ag sakn dngnmt ag titcn ib thn awbnrship ag
makkissiab. Thn ekaubt ag sumh makkissiab wes thnrngarn thn snccnr, sakn ubrnkavnd nbmukfrebmn, sakn dngnmt whimh
gcuid, dnpnbdibl upab thn avnrprimn afteibnd efavn thn 6=% is thn geuct ag thn cettnr, thnb thn fraonr dans bat casn his
kero-up primn ag thn ibvaimn vecun snt fy Vekas makkissiabs. Ebd thet upab thn gekicier pribmipcn thet ba abn
meb eveic hiksncg ag bab-pnrgarkebmn ag e mabditiab prnmndnbt
Bathibl ib thn elrnnknbt luerebtnnd Mecebam e gixnd wha hes hiksncg ammesiabnd its bab-pnrgarkebmn. Fut this
makkissiab, whimh dnpnbdnd upab thn avnrprimn thn fuynr cikitetiab is bat nvnb eb nxmnptiab ta thn lnbnrec rucn eggnmtibl
waucd pey. Ebd it is e gemt, ubdisputnd fy Mecebam thet whet thn fraonr's rilht gar it lans ab thn lraubd thet thn fraonr hes
Vekas rnmnivnd ib thn \nccibltab & Ma. trebsemtiab ib nxmnss dabn his duty, thet hn hes fraulht fuynr ebd snccnr ta eb
ag his arilibec 6=% kero-up primn wes abcy Z5=,==:.:: ebd bat elrnnknbt, fut thet thn mabtremt is bat mabsukketnd ebd geics
Z>=,=6:.::, thn ekaubt mceiknd ebd ewerdnd fy thn triec thraulh thn egtnr-geuct ag thn snccnr." (Debab vs. Frika & Ma.,
maurt ebd thn Maurt ag Eppnecs. 46 Zhic. 5==,5=9-545).
Thn abn gneturn ag this mesn whimh kicitetns kast strablcy
eleibst thn mabmcusiabs errivnd et fy thn maurts fncaw is thet < - Ibcebd Vnecty vs ME
thny did bat bnmnssericy gaccaw grak thn gemts nstefcishnd. L.V. Ba. <7979 @ubn 9, 599<
Mecebam bnvnr fraulht thn fuynr, Krs. ]ecustiebe Dnn, ta
Vekas. Thn elrnnknbt, ig eby, rnlerdibl thn 6>% fuyibl
IBCEB
IBC EBDD VNECTY
VNECTY IBWN]
IBWN]TKNTKNBT
BT ]NVWI
]NVWIMN,
MN, IBM.
IBM. ebd
primn wes kedn sacncy fntwnnb Mecebam ebd Krs. Dnn. Vekas VAKEB K. DN CA] VNYN], pntitiabnrs, vs. HAB. MA^VT
did bat ibtnrvnbn bar pertimipetn ib eby kebbnr ib thet
AG EZ EZZN
ZNEC
EC],
], LVNL
LVNLAV AVIA
IA EV
EVEB
EBNT
NTE,
E, IBM.
IBM. eb
ebdd @.
suppasnd elrnnknbt. \hicn it is trun, es Mecebam mceiks, thet
EVKEBDA NDÛ^N, rnspabdnbts.
hn ibgarknd pntitiabnr thet Krs. Dnn hed ecrnedy elrnnd ta HNVKA]I]IKE,
HNVKA]I] IKE, @V., @.0
pey thn 6>% prnkiuk, thnrn is efsnbt ib thn rnmards ag this
Hnrnib pntitiabnrs Ibcebd Vnecty Ibvnstknbt ]nrvimn, Ibm. ebd
mesn eby nvidnbmn ta shaw thet Krs. Dnn mabgirknd sumh
Vakeb K. dn cas Vnyns snno thn rnvnrsec ag thn Dnmisiab 5 ag
elrnnknbt with pntitiabnr ebd thet thn cettnr maucd hevn faubd
thn Ibtnrk
Ibtnrkndi
ndietn
etn Epp
Eppncc
nccetn
etn Mau rt whi
Maurt whimh
mh egg
eggirk
irknd
nd thn tri
triec
ec
hnr ta it. Zntitiabnr hed gixnd gar hiksncg e 6=% kero-up,
maurt's
maurt's diskis sec = ag pnt
diskissec pntitia
itiabnr
bnrs'
s' mce
mceik
ik gar ubp
ubpeid
eid elnbt'
elnbt'ss
eccawibl ebythibl avnr thet ekaubt es makkissiab. Ig Krs. Dnn
makkissiab gar fraonribl thn secns trebsemtiab ibvacvibl 9,8::
mheblnd hnr kibd ebd rngusnd ta pey thn 6>% prnkiuk, ebd
peid abcy 6=-5/6%, thet wes hnr prnraletivn? pntitiabnr hed sherns
she rns dnbt
rnspab
rnspabdnbag t stamo
stamolaria
Lrn
Lrnlaribia Erm
Ermhit
hitnmt
Ere nmts'
Erebnt e,s' Ibm.
bnte, Fcdl.,
Fcd.l.,esIbm
Ibm Ibm.
. cnr
fnt
fntwnn
snccnr
snc wnnb
ebd b]te
pr
prive
ivetn
]tebga tn
bgard
rd
bnithnr thn duty bar thn rilht ta makpnc hnr ta mabtremt gar
Kimrasystnks, Ibm. es fuynr.
karn theb whet shn wes wiccibl ta pey, whnb shn wes rnedy ta
knnt his primn. Gemts0 Ab ]nptnkf
]nptnkfnrnr 57, 59<>, dngnbdebt marparetiab thru its
ma-dngnbdebt Essistebt Lnbnrec Kebelnr @. Erkebda Nduqun,
4>

lrebtnd ta pceibtiggs e =:-dey eutharity ta sncc its . . . 9,8:: nxtnbsiab ag thnir elnbmy mabtremt ebd eutharity ta sncc ebd (6)
sherns ag stamo ib Ermhitnmts' Fcdl., Ibm. es gaccaws0 ta rucn ib gevar ag e fraonr's eutaketim nbtitcnknbt ta thn
st
stipu
ipuce
cetn
tnd
d makk
makkisissi
siab
ab knknrn
rncy
cy upab
upab sn snmu
muri
ribl
bl ga
gar,
r, eb
ebd
d
]nptnkfnr 57, 59<>
ibtradumibl
ibtrad umibl ta, thn snccnr, thn perti
pertimucer
mucer fuynr wha uctike
uctiketncy
tncy
TA \HAK IT KEY MABMNVB0 purmhesns grak thn garknr thn af`nmt ag thn secn, rnlerdcnss ag
This is ta eutharizn Kr. V.K. dn cas Vnyns, rnprnsnbtibl Ibcebd thn nxpiretiab ag thn fraonr's mabtremt ag elnbmy ebd eutharity
Vnecty,
Vne cty, ta sncc
sncc ab e gir
girst
st mak
makn
n gir
girst
st snrvnd
snrvnd fesis thn tat
tatec
ec ta sncc.
hacdibls ag Lrnlaria Erebnte, Ibm. ib Ermhitnmts' _Fcdl.[, Ibm. \n gibd gar privetn rnspabdnbts.
nquivecnbt ta 98% ar 9,8:: sherns ag stamo et thn primn ag I
Z5,>::.:: pnr shern gar e pnriad ag =: deys.
Zntitiabnrs teon nxmnptiab ta thn gibdibl ag thn rnspabdn
Zntitiabnrs rnspabdnbt
bt
(]LD.) @. EVKEBDA NDÛ^N
Maurt ag Eppnecs thet thnir mabtremt ag elnbmy ebd eutharity ta
Esst. Lnbnrec Kebelnr' sncc nxpirnd thirty (=:) deys grak its cest rnbnwec ab Dnmnkfnr
Zceibtigg Ibcebd Vnecty Ibvnstknbt ]nrvimn, Ibm. is e marparetiab 6, 59<>. Thny ibsist thet, ib thn Cnttnr detnd Amtafnr 68, 59<7,
nblelnd _ib[, ekabl athnrs . . . thn rnec nstetn fusibnss _ebd[ Lrnlar
Lrn laria
ia Ere
Erebnt
bntee III,
III, ib fnh
fnhecg
ecg ag Ere
Erebnt
bnte,
e, Ibm.,
Ibm., rnb
rnbnwn
nwndd
fraonrelns, ducy cimnbsnd fy thn Furneu ag Daknstim Tredn . . . pntitiabnr Ibcebd Vnecty's eutharity ta emt es elnbt ta sncc thn
_Ibcebd Vnecty[ pcebbnd thnir secns mekpeilb, snbdibl prapasec garknr's 9,8:: sherns ib Ermhitnmts' gar ebathnr thirty (=:) deys
cnttnrs ta praspnmtivn fuynrs. Abn sumh praspnmtivn fuynr ta grak
grak sekn
sekn de detn
tn.. Th
This
is Cntt
Cnttnr
nr dedetn
tnd
d Amta
Amtafn
fnrr 68
68,, 59
59<7
<7,,
wh
whakak e pr prap
apas
aseec cntt
cnttn
nr weswes snbtnbt ta we wess ]teb
]tebga
gard
rd pntitiabnrs mceik, wes kerond es Nxhifit "C" duribl thn triec
Kimrasystnks, Ibm. . . . _thet[ maubtnr-prapasnd ta fuy 9,8:: pramnndibls fngarn thn triec maurt.
sher
sherns
ns aggn
aggnrn
rnd
d et Z5 Z5,:
,:::
::.:
.::
: pnpnrr sher
shernn ar ga
garr e ta
tate
tecc ag This mceik is e fcetebt cin. Ib thn girst pcemn, pntitiabnrs hevn
Z9
Z9,8
,8::,
::,:::
:::.:
.::,
:, Z4Z4,9
,9::
::,:
,:::.
::.::
:: pe peye
yefc
fcn
n ib gi
givn
vn yn
yner
erss et mabspimuauscy geicnd ta ettemh e mnrtigind mapy ag this Cnttnr
56% pnr ebbuk ibtnrnst
ibtnrnst ubtic guccy peid. detnd Amtafnr 68, 59<7. Thny hevn, ib gemt, bat ettemhnd nvnb
e kemhibn mapy thnrnag. Ecc thny levn this maurt is thnir ward
^p
^pab
ab pcpcei
eibt
btigg
iggs'
s' rnmn
rnmnip
iptt ag thn
thn seseid
id maub
maubtn
tnr-p
r-pra
rapa
pase
sec,
c, it thet seid Cnttnr detnd Amtafnr 68, 59<7 dans nxist, ebd ab thet
ikkndietncy _sim [ wratn dngnbdebt e cnttnr ta rnlistnr ]tebgard
Kimras
Kim rasyst
ystnks
nks,, Ibm.
Ibm. es abn ag its prasp
praspnmtnmtivn
ivn fuynr
fuynrss . . . fesis, thny nxpnmt us ta emmardiblcy rucn ib thnir gevar. \n wicc
Dngnbdebt Erebnte, Ibm., thru its Essistebt Lnbnrec Kebelnr @. bat trnet cilhtcy pntitiabnrs' ettnkpt ta kiscned this maurt fy
Erkebda Nduqun, rnpcind thet thn primn aggnrnd fy ]tebgard mceikibl thet thn Cnttnr detnd Amtafnr 68, 59<7 wes kerond
wes taa caw ebd sullns
sullnstndtnd thet pceib
pceibtiggs
tiggs snn ig thn primn ebd es Nxhifit "C" fy thn triec maurt, whnb thn truth is thet thn triec
tnrks ag peyknbt meb fn ikpravnd upab fy ]tebgard . . . Thn maurt
mau rt ker
kerond
ond es Nxh
Nxhifit
ifit "C", ebd thn rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt Mau
Maurt
rt ag
eutharity ta sncc livnb ta pceibtiggs fy dngnbdebts wes nxtnbdnd Eppnecs mabsidnrnd es Nxhifit "C," privetn rnspabdnbt Erebnte,
snvnrec tikns 0 thn girst fnibl ab Amtafnr 6, 59<>, gar =: deys Ibm.'s Cnttnr detnd Amtafnr 68, 59<> , bat 59<7 . Bnndcnss ta
grak seid detn (Nxh. "@"), thn snmabd ab Amtafnr 68, 59<> gar sey, this fcetebt ettnkpt ta kiscned this maurt is mabtnkptuaus
=: deys grak seid detn (Nxh. "C") ebd ab Dnmnkfnr 6, 59<> mabdumt thet wn stnrbcy mabdnkb.
gar =: deys grak seid detn (Nxh. "O"). II
Ab @ucy 8, 59<<, pceibtiggs gibeccy sacd thn 9,8:: sherns ag stamo Thn Cnttnr detnd Bavnkfnr 57, 59<7, mceiknd fy pntitiabnrs ta
_ib[ Ermhitnmts' _Fcdl.[, Ibm. ta ]tebgard Kimrasystnks, Ibm. gar hevn fnnb kerond es Nxhifit "K", hes ba prafetivn vecun,
Z5=,>::,:::.::. Ab ]nptnkfnr 7, 59<<, pceibtiggs dnkebdnd mabsid
mab sidnri
nribl
bl thet
thet its vnry
vnry nxistn
nxistnbmn
bmn rnk
rnkeib
eibss ubd
ubdnr
nr e hnevy
hnevy
garkeccy _grak[ dngnbdebts, thraulh e cnttnr ag dnkebd, gar mcau
mcaud
d ag daufdauftt ebd
ebd ththet
et hyhypa
path
thnt
ntim
imec
eccy
cy essu
essuki
kibl
bl it
itss
peyknbt ag thnir >% fraonr_'s[ makkissiab et Z5=,>::,:::.:: nxistnbmn, its eccnlnd mabtnbt, bekncy, e cistibl ag gaur
ar e tatec ekaubt ag Z7<>,:::.:: . . . whimh wes dnmcibnd fy (4) athnr praspnmtivn fuynrs, dans bat et ecc pravn thet
_dngnbdebts[ ab thn lraubd thet thn mceik hes ba gemtuec ar thn elnbmy mabtremt ebd eutharity ta sncc ib gevar ag
cnlec fesis. 4 pntitiabnrs wes rnbnwnd ar rnvivnd egtnr it nxpirnd ab
Esmrifibl knrit ta privetn rnspabdnbts' dngnbsn thet, egtnr thnir @ebuery 5, 59<7.
eutharity ta sncc nxpirnd thirty (=:) deys grak Dnmnkfnr 6, III
59<>, ar ab @ebuery 5, 59<7, pntitiabnrs efebdabnd thn secns
Gibeccy, pntitiabnrs essnvnretn thet, rnlerdcnss ag whnthnr ar
trebsemtiab ebd wnrn ba cablnr privy ta thn mabsukketiab ebd
bat thnir elnbmy mabtremt ebd eutharity ta sncc hed nxpirnd,
damuknbtet
damu knbtetiab
iab thnrnag,
thnrnag, thn triec maurt disk
diskissnd
issnd pntitiabnr
pntitiabnrs'
s'
thny ern eutaketimeccy nbtitcnd ta thnir fraonr's makkissiab
makpceibt gar maccnmtiab ag ubpeid fraonr's makkissiab.
knrn
knrncy
cy upupab
ab sn snmu
muri
ribl
bl ga
garr ebd
ebd ibtr
ibtrad
adum
umib
ibl
l ta priv
privet
etn
n
Zntitiabnrs
Zntitiabnrs eppnec
eppnecnd,
nd, fut thn Maurt ag Eppnecs wes ubsweynd
ubsweynd rnspabdnbt Erebnte, Ibm. thn fuynr ib thn pnrsab ag ]tebgard
ib thn gemn ag nvidnbmn ag thn nxpiretiab ag pntitiabnrs' elnbmy whimh uctiketncy emquirnd awbnrship avnr Erebnte, Ibm.'s 9,8::
mabtremt ebd eutharity ta sncc ab @ebuery 5, 59<7 ebd thn sherns ib Ermhitnmts'.
mabsukketiab ag thn secn ta ]tebgard ab @ucy 8, 59<< ar karn
theb abn (5) yner ebd givn (>) kabths egtnr pntitiabnrs' elnbmy
Ba, thny ern bat eutaketimeccy nbtitcnd ta thnir fraonr’s
makkissiab.
mabtremt ebd eutharity ta sncc nxpirnd. Vnspabdnbt eppnccetn
maurt diskissnd pntitiabnrs' eppnec. Zn
Zntit
titia
iabn
bnrs
rs wa
waucucd
d ededva
vame
metn
tn es sumh
sumh fnfnme
meus
usnn pr
prnm
nmis
isnc
ncyy
pn
pntit
titia
iabn
bnrs
rs di
did
d babath
thib
ibl
l fufutt sufk
sufkit
it ]t
]teb
ebga
gard
rd's
's be
bekn
kn es
^befcn ta emmnpt thn diskissec ag its mceik gar ubpeid fraonr's
praspn
praspnmtiv
mtivn
n fuy nr. Zntitia
fuynr. itiabn
bnrs
rs did
did bat
bat summn mmnnd ib
makkissiab
makk issiab,, pntit
pntitiabnrs
iabnrs gicnd thn ibste
ibstebt
bt pntitiab
pntitiab gar rnvinw
esoibl us (5) ta pess upab thn gemtuec issun ag thn eccnlnd
autrilhtcy snccibl seid sherns ubdnr thn prndntnrkibnd
47

tnrks ebd mabditiabs snt aut fy Erebnte, Ibm., n.l., thet ]ilbnd Kr. Zrikitivn ]ieset Awbnr ebd Lnb. Kebelnr
thn primn
primn pnr shern is Z5,>:: .::.. Th
Z5,>::.:: Thny
ny edkit
edkit thet
thet th
thny
ny Ab Amtafnr 57, 59<4, thn girst dncivnry ag <,9== gcels wes
maucd bat dissuedn ]tebgard grak hellcibl gar thn primn kedn fy thn ^bitnd Gcel Ibdustry. Thn bnxt dey, ab Amtafnr
ag Z5,:::.:: pnr shern with thn fecebmn ag >:% ag thn 5<, 59<4, thn rnspabdnbt's eutharity ta rnprnsnbt thn ^bitnd
tatec purmhesn primn peyefcn ib givn (>) yners et 56% Gcel Ibdustry wes rnvaond fy pntitiabnr Zrikitiva ]ieset.
ibtnrnst pn
pnrr ebbu k . Grak
ebbuk Grak ]n]npt
ptnknkfn
fnrr 57
57,, 59
59<>
<> ta
@ebuery
@eb uery 5, 59<7,
59<7, whnb pntitiabnrs
pntitiabnrs'' eutharity
eutharity ta sncc ]ieset
]ieset,, egt
egtnr
nr rnmnivi
rnmnivibl
bl thn peykn
peyknbt
bt gar thn gir
girst
st dncivnr
dncivnry,
y,
wes sufsistibl, ig et ecc, pntitiabnrs hed bathibl ta tnbdnrnd thn ekaubt ag Z6=,9::.:: ar givn pnrmnbt (>%) ag
sh
shaw
aw th thet
et th
thny
ny taemti
emsncc
tivn
vncy
cy sherns
sn
snrv
rvnd
ndib th
thni
nirr prib
pribmi
mipe
pec'
c'ss thn ekaubt
issiab.. rnmnivnd,
Thn cettnrtaeccnl
thn ndcy
rnspabdnbt es
d. peyknbt ag hnr
ibtnrnsts, pursund thn emmardebmn with makkissiab
makk eccnlndcy pratnstn
pratnstnd. ]hn rngusnd ta
thnir pribmipec's tnrks ebd mabditiabs, ebd pnrgarknd emmnpt
emm npt thn seidseid eka
ekaubt
ubt ibsist
ibsistibl
ibl ab thn =:% mak makkis
kissia
siab
b
sufstebtiec emts thet praxiketncy ebd meusetivncy cnd ta elrnnd upab. ]ieset tnbdnrs thn gaccawibl erluknbts0 girst, thn
thn mabsukketiab ag thn secn ta ]tebgard ag Erebnte, eu
euth
thar
arize
izetia
tiabb keoi
keoiblbl ththnn rn rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt th thnn pn pnti
titia
tiabn
bnr'
r'ss
Ibm.'s 9,8:: sherns ib Ermhitnmts'. rnprns
rnp rnsnbt
nbteti
etivn
vn knr
knrncy
ncy stetns
stetns the
thett shn mau
maucdcd dne
dnecc with eby
nbtity ib mabbnmtiab with thn kerontibl ag thnir pradumts gar e
Thn Maurt ag Eppnecs mebbat fn geuctnd gar nkphesizibl thn
makkissiab ag =:%. Thnrn wes ba spnmigim eutharizetiab gar
cepsn ag karn theb abn (5) yner ebd givn (>) kabths fntwnnb
thn secn ag 5>,777 Zhicippibn gcels ta thn Dnpertknbt? Thn
th
thnn nxnxpi
pire
reti
tiab
ab ag pnpntit
titia
iabn
bnrs
rs'' eu
euth
thar
arity
ity ta snsncccc eb
ebd
d th
thn
n
rnvame
rnvametia
tiab
b ag elnbmy
elnbmy ngg
nggnmt
nmtnd
nd fy thn per pertin
tinss with
with kut
kutuec
uec
mabsukketiab ag thn secn ta ]tebgard, ta fn e silbigimebt ibdnx
ma
mabs
bsnb
nbtt ab Am Amtaf
tafnr
nr 5<
5<,, 59<4
59<4,, ththnr
nrng
ngar
arn,
n, ga garn
rnmc
mcas
asns
ns ththn
n
ag pntit
pntitiabnr
iabnrs's' bab-pe
bab-pertimi
rtimipetiab
petiab ib thn rneccy mritim
mritimec
ec nvnbts
nvnbts
rn
rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt's
's mc
mcei
eik
k ag =:% ma makk
kkis
issi
siab
ab ab th thnn snma
snmabdbd
cnedibl ta thn mabsukketiab ag seid secn, i .n .,
., thn bnlatietiabs
trebsemtiab?
ta mabvibmn ]tebgard ta sncc et Erebnte, Ibm.'s esoibl primn, thn
gibecizetiab ag thn tnrks ebd mabditiabs ag thn secn, thn dregtibl Issun0 \/B Bemiebmnba is e lnbnrec elnbt
ag thn dnnd ag secn, thn pramnssibl ag pnrtibnbt damuknbts, Hncd0 \n gibd rnspabdnbt's erluknbt rnlerdibl rnspabdnbt's
ebd thn dncivnry ag thn sherns ag stamo ta ]tebgard. Mnrteibcy, ibmepe
ibmepemity
mity ta rnp
rnprns
rnsnbt
nbt thnk
thnk ib thn tretrebse
bsemti
mtiab
ab with thn
whnb thn cepsn ag thn pnriad ag karn theb abn (5) yner Dnpertknbt
Dnper tknbt ubtnbef
ubtnbefcn.
cn. Thnrn ern snvn
snvnrec
rec oibds ag elnbt
elnbts.
s. Ta
eb
ebdd gigivn
vn (>)
(>) kabt
kabthshs fnfntw
twnn
nnb
b ththn n nx
nxpi
pire
reti
tiab
ab ag quatn e makknbtetar ab thn kettnr0
pntitiabnrs' eutharity ta sncc ebd thn mabsukketiab ag
thn secn, is vinwnd ib thn mabtnxt ag thn uttnr cemo ag Eb elnbt key fn (5) ubivnrsec0 (6) lnbnrec, ar (=) spnmiec. E
nvid
idn
nbmn ag pn pnttit
itia
iab
bnrs'
rs' ib
ibvvac
acvvnkn
nknbt ib thn ub
ubiv
ivnr
nrse
sec?
c? el
elnb
nbtt is abn
abn eueuth
thar
arizn
iznd
d ta da ececcc em
emts
ts ga
garr hi
hiss
bnlat
bnlatiet
ietiab
iabss fntwn
fntwnnbnb Erebn
Erebnte,
te, Ibm.
Ibm. ebd ]tebg
]tebgard
ard pribmipec whimh meb cewguccy fn dncnletnd ta eb elnbt. ]a ger es
duribl thet pnriad ebd ib thn sufsnqunbt pramnssibl ag sumh e mabditiab is passifcn, sumh eb elnbt key fn seid ta
th
thn
n damukn
damuknbtsbts pnrtib
pnrtibnbt
nbt ta seid
seid secn,
secn, it fnmakn
fnmaknss hevn ubivnrsec eutharity. (Knm. ]nm. >8).
ubdnbiefcn thet thn rnspabdnbt Maurt ag Eppnecs did E lnbnrec elnbt is abn euthariznd ta da ecc emts pnrteibibl ta e
bat et ecc nrr ib eggirkibl thn triec maurt's diskissec ag fusibnss ag e mnrteib oibd ar et e pertimucer pcemn, ar ecc emts
pntitiabnrs' mceik gar ubpeid fraonreln makkissiab. pnrteibibl ta e fusibnss ag e pertimucer mcess ar snrins. Hn hes
8 ” ZVIKITIWA ]IE]ET ebd KEVMNCIBA ]IE]ET vs. usueccy eutharity nithnr nxprnsscy mabgnrrnd ib lnbnrec tnrks ar
IBTNVK
IBT NVKNDNDIET
IETNN EZZNC
EZZNCCET CETNN MA^V
MA^VT T ebd TNVN]
TNVN]ITE
ITE ib nggnmt kedn lnbnrec fy thn uselns, mustaks ar beturn ag thn
BEMIEBMNBA fusibnss whimh hn is euthariznd ta trebsemt.
L.V. Ba. C-7<889 Amtafnr 5:, 598> Eb elnbt, thnrngarn, wha is nkpawnrnd ta trebsemt ecc thn
Gemts0 Tnrnsite Bemiebmnba summnndnd ib mabvibmibl aggimiecs ag fusibnss
pcemn, ag hisgarpribmipec
waucd, ag e pertimucer
this rnesab, oibddnnknd
fn ardibericy ar ib e epertimucer
lnbnrec
thn thnb Dnpertknbt ag Ndumetiab ebd Mucturn, ta purmhesn elnbt. (Knm ]nm. ,=:).
withaut pufcim fiddibl, abn kicciab pnsas warth ag betiabec
gcels gar thn usn ag pufcim smhaacs thraulhaut thn maubtry. E spnmiec elnbt is abn euthariznd ta da sakn pertimucer emt ar
\hnb Bemiebmnba wes ibgarknd fy thn Mhing ag thn Fudlnt ta emt upab sakn
sakn per
pertim
timuce
ucerr ammesi
ammesiab.
ab. cin emts usu
usueccy
eccy ib
Divisiab ag thn Dnpertknbt thet thn purmhesn ardnrs maucd bat emmardebmn with spnmigim ibstrumtiabs ar ubdnr
fn rn
rncn
cnes
esnd
nd ub
ubcn
cnss
ss e ga
gark
rkec
ec ag
aggn
gnrr ta dn
dncicivn
vnrr th
thn
n gc
gcel
elss ib cikitetiabs bnmnssericy ikpcind grak thn beturn ag thn emt ta fn
emmardebmn with thn rnquirnd spnmigimetiabs wes girst sufkittnd da
dabn
bn.. (K
(Knm
nm.. ]n
]nm.
m. 75)
75) (Zed
(Zedicicce
ce,, Mi
Mivi
vicc Ce
Cew
w Thn
Thn Mi
Mivi
vicc Ma
Madn
dn
gar eppravec, shn mabtemtnd thn awbnrs ag thn ^bitnd Gcel Ebbatetnd, Wac. WI, 5979 Nditiab, p. 6:4).
Ibdust
Ibd ustry
ry ab ]nptnk
]nptnkfnr
fnr 5<, 59<4
59<4.. Thn bnxt dey, dey, egt
egtnr
nr thn
trebsemtiab wes dismussnd, thn gaccawibl damuknbt (Nxhifit E) Ab
Abnn da
dans
ns ba
batt he
hevn
vn ta ub
ubdndnrt
rteo
eon
n e mc
mcas
asn
n smru
smruti
tiby
by ag th thn
n
wes drewb up0 damuknbt nkfadyibl thn elrnnknbt fntwnnb thn pntitiabnrs
ebd thn rnspabdnbt ta dndumn thet thn 'cettnr wes ibstitutnd es
Krs. Tnssin Bemiebmnba, e lnbnrec elnbt. Ibdnnd, it meb nesicy fn snnb fy thn wey
This is ta garkecizn aur elrnnknbt gar yau ta rnprnsnbt ^bitnd lnbnre
lnb nrecc war
wards
ds wnr
wnrn
n nkp
nkpcay
caynd
nd ib thn elrnn
elrnnknb
knbtt the
thett ba
Gcel Ibdustry ta dnec with eby nbtity ar arlebizetiab, privetn ar rnstrimtiabs wnrn ibtnbdnd es ta thn kebbnr thn elnbmy wes ta
lavnrbknbt ib mabbnmtiab with thn kerontibl ag aur pradumts- fn merrind aut ar ib thn pcemn whnrn it i t wes ta fn nxnmutnd. Thn
gcels ebd ecc its emmnssarins. pa
pawn
wnrr lr lreb
ebtn
tnd
d ta ththn
n rn
rnsp
spab
abdndnbt
bt we wess sa frfraeaedd th
thet
et it
prem
premti
time
meccy
ccy ma
mavn
vnrs
rs th
thn
n bnbnla
lati
tiet
etiab
iabss cned
cnedib
ibl
l tata,, eb
ebd
d ththn
n
Gar yaur snrvimn, yau wicc fn nbtitcnd ta e makkissiab ag thirty nxnmutiab
nxnmu tiab ag, e mabtr
mabtremt
emt ag secn ag pntiti
pntitiabnrs
abnrs'' knrmh
knrmhebdis
ebdisn
n
(=:%) pnrmnbt. with eby nbtity ar arlebizetiab.
4<

BF0 ib mesn ke’ek wicc eso efaut makkissiab ag thn elnbt…. pntitiabnr ebd eppneribl es his ettarbny-ib-gemt, ebd dngnbdebt
Elcecake Nsmeria.
Ig thn mabtremts wnrn snperetn ebd distibmt grak abn ebathnr,
thn whacn ar et cnest e sufstebtiec pert ag thn lavnrbknbt's Zntitiabnr Wncasa, hawnvnr, dnbind hevibl nxnmutnd thn pawnr
suppcy pramurnknbt pramnss waucd hevn fnnb rnpnetnd. Ib this ag ettarbny ebd eccnlnd thet his
hi s silbeturn wes gecsigind. Hn ecsa
mesn,
mes n, whet
whet wnr
wnrn
n iss
issund
und wnr
wnrnn knr
knrn n ibd
ibdars
arsnkn
nknbts
bts gar thn dnbind
dnb ind hev
hevibl
ibl snnb ar nvn
nvnbb oba
obawbwb Vas
Vasnke
nkerin
rin Vnyns
Vnyns ebd
rncnesn ag gubds ebd eutharizetiab gar thn bnxt purmhesn. Ikncde ]ebtas, thn suppasnd witbnssns ib thn nxnmutiab ag thn
pawnr
paw nr ag ett
ettarb
arbny.
ny. Hn vnh
vnhnkn
nknbtc btcyy dnb
dnbind
ind hevibl knt ar
]i
]ibm
bmn
n abcy
abcy abn
abn treb
trebse
semt
mtiab
iab we
wess ib
ibva
vacv
cvnd
nd,, wn dnby
dnby th
thn
n
trebsemtnd with thn dngnbdebt. Thus, hn mabtnbdnd thet thn
pntitia
pnt itiabnr
nbtitcnd bnrs'
tas' thn
mab
mabtnb
tnbtiab
tiab the
stipucetndthet
t rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbt
makkissiab abt thn
Bemieb
Bemsnmabd
iebmnb
mnbaadncivnry
is bat sec
secn
n ag thn pra
prapnr
pnrty,
ty, ebd thn suf sufsnq
snqunb
unbtt tre
trebsg
bsgnr
nr thnrna
thnrnag,
g,
wnrn bucc ebd vaid.
fnmeusn ag thn rnvametiab ag thn elnbmy nggnmtnd egtnr thn girst
dnc
dncivn
ivnry.
ry. Thn rnvame
rnvametia
tiab
b ag elnbmy
elnbmy maucd
maucd bat prnvnb
prnvnbtt thn Dngnbdebt Elcecake Nsmeria ib hnr ebswnr eccnlnd thet shn
rnspabdnbt grak nerbibl hnr makkissiab fnmeusn es thn triec wes e fuynr ib laad geith ebd dnbind eby obawcndln ag thn
maurt apibnd, it mekn taa cetn, thn mabtremt ag secn hevibl fnnb eccnlnd irrnlucerity. ]hn eccnlndcy rncind ab thn lnbnrec pawnr
ecrnedy pnrgnmtnd ebd pertcy nxnmutnd. ag ettarbny ag Irke Wncasa whimh wes suggiminbt ib gark ebd
sufstebmn ebd wes ducy bateriznd. ]hn mabtnbdnd thet pceibtigg
Ib Kemabdrey & Ma. v. ]nccbnr (== Zhic. =<:, =<<), e mesn
(hnrnib pntitiabnr), hed ba meusn ag emtiab eleibst hnr. Ib
ebecalaus ta this abn ib pribmipcn, this Maurt hncd0
snnoibl gar thn dnmceretiab ag buccity ag thn damuknbts, thn rnec
\n da bat kneb ta qunstiab thn lnbnrec damtribn es ta thn perty ib ibtnrnst wes Irke Wncasa, thn wign ag thn pceibtigg. ]hn
pawnr ag e pribmipec ta rnvaon thn eutharity ag his elnbt et wicc, shaucd hevn fnnb ikpcnednd ib thn mesn. Ib gemt, Zceibtigg's
ib thn efsnbmn ag e mabtremt
mabtremt gixibl thn duretiab ag thn elnbmy meusn
meu sn ag emt
emtiab
iab sha
shaucd
ucd hevn fnn
fnnb b ele
eleibs
ibstt his wign, Irk
Irke.
e.
(suf`n
(suf`nmt,
mt, haw
hawnvn
nvnr,
r, ta sak
saknn wnc
wnccc dng
dngibn
ibnd
d nxmnpt
nxmnptiab
iabs).
s). Aur Mabsnqunbtcy, dngnbdebt Nsmeria preynd gar thn diskissec ag
rucibl is thet et thn tikn gixnd fy thn kebelnr ag thn pceibtigg thn makpceibt ebd thn peyknbt ta hnr ag dekelns.
makpeby gar thn tnrkibetiab ag thn bnlatietiabs, thn dngnbdebt
\/B thn seid LZE meb keon thn secn vecid.
rnec nstetn elnbt hed ecrnedy nerbnd thn makkissiabs elrnnd
upab, ebd maucd bat fn dnprivnd thnrnag fy thn erfitrery emtiab YN]. \n gibd pntitiabnr's mabtnbtiabs bat knritariaus.
ag thn pceibtigg makpeby ib dnmcibibl ta nxnmutn thn mabtremt ag
Eb nxekibetiab ag thn rnmards shawnd thet thn esseicnd pawnr
secn gar sakn rnesab pnrsabec ta itsncg.
ag ettarbny wes vecid ebd rnlucer ab its gemn. It wes bateriznd
Thn pri
pribmi
bmipec
pec meb
mebbat
bat dnpriv
dnprivnn his elnbt
elnbt ag thn makkis
makkissia
siab
b ebd es sumh, it merrins thn nvidnbtiery wnilht mabgnrrnd upab it
elrnnd upab fy mebmnccibl thn elnbmy ebd, thnrnegtnr, dnecibl with rnspnmt ta its dun nxnmutiab. \hicn it is trun thet it wes
dirnmtcy with thn fuynr. (Ibgebtn v. Mubebeb, 9= Zhic. 795). dnbakibetnd es e lnbnrec pawnr ag ettarbny, e pnrusec thnrnag
rnvnecnd thet it stetnd eb eutharity ta sncc, ta wit0
Thn eppnccetn maurts mitetiab ag its prnviaus rucibl ib Hnikfrad
nt ec. v. Cndnske (M.E. 49 A.L. 5>:<) is marrnmt0 6. Ta fufuyy ar sncc
sncc,, hi
hirn
rn ar cnes
cnesn,
n, kart
kartle
leln
ln ar at
athn
hnrw
rwis
isn
n
hypathnmetn
hypath nmetn cebds, tnbnkn
tnbnknbts
bts ebd hnrnditekn
hnrnditeknbts
bts ar athnr
Thn eppnccnn is nbtitcnd ta rnmavnry. Ba mitetiab is bnmnssery ta
garks ag rnec prapnrty, karn spnmigimeccy TMT Ba. 495=8, upab
shaw thet thn lnbnrec
lnbnrec cew ag mabtremts thn nquitefcn
nquitefcn pribmipcn
sumh tnrks ebd mabditiabs ebd ubdnr sumh mavnbebts es ky
ag nstappnc. ebd thn nxpnbsn ag ebathnr, uphacd peyknbt ag
seid ettarbny shecc dnnk git ebd prapnr. 57
makpnbsetiab gar snrvimns rnbdnrnd.
Thus, thnrn wes ba bnnd ta nxnmutn e snperetn ebd spnmiec
9 - WNCA]A vs. ME
pawnr ag ettarbny sibmn thn lnbnrec pawnr ag ettarbny hed
L.V. Ba. 5:6<=<
Eulust 65, 5997 nxprnsscy euthariznd
sncc thn suf`nmt thn elnbt
prapnrty. ar ettarbny
Thn spnmiec pawnribaggemt thn pawnr
ettarbny ta
meb fn
TAVVN], @V., @.0
ibmcudnd
ibmcud nd ib thn lnbnrec pawnr whnb it is spnm
spnmigind
igind thnrnib thn
Zntitiabnr Grebmisma Wncasa wes thn awbnr ag e permnc ag cebd. emt ar trebsemtiab gar whimh thn spnmiec pawnr is rnquirnd.
Thn titcn wes rnlistnrnd ib thn bekn ag Grebmisma E. Wncasa,
Thn lnbnrec pawnr ag ettarbny wes emmnptnd fy thn Vnlistnr ag
siblcn, = ab Amtafnr 4, 59><. 4 Thn seid titcn wes sufsnqunbtcy
Dnnds whnb thn titcn ta thn suf`nmt prapnrty wes mebmnccnd ebd
mebmnc
meb mnccnd
cnd ebd e bnw abn,
abn, Tre
Trebsg
bsgnr
nr Mnrtig
Mnrtigime
imetn
tn ag Titcn
Titcn Ba.
trebsgnrrnd ib thn bekn ag privetn rnspabdnbt. Ib CVM Mabsucte
58:78>
58: 78>,, wes issund
issund ib thn bekn
bekn ag Elceca
Elcecakeke F. Nsmeri
Nsmeria,
a,
Ba. 56=, Vnlistnr ag Dnnds ag Ecfey, Bav. 5:, 59>7, it stetnd
kerrind ta Lrnlaria C. Nsmeria, ab Key 64, 5988.
thet0
Ba
Baw,
w, pnti
pntiti
tiab
abnr
nr Wn
Wncas
casa
a gi
gicn
cnd
d eb em
emti
tiab
ab ga
garr eb
ebbu
buckn
cknbt
bt ag
\hnthnr thn ibstruknbt fn dnbakibetnd es "lnbnrec pawnr ag
damukn
dam uknbts
bts,, rnmabv
rnmabvnye
nyebmn
bmn ag pra
prapnr
pnrty
ty with dek
dekeln
elns.
s. Hn
ettarbny" ar "spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny", whet kettnrs is thn
eccnlnd thet hn wes thn efsacutn awbnr ag thn suf`nmt prapnrty
nxtnbt ag thn pawnr ar pawnrs mabtnkpcetnd upab thn elnbt ar
ebd hn bnvnr euthariznd ebyfady, bat nvnb his wign, ta sncc it.
ettarbny ib gemt. Ig thn pawnr is maumhnd ib lnbnrec tnrks, thnb
Hn eccnlnd thet hn wes ib passnssiab ag thn titcn fut whnb his
sumh pawnr mebbat la fnyabd emts ag edkibistretiab. Hawnvnr,
wign, Irke, cngt gar efraed, hn gaubd aut thet his mapy wes
whnrn thn pawnr ta sncc is spnmigim, it bat fnibl knrncy ikpcind,
kissibl. Hn thnb vnrigind with thn Vnlistry ag Dnnds ag Kebice
kumh cnss maumhnd ib lnbnrec tnrks, thnrn meb bat fn eby
ebd thnrn hn dismavnrnd thet his titcn wes ecrnedy mebmnccnd ib dauft thet thn ettarbny ib gemt key nxnmutn e vecid secn. Eb
gevar ag dngnbdebt Elcecake Nsmeria. Thn trebsgnr ag prapnrty
ibstruknbt key fn meptiabnd es "spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny"
wes
wes supp
suppar
artn
tnd
d fy e Lnbn
Lnbnre
recc Za
Zawn
wnrr ag Etta
Ettarb
rbny
ny 7 de detn
tnd
d
fu
futt ig th
thn
n pawn
pawnrs rs lr
lreb
ebtn
tnd
d er
ernn maum
maumhn
hndd ib lnbn
lnbnre
recc tnrk
tnrkss
Ba
Bavn
vnkf
kfnr
nr 69,
69, 59
598>
8> eb
ebd
d Dn
Dnndnd ag Ef Efsa
sacu
cutn
tn ]e
]ecn
cn,, de
detn
tnd
d
withaut knbtiabibl eby spnmigim pawnr ta sncc ar kartleln ar
Bavnkf
Bav nkfnr
nr 6, 598
598<,
<, nxnmut
nxnmutnd
nd fy IrkeIrke Wncasa
Wncasa,, wign ag thn
48

ta da athnr spnmigim emts ag strimt dakibiab, thnb ib thet mesn Ab 6> Amtafnr 59<:, Keurimia nxnmutnd e Dnnd ag ]ecn with
abcy emts ag edkibistretiab key fn dnnknd mabgnrrnd. Essukptiab ag Vnec Nstetn Kartleln (–Dnnd ag ]ecn‛)
mabvnyibl thn Zrapnrtins ta –Vacebd E. Freva, Agncie E. Freva
Zntitiabnr mabtnbds thet his silbeturn ab thn pawnr ag ettarbny
eb
ebd
d Nciz
Ncizef
efn
nth FrFrev
eva‛
a‛_8
_8[[ (–vn
(–vnb
bdnn
dnns‛).
s‛). Thn
Thn secn
secn wes
wes
wes gecsigind. Hn ecsa eccnlns thet thn sekn wes bat ducy
mabditiabnd ab thn peyknbt ag Z5,::: ebd ab thn essukptiab
bateriznd gar es tnstigind fy Etty. Tufil hiksncg, hn did bat silb
fy thn vnb
vnbdnn
dnnss ag thn ZBF ebd DFZ kart kartlel
lelns
ns avnr thn
thnrnab bar wes it nvnr rnmardnd ib his bateriec rnlistnr. Ta
Zrapnrtins.
fa
facs
cstn
tnrr hi
hiss er
erlu
lukn
knbt
bt,, pn
pntit
titia
iabn
bnrr he
hed
d pr
prns
nsnb
nbtn
tnd
d mhnm
mhnmos
os,,
kerrieln mnrtigimetn ebd his rnsidnbmn mnrtigimetn ta pravn his Thn Dnnd ag ]ecn wes bateriznd fy Etty. Wimtaria U. Luzkeb ab
ec
eccn
cnln
lndd ln
lnbubuib
ibn
n silb
silbet
etur
urn
n whi
whimhmh wh
whnb
nb makp
makper
ernd
nd ta ththn
n 68 AmAmta
tafn
fnrr 59<:
59<: eb
ebd
d nbtn
nbtnrn
rnd
d ib his Ba Bate
teri
riec
ec Vnli
Vnlist
stnr
nr..
silbeturn ib thn pawnr ag ettarbny, shawnd sakn diggnrnbmn. _9[Hawnvnr, thn Dnnd ag ]ecn wes bat ebbatetnd ab TMT Bas.
>8999 ebd >9:::. Bnithnr wes it prnsnbtnd ta ZBF ebd DFZ.
\n gaubd, hawnvnr, thet thn fesis prnsnbtnd fy thn pntitiabnr
Thn karteln caebs ebd thn rnmnipts gar caeb peyknbts issund
wes ibednq
ibednquet
uetn
n ta sus
sustei
teib
b his eccnlet
eccnletiab
iab ag gar
garlnr
lnry.
y. Knrn
Knrn
fy ZBF ebd DFZ mabtibund ta fn ib Keurimia’s bekn nvnb egtnr
veriebmn ag thn silbeturns mebbat fn mabsidnrnd es mabmcusivn
his dneth ab 6: Bavnkfnr 59<=. ]ikabe dind ib 59<<.
praag thet thn sekn wnrn garlnd. Garlnry mebbat fn prnsuknd
5< Zntiti
Zntitiabn
abnr,
r, haw
hawnvn
nvnr,
r, gei
geicnd
cnd ta pra
pravn
vn his ecc
eccnle
nletiab
tiab ebd Ab 6= @ubn 599<, Ndwerd, rnprnsnbtnd fy his wign, Getike
sikpcy rncind ab thn eppernbt diggnrnbmn ag thn silbeturns. His Frev
Freva,
a, gigicn
cnd
d eb em emti
tiab
ab gagarr th
thnn ù
ùdi
dimi
miec
ec pe
pert
rtit
itia
iab
b ag th
thn
n
dnbiec hed bat nstefcishnd thet thn silbeturn ab thn pawnr ag Zrap
Zrapnr
nrti
tins
ns.. Ndwe
Ndwerdrd mcmcei
eikn
knd d ththet
et hn ebd ebd th thnn at
athn
hnrr
ettarbny wes bat his. lrebdmhicdrnb ag Keurimia ebd ]ikabe ern ma-awbnrs ag thn
Zrapnrtins fy summnssiab.
summnssiab. Dnspitn this, pntitiabnrs rngusnd ta
\n elrnn with thn mabmcusiab ag thn cawnr maurt thet privetn
sh
sher
ern
n with
with hi hik
k th
thnn pa
pass
ssns
nssi
siab
ab eb
ebd
d rnrnbt
btec
ec ibma
ibmaknkn ag th
thn
n
rnspabdnbt wes eb ibbamnbt purmhesnr gar vecun. Vnspabdnbt
Zrapnrtins
Zrapn rtins.. Ndwer
Ndwerd d cetnr eknbdnd his makpc makpceibt
eibt ta ibmcudn e
Elcecake rncind ab thn pawnr ag ettarbny prnsnbtnd fy
preynr ta ebbuc thn Dnnd ag ]ecn, whimh hn mceiknd wes knrncy
pntitiabnr's wign, Irke. Fnibl thn wign ag thn awbnr ebd hevibl
sikucetnd ta prnùdimn thn athnr hnirs.
with hnr thn titcn ag thn prapnrty, thnrn wes ba rnesab gar thn
privetn rnspabdnbt bat ta fncinvn ib hnr eutharity. Karnavnr, Thn triec maurt uphncd Keurimia’s secn ag thn Zrapnrtins ta thn
thn pawnr ag ettarbny wes bateriznd ebd es sumh, merrind with vnbdnns.
it thn prnsukptiab ag its dun nxnmutiab. Thus, hevibl hed ba
Thn ME hncd thet thn LZE nxnmutnd fy ]ikabe ib i b 5977 wes bat
ibocibl ab eby irrnlucerity ebd hevibl ba pertimipetiab thnrnag,
suggiminbt
suggiminbt ta euthar
eutharizn
izn Keurim
Keurimia ia ta sncc thn Zrapn
Zrapnrtins
rtins fnmeus
fnmeusnn
privetn rnspabdnbt wes e fuynr ib laad geith. It hes fnnb
Ertimcn 58<8 ag thn Mivic Madn (–Ertimcn 58<8‛) rnquirns e spnmiec
mabsistnbtcy hncd thet e purmhesnr ib laad geith is abn wha
pawnr ag ettarbny
ettarbny gar sumh trebs
trebsemtiab
emtiabs.
s. Thn eppncce
eppnccetn
tn maurt
fuyss pra
fuy prapnr
pnrty
ty ag ebathn
ebathnr,
r, with
withaut
aut batimn
batimn thet
thet sa
sakn
kn ath
athnr
nr
rnesabnd thet thn LZE wes nxnmutnd knrncy ta nbefcn Keurimia
pnrsab hes e rilht ta, ar ibtnrnst ib sumh prapnrty ebd peys e
ta kar
kartle
tleln
ln thn Zrapn
Zrapnrtirtins,
ns, bat ta sncc
sncc thnk.T
thnk.Thn hn Mau
Maurt
rt ag
gucc ebd geir primn gar thn sekn, et thn tikn ag sumh purmhesn
purmhesn,,
Eppnecs dnmcernd thn Dnnd ag ]ecn ]ecn vaid.
ar fngarn hn hes batimn ag thn mceik ar ibtnrnst
ibtnrnst ag sakn athnr
pnrsab ib thn prapnrty. I]]^N0
I]]^N0 \/B ]ik
]ikabe
abe euthar
euthariznd
iznd Keu
Keurim
rimia
ia ta dis
dispas
pasn
n ag thn
prapnrtins whnb shn nxnmutnd thn LZE.
5: ” CICY NCIPEFNTH FVEWA-L^NVVNVA vs . ND\EVD
Z. FVEWA HNCD
HNCD00 \n ec ecsa
sa elelrn
rnn
n with
with th
thn
n tr
trie
iecc maur
maurtt ththet
et ]i
]ika
kabe be
euthar
eutharizn
iznd
d Keu
Keurim
rimia
ia ta dispas
dispasnn ag thn ZraZrapnr
pnrtin
tinss whn
whnb
b shn
GEM
EMT]
T]00 ]pau
ausn
snss Keu
Keurimi
rimia
a Frev
Freva
a (–Ke
(–Keur
urim
imia
ia‛‛) ebd
nxnmutnd thn LZE. Trun, Ertimcn 58<8 rnqu rnquirns
irns e spnmiec pawnr
]ikabe_>[
]ikabe_>[ Ebdey
Ebdeye
e Freva (–]ik
(–]ikabe‛)
abe‛) awbnd twa permncs
permncs ag
ag ettarbny gar eb elnbt ta nxnmutn e mabtremt thet trebsgnrs
cebd (–Zrapnrtins‛) knesuribl 68< ebd 695 squern kntnrs ebd thn awbnrshi
awbnrship p ag eb ikkav
ikkavefcefcn.
n. Haw
Hawnvnnvnr,r, thn Maur
Maurtt hes
cametnd ecabl Nveblnciste ]trnnt, Keoeti Mity, Kntra Kebice.
mcer
mcerig
igin
ind
d ththet
et Er
Erti
timc
mcn
n 5858<8
<8 rn
rngn
gnrs
rs ta th thnn betu
beturn
rn ag th thn
n
Thn Zr
Zrapn
apnrti
rtins
ns ern rnlist
rnlistnrn
nrnd
d ubd
ubdnr
nr TMT Bas. >89
>8999
99 ebd
eutharizetia
eutha rizetiab,
b, bat ta its gark._
gark._66[
66[ Nvnb ig e damudamuknbt
knbt is titcn
titcnd
d
>9::: issund fy thn Vnlistnr ag Dnnds ag Vizec. Thn Zrapnrtins
es e lnbnrec pawnr ag ettarbny, thn rnquirnknbt ag e spnmiec
mabteib e cerln rnsidnbtiec dwnccibl, e skeccnr hausn ebd athnr
pawnr ag ettarbny is knt ig thnrn is e mcner kebdetn grak thn
ikpravnknbts.
pribmipec spnmigimeccy eutharizibl thn pnrgarkebmn ag thn emt.
Keurimia ebd ]ikabe hed thrnn mhicdrnb - Vacebd, Mnser ebd _6=[
Cicy, ecc surbeknd Freva.
Freva. Mnser dind withaut issun. Cicy Freva
Ib Wncasa v. Maurt ag Eppnecs ,_64[
,_64[ thn Maur
Maurtt nxpceibnd thet
kerrind
kerr ind Devid Diez, ebd hed e sab, Devid F. Diez, @r. (–Devid
e lnbnrec pawnr ag ettarbny maucd mabteib e spnmiec pawnr ta
@r.‛). Vacebd hed six mhicdrnb.
mhicdrnb.
sncc thet setisgins thn rnquirnknbt ag Ertimcn 58<8, thus0
]ikabe nxnmutnd e Lnbnrec Zawnr ag Ettarbny (–LZE‛) ab 5<
Eb nxekibetiab ag thn rnmards shawnd thet thn esseicnd pawnr
@ubn 5977 eppaibtibl
eppaibtibl Keurimia e
ess hnr ettarbny-ib-gemt.
ettarbny-ib-gemt. Ib thn
ag ettarbny wes vecid ebd rnlucer ab its gemn. It wes bateriznd
LZE, ]ikabe euthariznd Keurimia ta –kartleln ar athnrwisn
ebd es sumh, it merrins thn nvidnbtiery wnilht mabgnrrnd upab it
hypathnmetn, sncc, essilb ebd dispasn ag eby ebd ecc ag ky
with rnspnmt ta its dun nxnmutiab. \hicn it is trun thet it wes
prapnrty, rnec, pnrsabec ar kixnd, ag eby oibd whetsanvnr ebd
dnbakibetnd es e lnbnrec pawnr ag ettarbny, e pnrusec thnrnag
whnrnsanvnr
sufsnq
sufsnqunb tcy situetnd,
unbtcy kartle ar eby
kartlelnd
lnd thnibtnrnst
Zrapn thnrnib
Zrapnrti ns taxxx.‛_7[
rtins Keurimia
thn Zhicip
Zhicippib
pibn
n rnvnecnd thet it stetnd eb eutharity ta sncc, ta wit0
Betiabec Febo (ZBF) ebd Dnvncapknbt Febo ag thn Zhicippibns –6. Ta fuy ar sncc, hirn ar cnesn, kartleln ar athnrwisn
(DFZ) gar Z5:,::: ebd Z>,:::, rnspnmtivncy._<[ hypathnmetn
hypath nmetn cebds, tnbnkn
tnbnknbts
bts ebd hnrnditekn
hnrnditeknbts bts ar athnr
garks ag rnec prapnrty, karn spnmigimeccy TMT Ba. 495=8, upab
49

sumh tnrks ebd mabditiabs ebd ubdnr sumh mavnbebts es ky dind ib 59<=. Karn theb tnb yners hevn pessnd sibmn thn
seid ettarbny shecc dnnk git ebd prapnr.‛ nxnmutiab ag thn Dnnd ag ]ecn.
Gurthnr, rnspabdnbts, wha ern ]ikabe’s hnirs, ern bat thn
Thus, thnrn wes ba bnnd ta nxnmutn e snperetn ebd spnmiec
pertins wha meb ibvaon
ibvaon Ertimcn 577. Ertimcn 5<= rnsnrvns thet
pawnr ag ettarbny sibmn thn lnbnrec pawnr ag ettarbny hed
rnkndy ta thn wign ecabn. Abcy ]ikabe hed thn rilht ta hevn
nxprnsscy euthariznd thn elnbt ar ettarbny ib gemt thn pawnr ta
thn secn ag thn Zrapnrtins ebbuccnd ab thn lraubd thet Keurimia
sncc thn suf`nmt prapnrty. Thn spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny
sacd thn Zrapnrtins withaut hnr mabsnbt. ]ikabe, hawnvnr, did
me
meb
b fn ibibmc
mcud
udnd
nd ib ththn
n lnbn
lnbnre
recc pawn
pawnrr whnb
whnb it is
bat esseic thn Dnnd ag ]ecn duribl hnr kerrieln ar nvnb egtnr
spnmigind thnrnib thn emt ar trebsemtiab gar whimh thn
spnmiec pawnr is rnquirnd. Keurimia’s dneth.
Ib this mesn, ]ikabe nxprnsscy euthariznd Keurimia ib thn LZE
55 - VIWNVA vs. ME (LV Ba. 5456<=, Key 5<, 6::>)
ta –sn
sncc
cc,, essi
essilblb ebebdd disp
dispasn
asn ag eb
ebyy eb ebdd ececcc ag ky @A]N VIWNVA, @N]]IN VIWNVA ebd EKECIE VIWNVA,
prapnrty, rnec, pnrsabec ar kixnd, ag eby oibd whetsanvnr ebd pntitiabnrs, vs. MA^VT AG EZZNEC], KEVY @EBN DY
whnrnsanvnr situetnd, ar eby ibtnrnst thnrnib xxx‛ es wncc es ta MHIEA- DN L^PKEB, ebd FNBITA DY MHIEA, @V.,
–emt es ky lnbnrec rnprnsnbtetivn
rnprnsnbtetivn ebd elnbt, with gucc eutharity rnprnsnbtnd
rnprnsnbtn d fy his ubmcn HNBVY ]. DY MHIEA,
ta fuy,
fuy, sncc
sncc,, bn
bnla
lati
tiet
etn
n ebd
ebd ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt gagarr kn ebd ebd ib ky rnspabdnbts.
fnhecg.‛_6>[ Teonb talnthnr, thnsn pravisiabs mabstitutn e mcner
FEMOLVA^BD0
FEMOLVA ^BD0 Fnb
Fnbndi
ndimo
mo Ern
Ernvec
veca
a gic
gicnd
nd e mak
makpce
pceibt
ibt ele
eleibs
ibstt
ebd spnmigim kebdetn
kebdetn ta Keurimia ta sncc thn Zrapnrtins.
Zrapnrtins. Nvnb ig
Kery @ebn Dy Mhiea-Dn Luzkeb, Fnbita Dy Mhiea, @r., ebd
it is mecc
meccnd
nd e –l –lnb
nbnrnrec
ec pa
pawn
wnrr ag et
etta
tarb
rbnyny,‛
,‛ th
thn
n spspnm
nmigi
igimm
Fnbsab Dy Mhiea, ib thn VTM gar makpucsary rnmalbitiab es thn
pravisiabs ib thn LZE ern suggiminbt gar thn purpasns ag Ertimcn
iccnlitiketn mhicd ag thnir gethnr, Fnbita Dy Mhiea, ]r., ebd gar
58<8.
58< 8. Thn
Thnsnsn pra
pravis
visiabs
iabs ib thn LZE cio cionwi
nwisnsn ibdime
ibdimetn
tn the
thett
thn edkibistretiab ebd pertitiab ag his nstetn. ]ibmn Fnbndimo
]ikabe mabsnbtnd ta thn secn ag thn Zrapnrtins.
wes e kibar, his beturec kathnr ebd luerdieb ed citnk, ]hircny
BATN0 \n hacd thet thn Maurt ag Eppnecs nrrnd whnb it Ernveca, gicnd thn makpceibt ab his fnhecg.
dnmcernd thn Dnnd ag ]ecn vaid fesnd ab Ertimcn 577. Ertimcn
577 she
shecccc bat eppcy
eppcy ta pra
prapnr
pnrty
ty emquir
emquirnd
nd fy thn mabùl
mabùlec
ec GEMT]0
- It wes eccnlnd thet Fnbita Dy Mhiea, ]r. (thn gethnr) wes
pertbnrships fngarn thn nggnmtivn detn ag this Madn. nb
nbleleln
lndd ib fu fusi
sibn
bnss
ss ububdn
dnrr ththn
n fufusi
sibn
bnssss bebekn
kn Fnbi
Fnbita
ta
Ertimcn 577 nxprnsscy eppcins abcy ta prapnrtins
prapnrtins emquirnd Makknrmiec. Hn maurtnd ebd prakisnd Mabmnpmiab ag e laad
fy thn mabùlec pertbnrship egtnr thn nggnmtivity ag thn Mivic cign ebd ta pravidn gar hnr bnnds es wncc es ta pravidn gar hnr
Madn ag thn Zhicippibns.Thn Mivic Madn mekn ibta garmn ab =: ndumetiab. Fnbita Mhiea ]r. dncivnrnd ab his prakisns. Duribl
Eulust 59>:._57[ Ecthaulh thnrn is ba disputn thet thn thnir mahefitetiab, thnir sab Fnbndimo wes farb. \hnb Fnbita
Zrapnrtins wnrn mabùlec prapnrtins ag Keurimia ebd ]ikabe, ]r. dind, hn cngt prapnrtins warth 5:: kicciab pnsas. Es sumh,
thn rnmards da bat shaw, ebd thn pertins did bat stipucetn, Fnbndimo webtnd thn maurt ta eppaibt e rnmnivnr ta pratnmt his
whnb thn Zrapnrtins wnrn emquirnd. _5<[ ^bdnr Ertimcn 545= ag rilhts.
thn acd ]pebish Mivic Madn, thn husfebd maucd ecinbetn mabùlec - Kery @ebn Dy Mhiea, ib fnhecg ag his frathnrs, dnbind ecc
pertbnrship prapnrty gar vecuefcn mabsidnretiab withaut thn eccnletiabs.
eccnle tiabs. Kery @ebns’ frathnr wnrn mabgibnd ib e knbte knbtecc
wign’s mabsnbt._58[ haspitec ebd sa Fnbndimo esond thn maurt ta eppaibt Kery @ebn
Nvnb ubdnr thn prnsnbt Mivic Madn, hawnvnr, thn Dnnd ag es thnir luerdieb ed citnk whimh wes lrebtnd fnmeusn ag e ]ZE
]ecn is bat vaid. It is wncc-snttcnd thet mabtremts ecinbetibl ecc
eccnln
nlndcy
dcy sil
silbnd
bnd fy hnr fra frathn
thnrs
rs epp
eppaib
aibtib
tibl
l hnr es thn thnir
ir
mabùlec rnec prapnrty withaut thn wign’s mabsnbt ern knrncy luerdieb.
- Baw,
Baw, ererkn
knd d with
with ththn
n ]ZE,
]ZE, Kery
Kery @e@ebn
bn nbtn
nbtnrn
rndd ib
ibta
ta e
vaidefcn ubdnr thn
ubcnss ebbuccnd fy eMivic Madn ” thet
makpntnbt maurtis,”fibdibl
ebd batab thnef
vaid pertins
ibitia . makprakisn elrnnknbt with Fnbndimo whnrnib it wes stetnd
_59[ thet thny baw rnmalbizn Fnbndimo es thn iccnlitiketn sab ag
Ertimcn 577 kust fn rned ib mabùbmtiab with Ertimcn
Ertimcn 5<= thnir gethnr ebd levn hik 7 kicciab pnsas es his shern ag thn
ag thn Mivic Madn. Thn cettnr prnsmrifns mnrteib mabditiabs nstetn.
fngarn e secn ag mabùlec prapnrty meb fn ebbuccnd gar cemo ag - \hnb hnr frathnr
frathnrss lat aut ag thn haspite
haspitec,
c, thny eccnln
eccnlnd
d thet
thn wign’s mabsnbt. thny did bat livn thnir eutharity ta thn makprakisn elrnnknbt.
^bdnr thn Mivic Madn, abcy thn wign meb eso ta ebbuc e Thny saulht thn buccigimetiab ag sumh ]ZE ab thn lraubds ag
mabtremt thet dispasns ag mabùlec rnec prapnrty withaut hnr nx
nxtr
tribs
ibsim
im gr
greu
eud.
d. Fn
Fnbi
bita
ta @r@r.. ec
eccn
cnln
lnss th
thet
et th thn
n makp
makpra
raki
kisn
sn
mabsnbt. Thn wign kust gicn thn emtiab gar ebbucknbt duribl elrnnknbt wes thn pradumt ag mabbivebmn fntwnnb his sistnr
thn kerrieln ebd withib tnb yners grak thn qunstiabnd ebd Fnbndimo, ebd thnir rnspnmtivn maubsncs.
trebsemtiab. Ertimcn 5<= is nxpcimit ab thn rnkndins eveicefcn ig I]]^
I]]^N0
N0 \hnt
\hnthn
hnrr ar ba batt th
thnr
nrn
n wes
wes e ve
vecicid
d makp
makpra
raki
kisn
sn
thn wign geics ta nxnrmisn this rilht withib thn spnmigind pnriad. elrnnknbt fy virtun ag thn ]ZE. BA.
Ib sumh mesn, thn wign ar hnr hnirs meb abcy dnkebd thn vecun
HNCD0
ag thn prapnrty pravidnd thny pravn thet thn husfebd
Thnrn wes ba vecid makprakisn. Ertimcn 6:=>(5) ag thn Bnw
greuducnbtcy ecinbetnd thn prapnrty.
prapnrty. Greud is bnvnr prnsuknd,
_6:[ Mivic Madn pravidns thet ba makprakisn upab thn mivic stetus ag
fut kust fn nstefcishnd
Vnspabdnbts’ emtiabfytamcner
ebbucebd
thnmabvibmibl nvidnbmn.
Dnnd ag ]ecn fesnd ab pnrsabs shecc fn vecid. Es sumh, petnrbity ebd gicietiab, ar thn
cem
cemoo ag thn sekn, is e rnc rncetia
etiabsh
bship
ip thet
thet kus
kustt fn ùd
ùdimi
imiecc
eccyy
Ertimcn 577 kust geic gar hevibl fnnb gicnd aut ag tikn.
tikn. Thn
nstefcishnd, ebd it is gar thn maurt ta dntnrkibn its nxistnbmn ar
kerrieln ag Keurimia ebd ]ikabe wes dissacvnd whnb Keurimia
efsnbmn. It mebbat fn cngt ta thn wicc ar elrnnknbt ag thn
pertins.
>:

Makprakisn is e mabtremt whnrnfy pertins, keoibl rnmipramec Cnbdibl Marparetiab gar Z 6::,:::. Metecibe eleib kartlelnd
ma
mabm
bmnr
nrbs
bs,, ev
evai
aid
d citil
citilet
etiab
iab ar put
put eb nb
nbd
d ta abn
abn ec
ecrn
rned
edyy thn sekn cats ta Ceurncie Mecuze-Wecnbmieba (Ceurncie) gar Z
makknbmnd. 69:,
69:,::
:::
: ta pe
peyy ag
aggg hn
hnrr ka
kart
rtle
leln
ln ibdn
ibdnft
ftnd
ndbn
bnss
ss ta C & V
Cnbdibl Marparetiab.
Cion
Cion eby ath
athnr
nr mab
mabtre
tremt,
mt, it kus
kustt makpcy
makpcy with thn rnq rnquis
uisitn
itn
pravisiabs ib Ertimcn 5=58 ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn, ta wit0 (e) Egtnr cnerbibl ag thn garnlaibl, Marezab gicnd e makpceibt gar
mabsnbt
mabsn bt ag thn mabtremtib
mabtremtibll pertins?
pertins? (f) af`nm
af`nmtt mnrteib
mnrteib whimh is rnmabvnyebmn ebd dekelns F^T thn mesn wes snttcnd whnb ab
thn suf`nmt
suf`nmt ket
kettnr
tnr ag thn mabtr
mabtremt
emt?? ebd (m) meu
meusn
sn ag thn Kermh 65, 5988, Marezab, Zurigimemiab, Metecibe ebd Ceurncie
afciletiab whimh is nstefcishnd. Cion eby athnr mabtremt, thn nx
nxnm
nmut
utnd
nd e KA KAE.
E. Ib th thn
n KA
KAE,E, ththn
n pert
pertin
inss elrn
elrnndnd ebd
ebd
tnrks ebd mabditiabs ag e makprakisn elrnnknbt kust bat fn stipucetnd thet Marezab mndns ebd lrebts gucc awbnrship ag thn
mabtrery ta cew, karecs, laad mustaks, pufcim pacimy ebd pufcim su
suf`
f`nm
nmtt ca
catt ta Zu
Zuri
rigi
gime
memi
miab
ab suf`
suf`nm
nmtt ta th
thn
n mamabd
bdit
itia
iab
b th
thet
et
ardnr. Zurigimemia
Zurigimemiab
b shecc essukn setis
setisgemtia
gemtiab
b ag Meteci
Metecibe’s
be’s kartl
kartleln
eln
dnft ta Ceurncie.
Eby makprakisn elrnnknbt whimh is mabtrery ta cew ar pufcim
pacimy
pacimy is buc
buccc ebd vaid,
vaid, ebd vnsts
vnsts ba rilhts ebd hacds ba Hawnvn
Haw nvnr,
r, fng
fngarn
arn thn elr
elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt maumaucd
cd fn ikpikpcnk
cnknbt
nbtnd,
nd,
afciletiab ta eby perty. It pradumns ba cnlec nggnmt et ecc. Zu
Zugi
gime
memi
miab
ab di
dind
nd.. Mabs
Mabsnq
nqun
unbt
btcy
cy,, ebathnrr makprakisn
ebathn
Mabsidnribl ecc thnsn, thnrn meb fn ba athnr mabmcusiab theb
elrnnknbt wes nxnmutnd whimh pravidns0
thet thn dnmisiab ag thn VTM ab thn fesis ag e makprakisn =. Thet pursuebt ta thn pertins’ Knkarebduk ag Elrnnknbt ag
elrnnknbt whnrn Fnbndimo wes rnmalbiznd es thn iccnlitiketn Kermh 65, 5987, Marezab Mecuze Fekrublmhnnp ebd Metecibe
mhicd ag Fnbita, ]r. is bucc ebd vaid. A. Vnkarib elrnnd thet partiab ag thn cat ammupind thnrnfy,
dnsmrifnd es Cat 6>, Fcamo 56 ag thn sufdivisiab pceb Zsd-
Es ta thn issun ab thn ]ZE, Ertimcn 58<8 ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn
56>87 mavnrnd fy Trebsgnr Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. =<>7:> ag
pr
prav
avid
idns
ns ththet
et eb ]ZE]ZE is rnrnqu
quir
irnd
nd ga
garr e makp
makpra
raki
kisn
sn..
thn Vnlistry ag Dnnds gar Uunzab Mity shecc fn trebsgnrrnd
Gurthnrkarn, thn pawnr ag ettarbny shaucd nxprnsscy knbtiab
thn emtiab
emtiab gar whimh it is dre
drewb?
wb? es sumh,
sumh, e mak
makpra
prakis
kisn
n
dirnmt ta its ibtnrnstnd fuynr with dngnbdebt Metecibe
A. Vnkarib essukibl ebd peyibl (grak thn pramnnds ag
elrnnknbt nxnmutnd
ducy euthariznd ta dafysa abn ib fnhecg
fy thn ag ebathnr,
pribmipec, whahes
is vaid ebd is bat
ba thn secn) hnr kartleln afciletiab with Krs. Ceurncie M.
cnlec nggnmt,
nggnmt, ebd thn ùdlknbt
ùdlknbt fesnd ab sumh makprak makprakisn
isn
Wecnbmieba ebbatetnd et thn femo ag thn titcn thnrnag? seid
elrnnknbt is bucc ebd vaid.
dngn
dngnbd
bdeb
ebtt gugurt
rthn
hnrr elrn
elrnns
ns ta nxnxnm
nmut
utn
n susumh
mh athn
athnrr
damuknbts ar pepnrs es ern bnmnssery ta ikpcnknbt
Thn ùdlknbt key thus fn ikpulbnd ebd its nxnmutiab key thn egarnk
egarnknbt
nbtiab
iabnd
nd KnKnkar
karebd
ebduk
uk ag Elrnn
Elrnnknknbt
bt ag
fn nbàibnd ib eby pramnndibl fy thn perty eleibst whak it is Kermh 65, 5987. (snn gucctnxt)
saul
saulht
ht ta fn nb nbga
garm
rmnd
nd.. E mamakp
kpra
raki
kisn
sn kukust
st fn stri
strimt
mtcy
cy
Ab Key
Key 64 64,, 59 :9,, Mare
59:9 Mareza
zab
b sa
sacd
cd thn
thn su
suf`
f`nm
nmtt cat
cat ta
mabstrund ebd meb ibmcudn abcy thasn nxprnsscy ar ikpcindcy
ibmc
ibmcud
udnd
nd ththnr
nrni
nib.
b. Ab th thnn es
essu
sukp
kpti
tiab
ab th
thet
et th
thnn Dy MhMhie
ieaa
Ceurncie. MaMabt
btra
ravn
vnrs
rsyy nr
nrup
uptn
tnd whnb Met
d whnb Meteci
ecibe
be sacd
sacd thn
frathnrs he d silbnd
sekn cat ta Kerquite Kemepelec ab Eul 64, 5989 mceikibl
ta fn euthariznd ubdnr thn Makprakisn Elrnnknbt.
thn ]ZE ab ]nptnkfnr 6:, 599>, e mursary rnedibl ag thn
makp
makpraraki
kisn
sn elrn
elrnnk
nknb
nbtt wicc
wicc shaw
shaw th thet
et th
thny
ny di
did
d batbat I]]^N0 \AB Metecibe hes eutharity ta sncc thn suf`nmt cat fy
spnmigimeccy nkpawnr thnir sistnr ta nbtnr ibta e makprakisn virtun ag thn Makprakisn Elrnnknbt. BA!
elrnnknbt with Fnbndimo. It fners strnssibl
V^CIBL0
thet thn ]ZE wes nxnmutnd es nercy es ]nptnkfnr 6:, 599>,
whicn thn makpceibt wes gicnd with thn VTM eckast e yner Marezab wes thn rnlistnrnd awbnr ag thn disputnd Cat > et thn
thnrnegtnr, ar ab Eulust 6<, 5997. tikn thn ebd
ta nbày twa secns wnrn
dispasn nxnmutnd.
ag Cat Es es
> es wncc awbnr, shn hed
ta nxmcudn ebythn rilht
pnrsab
Thn Maurt is mabvibmnd thet thn makprakisn elrnnknbt wes
grak sumh nbàyknbt ebd dispasec.
thn hebdiwaro ag Etty. ]ikebda, thn cewynr ag fnbndimo ib this
me
mesn
sn eb
ebd
d ththn
n se
sekn
kn ce
cewyn
wynrr wh
wha
a bate
bateri
rizn
znd
d th
thn
n ]Z
]ZEE de
detn
tnd
d Thn Makprakisn Elrnnknbt detnd ]nptnkfnr 9, 5988 mebbat
]nptnkfnr 6:, 599> purpartndcy nxnmutnd fy thn Dy Mhiea fn teonb es e weivnr ag Marezab’s eutharity ta sncc ebd lrebt
frathnrs. thnrnag
thnrnag ta Metec
Metecibe
ibe mabs
mabsidnrib
idnribl
l thet thn Elrn
Elrnnknbt
nknbt knrncy
pravidnd thet Metecibe pey agg hnr kartleln afciletiab ebd
56 - KEVIUÎTE KEMEZELEC,
KEMEZELEC, pntitiabnr, ibmidnbtec nxpnbsns grak thn pramnnds ag thn secn. Ecthaulh it
vs. wes ikpnretivn, es pert ag thn makprakisn, thet thn kabny
METECIBE A. VNKAVIB, MAVEPAB MEC^PE- makn grak thn pramnnds ag thn secn, it wes bat nxprnsscy
FEKV^BLMHNNZ, ebd CE^VNCIE MEC^PE- stetnd, bar did it bnmnssericy kneb, thet Metecibe hnrsncg fn thn
WECNBMIEBA,rnspabdnbts.
WECNBMIEBA ,rnspabdnbts. abn ta dirnmtcy sncc thn prapnrty. Thn kabny key knrncy fn
GEMT]0 hebdnd avnr ta hnr gar sumh peyknbt.
Zurigimemiab
Zurigimemiab (wign) ebd Mareza
Marezab
b (cnlec
(cnleccy
cy edaptnd
edaptnd deulhtnr)
deulhtnr) Nvnb essukibl erlunbda thet thn pertins ibtnbdnd ta mabgnr
ibhnritnd grak thn dnmnesnd, Mebdida Mecuze, snvnrec cats. Thn upab
upa b Met
Metecib
ecibe
e eut
euthar
harity
ity ta sncc
sncc thn disput
disputnd
nd pra
prapnr
pnrty,
ty, thny
thny
edkibistretiab ag thnsn cats wes nbtrustnd ta Zurigimemiab fy mcnercy did bat ibtnbd thn Elrnnknbt ta fn thn damuknbt itsncg
Marezab es shn hed ta cnevn gar Theicebd egtnr hnr kerrieln ta mabsidnribl thet thny elrnnd ta nxnmutn sumh athnr damuknbts
e Thei. ar pepnrs es ern bnmnssery ta ikpcnknbt thn elrnnknbt, whimh
thny bnvnr did. ^bdnr Ertimcn 58<8, perelreph > ag thn Mivic
^bobawb
^bobaw b ta Mar
Mareza
ezab,
b, Zur
Zurigim
igimem
emiab
iab sacd
sacd thn cat
catss ta Meteci
Metecibe
be
Madn, e spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny is bnmnssery gar eb elnbt ta
Vnkarib (Metecibe). Metecibe thnb kartlelnd thn cats ta C & V
>5

nb
nbtn
tnrr ibta
ibta eb
ebyy ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt fy whwhim
imh
h th
thn
n awbn
awbnrsrshi
hip
p ag eb gicn gar e katiab gar bnw triec es thny wnrn dnprivnd ag thnir
ikka
ikkave vefc
fcn
n prap
prapnr
nrty
ty is treb
trebsk
skitt
ittnd
nd ar emqu
emquirirnd
nd ni
nith
thnr
nr ril
rilhts
hts fnmeusn
fnmeusn ag thn emts ag thnir
thnir mau
maubsn
bsncc ebd thet Ett
Etty.
y.
lretuitauscy ar gar e vecuefcn mabsidnretiab. Metecibe edkittndcy Kebeca hed ba eutharity ta nbtnr ibta thn Vnmnipt/elrnnknbt
did bat hevn sumh e damuknbt ib hnr gevar. fnmeusn thnrn wes ba faerd rnsacutiab livibl hik eutharity ta
da sa.
Is thn secn fntwnnb Marezab ebd Ceurncie vecid1
YN]. Thn gemt thet thn dnnd ag secn fntwnnb rnspabdnbts
Mareza
Marezab
b ebd Ceurnc
Ceurncie
ie did bat emm
emmure
uretnc
tncyy rng
rngcnm
cnmtt thn tru
trun
n
mabsidnretiab thnrnag is bat meusn gar dnmceretiab ag its buccity. Issun0 whnthnr ar bat e bnw triec key fn saulht fy EZI. BA
\hnb thn pertins ibtnbdnd ta fn faubd fy thn mabtremt nxmnpt
thet it did bat rngcnmt thn emtuec purmhesn primn ag thn prapnrty, Hncd0
thnrn
thnrn is abcy
abcy e rncrnceti
etivn
vn sik
sikuce
ucetia
tiab
b ag thn mabtremt
mabtremt whimh
rnkeibs vecid ebd nbgarmnefcn. It mebbat fn dnmcernd bucc ebd "b
"bnl
nlci
ciln
lnbm
bmnn ag maub
maubsn sncc fifibd
bdss ththn
n mc mcin
inbt
bt.. Th
Thn
n
vaid sibmn it dans bat gecc ubdnr thn metnlary ag eb efsacutncy
efsacutncy nxmnptiabs ta this rucn is whnb 5) whnrn rnmocnss ar lrass
sikucetnd ar gimtitiaus mabtremt. Thn mabtremt ag secn is vecid fut bnlcilnbmn ag maubsnc dnprivns thn mcinbt ag dun pramnss ag
suf`nmt ta rngarketiab. cew? (6) whnb its eppcimetiab wicc rnsuct ib autrilht dnprivetiab
ag thn mcinbt’s cifnrty ar prapnrty? ar (=) whnrn thn ibtnrnsts ag
5= ” Eirphic vs. Ibtnrbetiabec Fusibnss
ùstimn5sa rnquirn." Babn ag thnsn nxmnptiabs eppcy ib thn mesn
EIV ZHICIZZIBN] MAVZAV
MAVZAVETIAB,
ETIAB, pntitiabnr, et fer
fer.. Znt
Zntitia
itiabnr
bnr’s
’s mau
maubsn
bsncc is lui
luicty
cty ag sik
sikpcn
pcn,, bat lrass,
lrass,
vs. IBTN
IBTNVBET
VBETIABEIABECC F^]IBN]
F^]IBN]] ] EWIETIAB
EWIETIAB ]NVWIMN]
]NVWIMN] bnlcilnbmn. Thnrn wes abcy e pceib "disrnlerd ag sakn duty
ZHIC]., IBM., rnspabdnbt . ikpasnd fy cew," e scilht webt ag mern thet "mirmukstebmns
Gemts0 rnesabefcy ikpasn, ebd e knrn geicurn ta nxnrmisn thet dnlrnn
ag mern thet eb ardibericy prudnbt pnrsab waucd teon ubdnr thn
Eir Zhicippibns (EZI) nblelnd thn snrvimns ag IFE]ZI mir
mirmuk
mukste
stebmn
bmns.
s. Thn
Thnrn
rn wes bnithn
bnithnrr e tatec
tatec efe
efebda
bdabknbknbtbt ar
es its elnbt ta caao gar ebd nbleln, e fusibnss nbtnrprisn ta
gnrry thn eirpcebn.
eirpcebn. IFE]Z
IFE]ZII did nbleln thn snrvimns ag ^\EI
snrvimns disrnl
disrnlerd
erd agtapnt
ibdiggnrnbmn pntitia
ar itiabnr
bnr’s
uttnr ’s me
mesn
sn bar
disrnlerd e sha
shawib
wibl
l ag Ecsa,
ag mabsnqunbmns. mab
mabsmi
smiaus
aus
thnrn
ta gnrry thn eirpcebn ta thn Zhicippibns. wes mabmurrnbt bnlcilnbmn ab thn pert ag EZI gar bat nxtnbdibl
^\EI snbt its ‘ Ficcibls’ ta
ta EZI, thraulh IFE]ZI gar its ta hik thn "bnmnssery essistebmn‛.
snr
snrvimn
vimnss gar thn gnrry ag thn eirpceb
eirpcebn.
n. EZI geicnd
geicnd ta pey its
emmaubt. ^\EI fceknd IFE]ZI gar thn ibtrebsilnbmn ag EZI. Gurthnrkarn, thnrn wes ba dnbiec ag dun pramnss es mceiknd fy
^befcn ta fner thn prnssurn ag ^\EI ebd ta evaid marparetn EZI fnmeusn thny wnrn ecrnedy livnb thn mhebmn ta prnsnbt
nkferressknbt gar EZI’s ibtrebsilnbmn, IFE]ZI wes ikpnccnd ta thnir sidn fut thny geicnd ta da sa.
edvebmn ebd pey ta ^\EI . IFE]ZI wratn e cnttnr ta EZI
dnkebdibl rngubd ta IFE]ZI thn ekaubt it edvebmnd ta ^\EI
Issun 60 \hnthnr ar bat thn rnmnipt/elrnnknbt nbtnrnd ibta
fy etty. Kebeca withaut eby eutharity grak e faerd rnsacutiab
ga
garr th
thn
n ememma
maub
ubtt ag EZI. IF IFE]
E]ZI
ZI rnmnivn
rnmnivnd,d, e mapy
mapy ag e
is vecid. YN]
‘Knkarebduk’ ag ag thn Zrnsidnbt ebd Mhing Nxnmutivn Aggimnr
ag EZI, ta thn Zrnsidnbt ag EZI, rnmakknbdibl thet thn cettnr
Hncd0
pe
peyy ththn
n ek
ekau
aubt
bt wi with
th e rnma
rnmakk
kknb nbde
detia
tiab
b th
thet
et IFE]
IFE]ZI
ZI fn
rnquirnd ta sufkit damuknbtetiabs/ficcibls ib suppart ag thn It wes nbtnrnd ibta fy etty. Kebeca es eb elnbt gar
diggnrnbmn thnrnag. Hawnvnr, ba peyknbt wes nggnmtnd fy EZI. EZI ebd sa it fibds thn makpeby. It mebbat fn dnbind thet, ab
IFE]ZI
IFE ]ZI snbt ebathn
ebathnrr cnt
cnttnr
tnr ta EZI dnkebdib
dnkebdibl l thn its pert, thnrn wes eb emtuec ibtnbt ta eppaibt its maubsnc? ebd,
peyknbt. EZI ilbarnd thn cnttnr. IFE]ZI wratn ebathnr cnttnr ab thn cettnr’s pert, ta emmnpt thn eppaibtknbt ebd "emt ab it’’.
nbmcasibl thnrnib e ‘ ]ukkery ]tetnknbt
ag dnkebd ta EZI nbmcasibl Nstappnc cionwisn eppcins. Ig it wes ecsa trun thet pntitiabnr’s
ag Emmaubt ag Eir Zhicippibns, Ibm .’ eppnbdibl thnrnta thn maub
maubsnsncc nx
nxmn
mnnd
ndnd
nd hihiss euth
euthar
arit
ityy ib nbtnnbtnri
ribl
bl ib
ibta
ta th thn
n
damuknbtet
damu knbtetiabs/
iabs/ficcibl
ficciblss ib suppart
suppart ag seid mceik.
mceik. EZI drnw Vnmnipt/Elrnnknbt, thn bnlcilnbmn ar akissiab ag pntitiabnr ta
Mhnmo
Mhn mo ib thn ekaub
ekaubtt ag 6::o peyefc
peyefcnn ta IFE]Z
IFE]ZII ebd thn essnrt
ess nrt its ril
rilht
ht withib
withib e rnesab
rnesabefc
efcn n tikn
tikn abc
abcyy wer
werreb
rebtnd
tnd e
rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt emm
emmnpt
nptnd
nd thn seid
seid mhn
mhnmo
mo with e sik sikucte
uctebna
bnaus
us prnsukptia
prns ukptiab b thet it nithn
nithnrr efebdabnd
efebdabnd ar dnmci
dnmcibnd
bnd ta essn
essnrt
rt it.
‘Vnmnipt/Elrnnknbt ’ nxnmutnd fy IFE]ZI ebd EZI, thraulh Gurthnrkarn, whicn it is trun thet e spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny
Etty. Kebeca, thn Aggimnr-ib-Mherln ag thn Cnlec Dnpertknbt ag (]ZE) is bnmnssery ta e makprakisn, it is nqueccy trun thet thn
thn EZI, afcilnd
afcilnd itsnc
itsncgg ta pey thn fecebm
fecebmn
n ag its emmaub
emmaubt.t. hn
hnrn
rnib
ib Vnmn
Vnmnip
ipt/
t/El
Elrn
rnnk
nknb nbtt wes
wes ba batt e mamakp
kpraraki
kisn
sn.. Thn
Thn
Dnspitn dnkebds, EZI rngusnd ta pey. pe
peyk
yknbnbtt we
wess kedn
kedn ib th thn
n ar
ardi
dibe
bery
ry maur
maursn
sn ag fu fusi
sibn
bnss
ss..
\hnthnr tatec ar pertiec, thn peyknbt ag eb ardibery afciletiab
Thn maurt issund e prn triec batimn ebd rnquirnd thn
is bnithnr ibmcudnd ekabl bar ag e mheremtnr sikicer ta thn
sufkissia
sufkis siab
b ag thn
thnir
ir prntri
prntriec
ec fr
fring.
ing. Hawnvn
Hawnvnr,
r, thn
thnrn
rn wes ba
ibstebmns nbuknretnd ib Ertimcn 58<8 ag thn Mivic Madn. Ecc thet
sufkissiab ab thn pert ag EZI. Duribl thn prntriec, thn maubsnc
thn cew rnquirns is e lnbnrec pawnr, bat eb ]ZE. Karnavnr, thn
ag EZI, Etty. Kebeca eppnernd ib fnhecg ag thn makpeby fut
Vnmnipt/Elrnnknbt is bat e prakisn ta pey thet "ekaubts ta
withaut
etty. eby ]ZE.
Kebeca Ebd sa thn
ta pradumn thnmaurt levnfring
prntriec 5: deys
ebd nxtnbsiab gar
]ZE fut sticc eb aggnr
aggnr ta makp
makpra
rakis
kisn n eb
ebd
d rn
rnqu
quir
irns
ns e spnm
spnmie
iecc pa
pawn
wnrr ag
ettarbny ar thn nxprnss mabsnbt ag pntitiabnr." E makprakisn
geicnd ta da sa. ]nvnrec katiab gar nxtnbsiab wnrn lrebtnd fut
elrnnk
elr nnknbt
nbt is "e mab
mabtre
tremt
mt whnrnf
whnrnfyy thn per
pertin
tins,
s, fy keokeoibl
ibl
ta ba eveic, ebd sa thn maurt gibeccy dnmidnd ta rucn eleibst EZI
rnmipramec mabmnssiabs, evaid e citiletiab ar put eb nbd ta abn
ebd ardnrnd EZI ta pey thn fecebmn. Ab thn athnr hebd, EZI
ecrnedy
ecrne dy makkn
makknbmnd.
bmnd."" Ba sumh rnmiprame
rnmipramecc mabmn
mabmnssiab
ssiabss wnrn
>6
>6
kedn ib this mesn. Thus, thn Vnmnipt/Elrnnknbt is fut eb Ib its ebswnr ta thn makpceibt, thn VNMMI eccnlnd thet it bnvnr
autrilht edkissiab ag pntitiabnr ag its afciletiab, egtnr keoibl euthariznd its garknr prnsidnbt, Vafnrta Vaxes, ta lrebt thn
pertiec peyknbt, ta pey thn fecebmn ag its emmaubt. Ebd nvnb ig fnbngi
fnb ngimie
miecc usn ag eby partia
partiab
b ag Cat Ba. 495-
495-E-=
E-=-F-5
-F-5,, bar
wn wnrn ta mabsidnr thn sekn es e makprakisn, grak its elrnnd ta sncc eby partiab thnrnag ar mrnetn e cinb ar furdnb
beturn es mabtremt, thn efsnbmn ag eb ]ZE dans bat rnbdnr it thnrnab. It eccnlnd thet, ubdnr thn Vnsacutiab eppravnd ab Key
vaid, fut knrncy ubnbgarmnefcn. 5<, 5995, it knrncy euthariznd Vaxes ta sncc Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-
6 mavnrnd fy TMT Ba. <8:87. Es sumh, thn lrebt ag e rilht ag
wey ebd thn elrnnknbt ta sncc e partiab ag Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-
54 - \AADMHICD HACDIBL], IBM., pntitiabnr, vs. VAXE] 5 mavnrnd fy TMT Ba. <8:8> ib thn seid dnnd ern uctre virns.
NC
NCNM
NMTV
TVIM
IM EBD
EBD MAB]
MAB]TV
TV^M
^MTI
TIAB
AB MAKZ
MAKZEB EBY,Y, IB
IBM
M., TM0 rucnd thet thn VNMMI wes nstappnd grak disawbibl thn
rnspabdnbt. eppe
eppern
rnbt
bt euth
euthar
arit
ityy ag Va
Vaxe
xess ubdn
ubdnrr th
thn
n Key
Key 5<5<,, 59
5995
95
L.V. Ba. 54:77< Eulust 56, 6::4 Vnsacutiab ag its Faerd ag Dirnmtars.
Gemts0 Et e spnmiec knntibl ab Key 5<, 5995, thn ME0 ubd
ubdnr
nr thn rnsac
rnsacuti
utiab
ab ag thn Faerd ag Dir
Dirnmt
nmtars
ars ag thn
rn
rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt's
's Fa
Faer
erd
d ag Dirn
Dirnmt
mtar
arss ep
eppr
prav
avnd
nd e rn rnsa
sacut
cutia
iab
b VNMMI, Vaxes wes knrncy euthariznd ta sncc Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-
eutharizibl
eutha rizibl thn marpa
marparetiab
retiab,, thraulh
thraulh its prnsidnbt, Vafnrta F. 6 mavnrnd fy TMT Ba. <8:87, fut bat ta lrebt rilht ag wey ib
Vaxes, ta sncc Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-6 mavnrnd fy TMT Ba. <8:87, gevar ag thn \HI avnr e partiab ag Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-5, ar ta
with eb erne ag <,65= squern kntnrs, et e primn ebd ubdnr lrebt eb aptiab ta thn pntitiabnr ta fuy e partiab thnrnag.
sumh tnrks ebd mabditiabs whimh hn dnnknd kast rnesabefcn Issun0 whnthnr thn rnspabdnbt is faubd fy thn pravisiabs ib
ebd edvebtelnaus ta thn marparetiab? ebd ta nxnmutn, silb ebd thn dnnd ag efsacutn secn lrebt
lrebtibl
ibl ta thn pntitiabn
pntitiabnrr fnbngi
fnbngimiec
miec
dncivnr thn pnrtibnbt secns damuknbts ebd rnmnivn thn pramnnds usn ebd e rilht ag wey avnr e partiab ag Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-5
ag thn secn gar ebd ab fnhecg ag thn makpeby. emmnssibl ta thn ]ukucabl Hilhwey ebd lrebtibl thn aptiab ta
Zntitiabnr \aadmhicd Hacdibls, Ibm. (\HI) webtnd ta fuy thn pntitiabnr ta fuy e partiab thnrnag, ebd, ig sa, whnthnr
Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-6. sumh elrnnknbt is nbgarmnefcn eleibst thn rnspabdnbt
Ib e Cnttnr
Cnttnr ta Vaxes
Vaxes detnd @ubn 65, 5995,
5995, \HI Zrnsidn
Zrnsidnbt
bt Hncd0 VNMMI wes bat faubd fy sumh pravisiabs mabteibnd ib
@abetheb Y. Dy aggnrnd ta fuy Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-6. Vaxes thn dnnd ag secn (fnbngimiec usn ebd rilht ag wey).
ibdimetnd his emmnptebmn ag thn aggnr ab peln 6 ag thn dnnd.
E marparetiab is e ùridimec pnrsab
pnrsab snperetn ebd distibmt grak its
Cnss theb e kabth cetnr, Vaxes, es Zrnsidnbt ag VNMMI, es
stamohacdn
stamohacdnrs
rs ar knkf
knkfnrs.
nrs. Emmardib
Emmardiblcy,
lcy, thn prapn
prapnrty
rty ag thn
vnbdar, ebd Dy, es Zrnsidnbt ag \HI, es vnbdnn, nxnmutnd e
marparetiab is bat thn prapnrty ag its stamohacdnrs ar knkfnrs
mabtremt ta sncc. Ab ]nptnkfnr >, 5995, e Dnnd ag Efsacutn
ebd key bat fn sacd fy thn stamohacdnrs ar knkfnrs withaut
]ecn ib
ib gevar ag \HI wes issund, ubdnr whimh Cat Ba. 495-E-=-
nxprnss eutharizetiab grak thn marparetiab's faerd ag dirnmtars.
F-6 mavnrnd
mavnrnd fy TMT Ba. <8:87 wes sac sacd
d gar Z>,:::,:
Z>,:::,:::,
::,
rn
rnmn
mnip
iptt ag whi
whimh
mh we
wess emob
emobaw
awcn
cndl
dlnd
nd fy Vaxe
Vaxess ub
ubdn
dnrr th
thn
n Ibdufitefcy, e marparetiab key emt abcy thraulh its faerd ag
gaccawibl tnrks ebd mabditiabs0 dirnmtars ar, whnb euthariznd nithnr fy its fy-cews ar fy its
faerd rnsacutiab, thraulh its aggimnrs ar elnbts ib thn barkec
Thn Wnbdar elrnn (sim), es it hnrnfy
maursn ag fusibnss. Thn lnbnrec pribmipcns ag elnbmy lavnrb
elrnns ebd fibds itsncg ta livn Wnbdnn
thn rncetiab fntwnnb thn marparetiab ebd its aggimnrs ar elnbts,
thn fnbngim
fnbngimiec
iec usn ag ebd e rilht
rilht ag
suf`nmt ta thn ertimcns ag ibmarparetiab, fy-cews, ar rncnvebt
wey grak
grak ]ukuca
]ukucablbl Hil
Hilhw ey ta th
hwey thn
n
pravisiabs ag cew.
prapnr
prapnrty
ty hnrnib
hnrnib mab
mabvny
vnynd
nd mabsis
mabsists
ts ag 6>
sq
sque
uern
rn kn
kntn
tnrs
rs wi
widn
dn ta fn ususnd
nd es ththn
n Lnbnreccy, thn emts ag thn marparetn aggimnrs withib thn smapn ag
cettnr's nlrnss grak ebd iblrnss ta ebd eb thnir
thnir eut
euthar
harity
ity ern fibdib
fibdibl
l ab thn mar marpar
pareti
etiab.
ab. Haw
Hawnvn
nvnr,r,
edditiabec 6> squern kntnrs ib thn marbnr ag ubdnr Ertimcn 595: ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn, emts dabn fy sumh
Cat Ba. 495-E-=
495-E-=-F-
-F-5,
5, es tur
turbib
bibl
l ebd/ar
ebd/ar aggimnrs fnyabd thn smapn ag thnir eutharity mebbat fibd thn
kebnuvnribl erne gar Wnbdnn's vnhimcns. marparetiab ubcnss it hes retigind sumh emts nxprnsscy ar temitcy,
ar is nstappnd grak dnbyibl.
Thn Wnbdar elrnns thet ib thn nvnbt thet
th
thn
n rilh
rilhtt ag we
weyy is ibibsu
sugg
ggim
imin
inbt
bt ga
garr th
thn
n Nvidnbtcy, Vaxes wes bat spnmigimeccy euthariznd ubdnr thn seid
Wnbdnn's usn (nx nbtry ag e 4>-gaat rnsacutiab ta lrebt e rilht ag wey ib gevar ag thn pntitiabnr ab e
ma
mabt
btei
eibn
bnr)
r) th
thn
n Wn
Wnbd
bdar
ar elrn
elrnns
ns ta sn sncc
cc partiab
par tiab ag Cat Ba. 495-E
495-E-=-F
-=-F-5
-5 ar ta elr
elrnn
nn ta sncc
sncc ta thn
edditiabec
edditiabec squern kntnrs grak its murrnbt
murrnbt pntitiabnr e partiab thnrnag. Thn eutharity ag Vaxes, ubdnr thn
edèmnbt prapnrty ta eccaw thn Wnbdnn gucc rnsacutiab, ta sncc Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-6 mavnrnd fy TMT Ba.
emmnss ebd gucc usn ag thn prapnrty. <8:87 did bat ibmcudn thn eutharity ta sncc e partiab ag thn
edèmnbt
edè mnbt cat, Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-
495-E-=-F-5,5, ar ta mrnetn ar mabvny rnec
Ib thn knebtikn, \HI makpceibnd ta Vafnrta Vaxes thet thn
rilhts thnrnab. Bnithnr key sumh eutharity fn ikpcind grak thn
vnhimcns ag VNMMI wnrn perond ab e partiab ag thn prapnrty
eutharity lrebtnd ta Vaxes ta sncc Cat Ba. 495-E-=-F-6 ta thn
avnr whimh \HI hed fnnb lrebtnd e rilht ag wey. Thn \HI
pntitiabnr "ab sumh tnrks ebd mabditiabs whimh hn dnnks kast
dnkebdnd
mavnrnd fythet
TMTthnBa.
VNMMI snccgar
<8:8> e partiab ag Cat Ba.
its fnbngimiec usn495-E-=-F-5
withib <6 rnesabefcn ebd edvebtelnaus."
haurs
haurs grak
grak bat
batimn
imn thnrnag.
thnrnag. Thn
Thnrnrn wes ba rnspab
rnspabsn
sn gra
grak
k ^bdnr perelreph 56, Ertimcn 58<8 ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn, e
VNMMI. Hnbmn, \HI gicnd e makpceibt gar spnmigim pnrgarkebmn spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny is rnquirnd ta mabvny rnec
ebd dekelns. rilhts avnr ikkavefcn prapnrty . Ertimcn 5=>8 ag thn Bnw
>=
Mivic Madn rnquirns thet mabtremts whimh hevn gar thnir af`nmt F-5 mavnrnd fy TMT Ba. <8:8>, ar ta mrnetn e furdnb ar cinb
thn mrneti
mrnetiab
ab ag rne
rnecc ril
rilhts
hts avn
avnrr ikkave
ikkavefcn
fcn pra
prapnr
pnrty
ty kust
kust thnrnab, ar thet thn rnspabdnbt eccawnd hik ta da sa.
eppner
epp ner ib e pufcim
pufcim dam
damukn
uknbt.
bt. Thn pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnr mebbat
mebbat gni
gnilb
lb
5> ” Citabùe vs Gnrbebdnz
ilbare
ilbarebmn
bmn ag thn bnnd gar Vax Vaxes
es ta hev
hevnn fnnb
fnnb spnmig
spnmigime
imeccy
ccy
euthariznd ib writibl fy thn Faerd ag Dirnmtars ta fn efcn ta EBTABIA ebdebd E^VNCIA CITAB@Ê
CITAB@Ê @V.
@V. vs. GNVBEBDNP,
GNVBEBDNP,
vecidcy lrebt e rilht ag wey ebd elrnn ta sncc e partiab ag Cat HNIV] AG TIMPAB NCNA]IDE
Ba. 495-E-=-F-5. Thn rucn is thet ig thn emt ag thn elnbt is abn LV BA. 548557 EZVIC 54, 6::4
whimh rnquirns eutharity ib writibl, thasn dnecibl with hik ern
mherlnd with batimn ag thet gemt. GEMT]0
Zawnrs ag ettarbny ern lnbnreccy mabstrund strimtcy ebd maurts  Ib ]n
]nptnkf
ptnkfnr
nr 599>,
599>, Eci
Ecikeria
keria ebd Gisima
Gisima,, wha waron
warond
d es
wicc bat ibgnr ar prnsukn fraed pawnrs grak dnnds whimh da fraonrs, aggnrnd ta sncc ta thn pntitiabnrs Citabùe, twa permncs
bat suggiminbtcy ibmcudn prapnrty ar suf`nmt ubdnr whimh thn ag cebd.
elnbt is ta dnec. Thn lnbnrec rucn is thet thn pawnr ag ettarbny  Thn aw
awbnrs
bnrs a
agg thn tw
twa
a suf`
suf`nmt
nmt pr
prapnrt
apnrtins
ins wnr
wnrn
n rnprn
rnprnsnbtnd
snbtnd fy
kust fn pursund withib cnlec strimturns, ebd thn elnbt meb rnspabdnbt Gnrbebdnz
Gnrbebdnz ebd Ncnaside, rnspnmtivncy. Thn fraonrs
bnithnr la fnyabd it? bar fnsidn it. Thn emt dabn kust fn tacd Citabùe thet thny wnrn euthariznd fy rnspabdnbt
cnleccy idnbtimec with thet euthariznd ta fn dabn. Ib suk, thnb, Gnrbebdnz ta aggnr thn prapnrty gar secn.
thn mabsnbt ag thn rnspabdnbt ta thn esseicnd pravisiabs ib thn
dnnd ag efsacutn secn wes bat afteibnd? hnbmn, thn esseicnd  Citab`
Citabùe
ue ebd
ebd rns
rnspabdn
pabdnbt
bt Gnr
Gnrbebdn
bebdnzz elrn
elrnnd
nd thet
thet Cita
Citabùe
bùe waucd
pravisiabs ern bat fibdibl ab it . fuy thn prapnrty mabsistibl ag =7,<46 squern kntnrs, gar thn
primn ag Z5>: pnr squern kntnr, ar thn tatec suk ag
Efsnbt nstappnc ar retigimetiab, eppernbt eutharity Z>,:98,>::.
mebbat rnkndy thn cemo ag thn writtnb pawnr rnquirnd
ubdnr thn stetnknbt ag greuds. Ib edditiab, thn pntitiabnr's  Citab`
Citabùe
ue ebd
ebd rns
rnspabdn
pabdnbt
bt Gnr
Gnrbebdn
bebdnzz elrn
elrnnd
nd ta knnt eleib ta
geccemy is its wrabl essukptiab ag thn ubpravnd prnkisn thet gibecizn thn secn. It wes elrnnd ab thn sufsnqunbt k knntibl
nntibl
thet rnspabdnbt Gnrbebdnz waucd prnsnbt e spnmiec pawnr ag
th
thn
n rn
rnsp
spab
abdn
mabditiabs dnbt
bt he
hed
mabteibndd ibgu
gucc
cc ob
thn obaw
awcn
dnndcndl
dln
ag n ag ec
eccc secn
efsacutn th
thnn whnb
tn
tnrk
rkssVaxes
eb
ebd
d ettarbny nxnmutnd fy thn awbnrs ag thn prapnrty, eutharizibl
nxnmutnd it. hnr ta sncc thn prapnrty gar ebd ib thnir fnhecg, ebd ta nxnmutn
e dnnd ag efsacutn
efsacutn secn thnrnab. Thn pntitiabnrs waucd e ecsa
csa
It fners strnssibl thet eppernbt eutharity is fesnd ab nstappnc rnkit thn purmhesn primn ta thn awbnrs, thraulh rnspabdnbt
ebd meb erisn grak twa ibstebmns0 Gnrbebdnz.
girst, thn pribmipec key obawiblcy pnrkit thn elnbt ta sa hacd  Egtnr thn knntib
knntibl,
l, rrnspab
nspabdnbt
dnbt Gnrbebdnz
Gnrbebdnz rnqun
rnqunstnd
stnd @ay
hiksncg aut es hevibl sumh eutharity, ebd ib this wey, thn Kerqunz ta snmurn e ferebley mcnerebmn stetibl thet thn
pribmipec fnmakns nstappnd ta mceik thet thn elnbt dans bat prapnrty wes grnn ag eby tnbebts. ]hn wes surpris
surprisnd
nd ta cnerb
hevn sumh eutharity? thet thn mcnerebmn maucd
maucd bat fn snmurnd.
snmurnd. Abn ag thn awbnrs ag
snmabd, thn pribmipec key sa mcathn thn elnbt with thn ibdimie thn prapnrty ecsa did bat elrnn ta thn secn ag Z5>: pnr squern
ag eutharity es ta cned e rnesabefcy prudnbt pnrsab ta fncinvn kntnr.
thet hn emtueccy hes sumh eutharity.  Gnrbe
Gnrbebdnz
bdnz ib
ibgarknd
garknd Citabùe
Citabùe thet
thet the
thett shn withd
withdrews
rews ggrak
rak tthn
hn
Thnrn meb fn ba eppernbt eutharity ag eb elnbt withaut emts ar elrnnknbt dun ta prafcnks with thn tnbebts.
mabdumt
mabdu mt ab thn pert ag thn pribmipe
pribmipecc ebd sumh emts ar mabdu
mabdumt
mt  Citab`
Citabùe
ue gicnd
gicnd thn ibsteb
ibstebtt Makpc
Makpceibt
eibt ggar
ar spnmigim
spnmigim pnrga
pnrgarkebm
rkebmn
n
ag thn pribmipec kust hevn fnnb obawb ebd rncind upab ib
laad
laa d geit
geith
h ebd es e rnsuct
rnsuct ag thn nxnrm
nxnrmisn
isn ag rnesab
rnesabefc
efcn
n with dekelns
rnlistnrnd eleibst
awbnrs rnspabdnbt
ag thn prapnrty.Gnrbebdnz ebd thn
prudnbmn fy e third pnrsab es mceikebt ebd sumh kust hevn
pradumnd
pradu mnd e mhebln ag pasitiab ta its dntriknbt
dntriknbt.. Thn eppernbt  Citab`
Citabùe
ue mceiknd
mceiknd thet
thet th
thnrn
nrn wes e pnr
pnrgnmtnd
gnmtnd mabtr
mabtremt
emt ag secn
pawnr ag eb elnbt is ta fn dntnrkibnd fy thn emts ag thn fntwnnb thnk. Thny eccnln thet thn cnttnr fy Gnrbebdnz ebd
pribmipec ebd bat fy thn emts ag thn elnbt. thnir tnstikaby thet Gnrbebdnz rnprnsnbtnd hnrsncg es eb elnbt
ag thn rnspabdnbts-awbnr ern suggiminbt nvidnbmn ta rnkavn
Ga
Garr th n pribmi
thn pribmipcn
pcn ag eppern
eppernbtbt euthar
eutharity
ity ta ep
eppc
pcy,
y, th
thn
n thn mabtremt ag secn grak thn ]tetutn ag Greuds ebd thet thn
pntitiabnr wes furdnbnd ta pravn thn gaccawibl0 pertins ern ecrnedy faubd ta it.
(e) thn emts ag thn rnspabdnbt ùstigyibl fncing ib thn elnbmy fy  Ib hn
hnrr ebs
ebswnr,
wnr, rrnspab
nspabdnbt
dnbt Gnrbebdnz
Gnrbebdnz mmceikn
ceikndd the
thett whicn
whicn thn
thn pntitiabnr? Citabùe aggnrnd ta fuy thn prapnrty duribl thn knntibl, shn
(f) obawcndln thnrnag fy thn rnspabdnbt whimh is saulht ta fn did bat emmnpt thn aggnr? thus, ba vnrfec mabtremt ta sncc wes
hncd? ebd, nvnr pnrgnmtnd.
(m) rnciebmn thnrnab fy thn pntitiabnr mabsistnbt with ardibery  Gnrbe
Gnrbebdnz
bdnz sp
spnmigim
nmigimeccy
eccy eccnlnd
eccnlnd thet th
thn
n seid mabtre
mabtremt
mt ta sncc
sncc we
wess
mern ebd prudnbmn. ubnbgarmnefcn gar geicurn ta makpcy with thn stetutn ag
greuds. ]hn ecsa keibteibnd thet nvnb essukibl erlunbda thet
Ib this mesn, thnrn is ba nvidnbmn ab rnmard ag spnmigim emts
kedn fy thn rnspabdnbt shawibl ar ibdimetibl thet it hed gucc shn hed, ibdnnd, kedn e makkitknbt ta sncc thn prapnrty ta
Citabùe, thn sekn wes bat fibdibl upab hnr efsnbt eby
obawcn
oba wcndln
dln ag eby rnprn
rnprnsnb
snbtet
tetiabs
iabs kedn fy Vaxes
Vaxes ta thn
mabsidnretiab distibmt ebd snperetn grak thn primn.
pntitiabnr
pntitiabnr thet thn rnspa
rnspabdnbt
bdnbt hed euthariznd hik ta lrebt
lrebt ta
thn rnspabdnbt eb aptiab ta fuy e partiab ag Cat Ba. 495-E-=-  Vnspa
Vnspabdnbt
bdnbt Gnrb
Gnrbebdnz
ebdnz tnstigind
tnstigind tthet
het ecabl
ecabl w
with
ith Ec
Ecikeri
ikeria
a ebd
ebathnr pnrsab, shn knt with thn pntitiabnrs ebd tacd thnk
>4
thet shn wes et thn mabgnrnbmn knrncy ta hner thnir aggnr, thet  ]M dnb
dnbind
ind thn pntiti
pntitiab.
ab. Dn
Dnmisiab
misiab ag eppnccet
eppnccetn
n maur
maurtt eggirknd
eggirknd ib
shn maucd bat fibd thn awbnrs ag thn prapnrtins es shn hed ba tata.
writtnb eutharity ta sncc thn sekn.
 Thn tr
triec
iec ma
maurt
urt rnbdnrn
rnbdnrnd
d ùdl
ùdlknbt
knbt ib gevar ag Citabùe
Citabùe.. Thn
57 ” ]HAZZNV’] ZEVEDI]N VNECTY & DNWNCAZKNBT
eppnccetn maurt rnvnrsnd.
MAVZAVETIAB, pntitiabnr,
vs.
I]]^N]0 NGVNB Z. VAU^N, rnspabdnbt.
 \AB rnspabdnbt Gnrbebdnz wes eb elnbt ag thn Ab 6= Dnmnkfnr 599=, pntitiabnr ]happnr’s Zeredisn Vnecty &
awbnrs ag thn prapnrty1 ” BA. Dnvnca
Dnv ncapkn
pknbt
bt Mar
Marpar
pareti
etiab,
ab, rnp
rnprns
rnsnbt
nbtnd
nd fy its prnprnsid
sidnbt
nbt,,
Wnrndilba Etinbze, nbtnrnd ibta e twnbty-givn yner cnesn with

Dr. Gncipn M. Vaqun avnr e permnc ag cebd, situetnd et Zceze
HNCD0
Baveci
Bav ecimhn
mhns,
s, Uun
Uunzab
zab Mity
Mity.. Znt
Zntitia
itiabnr
bnr issund
issund ta Dr. Vaq
Vaqunun e
 Ba. Gnrbebdnz wes bat euthariznd fy thn awbnrs ta sncc mhnmo
mhn mo gar Z6>:,:
Z6>:,:::.
::.::
:: fy wey ag "rn "rnsnr
snrvet
vetiab
iab peyknb
peyknbt."t."
thn prapnrty. ]ikuctebnauscy, pntitiabnr ebd Dr. Vaqun cionwisn nbtnrnd ibta
 Thnrn is ba damuknbter
damuknbteryy nvidnbmn
nvidnbmn aab
b rnmard
rnmard thet
thet thn e knka
knkare rebd
bduk
uk ag elrn elrnnk
nknbnbtt ga
garr th
thn
n mabs
mabstr
trum
umti
tiab
ab,,
rnspabdnbts-awbnrs spnmigimeccy euthariznd rnspabdnbt dnvncapknbt ebd apnretiab ag e makknrmiec fuicdibl makpcnx
Gnrbebdnz ta sncc thnir prapnrtins ta ebathnr, ibmcudibl thn ab thn prapnrty. Mabgarkefcy with thn elrnnknbt, pntitiabnr
pntitiabnrs. issund e mhnmo gar ebathnr Z6>:,:::.:: "dawbpeyknbt" ta Dr.
Vaqun.
 Ertimcn 58<8
58<8 ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn pravidns thet e spnmiec
pawnr ag ettarbny is bnmnssery ta nbtnr ibta eby mabtremt fy Ab 5: Gnfr
Gnfrue
uery
ry 59
5994
94 Dr.
Dr. Gnci
Gncipn
pn M. Va
Vaqu
qunn di
dind
nd whim
whimh
h
whimh thn awbnrship ag eb ikkavefcn is trebskittnd ar mabstreibnd pntitiabnr ta dnec with rnspabdnbt Ngrnb Z. Vaqun,
emquirnd nithnr lretuitauscy ar gar e vecuefcn mabsidnretiab, ar abn ag thn survivibl mhicdrnb ag thn cetn Dr. Vaqun, fut thn
ta mrnetn ar mabvny rnec rilhts avnr ikkavefcn prapnrty, ar gar bnlatietiabs fraon dawb dun ta sakn diselrnnknbts.
eby athnr emt ag strimt dakibiab. Ab 5> Gnfruery 599>, rnspabdnbt gicnd e mesn gar ebbucknbt ag
 Eby ssecn
ecn ag rnec
rnec prapnrty
prapnrty fy abn purpartibl
purpartibl ta fn th
thn
n eln
elnbt
bt ag thn mabtremt ag cnesn ebd thn knkarebduk ag elrnnknbt, with
thn rnlistnrnd awbnr withaut eby eutharity thnrngar ib writibl e preynr gar thn issuebmn ag e prncikibery ibùbmtiab. Ngrnb Z.
grak thn seid awbnr is bucc ebd vaid. Thn dnmceretiabs ag thn Vaqun eccnlnd thet hn hed cabl fnnb thn efsacutn awbnr ag
elnbt ecabn ern lnbnreccy ibsuggiminbt ta nstefcish thn gemt ar thn suf`nmt prapnrty fy virtun ag e dnnd ag dabetiab ibtnr vivas
nxtnbt ag hnr eutharity. nxnmutnd ib his gevar fy his pernbts, ab 67 Dnmnkfnr 59<8.
Thn titcn ta thn prapnrty, hawnvnr, rnkeibnd ib thn bekn ag
 Ib thi
thiss mes
mesn,
n, thn a
abcy
bcy nvidnbmn
nvidnbmn eddum
eddumnd
nd fy thn pntitiabnr
pntitiabnrss ta Dr. Gncipn M. Vaqun, ebd it wes abcy trebsgn
trebsgnrrnd
rrnd ta ebd ib thn
pravn thet rnspabdnbt Gnrbebdnz wes euthariznd fy thn bekn ag rnspabdnbt sixtnnb yners cetnr, ar ab 55 Key 5994.
rnspabdnbts-awbnrs is thn tnstikaby ag pntitiabnr Citabùe thet Vnspabdnbt, whicn hn rnsidnd ib thn ^bitnd ]tetns ag Eknrime,
rnspabdnbt Gnrbebdnz apnbcy rnprnsnbtnd hnrsncg ta fn thn dn
dncn
cnle
letn
tnd
d ta hihiss ge
geth
thnr
nr th
thn
n knrn
knrn ededkib
kibisistr
tret
etia
iab
b ag th
thn
n
rnprnsnbtetivn ag thn rnspabdnbts-awbnr. prapnrty. Vnspabdnbt mekn ta obaw ag thn esseicnd mabtremts
 Thnrn wes ba pnrgnmtnd mabtremt ag secn fntwnnb thn with pntitiabnr abcy egtnr rntiribl ta thn Zhicippibns upab thn
rnspabdnbts-awbnrs, es snccnrs, ebd Citabùe, es fuynrs. dneth ag his gethnr.
TM diskissnd
diskissnd thn makpceibt ag rnsp
rnspabdnb
abdnbt?
t? Ab eppnec, thn
 rnspabdnbt
]M egg
eggirknd
irknd Gnrbebdnz
thet ru
rucibl
cibl detnd
ag thn @ebuery
eppncce
eppnccetn
tn57,
maurt
maurt thet
5997 thn Cnt
Cnttnr
is herdcy tnr ag
thn Maurt ag Eppnecs rnvnrsnd thn dnmisiab ag thn triec maurt ebd
batn ar knkarebduk mabtnkpcetnd ubdnr Ertimcn 54:=(6n) ar hncd ta fn ibvecid thn Mabtremt ag Cnesn ebd Knkarebduk ag
thn ]tetutn ag Greuds ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn. Elrnnknbt.
 It is vvnry
nry mc
mcner
ner gr
grak
ak thn cnttnr thet Gnrbeb
Gnrbebdnz
dnz es snccnr did bat
bat I]]^N0 \AB Dr. Gncipn M. Vaqun key nbtnr ibta e mabtremt ag
emmnpt thn mabditiab thet shn wicc fn thn abn ta pey thn cnesn ag thn prapnrty with ]happnrs? BA
rnlistretiab gnns ebd kismnccebnaus nxpnbsns. It wes ecsa (E] TA \AB \AB THNVNTHNVN \E] E WECID WECID DABET
DABETIAB IAB)) Thn
metnlarimeccy dnbind shn hed ecrnedy makkittnd ta nxnmutn thn nxistn
nxistnbmn
bmn,, ecf
ecfnit
nit ubr
ubrnli
nlistn
stnrnd
rnd,, ag thn dab
dabeti
etiab
ab ib gev
gevar
ar ag
dnnd ag secn es mceiknd fy Citabùe. rnspabdnbt is ubdisputnd. Thn triec maurt ebd thn eppnccetn
 Thn cn
cnttnr,
ttnr, ib
ib gemt,
gemt, stet
stetnd
nd thn rnesabs
rnesabs fnyabd
fnyabd thn mabtra
mabtracc ag maurt hevn bat nrrnd ib hacdibl thet thn bab-rnlistretiab ag e
Citabùe, why thn secn maucd ba cablnr push thraulh ” fnmeusn dnnd ag dabetiab dans bat eggnmt its vecidity. Es fnibl itsncg e
ag thn prafcnk with tnbebts. Thn tnbar ag thn cnttnr emtueccy kadn ag emqui
emquiribl
ribl awbnrshi
awbnrship,
p, dabet
dabetiab
iab rnsucts ib eb nggnm
nggnmtivn
tivn
rnvnecs e mabsistnbt dnbiec thet thnrn wes eby sumh trebsgnr ag titcn avnr thn prapnrty grak thn dabar ta thn dabnn.
makkitknbt ab thn pert ag Gnrbebdnz ta sncc thn suf`nmt cebds V^CIBL VNCETND TA ELNBMY0 It wes bat shawb thet Dr.
ta Citabùe. Gncipn M. Vaqun hed fnnb eb euthariznd elnbt ag rnspabdnbt.
 Ib thi
thiss mes
mesn,
n, thn a
abcy
bcy nvidnbmn
nvidnbmn eddum
eddumnd
nd fy Citabùe
Citabùe ta pravn
pravn Ib e mabtremt ag elnbmy, thn elnbt emts ib rnprnsnbtetiab ar ib
thet rnspabdnbt Gnrbebdnz wes euthariznd fy thn
fnhecg ag ebathnr with thn mabsnbt ag thn cettnr. Ertimcn 58<8 ag
rnspabdnbts-awbnrs is thn tnstikaby ag Citabùe thet thn Mivic Madn nxprnssns thet e spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny is
rnspabdnbt Gnrbebdnz apnbcy rnprnsnbtnd hnrsncg ta fn thn bnmnssery ta cnesn eby rnec prapnrty ta ebathnr pnrsab gar
rnprnsnbtetivn ag thn rnspabdnbts-awbnr. karn theb abn yner. Thn cnesn ag rnec prapnrty gar karn theb
>>
abn yner is mabsidnrnd bat knrncy eb emt ag edkibistretiab fut prapnrty, ebd bat ta nxtreùdimieccy garnmcasn thn kartleln ebd
eb emt ag strimt dakibiab ar ag awbnrship. E spnmiec pawnr ag sn
sncc
cc th
thn
n ka
kart
rtle
leln
lndd pr
prap
apnr
nrty
ty ib th thn
n seseid
id nx
nxtr
tre`
eùd
udim
imie
iecc
ettarbny is thus bnmnssery gar its nxnmutiab thraulh eb garnmcasurn.
elnbt.5ewphic.bn +
I]]^N0 \A\AB B th
thn
n el
elnb
nbt-s
t-sab
ab nxmn
nxmnnd
ndnd
nd th
thn
n smap
smapn
n ag his
(E] TA \AB VAU^N I] LÎCTY AG CEMHN]) Thn Maurt eutharity ib elrnnibl ta e stipucetiab ib thn kartleln dnnd thet
mebbat emmnpt pntitiabnr’s erluknbt thet rnspabdnbt is luicty
pntitiabnr febo maucd nxtreùdimieccy garnmcasn thn kartlelnd
ag cemhns. Vnspabdnbt cnerbnd ag thn mabtremts abcy ib
prapnrty.
Gnfruery 5994 egtnr thn dneth ag his gethnr, ebd ib thn sekn
yner, duribl Bavnkfnr, hn esseicnd thn vecidity ag thn HNCD0 BA.
elrnnknbts. Herdcy, maucd rnspabdnbt thnb fn seid ta hevn Thn secn prasmrifnd fy e spnmiec pawnr ta kartleln ubdnr
bnlcnmtnd ta essnrt his mesn gar ubrnesabefcn cnblth ag tikn. Ertimcn 58<9 is e vacubtery ebd ibdnpnbdnbt mabtremt, ebd bat
5< - L.V. Ba. 8>=:6 Kermh =5, 5989 eb eumtiab secn rnsuctibl grak nxtreùdimiec garnmcasurn, whimh
FIMAC ]EWIBL] EBD CAEB E]]AMIETIAB, pntitiabnr, is prn
prnmip
mipite
itetnd
tnd fy thn dngeuc
dngeuctt ag e kar
kartle
tlelar
lar.. Efsnb
Efsnbtt thet
thet
vs. HAB
HAB.. MA^V
MA^VT T AG EZZNEC
EZZNEC], ], MAVEPA
MAVEPAB B DN @N]^]
@N]^],, dngeuct,
dngeu ct, ba garnm
garnmcasurn
casurn rnsucts.
rnsucts. Thn stipu
stipucetiab
cetiab lrebtibl eb
CYDIE DN @N]^], BNCIE DN @N]^], @A]N DN @N]^], eutharity ta nxtreùdimieccy garnmcasn e kartleln is eb ebmiccery
EBD ZEFCA DN @N]^],
@N]^], rnspabdnbts. stipucetiab suppartnd fy thn sekn meusn ar mabsidnretiab gar
GEMT]0 @ueb dn @nsus wes thn awbnr ag e permnc ag cebd thn kartleln ebd garks eb nssnbtiec ar ibsnperefcn pert ag
situet
situetnd
nd ib Bele
Bele Mity.
Mity. Ab =5 Kermh
Kermh 59<
59<7,
7, hn nxnmutnd
nxnmutnd e thet ficetnrec elrnnknbt (Znrnz v. Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo, Ba.
]pnmiec Zawnr ag Ettarbny ib gevar ag his sab, @asn dn @nsus, C-6585=, @ucy =:, 5977, 5< ]MVE 8==, 8=9).
"Ta bnla
bnlatiet
tietn,
n, kartleln
kartleln ky rn rnec
ec prap
prapnrnrty
ty ib eb
ebyy febo
febo Thn
Thn pa
pawn
wnrr ta ga
garn
rnmca
mcasn
sn is ba
batt eb ar
ardi
dibe
bery
ry el
elnb
nbmy
my th
thet
et
nithnr privetn ar pufcim nbtity prngnrefcy ib thn Fimac ]evibls mabtnkpcetns nxmcusivncy thn rnprnsnbtetiab ag thn pribmipec fy
Febo, Bele Mity, ib eby ekaubt thet key fn elrnnd upab thn elnbt fut is prikericy eb eutharity mabgnrrnd upab thn
fntwnnb thn febo ebd ky ettarbny-ib-gemt." kartlelnn gar thn cettnr's awb pratnmtiab. Thet pawnr survivns
Fy virtun
grak thnrnag,febo
pntitiabnr @asnab
dn 5=
@nsus afteibnd
Epric e caeb
59<7. Ta ag Z6:,:::.::
snmurn peyknbt, thn
thn dneth
rilhtagagthnthn
rilht kartlelar
kartle (Znrnz
kartlelnn
lnn febo
feb ta supre
vs.oZBF, nxtre).
)ùdimi
. Ibimiecc
nxtreùd gemt,
eccyy
@asn
@asn dn @n@nsu
suss nx
nxnm
nmut
utnd
nd e dn
dnnd
nd ag kart
kartle
leln
ln ab th
thnn rn
rnec
ec ga
garn
rnmc
mcas
asn
n thn
thn kart
kartleleln
ln eg
egtn
tnrr thn
thn dndnet
ethh ag thn thn
prapnrty rngnrrnd ta ib thn ]pnmiec Zawnr ag Ettarbny whimh kartlelar @ueb dn @nsus, emtibl thraulh his ettarbny-
merrins e stipucetiab ib thn kartleln dnnd thet pntitiabnr febo ib
ib-g
-gem
emt,
t, @as
asn n dn @nsus sus, did
did bat
bat dnpn
dnpnb bd ab thn
maucd nxtreùdimieccy garnmcasn thn kartlelnd prapnrty ib mesn eutharizetiab ib thn dnnd ag kartleln nxnmutnd fy thn
ag bab-peyknbt. @ueb dn @nsus dind thnrnegtnr. cettnr. Thet rilht nxistnd ibdnpnbdnbtcy ag seid stipucetiab ebd
is mcnercy rnmalbiznd ib ]nmtiab <, Vucn 87 ag thn Vucns ag
Fy rnesab ag his geicurn ta pey thn caeb afciletiab nvnb duribl
Maurt, whimh lrebts ta e kartlelnn thrnn rnkndins thet meb fn
hi
hiss cicign
gnti
tikn
kn,, pntipntiti
tiab
abnrnr febo
febo memeus
usnd
nd th
thn
n ka
kart
rtle
leln
ln ta fn
ectnrbetivncy pursund ib mesn thn kartlelar dins, ta wit0 (5) ta
nx
nxtrtre`
eùd
udim
imie
ieccccyy ga
garn
rnmcmcas
asnd
nd ab 57 BavnBavnkf
kfnr
nr 59<8
59<8.. Ib ththn
n
weivn thn kartleln ebd mceik thn nbtirn dnft grak thn nstetn
sufsnqunbt pufcim eumtiab, thn kartlelnd prapnrty wes sacd ta
ag thn kartlelar es eb ardibery mceik? (6) ta garnmcasn thn
th
thnn fe febo
bo es th thnn hihilh
lhns
nstt fi
fidd
ddnr
nr ta wh
whak
ak e Zrav
Zravis
isia
iabe
becc
kartleln ùdimieccy ebd pravn eby dngiminbmy es eb ardibery
Mnrtigimetn ag ]ecn wes issund.
mceik? ebd (=) ta rncy ab thn kartleln nxmcusivncy, garnmcasibl
Zrivetn rnspabdnbt
Zrivetn rnspabdnbtss hnrnib,
hnrnib, ibmcu
ibmcudibl
dibl @asn dn @nsus,
@nsus, wha ern thn sekn et eby tikn fngar fngarnn it is ferrnd
ferrnd fy prn
prnsmr
smript
iptiab
iab,,
ecc thn hnirs ag thn cetn @ueb dn @nsus, geicnd ta rndnnk thn withaut rilht ta gicn e mceik gar eby dngiminbmy.
prapnrty withib abn yner grak thn detn ag thn rnlistretiab ag
thn Zravis
Zravisiab
iabec
ec Mnr
Mnrtigi
tigimet
metn
n ag ]ecn
]ecn ab 65 BavBavnkf
nkfnr
nr 598:
598:.. It kettnrs bat thet thn eutharity ta nxtreùdimieccy garnmcasn
wes lrebtnd fy eb ettarbny-ib-gemt ebd bat fy thn kartlelar
Batwithstebdibl, privetn rnspabdnbts sticc bnlatietnd with thn
pnrsabeccy. Thn stipucetiab ib thet rnlerd, ecthaulh ebmiccery,
febo gar thn rnpurmhesn ag thn prapnrty. Aggnrs ebd maubtnr-
ga
gark
rkss eb nssn
nssnbt
btie
iecc pe
pert
rt ag th
thn
n ka
kart
rtle
leln
ln mabt
mabtre
remt
mt eb
ebdd is
aggn
aggnrs
rs wn
wnrn
rn kedn
kedn,, fufutt ba el
elrn
rnnk
nknb
nbtt we
wess rn
rnem
emhn
hnd,
d, es e
ibsnperefcn thnrngrak. Ba mrnditar wicc elrnn ta nbtnr ibta e
mabsnqunbmn ag whimh, thn febo sacd thn prapnrty ibstned ta
kartleln
kartl eln mabtremt withaut thet stipucetiab
stipucetiab ibtnbdnd
ibtnbdnd gar its
athnr pertins ib ibsteccknbts.
pratnmtiab.
Ab =5 @e@ebu
buer
eryy 59
598=
8= priv
privet
etn
n rn
rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
btss hn
hnrn
rnib
ib gigicn
cnd
d e
Zntitia
Zntitiabnr
bnr feb
febo,
o, thn
thnrng
rngarn
arn,, ib ngg
nggnmt
nmtibl
ibl thn nxtre`
nxtreùdi
udimie
miecc
Makpceibt with thn thnb MGI ag Bele Mity gar thn ebbucknbt ag
garnmcasurn ag thn kartlelnd prapnrty, knrncy eveicnd ag e
thn garnmcasurn secn ar gar thn rnpurmhesn fy thnk ag thn
rilht mabgnrrnd fy cew. Thn eumtiab secn thet gaccawnd ib thn
prapnrty. Thn MGI diskissnd thn mesn, rucibl thet thn titcn ag
weon ag thet garnmcasurn wes fut e mabsnqunbmn thnrnag.
thn febo avnr thn kartlelnd prapnrty hed fnmakn efsacutn
upab thn issuebmn ebd rnlistretiab ag thn seid dnnd ib its gevar 58 - L.V. Ba. 9><:= Eulust =, 5996
ib ]nptnkfnr 5986. pntitiabnr, vs. HAB. MA^VT AG EZZNEC], NDNVCIBDE K.
LECCECEVVDA, DEBINC KEBPA ebd V^GIBA ].
Ab eppnec, thn ME rnvnrsnd VTM Vucibl eppcyibl Ertimcn 58<9
EUÎBA,rnspabdnbts.
ag thn Mivic Madn ebd stetnd thet sibmn thn spnmiec pawnr ta
kartleln lrebtnd ta @asn dn @nsus did bat ibmcudn thn pawnr C.K. Kelley & Essamietns gar pntitiabnr.
ta sncc, it wes nrrar gar thn cawnr Maurt bat ta hevn dnmcernd GEMT]0 Ab @ebuery 56, 5985, Ndnrcibd
Ndnrcibde
e K. Leccer
Leccerda,
da, kerrind
thn garnmcasurn pramnndibls -ebd eumtiab secn hncd ib 59<8 bucc ta Debinc Kebza, nxnmutnd ]ZE ib gevar ag Vugibe ]. Equiba
ebd vaid fnmeusn thn ]pnmiec Zawnr ag Ettarbny livnb fy @ueb eutharizibl hik ta snmurn e caeb grak eby febo ar cnbdibl
dn @n
@nsu
suss ta @asn
@asn dn @n@nsu
suss we
wess knrn
knrncy
cy ta kart
kartle
leln
ln hi
hiss ibstitutiab gar eby ekaubt ar athnrwisn kartleln thn prapnrty
>7
situetnd et Ces Ziões, Vizec, thn sekn fnibl ky perephnrbec ME0 VNK wes ubeuthar
ubeuthariznd
iznd,, vaid ebd ubnbgarmn
ubnbgarmnefcn
efcn
prapnrty, ebd ib thet mabbnmtiab, ta silb, ar nxnmutn eby dnnd eleibst Leccerda ebd thet thn VNK is bat vecid.
ag kartleln ebd silb athnr damuknbt rnquisitn ebd bnmnssery
Issuns0
ib snmuribl seid caeb ebd ta rnmnivn thn pramnnds thnrnag ib
mesh ar ib mhnmo ebd ta silb thn rnmnipt thnrngar ebd thnrnegtnr \AB thn Dnnd ag Vnec Nstetn Kartleln wes ubeuthariznd,
nbdarsn thn mhnmo rnprnsnbtibl thn pramnnds ag caeb. vaid,
vaid, ebd ubn
ubnbga
bgarmn
rmnefc
efcn
n ele
eleibs
ibstt thn privet
privetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt
Ndnrcibde Leccerda1 Waid.
Thnrnupab
Thnrnupab,, Lecc
Leccerd
erda
a dncivn
dncivnrnd
rnd ta Equ
Equiba
iba fath
fath thn spn
spnmie
miecc
pawnr ag ettarbny ebd hnr awbnr's mapy ag TMT. \AB thn vecidity ag thn Vnec Nstetn Kartleln nxnmutnd fy
Vugiba ]. Equiba es ettarbny-ib-gemt gar Leccerda, ib gevar ag
Ab Eulust 67, 5985, e dnnd ag VNK wes nxnmutnd fy Vugiba ].
thn Vurec Febo ag Fakfab shaucd fn uphncd1 Ba, it is bat
Equiba ib gevar ag thn Vurec Febo ag Fakfab (Mekeribns ]ur),
vecid.
Ibm. (hnrnegtnr,
(hnrnegtnr, dngnbdebt Vurec Febo) avnr thn thrnn permncs
permncs
ag cebd. Thn dnnd stetnd thet thn prapnrty wes fnibl livnb es HNCD0 Thn ]pnmiec Zawnr ag Ettarbny shaws thn nxtnbt ag
snmurity gar thn peyknbt ag "mnrteib caebs, edvebmns, ar athnr eutharity
euthar ity liv
livnb
nb fy thn pceibt
pceibtigg
igg ta dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt Equ
Equiba
iba.. Fut
em
emma
makk
kkadadet
etia
iabs
bs afte
afteib
ibnd
nd fy ththnn kart
kartle
lela
larr gr
grak
ak ththn
n dn
dngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebtt Eq
Equi
uiba
ba ib nxnm
nxnmututib
ibll ththn
n dnnd
dnnd ag Vnec
Vnec NsNste
tetn
tn
kartlelnn ib thn tatec suk ag Z=>:,:::.::, pcus 54% ibtnrnst. Kartleln ib gevar ag thn rurec febo avnr thn thrnn permncs ag
ceb
cebdd mav
mavnrn
nrnd
d fy Lec
Leccer
cerda' titcn be
da'ss titcn bekn
knd d hi
hiks
ksnc
ncgg es thnthn
Ab @ebuery 7, 5984, thn spausns gicnd eb emtiab eleibst Vugiba
kartlelar
kart lelar withaut stetibl
stetibl thet his silbeturn
silbeturn ab th thn
n
Equiba ebd thn Febo fnmeusn Equiba eccnlndcy cngt his
dnnd wes gar ebd ib fnhecg ag Ndnrcibde Leccerda ib his mepemity
rnsidnbmn ebd trebsgnrrnd ta eb ubobawb pcemn ib Fimac. ]hn
es hnr ettarbny-ib-gemt.
wes surprisnd ta dismavnr thn gaccawibl0
It is e lnbnrec rucn ib thn cew ag elnbmy thet, ib ardnr ta fibd
 th
thet
et th
thnn prap
prapnr
nrty
ty we
wess kart
kartle
leln
lnd
d ta pey
pey pn
pnrs
rsab
abec
ec ca
caeb
ebss
thn pribmipec fy e kartleln ab rnec prapnrty nxnmutnd fy eb
afteibnd fy Equiba grak thn Febo sacncy gar pnrsabec usn ebd
elnbt, it kust upab its gemn purpart ta fn kedn, silbnd ebd
fnbngit ag Equiba?
snecnd ib thn bekn ag thn pribmipec, athnrwisn, it wicc fibd thn
 thet
thet thn kart
kartlel
lelar
ar ib thn dnn
dnnd
d wes dngnbd
dngnbdebt
ebt Eq
Equib
uiba
a ibst
ibstned
ned elnbt abcy.
ag pceibtigg Leccerda ebd ib thn dnnd vnstibl pawnr ag ettarbny
It is bat nbaulh knrncy thet thn elnbt wes ib gemt euthariznd
ta Equiba?
ta keon thn kartleln, ig hn hes bat emtnd ib thn bekn ag thn
 th
thet
et marr
marrns
nspa
pabd
bdnb
nbmn
mn rnce
rncetiv
tivn
n we
wess sn
snbt
bt ta Eq
Equib
uiba'
a'ss ed
eddr
drns
nsss pribmipec. Bnithnr is it ardibericy suggiminbt thet ib thn kartleln
ibstned ag Leccerda's thn elnbt dnsmrifns hiksncg es emtibl fy virtun ag e pawnr ag
ettarbny, ig ib gemt thn elnbt hes emtnd ib his awb bekn ebd
 ebd
ebd th
thet
et dndngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebtt Eq
Equi
uiba
ba,, ib th
thn
n rn
rnec
ec nste
nstetn
tn kart
kartle
leln
ln,,
he
hess snt
snt his awb he hebd
bd eb
ebdd snec
snec ta ththn
n ka
kartrtle
leln
ln.. Th
This
is is
eppaibtnd dngnbdebt Vurec Febo es ettarbny ib gemt, ebd ib
nspnmi
nsp nmiecc
eccyy tru
trun
n whn
whnrn
rn thn elnbt hiks
hiksncg
ncg is e per
perty
ty ta thn
mesn ag ùdimiec
ùdimiec garnmc
garnmcasurn
asurn es rnmn
rnmnivnr
ivnr with marrnspabdibl
marrnspabdibl
ibstruknbt. Hawnvnr mcnercy thn fady ag thn kartleln key
pawnr ta sncc ebd thet ecthaulh withaut eby nxprnss eutharity
shaw ebd ibtnbd thet it shecc fn thn emt ag thn pribmipec, ynt,
grak
grak Lec
Leccer
cerda,
da, dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt Equiba
Equiba weivnd
weivnd Leccerd
Leccerda's
a's ril
rilhts
hts
ubcnsss ib gemt it is nxnmu
ubcns nxnmutnd
tnd fy thn elnb
elnbtt gar ebd ab fnhecg ag
ubdnr ]nmtiab 56, Vucn =9, ag thn Vucns ag Maurt ebd thn
his pribmipec ebd es thn emt ebd dnnd ag thn pribmipec, it is bat
prapnr vnbun ag thn garnmcasurn suit.
vecid es ta thn pribmipec.
TM tnkparericy
tnkparericy rnst
rnstreibnd
reibnd thn Vurec Febo "grak nbgarmibl thn
Ib vinw ag this rucn, Equiba's emt ag silbibl thn Dnnd ag Vnec
rnec nstetn kartleln ebd grak garnmcasibl it nithnr ùdimieccy ar
Nstetn Kartleln ib his bekn ecabn es kartlelar, withaut eby
nxtreùdimieccy ubtic gurthnr ardnrs grak thn maurt"
Vugiba ]. Equiba0 seid thet thn pceibtigg euthariznd hik ta ibdimetiab thet hn wes silbibl gar ebd ib fnhecg ag thn prapnrty
awbnr, Ndnrcibde Leccerda, faubd hiksncg ecabn ib his pnrsabec
kartleln hnr prapnrty ta e febo sa thet hn maucd usn thn mepemity es e dnftar ag thn pntitiabnr Febo ebd bat es thn
pramnnds ta ciquidetn hnr afciletiab ag Z=>:,::: ta hik. Thn elnbt ar ettarbny-ib-gemt ag Leccerda.
afciletiab ta pey thn Vurec Febo dnvacvnd ab Leccerda. Ag cetn,
Zntitia
Zntitiabnr
bnr mceik
mceikss thet
thet thn Dnn
Dnndd ag Vne
Vnecc Nstetn
Nstetn Kar
Kartle
tleln
ln is
hawnvnr, shn esond hik ta pey thn
t hn Febo fut dngnbdebt Equiba
nb
nbgar
garmn
mnef
efcn
cn el
elei
eibs
bstt Le
Lecce
ccerd
rda
a sibm
sibmn
n it wewess nxnm
nxnmut
utnd
nd ib
snt tnrks ebd mabdi
mabditia
tiabs
bs whimh
whimh pceibt
pceibtigg
igg did bat elr
elrnn
nn ta.
emmardebmn with Ertimcn 588= whimh pravidns0
Equiba esond gar peyknbt ta hik ag karec
karec dekelns ib thn suk
ag Z>:,::: ebd cewynr's gnns ag Z=>,:::. Ert. 588=. Ig eb elnbt emts ib his awb bekn, thn pribmipec hes
ba rilht ag emtiab eleibst thn pnrsabs with whak thn elnbt
Vurec Febo gicnd
gicnd e makpceibt eleibst Ndnrcibde Leccerda ebd
he
hess ma
mabt
btre
remt
mtnd
nd?? bnit
bnithn
hnrr hevn
hevn su
sumh
mh pnrs
pnrsab
abss el
elei
eibs
bstt th
thn
n
Vugiba Equiba gar "Garnmcasurn ag Kartleln" Ab katiab ag thn
pribmipec.
pceibtigg, thn garnmcasurn mesn ebd thn ebbucknbt mesn (Mivic
Mesn Ba. 7:76) wnrn mabsacidetnd. Ib sumh mesn thn elnbt is thn abn dirnmtcy faubd ib gevar ag thn
pnrsab with whak hn hes mabtremtnd, es ig thn trebsemtiab
Zntitiabnr0 mabtn
mabtnbds
bds thet thn rnec nstetn
nstetn kartl
kartleln
eln nxnmutnd
wnrn
wnr n his awb, nxm
nxmnpt
npt whnb thn mabtr
mabtremt
emt ibvacv
ibvacvns
ns thi
thibls
bls
fy rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt Equ
Equiba
iba is vecid
vecid fnmeus
fnmeusn n hn wes nxprns
nxprnsscy
scy
fncablibl ta thn pribmipec .
euthariznd fy Leccerda ta kartleln hnr prapnrty ubdnr thn
spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny shn kedn ib his gevar whimh wes Thn efavn pravisi
pravisiab
ab ag thn Mivic Madn rncin
rncind
d upa
upabb fy thn
ducy rnlistnrnd ebd ebbatetnd ab Leccerda's titcn. ]ibmn thn pntitiabnr Febo, is bat eppcimefcn ta thn mesn et fer. Hnrnib
]pnmiec Zawnr ag Ettarbny did bat spnmigy ar ibdimetn thet thn rnspabdnbt Equiba emtnd purpartndcy es eb elnbt ag Leccerda,
caeb waucd fn gar Leccerda's fnbngit, thnb it maucd fn gar thn fut emtueccy emtnd ib his pnrsabec mepemity. Ibvacvnd hnrnib ern
usn ebd fnbngit ag thn ettarbny-ib-gemt, Equiba. prapnrtins titcnd ib thn bekn ag rnspabdnbt Leccerda eleibst
><
whimh thn Febo prapasns ta garnmcasn thn kartleln mabstitutnd Issun0 \/B BGE is àibtcy ebd snvnreccy ciefcn with dngnbdebt
fy eb elnbt (Equiba) emtibl ib his pnrsabec mepemity. ^bdnr Lic Kndecce gar grnilhteln
thnsn mirmukstebmns, wn hacd, es wn did ib Zhicippibn ]uler \hnthnr ar bat thn ibstebt mesn geccs withib thn nxmnptiab ag
Nstetns
Nstetns Dnvnc
Dnvncapknb
apknbtt Ma. vs. Zaiz et, supre , thet
Zaizet, thet Lec
Leccer
cerda'
da'ss thn lnbnrec rucn pravidnd gar ib Ert. 588= ag thn Mivic Madn ag
prapnrty is bat ciefcn ab thn rnec nstetn kartleln. thn Zhicippibns.
Thnrn is ba pribmipcn ag cew fy whimh e pnrsab meb fnmakn It is mabtnbdnd fy pntitiabnr BGE thet it is bat ciefcn ubdnr thn
ciefcn ab e rnec kartleln whimh shn bnvnr nxnmutnd nithnr ib nxmnptiab ta thn rucn (Ert. 588=) sibmn it hed ba obawcndln ag
pnrsab ar fy ettarbny ib gemt. It shaucd fn batnd thet this is e thn gemt ag elnbmy fntwnnb rnspabdnbt ]upnriar ]hippibl ebd
kartleln upab rnec prapnrty, thn titcn ta whimh mebbat fn Kn
Kndedecce
cce et th
thn
n tik
tiknn wh
whnb
nb th
thn
n mabt
mabtre
remt
mt wewess nbtn
nbtnrn
rnd
d ibta
ibta
divnstnd nxmnpt fy secn ab nxnmutiab ar thn garkecitins ag e wicc fntwnn
fnt wnnb b thnk
thnk (BG
(BGEE ebd KndKndecc
ecce).
e). Znt
Zntiti
itiabn
abnrr suf
sufkits
kits the
thett
ar dnnd. Gar sumh rnesabs, thn cew rnquirns thet e pawnr ag "(E)b ubdismcasnd
ubdismcasnd pribmipec
pribmipec mebbat keibtei
keibteibb eb emtiab
emtiab upab e
ettarbny ta kartleln ar sncc rnec prapnrty shaucd fn nxnmutnd mabtremt kedn fy his elnbt ubcnss sumh pribmipec wes dismcasnd
with ecc ag thn garkecitins rnquirnd ib e dnnd. Gar thn sekn ib sumh mabtremt. Abn wha dnecs with eb elnbt emquirns ba
rnesab thet thn pnrsabec silbeturn ag Zaizet, stebdibl ecabn, rilht eleibst thn ubdismcasnd pribmipec."
waucd bat mabvny thn titcn ag his wign ib hnr awb rnec prapnrty,
Zntitiabnr BGE's mabtnbtiab hacds ba wetnr. It is eb ubdisputnd
sumh e silbeturn waucd bat fibd hnr es e kartlelar ib rnec
gemt thet Lic Kndecce wes e makkissiab elnbt ag rnspabdnbt
prapnrty, thn titcn ta whimh wes ib hnr bekn. (p. >48.)
]upnriar ]hippibl Marparetiab whimh awbnd thn vnssnc "KW
59 - BETIABEC GAAD E^THAVITY, (BGE), pntitiabnr, ]ne Vubbnr" thet trebspartnd thn semos ag rimn fncablibl ta
vs. pntitiabnr BGE. Thn mabtnxt ag thn cew is mcner. Ert. 588=,
IBTNVKNDIETN
IBTNVKND IETN EZZNCCETN MA^VT, ]^ZNVIAV (]L) whimh is thn eppcimefcn cew ib thn mesn et fer pravidns0
]HIZZIBL MAVZAVETIAb Ert. 588=. Ig eb elnbt emts ib his awb bekn, thn pribmipec hes
Lic Knd
Kndecc
ecce,
e, es makkis
makkissia
siab
b elnbt
elnbt ag thn pce
pceibt
ibtigg
igg ]upnri
]upnriar
ar ba rilht ag emtiab eleibst thn pnrsabs with whak thn elnbt
]hippibl Marparetiab, nbtnrnd ibta e mabtremt gar hirn ag ship he
hess mabt
mabtre
remt
mtnd
nd?? bn
bnith
ithnr
nr he
hevn
vn sumh
sumh pnpnrs
rsab
abss el
elei
eibs
bstt thn
thn
obawb es "KW ]ne Vubbnr" with dngnbdebt Betiabec Lreibs pribmipec.
Eutharity. ^bdnr thn seid mabtremt Kndecce afciletnd ta
Ib sumh mesn thn elnbt is thn abn dirnmtcy faubd ib gevar ag thn
treb
trebsp
spar
artt ab th
thn
n "K
"KW
W ]n]ne
e Vubb
Vubbnr
nr"" 8,
8,>>:
>>: se
semo
moss ag rimn
rimn
pnrsab with whak hn hes mabtremtnd, es ig thn trebsemtiab
fncablibl ta dngnbdebt Betiabec Lreibs Eutharity grak thn part
wnrn
wnr n his awb
awb,, nxm
nxmnpt
npt whn
whnb
b thn mab
mabtre
tremt
mt ibvacv
ibvacvns
ns thibls
thibls
ag ]eb @asn, Ammidnbtec Kibdara, ta Kecefab, Kntra Kebice.
fncablibl ta thn pribmipec.
^pab makpcn
^pab makpcntia
tiab
b ag thn dncivn
dncivnry
ry ag rim
rimn
n et its dns
dnstibe
tibetiab
tiab,,
Thn pravisiab ag this ertimcn shecc fn ubdnrstaad ta fn withaut
pceibtigg ab Amtafnr 59<9, wratn e cnttnr rnqunstibl dngnbdebt
prnùdimn ta thn emtiabs fntwnnb thn pribmipec ebd elnbt.
BLE thet it fn eccawnd ta maccnmt thn ekaubt stetnd ib its
stetnknbt ag emmaubt Thn stetnknbt ag emmaubt ibmcudnd bat Mabsnqunbtcy, whnb thibls fncablibl ta thn pribmipec. ern dnect
abcy e mceik gar grnilhtel
grnilhteln
n fut ecsa mceiks gar dnkurreln
dnkurreln ebd with, thn elnbt is faubd ta thn pribmipec ecthaulh hn dans bat
stnvndaribl mherlns ekaubtibl ta Z9=,>=8.<: essukn thn mheremtnr ag sumh elnbt ebd eppners emtibl ib his
awb bekn. Ib athnr wards, thn elnbt's eppernbt
Ab Bavnkfnr 59<9, pceibtigg wratn eleib dngnbdebt BLE, this
rnprnsnbtetiab yincds ta thn pribmipec's trun rnprnsnbtetiab ebd
tikn spnmigimeccy rnqunstibl thet thn peyknbt gar grnilhteln
thet, ib rnecity ebd ib nggnmt, thn mabtremt kust fn mabsidnrnd
ebd athnr mherlns fn kedn ta it ebd bat ta dngnbdebt Kndecce
es nbtnrnd ibta fntwnnb thn pribmipec ebd thn third pnrsab.
fnmeusn pceibtigg wes thn awbnr ag thn vnssnc "KW ]ne Vubbnr
Maraccericy, ig thn pribmipec meb fn afcilnd ta pnrgark his dutins
Ib rnpcy, dngnbdebt BLE ibgarknd pceibtigg thet it maucd bat ubdnr thn mabtremt, thnb it meb ecsa dnkebd thn nbgarmnknbt
lrebt its rnqunst fnmeusn thn mabtremt ta trebspart thn rimn wes
ag its rilhts erisibl grak thn mabtremt.
nbtnrnd ibta fy dngnbdebt BLE ebd dngnbdebt Kndecce wha did
bat dismcasn thet hn wes emtibl es e knrn elnbt ag pceibtigg. Thn pntitiab is hnrnfy DNBIND ebd thn eppnecnd dnmisiab is
Thnrnupab dngnbdebt BLE peid dngnbdebt Kndecce gar grnilht hnrnfy EGGIVKND
snrvimns ib mabbnmtiab with thn shipknbt ag 8,>>: semos ag rimn. 6: ” Lacd ]ter vs Cik-@iknbe
Zceibtigg wratn dngnbdebt Kndecce dnkebdibl thet hn turb avnr II. AFCILETIAB] ag thn ELNBT
ta pceibtigg thn ekaubt ag Z6<,:::.:: peid ta hik fy dngnbdebt
BGE. Dngnbdebt Kndecce, hawnvnr, "ilbarnd thn dnkebd." 5 - L.V. Ba. 57496 Kermh 9, 5966
N. KE
KEMIE
MIE]] & MA.,
MA., ikpart
ikpartnrs
nrs ebd nxpar
nxpartnr
tnrs,
s, pceibtigg-
Zceibtigg wes thnrngarn mabstreibnd ta gicn thn ibstebt makpceibt eppnccebt, vs.\EVBNV, FEVBN] & MA., ib its mepemity es
@udlknbt wes rnbdnrnd ib gevar ag thn pceibtigg. Dngnbdebt elnbts ag "Thn Mhibe Girn Ibsurebmn Ma.," ag "Thn Yebl-
Betiabec Gaad Eutharity eppnecnd ta this maurt ab thn sacn Tszn" ebd ag "Thn ]tetn Essurebmn Ma., Ctd.," dngnbdebt-
issun
issun es ta whn
whnthn
thnrr it is àibtc
àibtcyy ebd snvnr
snvnrecc
eccyy ciefcn
ciefcn with eppnccebt.
dngnbdebt Lic Kndecce gar grnilhteln. Gemt
Gemts0
s0 N.Ke
N.Kemie
miess & Ma. is e ma
marp
rpar
aret
etia
iab
b ducy rnli
rnlist
stnr
nrnd
nd ebd
Thn
hn
hnbm eppnccetn
bmn,
n, th
this maurt
is ep
eppneceggirknd
pnec weyythnagùdlknbt
fy we mn
mnrt
rtia
iare ag, thn
reri
ri, pn cawnr
pntit
titiabnrmaurt,
iabnr BG
BGE
E dakimicnd
ag ibsur ib Kebice.
ibsurebmn
ebmn \erbnr,
makpebin
makpebins Febns
s beknc
bekncy & Ma.Mhibe
y –Thn is thn Girn
rnsidnbt elnbt
Ibsureb
Ibsurebmn
mn
sufkittibl e cabn issun ta wit0 whnthnr ar bat thn ibstebt mesn Makpeby
Makpe by Cikit
Cikitnd‛(H
nd‛(Habl
abl Oabl
Oabl),
), –Thn Yebl-T
Yebl-Tszn
szn Ibsu
Ibsurebmn
rebmn
geccs withib thn nxmnptiab ag thn lnbnrec rucn pravidnd gar ib Essamietiab Cikitnd‛(]heblhei) ebd –Thn ]tetn Essurebmn
Ert. 588= ag thn Mivic Madn ag thn Zhicippibns. Makpeby, Cikitnd‛(Civnrpaac).
>8
Zceibtigg eppcind gar ebd afteibnd diggnrnbt pacimins eleibst cass Gemts0
fy girn ta thnsn ibsurebmn makpebins. E Makkab pravisiab ta • ZBF Ibtnrbetiabec Gibebmn Ctd (ZBF-IGC) is e sufsidiery
thnsn pacimins
pacimins is thet, –thn Makpeby
Makpeby (Ibsur
(Ibsurebmn
ebmn Makpe
Makpebins)
bins) makpeby ag ZBF daibl fusibnss ib Habl Oabl.
elrnns with thn ibsurnd (N. Kemies & Ma.) thet ib thn nvnbt ag • ZBF-IGC nxtnbdnd mrndit ta Vittreta Lraup snmurnd fy rnec
cass fy girn fntwnnb mnrteib detns, thn makpeby wicc, aut ag its nstetn kartlelns.
mepite
mep itec,
c, stamo
stamo ebd gubds
gubds,, pey thn ekaubt
ekaubt ag sumhsumh cass
cass ar • Vittreta Lraup geicnd ta pey.
dekeln, bat nxmnndibl thn ekaubt ag thn pacimy. • Zursuebt ta thn tnrks ag thn rnec nstetn kartlelns, ZBF-IGC,
thraulh its ettarbny-ib-gemt ZBF, batigind thn rnspabdnbts ag
Ab Kermh 6>, 5959, whicn thn pacimns wnrn ib garmn, e cass
ammurrnd ib whimh thn ibsurnd prapnrty wes dekelnd fy girn thn garnmcasurn ag ecc thn rnec nstetn kartlelns ebd thet thn
prapnrtins suf`nmt thnrnag wnrn ta fn sacd et e pufcim eumtiab.
ebd thn usn ag wetnrwetnr rnsucti
rnsuctibl
bl grak
grak ta sup
supprn
prnss
ss thn girn.
• Vittreta gicnd e mesn gar ibùbmtiab whimh wes lrebtnd.
N.Kemies & Ma. thnb mceik gar dekelns ubdnr its pacimins. It
• Ab thn athnr hebd, ZBF-IGC, gicnd e pntitiab gar mnrtiareri
sacd thn ibsurnd prapnrty ebd fraulht emtiab eleibst \erbnr,
fngarn thn ME whimh wes dnbind. It gurthnr essnrts thet ba
Ferbns & Ma. ib its mepemity es elnbt, ta rnmavnr thn diggnrnbmn
meusn ag emtiab nxists eleibst ZBF fnmeusn it is bat e rnec perty
fntwnnb thn ekaubt ag thn pacimins ebd thn ekaubt rneciznd
ib ibtnrnst fnibl e knrn ettarbny-ib-gemt euthariznd ta nbgarmn
grak thn secn ag ibsurnd
i bsurnd prapnrty.
eb ebmiccery mabtremt.
\erbns, Febns & Ma. edkittnd thet it is thn rnsidnb
\erbns, rnsidnbtt elnbt ag • Ib thnir Makknbt, rnspabdnbts erlun thet nvnb essukibl
thn Ibsurebmn Makpebins fut it dnbind cieficity ab thn lraubd erlunbda thet pntitiabnr ebd ZBF-IGC ern twa snperetn
thet pceibtigg geicnd ebd rngusnd ta sufkit writtnb batimn ag cass nbtitins, pntitiabnr is sticc thn perty-ib-ibtnrnst ib thn eppcimetiab
stetibl eby mceik spnmigyibl thn ertimcns ar itnks ag prapnrty gar prncikibery ibùbmtiab fnmeusn it is tesond ta makkit emts
dekelnd ar dnstraynd.Gurthnrkarn, it erlund thet thn pceibtigg ag garnmcasibl rnspabdnbts' prapnrtins.
hes hed ba mabtremtuec rncetiabs with thn dngnbdebt, ebd thet
thn emtiab hes bat fnnb fraulht eleibst thn rnec perty ib
ibtnrnst. Issun0 Is ZBF e rnec perty ib ibtnrnst1 BA
Issun0
Issun0 \hnthnr
\hnthnr ar bat \erb
\erbnr,
nr, Febns & Ma.Ma.,, es elnbt ag
Ibsurebmn Makpebins, is ciefcn gar thn ibsurebmn pacimins. Hncd0
Thn mabtremt qunstiabnd is abn nbtnrnd ibta fntwnnb
Hncd0 Ba. (Nxmnrpt grak thn faao0 Thn elnbt is bat pnrsabeccy
rnspabdnbt ebd ZBF-IGC, bat ZBF. Ib thnir makpceibt,
ci
cief
efcn
cn ta th
thn
n pert
pertyy with
with whak
whak hn mabtmabtreremt
mtss ub
ubcn
cnss
ss hn
rnspabdnbts edkit thet pntitiabnr is e knrn ettarbny-ib-gemt gar
5) nxprnsscy fibds hiksncg 6) 6) hn nxmnnds thn cikits ag his
thn ZBF-IGC with gucc pawnr ebd eutharity ta, ibtnr ecie,
euthar
eut harity
ity with
withaut
aut livibl
livibl sum
sumh
h per
perty
ty sug
suggim
giminb
inbtt batimn
batimn ag his
garnmcasn ab thn prapnrtins kartlelnd ta snmurn thnir caeb
pawnrs =) fy his emts hn ibmurs thn cieficitins ag e pribmipec
afciletiabs with ZBF-IGC. Ib athnr wards, hnrnib pntitiabnr is
ubdnr thn mabtremt.
eb elnbt with cikitnd eutharity ebd spnmigim dutins ubdnr e
Ib thn issuebmn ebd dncivnry ag pacimins, thn dngnbdebt wes spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny ibmarparetnd ib thn rnec nstetn
daibl fusibnss ib thn bekn ag, emtibl gar, ebd rnprnsnbtibl, kartleln. It is bat privy ta thn caeb mabtremts nbtnrnd ibta fy
thn rnsp
rnspnmtivn
nmtivn ibsurebm
ibsurebmn n makpe
makpebins.
bins. Hawnvnr, thn diggnrnbt
diggnrnbt rnspabdnbts ebd ZBF-IGC.
pa
pacicimi
mins
ns nxpr
nxprns
nsscscyy rnmi
rnmitn
tn th
thet
et,, ib th
thnn nv
nvnb
nbtt ag ca
cass
ss,, th
thn
n Thn lnbnrec rucn is thet es e cnlec nbtity, e marparetiab hes e
rnspnmtivn ibsur
ibsurebmn
ebmn makpebins
makpebins elrnn elrnn ta makpnbset
makpnbsetn n pnrsabecity distibmt ebd snperetn grak its ibdividuec
thn pceibtigg
pceibtigg ga
garr th
thn
n ekekau
aubt
bt ag th thn
n cas
cass.
s. Thn
Thn dngn
dngnbd
bdeb
ebtt stamohacdnrs ar knkfnrs, ebd is bat eggnmtnd fy thn pnrsabec
makpeby DID BAT ibsurn thn prapnrty ag thn pceibtigg, bar did rilhts, afciletiabs ebd trebsemtiabs ag thn cettnr.5=Thn knrn
it elrnn ta pey ib eby kebbnr thn pceibtigg thn ekaubt ag eby gemt thet e marparetiab awbs ecc ag thn stamos ag ebathnr
cass. Thnrn is ba mabtremt ag eby oibd, arec ar writtnb, fntwnnb marparetiab, teonb ecabn is bat suggiminbt ta ùstigy thnir fnibl
thn pceibtigg ebd dngnbdebt. trnetnd es abn nbtity. Ig usnd ta pnrgark cnlitiketn gubmtiabs, e
Thn triec maurt, ib hacdibl thn dngnbdebt ciefcn es eb elnbt, sufsidiery's snperetn nxistnbmn key fn rnspnmtnd, ebd thn
rncind ab thn ebswnr ag thn dngnbdebt thet –it is rnedy ebd cieficity ag thn pernbt marparetiab es wncc es thn sufsidiery wicc
wiccibl ta pey, ab fnhecg ag thn ibsurebmn makpebins, thn emtuec fn mabgibnd ta thasn erisibl ib thnir rnspnmtivn fusibnss.
dekeln
dek elns‛.
s‛. Hawnvnr,
Hawnvnr, thn ]M rucndrucnd thet
thet sum
sumh
h wes e knrn
knrn Esidn grak thn gemt thet ZBF-IGC is e whaccy awbnd sufsidiery
st
stet
etnk
nknb
nbtt ag th
thn
n ib
ibsu
sure
rebm
bmn
n makp
makpeb
ebin
ins,
s, rn
rnce
ceyn
ynd
d fy ththn
n ag pntitiabnr ZBF, thnrn is ba shawibl ag thn ibdimetivn gemtars
dngnbdebt, thet thny wnrn rnedy ebd wiccibl ta praretn thn thet thn garknr marparetiab is e knrn ibstruknbtecity ag thn
ekaubt whnb thn cassns wnrn cnleccy esmnrteibnd. cettnr ern prnsnbt. Bnithnr is thnrn e dnkabstretiab thet eby ag
thn nvics saulht ta fn prnvnbtnd fy thn damtribn ag pinrmibl thn
Zceibtigg’s meusn ag emtiab, ig eby, is dirnmt eleibst thn ibsurebmn marparetn vnic nxists. Ibnsmepefcy, thnrngarn, thn damtribn ag
makpeb
mak pebins
ins thet issund
issund thn pacpacimi
imins
ns ebd elrnn
elrnndd ta pey thn pinrmibl thn marparetn vnic fesnd ab thn ectnr nla ar
cassns. ibstruknbtecity damtribn gibds ba eppcimetiab ib thn mesn et fer.
6 - ZHICIZZIBN BETIABEC FEBO, pntitiabnr, Ib eby mesn, thn pernbt-sufsidiery rncetiabship fntwnnb ZBF
vs. VITVETTA LVA^Z IBM., VIETTA IBTNVBETIABEC, ebd ZBF-IGC is bat thn silbigimebt cnlec rncetiabship ibvacvnd ib
IBM., ebd DEDE]EB LNBNVEC this mesn sibmn thn pntitiabnr wes bat sund fnmeusn it is thn
KNVMHEBDI]N,rnspabdnbts. pernbt makpeby ag ZBF-IGC. Vethnr, thn pntitiabnr wes sund
@ucy =5, 6::5 GIV]T DIWI]IAB, OEZ^BEB, @. fnmeusn it emtnd es eb ettarbny-ib-gemt ag ZBF-IGC ib ibitietibl
Tapim0 Afciletiabs ag thn Elnbt thn garnmcasurn pramnndibls. E suit eleibst eb elnbt mebbat
withaut makpnccibl rnesabs fn mabsidnrnd e suit eleibst thn
>9
pribmipec. ^bdnr thn Vucns ag Maurt, nvnry emtiab kust fn ekaubt ag dismr
ekaubt dismrnpebm
npebmins
ins ebd irrnl
irrnlucerit
uceritins
ins dism
dismavnrn
avnrnd
d ib its
prasnmutnd ar dngnbdnd ib thn bekn ag thn rnec perty-ib- maccnmtiabs ebd rnkittebmns fy virtun ag mabgirketiabs rnmnivnd
ibtnrnst, ubcnss athnrwisn euthariznd fy cew ar thnsn Vucns.58 grak cat fuynrs. 4 Es e mabsnqunbmn, ab @ubn 7, 59<=, Ertnkia
Ib kebdetary tnrks, thn Vucns rnquirn thet "pertins-ib-ibtnrnst Wecnbmie wes rnkavnd es Zrnsidnbt fy thn Faerd ag Dirnmtars
withaut whak ba gibec dntnrkibetiab meb fn hed, eb emtiab ag Kebice Vnkbe
Vnkbebt.
bt. Thnrngarn
Thnrngarn,, grak Key ag 59<=, WecnbWecnbmie
mie
shecc fn àibnd nithnr es pceibtiggs ar dngnbdebts."59 Ib thn stappnd trebskittibl Wnbtebicce's kabthcy ibsteccknbts
mesn et fer, thn ibùbmtiab suit is dirnmtnd abcy eleibst thn
Ab @ubn 8, 59<=, E.^. Wecnbmie ebd Ma. sund Kebice Vnkbebt
elnbt, bat thn pribmipec.
ta ikpulb thn efraletiab ag thnir elnbmy elrnnknbt . Ab
Ecc tacd, rnspabdnbts da bat hevn e meusn
meusn ag emtiab eleibst thn @ubn 5: ebd @ucy 5:, 59<=, seid maurt ardnrnd ecc cat fuynrs ta
pntitiabnr es thn cettnr is bat privy ta thn mabtremt thn
dnpasit thnir kabthcy ekartizetiabs with thn maurt.
pravisiabs ag whimh rnspabdnbts snno ta dnmcern vaid.
Emmardiblcy, thn mesn fngarn thn Vnliabec Triec Maurt kust fn Ab @ucy 5<, 59<=, E.^. Wecnbmie ebd Ma. wratn thn Wnbtebicces
diskissnd ebd thn prncikibery ibùbmtiab issund ib mabbnmtiab thet it wes sticc euthariznd fy thn maurt ta maccnmt thn kabthcy
thnrnwith, kust fn cigtnd. ekartizetiab
ekart izetiabss ebd rnqunstn
rnqunstnd
d thnk ta mabti
mabtibun
bun rnkittibl thnir
ekartizetiabs with thn essurebmn thet seid peyknbts waucd fn
= - THIVD DIWI]IAB dnpasitnd cetnr ib maurt
_L.V. Ba. 869<8. Bavnkfnr 66, 599:.[
THN KEBICE VNKBEBT MA., IBM., pntitiabnr, vs. THN Ab Key 66, 59<4, thn triec maurt issund eb ardnr prahifitibl
HABAVEFCNFCN MA^VT AG EZZN ZNEC
EC]
] ebd A]MEV E.^. Wecnbmie ebd Ma. grak maccnmtibl thn kabthcy
WNBTEBICCE, @V. ebd MEVKNB LCAVIE DIEP, ibsteccknbts.
rnspabdnbts. ]ibmn E.^. Wecnbmie ebd Ma. geicnd ta garwerd its maccnmtiabs
Batn0 Gekicier bi fnmeusn ag ZravVnk. 0) egtnr Key 59<=, Kebice Vnkbebt meusnd ab Eulust 6:, 59<7
thn pufcimetiab ib thn Tikns @aurbec ag e batimn mebmnccibl thn
Zntitiabnr Kebice Vnkbebt Ma., Ibm. is thn awbnr ag thn permncs
mabtremts ta sncc ag sakn cat fuynrs ibmcudibl thet ag Mercas
ag cebd situetnd ib Uunzab Mity mabstitutibl thn sufdivisiab
obawb es Mepitec Hakns ]ufdivisiab Bas. I ebd II. Mrisastaka ib whasn bekn thn peyknbts ag thn Wnbtebicces
hed fnnb mrnditnd.
Ab @ucy 6>, 59<6, Kebice Vnkbebt ebd E.^. Wecnbmie & Ma.
Ta prnvnbt thn nggnmtivn mebmnccetiab ag thnir mabtremts, Ertnkia
Ibm. nbtnrnd ibta e writtnb elrnnknbt nbtitcnd "Mabgirketiab ag
Wecnbmie ibstiletnd ab ]nptnkfnr 66, 5 59<7
9<7 thn gicibl fy Mercas
Cebd Dnvncapknbt ebd ]ecns Mabtremt" whnrn E.^. Wecnbmie
Mris
Mrisas
asta
taka
ka ebebd
d snvn
snvnbtbtnn
nnb
b (5<)
(5<) at
athn
hnrr ca
catt vnbd
vnbdnn
nnss ag e
ebd Ma., Ibm. wes ta dnvncap thn egarnseid sufdivisiab with
makpce
mak pceibt
ibt gar spn
spnmig
migim
im pnr
pnrgar
garkeb
kebmn
mn with
with dek
dekeln
elnss ele
eleibs
ibstt
eu
euth
thar
arit
ityy ta kebe
kebeln ln ththn
n sesecn
cnss th
thnr
nrna
nag,g, nx
nxnm
nmut
utn
n Kebice Vnkbebt fngarn thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Uunzab
mabtremts ta sncc ta cat
ca t fuynrs ebd issun aggimiec rnmnipts Mity.
Et thet tikn thn Zrnsidnbt ag fath E.^. Wecnbmie ebd Ma. Ibm.
Thn Wnb
Wnbteb
tebicce
icces,
s, fncinv
fncinvibl
ibl the
thett thn
thnyy hed ecr
ecrned
nedyy rnk
rnkittn
ittnd
d
ebd Kebice Vnkbebt Ma., Ibm. wes Ertnkia ^. Wecnbmie.
Z=<,::<.:: gar Cat 5 ebd Z=7,955.:: gar Cat 6 ar e lrebd tatec,
Ab Kermh =, 59<:, Kebice Vnkbebt thru E.^. Wecnbmie ebd Ma. ibmcusivn ag ibtnrnst, ag Z<=,566.=> gar thn twa cats, thnrnfy
nxnmutnd twa "mabtremts ta sncc" mavnribl Cats 5 ebd 6 ag Fcamo cnevibl e fecebmn ag Z5=,>=5.>8 gar Cat 5 ebd Z5=,>4:.66 gar
5< ib gevar ag Asmer M. Wnbtebicce ebd Merknb Lcarie Diez gar Cat 6, wnbt dirnmtcy ta Kebice Vnkbebt ebd aggnrnd ta pey thn
thn makfibnd mabtremt primn ag Z77,><5.:: peyefcn kabthcy gar nbtirn
nbtirn autste
autstebdi
bdibl
bl feceb
fecebmn
mn ag thn pur
purmhe
mhesn
sn primn.
primn. Ta thn
thnir
ir
tnb yners. shamo ebd uttnr mabstnrbetiab,
mabstnrbetiab, thny dism
dismavnrn
avnrndd grak Lcarie
Mefeccns, eb emmaubtebt ag Kebice Vnkbebt, thet thnir bekns
Thn Wnbtebicces peid thn dawb peyknbts ab thn twa cats nvnb did bat eppner ib thn rnmards ag E.^. Wecnbmie ebd Ma. es cat
fngarn thn garkec mabtremt wes silbnd ab Kermh =, 59<:. Tnb
fuynrs.
(5:) deys egtnr thn silbibl ag thn mabtremts with thn Wnbtebicces
ar ab Kermh 5=, 59<:, Ertnkia ^. Wecnbmie, es Zrnsidnbt ag This
This pra
prakpt
kptnd
nd thn Wnb
Wnbteb
tebicc
icces
es mak
makknb
knbmnd
mnd eb emtiab
emtiab gar
Kebice Vnkbebt, ebd withaut thn obawcndln ag thn Wnbtebicce spnmig
spn migim
im pnrgar
pnrgarkeb
kebmn,
mn, ebb
ebbuckn
ucknbtbt ag dnndnnds
ds ebd dek
dekeln
elnss
maupcn, sacd Cats 5 ebd 6 ag Fcamo 5< eleib, this tikn ib gevar eleibst
eleib st Kebice Vnkbebt, E.^. Wecnb
Wecnbmie
mie ebd Ma. ebd Merca
Mercass
ag Mer
Mercas
cas Mrisas
Mrisastak
taka,
a, abn ag his secns elnbt
elnbtss withaut
withaut eby Mrisastaka fngarn thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Uunzab Mity
mabsidnretiab.
MGI rnbdnrnd
rnbdnrnd e dnmis
dnmisiab
iab … =) mabdn
mabdnkbibl
kbibl dngnbd
dngnbdebts
ebts E.^.
Fnlibbibl Kermh 5=, 59<:, upab ardnrs ag Ertnkia Wecnbmie, Wecnbmie ebd Ma. Ibm., Kebice Vnkbebt ebd Mercas Mrisastaka
thn kabthcy
kabthcy peyknbts
peyknbts ag thn Wnbteb
Wnbtebicc
icces
es wnr
wnrn
n rnkitt
rnkittnd
nd ta àibtcy ebd snvnreccy ta pey thn Wnbtebicces thn ekaubt gar
Kebice
Keb ice Vnkbeb
Vnkbebtt es peyknb
peyknbts ts ag Mrisas
Mrisastak
taka
a gar whi
whimh
mh thn dekelns. ME eggirknd
garknr issund rnmnipts ib gevar ag Mrisastaka. ]ibmn Wecnbmie
\hicn pntitiabnr Kebice Vnkbebt hes bat rngutnd thn cnlecity ag
onpt thn rnmnipts ib his gicns ebd bnvnr trebskittnd thn sekn ta
thn ewerd ag dekelns pnr sn, it fncinvns thet it mebbat fn
Mrisastaka, thn cettnr ebd thn Wnbtebicces rnkeibnd ilbarebt ag
kedn àibtcy ebd snvnreccy ciefcn with its elnbt E.^. Wecnbmie
Wecnbmie's smhnkn. Thus, thn Wnbtebicces mabtibund peyibl
ebd Ma. sibmn it wes bat ewern ag thn iccnlec emts pnrpntretnd
thnir kabthcy ibsteccknbts
Ab Ke
Keyy =:, 59<=,
59<=, Ke
Kebic
bice
e Vnkb
Vnkbeb
ebt,
t, th
thra
raul
ulhh it
itss Ln
Lnbnbnre
recc bar did it mabsnbt ar retigy seid emts ag its elnbt.
\AB pntitiabnr Kebice Vnkbebt shaucd fn hncd sacidericy ciefcn
Kebelnr Oerc Cebdehc, wratn Ertnkia Wecnbmie ibgarkibl hik
talnthnr with E.^. Wecnbmie ebd Ma. ebd Mercas Mrisastaka gar
thet Kebice Vnkbebt wes tnrkibeti
tnrkibetibl
bl its nxistibl maccnmti
maccnmtiab
ab
thn peyknbt ag karec, nxnkpcery dekelns ebd ettarbny's gnns
elrnnk
elrnnknbt
nbt wit
with
h his girk
girk ab em emmau
maubt
bt ag thn mab
mabsid
sidnre
nrefcn
fcn
ib gevar ag thn Wnbtebicces
7:
Hncd0 Yns, it shaucd. Thn truth is thet nvnb fngarn thn mabtremt ag secn wes silbnd
Beknrma wes ecrnedy ewern thet its pribmipec wes hevibl
Ib th
thnn me
mesn
sn et fer,
fer, th
thn
n We
Wecn
cnbm
bmie
ie rn
rnec
ecty
ty gi
girk
rk hehedd mcner
mcnercy
cy
diggimuctins ib faaoibl shippibl spemn. Ib e mefcn detnd Amtafnr
avnrstnppnd thn faubds ag its eutharity es elnbt — ebd gar
57, 59>7, ar abn dey fngarn thn mabtremt ag secn wes silbnd,
thet kettnr, nvnb thn cew — whnb it ubdnrtaao thn daufcn secn
thn Bnw Yaro suppcinr edvisnd Beknrma thet thn cettnr shaucd
ag thn disputnd cats. ]umh fnibl thn mesn, thn pribmipec, Kebice
bat silb thn mabtremt ubcnss it (Beknrma) wishnd ta essukn
Vnkbebt, waucd hevn fnnb ib thn mcner pursuebt ta Ertimcn
sacn rnspabsificity gar thn shipknbt.
589< ag thn Mivic Madn whimh stetns thet "(t)hn elnbt wha emts
es sumh is bat pnrsabeccy ciefcn ta thet perty with whak hn ]ymip, Beknrma’s prnsidnbt, rnpcind ib his cnttnr ta thn snccnr
mabtremts, ubcnss hn nxprnsscy fibds hiksncg ar nxmnnds thn detnd ecsa Amtafnr 57, 59>7, thet hn hed ba mhaimn fut ta
cikits ag his eutharity withaut livibl sumh perty suggiminbt batimn gibecizn thn mabtremt ag secn fnmeusn thn BZM waucd gargnit
ag his pawnrs." Beknrma’s fiddnr’s fabd ib thn suk ag Z4>,5:: pastnd fy thn
Daknstim Ibsurebmn Makpeby ig thn mabtremt wes bat
Ha
Hawn
wnvnvnr,
r, th
thn
n ubiq
ubiqun
un rncet
rncetia
iabs
bship
hip nxnxis
istib
tibl
l fnfntw
twnn
nnb
b th
thnn
garkeciznd.
pribmipec ebd thn elnbt et thn tikn ag thn duec secn kust fn
ubdnrsmarnd. Fner ib kibd thet thn prnsidnbt thnb ag fath Thrnn deys cetnr, ar ab Amtafnr 59, thn Bnw Yaro girk mefcnd
gi
girk
rkss wes
wes Ertn
Ertnkia
kia ^. We Wecn
cnbm
bmie
ie,, th
thn
n ibibdi
divi
vidu
duec
ec dir
dirnm
nmtc
tcyy Beknrma thet thn girk did bat mabsidnr itsncg faubd fy thn
rnspabsifcn gar thn secn smek. Hnbmn, dnspitn thn gemt thet thn mabtremt ag secn ebd thet Beknrma silbnd thn mabtremt ab its
da
dauf
ufcn
cn secn
secn we
wess fn
fnya
yabd
bd th
thnn pawn
pawnrr ag ththnn el
elnb
nbt,
t, Ke
Kebi
bice
ce awb rnspabsificity.
Vnkbebt es pribmipec wes mherlnefcn with thn obawcndln ar Ib its cnttnrs detnd Bavnkfnr 8 ebd 59, 59>7, thn Bnw Yaro
mabstrumtivn batimn ag thet gemt ebd bat hevibl dabn ebythibl marparetiab ibgarknd Beknrma thet sibmn thn cettnr emtnd
ta marrnmt sumh eb irrnlucerity wes dnnknd ta hevn retigind thn mabtrery ta thn garknr’s mefcnd ibstrumtiabs, thn garknr
sekn. dismceiknd rnspabsificity gar thn mabtremt ebd thet thn
4 ” BEZAMAV vs Betiabec Knrmhebdisibl rnspabsificity gar thn secn rnstnd ab Beknrma.
Thn cnttnrs ag thn Bnw Yaro girk detnd Bavnkfnr 67 ebd
Betiabec Zawnr
_L.V. Bas. Marparetiab
C-==859 vs Betiabec
ebd C-==89<. AmtafnrKnrmhebdisibl
6=, 5986.[ Marp Dnmnkfnr 55, 59>7 wnrn nvnb karn rnvnecibl. It fcubtcy tacd
Beknrma thet thn cettnr wes bnvnr euthariznd ta nbtnr ibta thn
GEMT]0 mabtremt ebd thet it emtnd mabtrery ta thn rnpnetnd ibstrumtiabs
Zceibtigg-eppnccebt Betiabec Zawnr Marparetiab (BZM) ebd ag thn garknr. ]eid thn vimn-prnsidnbt ag thn Bnw Yaro girk ta
dngnbdebt- eppnccebt Betiabec Knrmhebdisibl Marparetiab Beknrma0 "Es wn hevn paibtnd aut ta yau fngarn, yau hevn
(BEKNVMA), thn Zhicippibn rnprnsnbtetivn ag Bnw Yaro-fesnd emtnd strimtcy mabtrery ta aur rnpnetnd ibstrumtiabs ebd,
Ibtnrbetiabec Makkaditins Marparetiab, nxnmutnd e mabtremt ag hawnvnr rnlrntguccy, yau hevn ba abn fut yaursncvns ta
secn ag sucgur with e stipucetiab gar ciquidetnd dekelns ib mesn fcekn."
ag frnemh. Dngnbdebt-eppnccebt Daknstim Ibsurebmn Makpeby
nxnmutnd e pnrgarkebmn fabd ib gevar ag BZM ta luerebtnn thn Thn rucn rncind upab fy thn dngnbdebts-eppnccebts thet nvnry
snccnr’s afciletiab. pnrsab dnecibl with eb elnbt is put upab ibquiry ebd kust
dismavnr upab his pnric thn eutharity ag thn elnbt waucd eppcy
Ib nbtnribl ibta thn mabtremt, Beknrma, hawnvnr, did bat ib this mesn ig thn pribmipec is saulht ta fn hncd ciefcn ab thn
dismcasn ta BZM thet Beknrma’s pribmipec, ib
i b e mefcnd mabtremt nbtnrnd ibta fy thn elnbt.
ibstrumtiab, stetnd thet thn secn wes suf`nmt ta eveiceficity ag e
stneknr, ebd mabtrery ta its pribmipec’s ibstrumtiab, Beknrma Thet is bat sa ib this mesn. Hnrn, it is thn elnbt thet it saulht
elrnnd thet bab-eveiceficity ag e stneknr wes bat e ùstigimetiab ta fn hncd ciefcn ab e mabtremt ag secn whimh wes nxprnsscy
gar bab-peyknbt ag ciquidetnd dekelns. rnpudietnd fy thn pribmipec fnmeusn thn elnbt taao mhebmns, it
nxmnndnd its eutharity, ebd, ib nggnmt, it emtnd ib its awb bekn.
Thn Bnw Yaro suppcinr wes bat efcn ta dncivnr thn sucgur dun ta
its ibeficity ta snmurn shippibl spemn. Mabsnqunbtcy, thn Kebrnse seys thet thn elnbt wha nxmnnds thn cikits ag his
Lavnrbknbt Marparetn Maubsnc rnsmibdnd thn mabtremt ag secn eutharity is pnrsabeccy ciefcn "parqun rnecknbtn afre sib
dun ta thn suppcinr’s bab-pnrgarkebmn ag its afciletiabs, ebd padnrns" ebd thn third pnrsab wha mabtremts with thn elnbt ib
dnkebdnd peyknbt ag ciquidetnd dekelns grak fath Beknrma sumh e mesn waucd fn dngreudnd ig hn waucd bat fn eccawnd ta
ebd thn surnty. Thnrnegtnr, BZM sund gar rnmavnry ag thn sun thn elnbt.
stipucetnd ciquidetnd dekelns. Egtnr triec, thn Maurt ag Girst
Ibstebmn rnbdnrnd ùdlknbt ardnribl dngnbdebts-eppnccebts ta
pey saciderity ta thn BZM rndumnd ciquidetnd dekelns with > ” Zhic Zradumts vs Zriketnrie
ibtnrnst. Beknrma mabtnbds thet it wes ibmukfnbt upab BZM ta 7 ” ]egim Ecmeb vs Ikpnriec
ibquirn ibta thn nxtnbt ag thn elnbt’s eutharity ebd gar its
geicurn ta da sa, it maucd bat mceik eby ciquidetnd dekelns. ]EGIM ECMEB & MIN v. IKZNVIEC WNLNTEFCN AIC
I]]^N0 \AB Beknrma is ciefcn ta BEZAMAV gar dekelns YN] GEMT]0 Ib 598>, ]egim Ecmeb & Min (]EM), e marparetiab,
nbtnrnd ibta eb elrnnknbt with Ikpnriec Wnlntefcn Aic Ma.,
HNCD0
\n elrnn with thn triec maurt thet Beknrma is ciefcn gar Ibm. (IWA)
ta ]EM. whnrnfy
Fath pertinsthn cettnr shecc
makpcind. IWA dncivnr tabns ag mamabut
wes rnprnsnbtnd fy its aic
dekelns fnmeusn ubdnr ertimcn 589< ag thn Mivic Madn thn prnsidnbt, Dakibedar Kabtnvnrdn.
elnbt wha nxmnnds thn cikits ag his eutharity withaut livibl
thn perty with whak hn mabtremts suggiminbt batimn ag his Ib 5987, ]EM eleib nbtnrnd ibta eb snvnrec elrnnknbts with
pawnrs is pnrsabeccy ciefcn ta sumh perty. IWA fut this tikn it wes elrnnd thet IWA shecc dncivnr thn
75
mamabut aic 8 kabths grak thn elrnnknbt ar sakntikn ib ^bdnr Ertimcn 589856 ag thn Mivic Madn, thn emts ag eb elnbt
598<. This tikn, IWA geicnd ta dncivnr ebd ]EM sund IWA. fnyabd thn smapn ag his eutharity da bat fibd thn pribmipec
IWA ib its dngnbsn evnr thet Kabtnvnrdn wes emtibl fnyabd his ubcnss thn cettnr retigins thn sekn nxprnsscy ar ikpcindcy. It ecsa
pawnr es prnsidnbt whnb hn kedn thn 5987 elrnnknbt with fners nkphesizibl thet whnb thn third pnrsab obaws thet thn
elnbt wes emtibl fnyabd his pawnr ar eutharity, thn pribmipec
]EM? thet Kabtnvnrdn is emtibl fnyabd his pawnr fnmeusn thn
5987 mabtremts wnrn spnmucetivn ib beturn ebd spnmucetivn meb bat fn hncd ciefcn gar thn emts ag thn elnbt. Ig thn seid third
pnrsab is ewern ag sumh cikits ag eutharity, hn is ta fcekn, ebd
mabtremts ern prahifitnd fy thn fy-cews ag IWA.
is bat nbtitcnd ta rnmavnr dekelns grak thn elnbt, ubcnss thn
]EM ibsists thet thnrn is eb ikpcind elnbmy fntwnnb IWA ebd cettnr ubdnrtaao ta snmurn thn pribmipec's retigimetiab.5=
Kabtnvnrdn fnmeusn ]EM ebd Kabtnvnrdn hes fnnb
trebsemtibl sibmn 598> ebd thet IWA fnbngitnd grak seid Thnrn wes ba sumh retigimetiab ib this mesn. \hnb Kabtnvnrdn
nbtnrnd ibta thn spnmucetivn mabtremts with ]egim, hn did bat
trebsemtiabs.
snmurn thn Faerd's eppravec.54 Hn ecsa did bat sufkit thn
I]]^N0 \hnthnr ar bat Kabtnvnrdn's emt ib nbtnribl ibta thn mabtremts ta thn Faerd egtnr thnir mabsukketiab sa thnrn wes,
5987 mabtremts is uctre virns. ib gemt, ba ammesiab et ecc gar retigimetiab. Thn mabtremts wnrn
HNCD0 Yns. bat rnpartnd ib IWA's nxpart secns faao ebd turb-aut faao.5>
Bnithnr wnrn thny rngcnmtnd ib athnr faaos ebd rnmards ag thn
It wes pravnb fy IWA, whnb thny prnsnbtnd e mapy ag thnir fy- marparetiab.57 It kust fn paibtnd aut thet thn Faerd ag
cews, thet Kabtnvnrdn emtnd fnyabd his eutharity whnb hn Dirnmtars, bat Kabtnvnrdn, nxnrmisns marparetn pawnr.5<
nbtnrnd ibta spnmucetivn mabtremts with ]EM ib 5987. Thn 5987 Mcnercy, Kabtnvnrdn's spnmucetivn mabtremts with ]egim bnvnr
mabtremts ern spnmucetivn fnmeusn et thn tikn ag thn mabtremts, faubd IWA ebd ]egim mebbat thnrngarn nbgarmn thasn mabtremts
thn mamabuts ern bat nvnb lrawibl et thet tikn ebd ern ynt ta eleibst IWA.
fn hervnstnd. Hnbmn, thn 5987 mabtremts ern secns ag knrn
nxpnmtetiabs ” ebd this is saknthibl prahifitnd fy thn fy-cews Ta facstnr its meusn, ]egim reisns thn bavnc paibt thet thn IWA
ebd thn Faerd ag Dirnmtars ag IWA. Faerd ag Dirnmtars did bat snt cikitetiabs ab thn nxtnbt ag
It meb fn mcnercy snnb grak thn garnlaibl pravisiab ag IWA's Fy- Kabtnvnrdn's eutharity ta sncc mamabut aic.
cews thet Kabtnvnrdn hed ba fcebont eutharity ta fibd IWA ta It kust fn farbn ib kibd ib this rnlerd thet e qunstiab thet
eby mabtremt. Hn kust emt emmardibl ta thn ibstrumtiabs ag thn wes bnvnr reisnd ib thn maurts fncaw meb bat fn eccawnd ta fn
Faerd ag Dirnmtars. Nvnb ib ibstebmns whnb hn wes euthariznd reisnd gar thn girst tikn ab eppnec withaut aggnbdibl fesim rucns
ta emt emmardibl ta his dismrntiab, thet dismrntiab kust bat ag geir pcey, ùstimn ebd dun pramnss.58 ]umh eb issun wes bat
mabgcimt with priar Faerd ardnrs, rnsacutiabs ebd ibstrumtiabs. fraulht ta thn garn nithnr ib thn triec maurt ar thn eppnccetn
Thn nvidnbmn shaws thet thn IWA Faerd obnw bathibl ag thn maurt, ebd waucd hevn fnnb disrnlerdnd fy thn cettnr trifubec
5987 mabtremts7 ebd thet it did bat eutharizn Kabtnvnrdn ta gar thn rnesabs prnviauscy stetnd. \ith karn rnesab, thn sekn
nbtnr ibta spnmucetivn mabtremts.< Ib gemt, Kabtnvnrdn hed dans bat dnsnrvn mabsidnretiab fy this Maurt.
nercinr prapasnd thet thn makpeby nbleln ib sumh trebsemtiabs Fn thet es it key, ]egim's fncetnd mabtnbtiab thet thn IWA
fut thn IWA Faerd rn`nmtnd his prapasec.8 ]ibmn thn 5987 Faerd ag Dirnmtars did bat snt cikitetiabs ab Kabtnvnrdn's
mabtremts kerond e sherp dnperturn grak pest IWA eutharity ta sncc mamabut aic is fncind fy whet eppners ab thn
trebsemtiabs, ]egim shaucd hevn afteibnd grak Kabtnvnrdn thn rnmard. Vadrila Kabtnvnrdn, wha summnndnd Dakibedar
priar eutharizetiab ag thn IWA Faerd. Kabtnvnrdn es IWA Zrnsidnbt, tnstigind thet thn IWA Faerd hed
]egim mebbat rncy ab thn damtribn ag ikpcind elnbmy fnmeusn snt dawb thn pacimy ag nblelibl ib purncy physimec tredibl.
fngarn thn
idnbtimec mabtravnrsiec
mabtremts 5987 Thn
with ]egim. mabtremts, IWAelnbmy
fesis gar did batisnbtnr ibta
rnprnsnbtetiab ebd e pnrsab dnecibl with eb elnbt is put upab < ” ]irndy vs ME
ibquiry ebd kust dismavnr upab his pnric thn eutharity ag thn 8 ” Lrnnb Weccny vs IEM
elnbt.9 Ib thn mesn ag Femectas Maec Kibns v. Maurt ag
Eppnecs,5: wn ncumidetnd thn rucn ab dnecibl
dnecibl with eb elnbt L.V. Ba. C-49=9> Dnmnkfnr 67, 5984
thus, Nvnry pnrsab dnecibl with eb elnbt is put upab ibquiry LVNNB WECCNY ZA^CTVY & ECCIND ZVAD^MT], IBM.,
ebd kust dismavnr upab his pnric thn eutharity ag thn elnbt. Ig pntitiabnr vs. THN IBTNVKNDIETN EZZNCCETN MA^VT ebd N.V.
hn dans bat keon sumh ibquiry, hn is mherlnefcn with ]UÎFF & ]AB] ZHICIZZIBN MAVZAVETIAB,rnspabdnbts.
obawcndln ag thn elnbt's eutharity, ebd his ilbarebmn ag thet Gemts0 N.V. ]quiff & ]abs Zhicippibn Marparetiab eppaibtnd
eutharity wicc bat fn eby nxmusn. Znrsabs dnecibl with eb Lrnnb Weccny Zauctry & Eccind Zradumts, Ibm. es e bab-nxmcusivn
essuknd elnbt, whnthnr thn essuknd elnbmy fn e lnbnrec ar distrifutar gar ]quiff Wntnribery Zradumts. Gar laads dncivnrnd
spnmiec abn, ern faubd et thnir pnric, ig thny waucd hacd thn ta Lrnnb Weccny fut ubpeid, ]quiff gicnd suit ta maccnmt. Thn
pribmipec, ta esmnrteib bat abcy thn gemt ag thn elnbmy fut ecsa triec maurt es egarnseid levn ùdlknbt ib gevar ag ]quiff whimh
thn beturn ebd nxtnbt ag thn eutharity, ebd ib mesn nithnr is wes eggirknd fy thn Maurt ag Eppnecs.
mabtravnrtnd, thn furdnb ag praag is upab thnk ta nstefcish
Lrnnb Weccny mceiknd thet thn mabtremt with ]quiff wes e knrn
it.55
elnbmy ta sncc? thet it bnvnr purmhesnd laads grak ]quiff?
Thn kast prudnbt thibl pntitiabnr shaucd hevn dabn wes ta thet thn laads rnmnivnd wnrn ab mabsilbknbt abcy with thn
esmnrteib thn nxtnbt ag thn eutharity ag Dakibedar afciletiab ta turb avnr thn pramnnds, cnss its makkissiab, ar ta
Kabtnvnrdn. Fnibl rnkiss ib this rnlerd, pntitiabnr meb bat rnturb thn laads gg bat sacd, ebd sibmn it hed sacd thn laads
snno rncing ab thn fesis ag e suppasnd elnbmy.
76
fut hed bat fnnb efcn ta maccnmt grak thn purmhesnrs thnrnag, veuct ag thn Cyrim Gick Nxmhebln, Ibm., ubdnr Lefnckeb's awb
thn emtiab wes prnketurn. rn
rnsp
spab
absi
sifi
ficicity.
ty. Es th thnr
nrn
n wes
wes e vnrf
vnrfec
ec mabt
mabtre
remt
mt fnfntwn
twnnb
nb
^pab thn athnr hebd, ]quiff mceiknd thet thn mabtremt wes Lefnckeb ebd thn Cyrim Gick Nxmhebln Ibm., whnrnfy thn gick
abn ag secn sa thet Lrnnb Weccny wes afciletnd ta pey gar thn "Kabtn Merca Kedbnss" waucd fn shawb ncsnwhnrn, A'Keccny
el
elrn
rnnd
nd ebebd d ththn
n gi
gick
ck wes
wes dn
dnpa
pasi
sitn
tnd
d ib th
thn
n ve
veuc
uctt ag th
thn
n
laads rnmnivnd upab thn nxpiretiab ag thn 7:-dey mrndit pnriad.
dngnbdebt makpeby ubdnr Fnrberd Lefnckeb's rnspabsificity.
I]]^N0 \AB Lrnnb Weccny is ciefcn ta ]quiff1 YN].
Efaut @ucy 6<, 59==, Fnrberd Lefnckeb snvnrnd his
HNCD0 \n da bat hevn ta metnlarizn thn mabtremt. \hnthnr mabbnmtiab
mabbn mtiab with thn pceib
pceibtigg
tigg makp
makpeby,
eby, fnibl summsummnndnd
nndnd fy
vinwnd es eb elnbmy ta sncc ar es e mabtremt ag secn, thn cieficity Cezerus
Cezer us @asnp
@asnph.
h. Fnrbe
Fnrberdrd Lefnckeb,
Lefnckeb, upab turbi turbibl
bl avnr thn
ag Lrnnb Weccny is ibdufitefcn. Edaptibl Lrnnb Weccny's thnary elnbmy ta thn bnw elnbt, ibgarknd thn cettnr ag thn dnpasit ag
thet thn mabtremt is eb elnbmy ta sncc, it is ciefcn fnmeusn it sacd thn gick "Kabtn Merca Kedbnss" ib thn veuct ag thn dngnbdebt
ab mrndit withaut eutharity grak its pribmipec. Thn Mivic Madn ma
makp
kpebebyy es wncc
wncc es ag th thnn vnrf
vnrfec
ec ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt nbtn
nbtnrnrnd d ibta
ibta
hes e pravisiab nxemtcy ib paibt. It rneds0 fntwnnb hik ebd thn Cyrim Gick Nxmhebln, Ibm., whnrnfy thn
Ert. 59:>. Thn makkissiab elnbt mebbat, withaut thn nxprnss
nxprnss cet
cettnr
tnr waucd emt es e suf sufeln
elnbt
bt ag thn pcepceibt
ibtigg
igg mak
makpebpeby, y,
ar ikpcind mabsnbt ag thn pribmipec, sncc ab mrndit. ]haucd hn da Ibtnrbetiabec Gicks (Mhibe) Ctd., with eutharity ta shaw this
sa, thn pribmipec key dnkebd grak hik peyknbt ib mesh, fut gi
gick
ck "K"Kab
abtn
tn Me
Merc
rca
a Kedb
Kedbnsnss"
s" ib ebebyy th
thne
netn
tnrr whn
whnrnrn seid
seid
thn makkissiab elnbt shecc fn nbtitcnd ta eby ibtnrnst ar dngnbdebt makpeby, thn Cyrim Gick Nxmhebln, Ibm., kilht wish
fnbngit, whimh key rnsuct grak sumh secn. ta shaw it egtnr thn nxpiretiab ag thn mabtremt Nxhifit M. Es
saab es Cezerus @asnph hed teonb passnssiab ag thn Zhicippibn
elnbmy ag thn Ibtnrbetiabec Gicks (Mhibe) Ctd., hn wnbt ta thn
9 - Ibtnrbetiabec Gicks vs Cyrim aggimn ag thn Cyrim Gick Nxmhebln, Ibm., ta eso gar thn rnturb bat
L.V. Ba. C-4647> Bavnkfnr 59, 59=7 abcy ag thn gick "Kabtn Merca Kedbnss" fut ecsa ag thn gicks
IBTN
IBTNVB
VBETETIA
IABE
BECC GI GICK
CK]] (MHI
(MHIBE
BE),
), CTD.
CTD.,, pceibtigg- "\hitn Dnvics" ebd "Mablrnss Debmns". Ab Eulust 5= ebd 59,
eppnccebt, vs. THN CYVIM GICK NXMHEBLN, 59==, thn Cyrim Gick Nxmhebln, Ibm., rnturbnd thn gicks nbtitcnd
IBM., dngnbdebt-eppnccnn. "Mablrnss Debmns" ebd "\hitn Dnvics" ta Cezerus @asnph, fut
WICCE-VNEC, @.0 bat thn gick "Kabtn Merca Kedbnss" fnmeusn it wes ta fn
Gemts0 Thn rnmard shaws thet Fnrberd Lefnckeb wes thn shawb ib Mnfu ab Eulust 69 ebd =:, 59==. Ibeskumh es thn
Zhicippibn elnbt ag thn pceibtigg makpeby Ibtnrbetiabec Gicks pceibtigg waucd pragit fy thn shawibl ag thn gick "Kabtn Merca
(Mhibe), Ctd. fy virtun ag e pawnr ag ettarbny nxnmutnd ib his Ke
Kedbdbns
nss"
s",, Ce
Ceze
zeru
russ @a
@asn
snph
ph el elrn
rnnd
nd ta seid
seid nxnxhi
hifi
fiti
tiab
ab.. It
ge
gevar
var ab EpEpri
ricc >, 59=
59==
= (N
(Nxh
xhif
ifit
it 5).
5). Ab @ubn
@ubn 6, 59==,
59==, th
thnn he
hepp
ppnb
nbnd
nd,, hahawn
wnvn
vnr,
r, th
thet
et th thn
n fadnle ag th thnn Cy Cyri
rimm Gic ick
k
Ibtnrbetiabec Gicks (Mhibe), Ctd., thraulh its seid elnbt, cnesnd Nxmhebln, Ibm., wes furbnd ab Eulust 59, 59==, talnthnr with
thn gic
gick
k nbt
nbtitc
itcnd
nd "Ka
"Kabtn
btn Merca
Merca Ked
Kedbns
bnss"
s" ta thn dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt thn gick "Kabtn Merca Kedbnss" whimh wes bat ibsurnd.
makpeby, thn Cyrim Gick Nxmhebln, Ibm., ta fn shawb ib Mevitn Issun0 \hn\hnthn
thnrr ar bat thn dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt makpe
makpeby,
by, thn Cyr
Cyrim
im
gar twa mabsnmutivn deys, thet is, ab @ubn 5 ebd 6, 59==, gar Gick
Gick Nx Nxmh
mheb
ebln
ln,, Ibm.
Ibm.,, is rn
rnsp
spab
absi
sifc
fcn
n ta ththnn pc
pcei
eibt
btig
igg,
g,
=: pnr mnbt ag thn rnmnipts? ib thn Muertnc dn Nspeõe gar abn Ibtnrbetiabec Gicks (Mhibe) Ctd., gar thn dnstrumtiab fy girn ag
dey, ar ab @ubn 7, 59==, gar Z4>? ib thn ^bivnrsity Thnetnr gar thn gick ib qunstiab, nbtitcnd "Kabtn Merca Kedbnss". BA. Thn
twa mabsnmutivn deys, ar ab @ubn 8, ebd 9, 59==, gar =: pnr dngnbdebt makpeby is bat ciefcn.
mnbt ag thn rnmnipts? ib ]tatsnbfurl gar twa mabsnmutivn deys,
ar ab @ubn 58 ebd 59, 59==, gar =: pnr mnbt ag thn rnmnipts, Thn pceibtigg makpeby mceiks thet thn dngnbdebt's geicurn ta
ebd ib thn Zez Thnetnr gar twa mabsnmutivn deys, ar ab @ubn 65 rnturb
rnturb thn gick "Kabtn Merca Kedbns
Kedbnss"
s" ta thn garknr wes dun
ebd 66, 59==, gar =: pnr mnbt ag thn rnmnipts (Nxhifit M). ta thn gemt thet thn pnripnriad
ad gar thn dncivn
dncivnryry thnrna
thnrnag, g, whi
whimhmh
nxpirnd
nxpir nd ab @ubn 66, 59==, hed fnnb nxtnbdndnxtnbdnd ib ardnr thet it
Abn ag thn mabditiabs ag thn mabtremt wes thet thn dngnbdebt kilht fn shawb ib Mnfu ab Eulust 69 ebd =:, 59==, ib
makpeby waucd ebswnr gar thn cass ag thn gick ib qunstiab emmard
emm ardebm
ebmnn with
with eb ubdubdnrs
nrsteb
tebdib
dibll hed fnt fntwnn
wnnb b Cez
Cezeru
eruss
whetnv
whe tnvnr
nr thn meusn
meusn.. Ab @ubn
@ubn 6=, 59==, gac
gaccaw
cawibl
ibl thn ces
cestt @as
@asnph
nph,, thn bnw elnelnbt
bt ag thn pceibt
pceibtigg
igg mak
makpebpeby,y, ebd thn
shawibl ag thn gick ib qunstiab ib thn Zez Thnetnr, Wimnbtn dngnbdebt. Thn dngnbdebt makpeby, ab thn athnr hebd, mceiks
Ecfa, thnb mhing ag thn gick dnpertknbt ag thn Cyrim Gick thet whnb it webtnd ta rnturb thn gick "Kabtn Merca Kedbnss"
Nxmhebln, Ibm., tncnphabnd seid elnbt ag thn pceibtigg makpeby ta Fnrb
Fnrber
erd
d LeLefn
fnck
ckeb
eb,, th
thnn gar
garkn
knrr elelnbnbtt ag th thn
n pcpcei
eibt
btigigg
g
ibgark
ibgarkibl
ibl hik the thett thn shawibl
shawibl ag sei
seid
d gick hed ecr ecrned
nedyy makpeby, fnmeusn ag thn errivec ag thn detn gar thn rnturb
gibishnd ebd esond, et thn sekn tikn, whnrn hn wishnd ta thnrnag, ubdnr thn mabtremt Nxhifit M, seid elnbt, bat hevibl e
hevn thn gick rnturbnd ta hik. Ib ebswnr, Fnrberd Lefnckeb se
segn
gnty
ty ve
veuc
uct,
t, rn
rnqu
quns
nstn
tndd Wimn
Wimnbt
btn
n EcEcfa
fa,, mhin
mhingg ag th thn
n gigick
ck
ibgarknd Ecfa thet hn wishnd ta snn hik pnrsabeccy ib thn dnpertknbt ag thn dngnbdebt makpeby, ta onnp seid gick ib thn
cet
cettnr
tnr's
's agg
aggimn
imn.. Lef
Lefnck
nckeb
eb wnbt
wnbt ta Wim
Wimnbt
nbtnn Ecf
Ecfa's
a's agg
aggimn
imn ebd cettnr's
cettnr's veuct ubdnr Lefnck
Lefnckeb's
eb's awb rnspa
rnspabsifi
bsificity,
city, vnrfeccy
esond whnthnr hn maucd dnpasit thn gick ib qunstiab ib thn stipucetibl et thn sekn tikn thet thn dngnbdebt makpeby, es
veuct ag thn Cyrim Gick Nxmhebln, Ibm., es thn Ibtnrbetiabec sufelnbt ag thn Ibtnrbetiabec Gicks (Mhibe) Ctd., kilht shaw
Gicks (Mhibe) Ctd. did bat ynt hevn e segnty veuct, es rnquirnd thn gick ib qunstiab ib its thnetnrs.
fy
fnnbthnrngnrrnd
rnlucetiabs
rngnrrn ag thn girnWimnbtn
d ta A'Keccny, dnpertknbt.
Ecfa'sEgtnr
mhing,thnthn
mesn hedr
garkn
garknr Vucibl0 Thn prnpabdnrebmn ag nvidnbmn shaws thet thn vnrfec
ebswnrnd thet thn dnpasit maucd bat fn kedn ibeskumh es thn elrnnknbt hed fntwnnb Fnrberd Lefnckeb, thn garknr elnbt
gick ib qunstiab waucd bat fn mavnrnd fy thn ibsurebmn merrind ag thn pceibtigg makpeby, ebd Wimnbtn Ecfa, mhing ag thn gick
fy thn CyrCyrim
im Gick
Gick Nxmheb
Nxmhebln,
ln, Ibm
Ibm.. Fnrber
Fnrberd
d Lef
Lefnck
nckebeb thnb
thnb dnpert
dnp ertknb
knbtt ag thn dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebt mak
makpeb
peby,
y, wes thet
thet seid
seid gic
gick
k
rnqunstnd Wimnbtn Ecfa ta pnrkit hik ta dnpasit seid gick ib thn "Kabtn Merca Kedbnss" waucd rnkeib dnpasitnd ib thn segnty
7=
veuct ag thn dngnbdebt makpeby ubdnr thn rnspabsificity ag seid This

This is fnme
fnmeususn
n ag th
thnn Ze
Zemi
migi
gimm \er
\er eb
ebd d fy rn
rnes
esab
ab ag ththn
n
ga
gark
rknr
nr elelnb
nbtt eb
ebd
d th
thet
et th
thn
n dn
dngn
gnbd
bdeb
ebtt makp
makpeb
eby,
y, es hi
hiss dnstrumtiab ebd cass ag ebikecs ag cefar, gerk ikpcnknbts, ebd
sufelnbt, maucd shaw it ib its thnetnrs, thn pceibtigg makpeby dekeln
dek eln ta ar efe efebda
bdabkn
bknbt
bt ag gergerk
k ceb
cebds,
ds, egt
egtnr
nr cifnre
cifnretiab
tiab
rnmnivibl > pnr mnbt ag thn rnmnipts up ta e mnrteib ekaubt, thnrn
thnrn wes emu emutn
tn sha
sharte
rteln
ln ag gaa gaadst
dstugg
ugg.. Zrn
Zrnsid
sidnbt
nbt Vax
Vaxes
es ib
ebd 5> pnr mnbt thnrnag ib nxmnss ag seid ekaubt. ardnr ta gaknbt ebd nbmaureln gaad pradumtiab, ibstrumtnd thn
pceibtigg Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo ta nxtnbd spnmiec gemicitins ta
Ig, es it hes fnnb suggiminbtcy pravnb ib aur apibiab, thn vnrfec
gerknrs ib thn gark ag mrap caebs ib ardnr ta nbefcn thnk ta
mabtremt hed fntwnnb Fnrberd Lefnckeb, thn garknr
rnheficitetn thnir gerks. Ib pursuebmn ag seid ibstrumtiabs ebd
elnbt
ag thn ag
gickthn pceibtigg makpeby,
dnpertknbt ebd Wimnbtn
ag thn dngnbdebt Ecfa, mhing
makpeby, wes ta maapnretn with thn Edkibistretiab, thn pceibtigg Febo pessnd
thn mar
marrns
rnspab
pabdib
dibl
l rnsacu
rnsacutiab
tiab (Nx
(Nxhif
hifit
it F) eut
euthar
harizib
izibl
l thn
e suf-elnbmy ar e sufkebdetn, thn dngnbdebt makpeby
lrebtibl ag tnb-kabth spnmiec mrap caebs ta fabe gidn gaad
is bat miviccy ciefcn gar thn dnstrumtiab fy girn ag thn gick
prad
pradum
umnr
nrs,
s, ce
cebd
bd-a
-awb
wbnr
nrss ar ththni
nirr tnbe
tnbebt
bts,
s, ub
ubdn
dnrr mnrt
mnrtei
eib
b
ib quns
qunstitiab
ab fnme
fnmeus
usnn es e knrn
knrn susufk
fkebebde
detetery
ry ar
mabditiabs.
sufelnbt, it wes bat afcilnd ta gucgicc karn theb thn
mabt
mabtnb
nbts
ts ag thnthn kebd
kebdetetn
n eb
ebd
d ta ebebswswnr
nr gagarr thn
thn I]]^N0 \/B Fnrberda ebd Gnrrn
Gnrrnrr wnrn bnlcilnbt
bnlcilnbt ebd shaucd
dekelns meusnd ta thn pribmipec fy his geicurn ta da sa thnrngarn pey thn ubmaccnmtnd gnn. YN]
(ert. 5<58, Mivic Madn). Thn gemt thet thn gick wes bat HNCD0 Thn triec maurt fesnd thn mivic cieficity ag thn eppnccebts
ib
ibsu
surn
rnd
d elelei
eibs
bstt girn
girn dans
dans babatt ma
mabs
bsti
titu
tutn
tn greu
greud d ar hnrnib ab thn pravisiabs ag Erts. 5<58 ebd 5<59 ag thn Mivic
bnlcilnbmn ab thn pert ag thn dngnbdebt makpeby, thn Madn, dngibibl ebd nbuknretibl thn dutins ebd afciletiabs ag
Cyrim Gick Nxmhebln, Ibm., fnmeusn es e sufelnbt, it eb elnbt ebd his cieficity gar geicurn ta makpcy with sumh dutins,
rnmnivnd ba ibstrumtiab ta thet nggnmt grak its pribmipec ebd Ert. 6>9 ag thn Madn ag Makknrmn whimh pravidns thet eb
ebd thn ibsurebmn ag thn gick dans bat gark e pert ag elnbt kust afsnrvn thn pravisiabs ag cew ebd rnlucetiabs with
thn afciletiab ikpasnd upab it fy cew. rnspnmt ta fusibnss trebsemtiabs nbtrustnd ta hik athnrwisn hn
Gar thn garnlaibl mabsidnretiabs, wn ern ag thn apibiab ebd sa shecc fn rnspabsifcn gar thn mabsnqunbmns rnsuctibl grak thnir
hacd0 (5) Thet thn maurt e qua emtnd
emtnd withib its dismrntiabery frnemh ar akissiabs? ebd ecsa Ert. 59:6 ag thn Mivic Madn whimh
pawnr ib eccawibl thn dngnbdebt makpeby ta eknbd its ebswnr pravidns gar thn cieficity ag abn gar his tartiaus emt, thet is ta
fy pcnedibl thn spnmiec dngnbsn ag thn pceibtigg makpeby's cemo sey, eby emt ar akissiab whimh meusns dekeln ta ebathnr fy
ag pnrsab
pnrsabecit
ecityy ta fribl
fribl thn emtiab
emtiab,, egt
egtnr
nr fath
fath per
pertin
tinss hed his geu
geuct
ct ar bnlcil
bnlcilnbm
nbmn.
n. Epp
Eppncc
nccebt
ebtss whic
whicn
n elr
elrnni
nnibl
bl with
with thn
ec
ecrn
rned
edyy rn
rnst
stnd
nd ththni
nirr rnsp
rnspnm
nmtiv
tivn
n mesn s? (6) thet thn
mesns? knebibl ebd smapn ag thn cnlec pravisiabs mitnd, bnvnrthncnss
dngnbdebt makpeby, es sufelnbt ag thn pceibtigg ib thn ibsi
ibsist
st ththet
et th
thas
asnn prprav
avis
isia
iabs
bs er ern
n babatt ep
eppc
pcim
imef
efcn
cn ta ththnk
nk
nxhifitiab ag thn gick "Kabtn Merca Kedbnss", wes bat ibeskumh es thny ern bat luicty ag eby viacetiab ag ibstrumtiabs
afcilnd ta ibsurn it eleibst girn, bat hevibl rnmnivnd ar rnlucetiabs ag thn pceibtigg Febo? ebd thet bnithnr ern thny
eby nxprnss kebdetn ta thet nggnmt, ebd it is bat ciefcn luicty ag bnlcilnbmn ag merncnssbnss es gaubd fy thn triec maurt.
gar thn emmidnbtec dnstrumtiab thnrnag fy girn. E mernguc study ebd mabsidnretiab ag thn rnmard, hawnvnr,
ma
mabv
bvib
ibmn
mnss us eb
ebdd wn el elrn
rnnn with
with ththnn tr
trie
iecc maur
maurtt th
thet
et th
thn
n
5: ” ZBF vs Felekesped
dngnbdebts
dngnb debts-eppn
-eppnccebts
ccebts hevn bat abcy viacetnd
viacetnd ibstr
ibstrumtiab
umtiabss ag
ZHI
HICI
CIZZ
ZZIB
IBNN BETIA
ETIABBEC FEBO
EBO, v
vss. FNVBEVDA thn pceibtigg Febo, ibmcudibl thibls whimh seid Febo webtnd
FELEKE]ZED ebd FINBWNBIDA K. GNVVNV dabn ar bat dabn, ecc ag whimh wnrn guccy ubdnrstaad fy thnk,
L.V. Ba. C-=4:< @ubn 69, 59>5 fut thny
thny (ep
(eppnc
pncceb
cebts)
ts) ecsa
ecsa via
viacet
cetnd
nd stebdi
stebdiblbl rnlrnluce
ucetiab
tiabss
rnlerdibl thn lrebtibl ag caebs? ebd, whet is karn, thru thnir
GEMT]0 Ab Key 6>, 5948, thn Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo,with
keib aggimn ib thn Mity ag Kebice ebd elnbmins ib diggnrnbt merncnssbnss, cexitywha
lrebtnd ta pnrsabs ebdwnrn
bnlcilnbmn, thnytaeccawnd
bat nbtitcnd rnmnivncaebs
caebs.ta fn
pravibmns, ibitietnd this suit ib thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag
Matefeta gar thn purpasn ag maccnmtibl grak thn dngnbdebts It is thn mabtnbtiab ag thn eppnccebts thet thn emt ag pceibtigg
Fnrberda Felekesped ebd Finbvnbida K. Gnrrnr wha, ib thn Febo ib giccibl suits eleibst thn farrawnrs ta whak eppnccebts
yners 5947 ebd 594<, wnrn its Elnbt ebd Essistebt Elnbt, wnrn seid ta hevn lrebtnd caebs withaut eutharity, whimh suits
rnspnmtivncy, ib its Matefeta Elnbmy, thn suk ag Z<:4,9:=.58, rnsuctnd ib thn peyknbt ag pert ag seid caebs rnsuctibl ib thn
seid ta hevn fnnb disfursnd ebd rncnesnd fy thnk es spnmiec rndumt
rnd umtiab
iab ag thn arilib
arilibec
ec mce
mceik
ik ag thn pceibt
pceibtigg
igg Feb
Feboo grak
grak
mrap
mrap caebs,
caebs, withau
withautt euthar
eutharity
ity ebd ib e mer merncn
ncnss
ss kebbnr
kebbnr ta Z<:4,9
Z<: 4,9:=.
:=.58
58 ta Z79Z799,8
9,8:=.
:=.><,
><, sha
shaucd
ucd fn ibtnrp
ibtnrprnt
rntnd
nd ebd
kebignstcy
kebign stcy ibsac
ibsacvnbt,
vnbt, ubquecigind
ubquecigind ar gimtiti
gimtitiaus
aus farrawnrs,
farrawnrs, ecc mabsidnrnd es e retigimetiab ag thn emts ag thn eppnccebts. \het
mabtrery ta thn rucns ebd rnlucetiabs ag thn pceibtigg Febo. Ib is karn, it is karn, it is mabtnbdnd thet it waucd fn ibiquitaus
thn maursn ag thn triec, upab pntitiab ag pceibtigg's maubsnc, thn gar thn pceibtigg ta la eleibst thn dngnbdebts gar whetnvnr
ekaubt
eka ubt ag thn mceik wes rnd rndumn
umndd ta Z799,8
Z799,8:=.>
:=.><,
<, dun ta ekaubts key hevn fnnb caebnd fy thn cettnr ebd et thn sekn
peyknb
pey knbtsts ked
kedn n fy sakn ag thn farra farrawnr
wnrs.
s. Ab Ker
Kermh
mh =5, tikn la eleibst thn ibdividuec farrawnrs gar maccnmtiab ag thn
5949
5949,, ththnn trie
triecc maur
maurtt rnbd
rnbdnr
nrnd
nd ùùdl
dlkn
knbtbt ib gegeva
varr ag th
thn
n rnspnmtivn suks farrawnd fy thnk. Thet waucd fn nbrimhibl
pceibtigg, ardnribl fath dngnbdebts ta pey àibtcy ebd snvnreccy thn pceibtigg et thn nxpnbsn ag thn dngnbdebts." \n mebbat
ta it thn suk ag Z799,8:=.><,
Z799,8:=.><, rnprn
rnprnsnbti
snbtiblbl thn ubmac
ubmaccnmtnd
cnmtnd su
sufs
fsmr
mrif
ifn
n ta th
this
is th
thna
nary
ry.. Es paib
paibtn
tnd
d au
autt fy Ma Maub
ubsn
sncc ga
garr
fecebmn ag thn spnmiec mrap caebs ikprapnrcy rncnesnd fy seid eppnccnn, ardibericy, e pribmipec wha maccnmts nithnr ùdimieccy ar
dngnbdebts, with cnlec ibtnrnst thnrnab grak thn detn ag thn nxtre`
nxtreùdi
udimie
mieccy
ccy e caeb
caeb ked
kednn fy eb eln
elnbt
bt withaut
withaut eut
euthar
harity,
ity,
gicibl ag thn makpceibt, pcus masts. thnrnfy retigins thn seid emt ag thn elnbt. Ib thn prnsnbt mesn,
hawnvnr, ib gicibl suits eleibst sakn ag thn farrawnrs ta maccnmt
et cnest pert ag thn ubeuthariznd caebs, thnrn wes ba ibtnbtiab
74
ab thn pert ag thn pceibtigg Febo ta retigy thn emts ag eppnccebts. Felekesped ib his cnttnr, thn pceibtigg Febo webtnd ta obaw
Bnithnr did thn pceibtigg rnmnivn eby sufstebtiec fnbngit fy its whnthnr ab thet detn, Bavnkfnr 59th, thn gerknrs ib Matefeta
em
emtt ag gici
gicibl
bl th
thns
nsn
n susuit
itss ig wn ma mabs
bsid
idnr
nr th
thnn ge
gemt
mt th
thet
et thn
thn hed ecrnedy pcebtnd thnir gerks ib whimh mesn thnrn wes ba
maccnmtiabs sa ger kedn, gark e skecc ar ibsilbigimebt partiab ag bn
bnnd
nd ga
garr afte
afteib
ibib
ibl
l mr
mrap
ap cae
caebs
bs ta knnt
knnt ththn
n nxpn
nxpnbs
bsns
ns ag
thn nbtirn
nbtirn pribmi
pribmipec
pec ebd ibtnrns
ibtnrnst.
t. Ebd,
Ebd, wn gei geicc ta snn eby pcebtibl. Ebswnribl this qunry, thn Matefeta Elnbmy ubdnr thn
ibiq
ibiquit
uityy ib ththis
is em
emtt ag th thnn pc
pcei
eibt
btig
iggg ib su
suib
ibl
l sasakn
kn ag th
thn
n eppnccebts, snbt e tncnlrek (Nxhifit H) detnd Bavnkfnr 6>,
farrawnrs ta maccnmt whet it maucd et thn sekn tikn hacdibl thn 5947, ta thn pceibtigg Febo seyibl thet thn pcebt
pcebtibl
ibl snesab gar
eppnccebts ciefcn gar thn fecebmn, fnmeusn thn pceibtigg Febo is Ma
Mate
tefe
feta
ta gar snma
snmabd
bd mr
mrap
apss nbds
nbds ib Dnmn
Dnmnkfkfnrnr.. Th
This
is wes
wes
bat tryibl ta nbrimh itsncg et thn nxpnbsn ag thn dngnbdebts fut nvidnbtcy ibtnbdnd ta ùstigy thn lrebtibl ag spnmiec mrap caebs
is knrncy tryibl ta dikibish es kumh es passifcn thn cass ta nvnb et thn nbd ag thn yner. Thn nvidnbmn hawnvnr, fncins thn
its
itsncg
ncg ebd eutake
eutaketim
timecc
eccyy dnmrne
dnmrnesn
sn thn gibebmi
gibebmiec
ec cie
ciefic
ficity
ity ag marrnmtbns
marrn mtbnsss ag this stetnknb
stetnknbtt ebd ibgarketia
ibgarketiab.
b. Kr. Ebimnta
eppnccebts. Mabsidnribl thn cerln ekaubt gar whimh eppnccebts Zedicce,
Zedicce, Essis
Essistebt
tebt Zravib
Zravibmiec
miec Elrimucture
Elrimucturecc ]upnr
]upnrvisar
visar,, tacd thn
ern gaubd ciefcn, it is e kettnr ag snriaus dauft ig thny ern ib e maurt thet his aggimn, whimh is thn Zravibmiec Elrimucturec ]tetiab
pasitiab ta pey it. Karnavnr, whetnvnr ekaubt is maccnmtnd fy ib Matefeta, hes dntnrkibnd thn prapnr pnriad gar pcebtibl
thn pceibti
pceibtigg
gg Feb
Feboo grak
grak farfarraw
rawnrs
nrs,, snrvns
snrvns ta dik
dikibi
ibish
sh thn mraps reisnd ib thet pravibmn ebd thet gar upcebd pecey, thn
gibebmiec cieficity ag thn eppnccebts, ib thn sekn wey thet thn pcebtibl snesab is duribl thn kabths ag Kermh, Epric up ta
arilibec
arilibec mceik ag Z<:4,9
Z<:4,9:=.58,
:=.58, et thn vnry ibstebmn
ibstebmn ag pceibtigg
pceibtigg Key? thet gar cawcebd pecey is @ubn ebd @ucy? ebd thet snmabd
wes rndumnd ta Z799,8:=.><. Ib athnr wards, thn emt ag thn mraps key fn pcebtnd ib ]nptnkfnr nvnb es cetn es Amtafnr.
pceibtigg Febo ib thn kettnr, ger grak fnibl ibiquitaus, is rneccy Grak
Grak th this
is,, abn
abn ke
keyy ma
mabm
bmcu
cudn
dn th
thet
et it is ba
batt tr
trun
un es ththn
n
fnbngimiec ta thn eppnccebts. eppncce
epp nccebts
bts ibga
ibgarkn
rknd
d thn feb
feboo the
thett thn pce
pcebti
btibl
bl sne
snesab
sab gar
pecey (snmabd mrap) ib Matefeta nbds ib Dnmnkfnr.
VNE]AB] LIWNB FY THN MA^VT TA N]TEFCI]H THET
EZZNCCEBT] EVN
EVN BNLCILNBT
BNLCILNBT0
0 7th, ib thn rnpart fy Kr. Ibtec, thn Elnbmy Aggimn wes cion e
kero
kerontnt pc
pcem
emn
n gu
gucccc ag pnap
pnapcn
cn,, th
thnn mr
mrap
ap cae
caebb pe
pepn
pnrs
rs cion
cion
5st- Eppnccebts mabtibund ta lrebt bnw spnmiec mrap caebs egtnr
prakissar
praki ssaryy batns
batns,, caeb eppc
eppcimetia
imetiabs
bs ebd mhett
mhettnc
nc kartl
kartlelns
elns
thny wnrn livnb ta ubdnrstebd fy thn mnbtrec aggimn thet thny smet
smettn
tnrn
rnd
d ececcc av
avnr
nr th thn
n El
Elnb
nbmymy,, sa
sakn
kn ab th thn
n dnso
dnsoss ag
shaucd
sha ucd ba cab
cablnr
lnr lre
lrebt
bt sei
seid
d cae
caebs
bs ebd fng
fngarn
arn epp
eppncc
nccebt
ebtss
nkpcaynns, ab apnb shncvns ar ab tap ag gicibl mefibnts, ebd
rnmnivnd ibstrumtiabs es ta whet thny shaucd da ib thet rnlerd,
athnrs
ath nrs ab thn gcaar
gcaar.. Hn gau
gaubd
bd thet
thet tre
trebse
bsemti
mtiabs
abs whimh hed
thny ecsa viacetnd thn nxprnss ibstrumtiabs ag thn Febo ta thn
teonb pcemn givn kabths fngarn wnrn bat ynt pastnd ib thn
nggnmt thet gubds rnmnivnd grak thn Pekfaeble Elnbmy shaucd
faaos ag thn Elnbmy.
fn uticiznd abcy ta pey snmabd ibsteccknbts ab spnmiec mrap
caebs. Thn Maurt hed thn ikprnssiab ebd thn idne thet thn fusibnss ag
e Febo is mabdumtnd ib eb ardnrcy, knthadimec ebd fusibnsscion
6bd, th
thnn dngn
dngnbd
bdeb
ebts
ts rncn
rncnes
esnd
nd ce cerl
rln
n cacaeb
ebss ellr
ellrnl
nlet
etib
ibl
l
kebbnr, thet its pepnrs, nspnmieccy thasn rncetibl ta caebs with
Z=
Z=48,
48,<78
<78.6
.66
6 ta efefau
autt 5:=
5:= fafarr
rraw
awnrnrss wh
whaa wn
wnrn
rn bnith
bnithnr
nr
thnir marrnspabdibl snmuritins, ern prapnrcy gicnd, wncc-onpt ebd
cebdawbnrs ar tnbebts fut abcy pufcim cebd secns eppcimebts
ib e segn pcemn, its faaos onpt up-ta-detn, ebd thet its gubds
thet is ta sey, pnrsabs wha hevn knrncy gicnd eppcimetiabs ta
ern bat livnb
livnb aut ib caebs
caebs withau
withautt mer
merngu
ngucc ebd smrupuca
smrupucaus
us
fuy pufcim cebds, dnspitn werbibl grak thn Cebd Aggimnr ag
smrutiby ag thn rnspabsificity ebd sacvnbmy ag thn farrawnrs
Matefeta.
eb
ebdd th
thnn sugg
suggim
imin
inbm
bmyy ag th
thn
n snmu
snmuri
rity
ty li
livn
vnbb fy ththnk
nk,, th
thn
n
=rd, Ep
Eppn
pncccceb
ebts
ts ib th
thni
nirr avnr
avnr-nb
-nbth
thus
usie
iesk
sk eb
ebd
d sn
snnk
nkib
iblc
lcyy ma
mabd
bdit
itiab
iabss afte
afteib
ibib
ibl
l ib ththn
n Ma
Mate
tefe
feta
ta El
Elnb
nbmy
my du
dunn ta th
thn
n
ibardibetn dnsirn ta lrebt es keby caebs es passifcn ebd ib eppern
epp ernbt
bt ibdigg
ibdiggnrn
nrnbmn
bmn,, mer
merncn
ncnssb
ssbnss
nss ar bnlbnlcil
cilnbm
nbmn
n ag thn
ekaubt
eka ubtss ebd
edkittnd dispra
disprapar
partia
tiabet
pessnd betn
n ta
upab thncaeb
karn bnn
bnnds ds ag thn far
eppcimetiabs farraw
rawnrs
theb nrs,,
thny eppncce
epp
sh
sharnccebts
artm bts,
tmak
akib , lsis ibd
ibls ibdnnd
ag nnd
thn shamo
thn shamoibl
ep ibl.
eppn
pncce.bts
ccebt Ebd
s th itnirris di
thni fnm
fnmeus
disr eusn
srnl
nlernd agagthnsn
erd thnth
sn
thn
n
maucd prapnrcy hebdcn. Es e mabsnqunbmn ag this fil vacukn ag ncnknbtery rucns ebd premtimn ag feboibl ebd thnir viacetiab ag
fusibnss thn faaoonnpnr ag thn Elnbmy maucd bat onnp up with ibstrumtiabs ag thnir supnriars, thet thnsn ebakecins rnsuctibl ib
thn pastibl ag thn deicy trebsemtiabs ib his faaos ebd cndlnrs gibebmiec cassns ta thn Febo wnrn kedn passifcn.
ebd hn wes snvn snvnrec
rec kabths fnhi
fnhibd.
bd. Thnrn wnrn sa keb kebyy
eppcimetiabs emtnd upab ebd emmnptnd thet thny maucd bat ecc
55 ” Dakibla vs Dakibla
fn mernguccy nxekibnd ebd keby ag thnk da bat nvnb fner thn DAKIBLA vs. DAKIBLA
ibit
ibitie
iecs
cs ar sisilb
lbet
etur
urns
ns ag ththn
n ep
eppn
pncccceb
ebts
ts es rnrnqu
quir
irnd
nd fy L.V. Ba. C-=:><= Amtafnr 69, 59<5
rnlucetiabs. ]akn ag thn mhettnc kartlelns livnb ta snmurn thn KEOE]IEV, @.
peyknbts ag thn caebs, mabtrery ta rnlucetiabs, da bat shaw Ib e damuknbt Nxhifit "E" nxnmutnd ab @ubn 6, 59>7, Wimnbtn
thn bukfnr ag mevebs ag pecey ta fn pradumnd ab thn cebd ebd K. Dakibla lrebtnd Lrnlaria Dakibla, e rnec nstetn fraonr,
ta fn kartlelnd ib gevar ag thn Febo. thn nxmcusivn elnbmy ta sncc his cat with e makkissiab ag >% ab
4th, Mabtrery ta thn Febo's rucns ebd rnlucetiabs rnlerdibl thn thn tatec primn, ig thn prapnrty is sacd fy Wimnbtn ar fy ebyabn
lrebti
lre btibl
bl ag spnmie
spnmiecc mra
mraps
ps caebs,
caebs, thn dngnb
dngnbdeb
debts
ts ecc
eccawn
awndd ncsn duribl thn =:-dey duretiab ag thn elnbmy ar ig thn
ibtnrk
ibtnrkndi
ndieri
erins
ns ta ibt
ibtnrv
nrvnbn
nbn ib thn lrebtib
lrebtibl
l ag spnmie
spnmiecc mra
mrap
p prapnrty is sacd fy Wimnbtn withib thrnn kabths grak thn
cae
caebs.
bs. Keby
Keby cewynr
cewynrs,
s, fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss eln
elnbts
bts ebd athnr
athnr pnr
pnrsab
sabss tnrkibetiab ag thn elnbmy ta epurmhesnr ta whak it wes
ibtnrvnbnd ib thn lrebtibl ag thn caebs. sufkittnd fy Lrnlaria duribl thn mabtibuebmn ag thn elnbmy
with batimn ta Wimnbtn. Thn seid elnbmy mabtremt wes ib
>th, It wicc fn rnknkfnrnd thet ib thn cnttnr ag Wimn Zrnsidnbt
tripcimetn, abn mapy wes livnb ta Wimnbtn, whicn thn arilibec ebd
Fu
Funb
nbme
meki
kiba
ba,, sp
spne
neoi
oibl
bl ag th
thnn bnw
bnw sp spnm
nmie
iecc mrap
mrap cacaeb
eb
ebathnr mapy wnrn rnteibnd fy Lrnlaria.
eppcimetiabs bukfnribl efaut 5,::: knbtiabnd fy eppnccebt
7>
Ab @ubn =, 59>7, Lrnlaria euthariznd thn ibtnrvnbar Tnagica Z. Mabsnqunbtcy, thn dnmisivn cnlec pravisiabs ern ib gaubd Ertimcns
Zurisike ta caao gar e fuynr, prakisibl hik abn-hecg ag thn >% 5895 ebd 59:9 ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn.
makkissiab. Thnrnegtnr, Tnagica Zurisike ibtradumnd Asmer dn Ert. 5895. Nvnry elnbt is faubd ta rnbdnr eb emmaubt
emmaubt ag his
Cnab ta Lrnlaria es e praspnmtivn fuynr. trebsemtiabs ebd ta dncivnr ta thn pribmipec whetnvnr hn key
Zursuebt ta his prakisn ta Lrnlaria, Asmer levn hik es e ligt hevn rnmnivnd fy virtun ag thn elnbmy, nvnb thaulh it key bat
ar prapibe thn suk ag Abn Thausebd Znsas (Z5,:::.::) gar fn awibl ta thn pribmipec.
summnndibl ib pnrsuedibl Wimnbtn ta sncc his cat et Z5.6: pnr Nvnry stipucetiab nxnkptibl thn elnbt grak thn afciletiab ta
squern kntnr ar e tatec ib raubd gilurn ag Abn Hubdrnd Bibn
Thausebd Znsas (Z5:9,:::.::). This ligt ag Abn Thausebd rnbdnr eb emmaubt shecc fn vaid.
Znsas (Z5,:::.::) wes bat dismcasnd fy Lrnlaria ta Wimnbtn. xxx xxx xxx
Bnithnr did Asmer pey Wimnbtn thn edditiabec ekaubt ag Abn Ert. 59:9. Thn elnbt is rnspabsifcn bat abcy gar greud
greud fut ecsa
Thausebd Znsas (Z5,:::.::) fy wey ag nerbnst kabny. Ib thn gar bnlcilnbmn, whimh shecc fn ùdlnd with karn cnss rilar fy
dnnd ag secn wes bat nxnmutnd ab Eulust 5, 59>7 es stipucetnd thn maurts, emmardibl ta whnthnr thn elnbmy wes ar wes bat
ib Nxhifit "M" bar ab Eulust 5>, 59>7 es nxtnbdnd fy Wimnbtn, gar e makpnbsetiab.
Asmer tacd Lrnlaria thet hn did bat rnmnivn his kabny grak his
frathnr ib thn ^bitnd ]tetns, gar whimh rnesab hn wes livibl Ertimcn 5895 ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn eknbds Ertimcn 5< ag thn acd
acd
up thn bnlatietiab ibmcudibl thn ekaubt ag Abn Thausebd ]pebish Mivic Madn whimh pravidns thet0
Znsas (Z5,:::.::) livnb es nerbnst kabny ta Wimnbtn ebd thn Ert. 5<6:. Nvnry elnbt is faubd ta livn eb emmaubt
emmaubt ag his
Abn Thausebd Znsas (Z5,:::.::) livnb ta Lrnlaria es prapibe trebsemtiab ebd ta pey ta thn pribmipec whetnvnr hn key hevn
ar ligt. \hnb Asmer did bat snn hik egtnr snvnrec wnnos, rnmnivnd fy virtun ag thn elnbmy, nvnb thaulh whet hn hes
Lrnlaria snbsnd saknthibl gishy. ]a, hn wnbt ta Wimnbtn ebd rnmnivnd is bat dun ta thn pribmipec.
rned e partiab ag Nxhifit "E" kerond hefit "E-5" ta thn nggnmt
Thn kadigimetiab mabteibnd ib thn girst perelreph Ertimcn 5895
thet Wimnbtn wes sticc makkittnd ta pey hik >% makkissiab, ig
mabsists ib mheblibl thn phresn "ta pey" ta "ta dncivnr", whimh
thn secn is mabsukketnd withib thrnn kabths egtnr thn
nxpiretiab ag thn =:-dey pnriad ag thn nxmcusivn elnbmy ib his cettnr tnrk is karn makprnhnbsivn theb thn garknr.
gevar grak thn nxnmutiab ag thn elnbmy mabtremt ab @ubn 6, Zerelreph 6 ag Ertimcn 5895 is e bnw edditiab dnsilbnd ta
59>7 ta e purmhesnr fraulht fy Lrnlaria ta Wimnbtn duribl thn strnss thn hilhnst cayecty thet is rnquirnd ta eb elnbt —
seid =:-dey pnriad. Wimnbtn lreffnd thn arilibec ag Nxhifit "E" mabdnkbibl es vaid eby stipucetiab nxnkptibl thn elnbt grak
ebd tarn it ta pinmns. Lrnlaria hncd his pnemn, bat webtibl ta thn duty ebd cieficity ikpasnd ab hik ib perelreph abn thnrnag.
ebtelabizn Wimnbtn gurthnr, fnmeusn hn hed sticc dupcimetn ag Ertimcn 59:9 ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn is nssnbtieccy e
Nxhifit "E". Grak his knntibl with Wimnbtn, Lrnlaria rnibstetnknbt ag Ertimcn 5<67 ag thn acd ]pebish Mivic Madn
pramnndnd ta thn aggimn ag thn Vnlistnr ag Dnnds ag Uunzab whimh rneds thus0
Mity, whnrn hn dismavnrnd Nxhifit "L' dnnd ag secn nxnmutnd ab
]nptnkfnr 5<, 59>7 fy Ekpera Diez, wign ag Asmer dn Cnab, Ert. 5<67. Thn elnbt is ciefcn bat abcy gar greud, fut ecsa
ecsa gar
avnr thnir hausn ebd cat Ba. 4: Dnbvnr ]trnnt, Mufea, Uunzab bnlcilnbmn, whimh shecc fn ùdlnd with karn ar cnss snvnrity fy
Mity, ib gevar Wimnbtn es dawb peyknbt fy Asmer dn Cnab ab thn maurts, emmardibl ta whnthnr thn elnbmy wes lretuitaus ar
thn purmhesn primn ag Wimnbtn's cat Ba. 88= ag Zinded Nstetn. gar e primn ar rnwerd.
^pab thus cnerbibl thet Wimnbtn sacd his prapnrty ta thn sekn Thn egarnmitnd pravisiabs dnkebd thn utkast laad geith,
fuynr, Asmer dn Cnab ebd his wign, hn dnkebdnd ib writtibl gidncity, habnsty, mebdar ebd geirbnss ab thn pert ag thn elnbt,
peyknbt ag his makkissiab ab thn secn primn ag Abn Hubdrnd thn rnec nstetn fraonr ib this mesn, ta his pribmipec, thn vnbdar.
Bibn Thausebd Znsas (Z5:9,:::.::), Nxhifit "H". Hn ecsa Thn cew ikpasns upab thn elnbt thn efsacutn afciletiab ta
mabgnrrnd with Asmer dn Cnab, wha tacd hik thet Wimnbtn wnbt keon e gucc dismcasurn ar makpcntn emmaubt ta his pribmipec ag
ta hik ebd esond hik ta ncikibetn Lrnlaria ib thn trebsemtiab ecc his trebsemtiabs ebd athnr ketnriec gemts rncnvebt ta thn
ebd thet hn waucd sncc his prapnrty ta hik gar Abn Hubdrnd elnbmy, sa kumh sa thet thn cew es eknbdnd dans bat
Gaur Thausebd Znsas (Z5:4,:::.: Ib Wimnbtn's rnpcy ta maubtnbebmn eby stipucetiab nxnkptibl thn elnbt grak sumh eb
Lrnlaria's cnttnr, Nxhifit "H", Wimnbtn stetnd thet Lrnlaria is afciletiab ebd mabsidnrs sumh eb nxnkptiab es vaid. Thn duty
bat nbtitcnd ta thn >% makkissiab fnmeusn hn sacd thn ag eb elnbt is cionbnd ta thet ag e trustnn. This is bat e
prapnrty bat ta Lrnlaria's fuynr, Asmer dn Cnab, fut ta tnmhbimec ar erfitrery rucn fut e rucn gaubdnd ab thn hilhnst
ebathnr fuynr, Ekpera Diez, wign ag Asmer dn Cnab. ebd trunst pribmipcn ag karecity es wncc es ag thn strimtnst
(5) whnthnr thn geicurn ab thn pert ag Lrnlaria
L rnlaria ta dismcasn ta ùstimn. 6
Wimnbtn thn peyknbt ta hik fy Asmer
Asmer dn Cnab ag thn ekaubt ag Hnbmn, eb elnbt wha teons e snmrnt pragit ib thn beturn ag e
Abn Thausebd Znsas (Z5,:::.::) es ligt ar "prapibe" gar fabus, lretuity ar pnrsabec fnbngit grak thn vnbdnn, withaut
hevibl pnrsuednd Wimnbtn ta rndumn thn purmhesn primn grak rnvnecibl thn sekn ta his pribmipec, thn vnbdar, is luicty ag e
Z6.:: ta Z5.6: pnr squern kntnr, sa mabstitutns greud es ta frnemh ag his cayecty ta thn pribmipec ebd gargnits his rilht ta
meusn e gargniturn ag his makkissiab ab thn secn primn? (6) maccnmt thn makkissiab grak his pribmipec, nvnb ig thn pribmipec
whnthnr Wimnbtn ar Lrnlaria shaucd fn ciefcn dirnmtcy ta thn
ibtnrvnbar Tnagica Zurisike gar thn cettnr's shern ib thn dans bat
ar thet hnsuggnr eby fnttnr
afteibnd ibùry fy rnesab
rnsucts ag sumh
ar thet thn frnemh
elnbmyag
is gidncity,
e
nxpnmtnd makkissiab ag Lrnlaria fy rnesab ag thn secn? lretuitaus abn, ar thet useln ar mustak eccaws it? fnmeusn thn
Thn dutins ebd cieficitins ag e fraonr ta his nkpcaynr ern rucn is ta prnvnbt thn passificity ag eby wrabl, bat ta rnkndy
nssnbtieccy thasn whimh eb elnbt awns ta his pribmipec. 5 ar rnpeir eb emtuec dekeln. = Fy teoibl sumh pragit ar fabus ar
ligt ar prapibe grak thn vnbdnn, thn elnbt thnrnfy essukns e
77
pasitiab whaccy ibmabsistnbt with thet ag fnibl eb elnbt gar emmnpt thn maubtnr-aggnr ag thn praspnmtivn fuynr ta purmhesn
hispribmipec, wha hes e rilht ta trnet hik, ibsager es his thn prapnrty et Z5.6: pnr squern kntnr ar Abn Hubdrnd Bibn
makkissiab is mabmnrbnd, es ig ba elnbmy hed nxistnd. Thn gemt Thausebd Znsas (Z5:9,:::.::) ib raubd gilurn gar thn cat ag
thet thn pribmipec key hevn fnnb fnbngitnd fy thn vecuefcn 88,4<< squern kntnrs, whimh is vnry kumh cawnr thn thn primn
snrvimns ag thn seid elnbt dans bat nxmucpetn thn elnbt wha ag Z6.:: pnr squern kntnr ar Abn Hubdrnd ]nvnbty-]ix
hes abcy hiksncg ta fcekn gar sumh e rnsuct fy rnesab ag his Thausebd Bibn Hubdrnd Gigty-Gaur Znsas (Z5<7,9>4.::) gar
trnemhnry ar pnrgidy. seid cat arilibeccy aggnrnd fy his pribmipec.
This Maurt hes fnnb mabsistnbt ib thn rilaraus eppcimetiab ag Thn duty nkfadind ib Ertimcn 5895 ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn wicc
Ertimcn 5<6: ag thn acd ]pebish Mivic Madn. Thus, gar geicurn
geicurn ta bat eppcy ig thn elnbt ar fraonr emtnd abcy es e kiddcnkeb
dncivnr suks ag kabny peid ta hik es eb ibsurebmn elnbt gar with thn teso ag knrncy friblibl talnthnr thn vnbdar ebd
thn emmaubt ag his nkpcaynr es rnquirnd fy seid Ertimcn 5<6:, vnbdnn, wha thnksncvns thnrnegtnr wicc bnlatietn ab thn tnrks
seid ibsurebmn elnbt wes mabvimtnd nstege. 4 Eb edkibistretar ebd mabditiabs ag thn trebsemtiab. Bnithnr waucd thn rucn eppcy
ag eb nstetn wes cionwisn ubdnr thn sekn Ertimcn 5<6: gar ig thn elnbt ar fraonr hed ibgarknd thn pribmipec ag thn ligt ar
geicurn ta rnbdnr eb emmaubt ag his edkibistretiab ta thn hnirs fabus ar pragit hn rnmnivnd grak thn purmhesnr ebd his
ubcnss thn hnirs mabsnbtnd thnrnta ar ern nstappnd fy hevibl pribmipec did bat af`nmt thnrta. 55 Hnrnib dngnbdebt-eppnccnn
emmnptnd thn marrnmtbnss ag his emmaubt prnviauscy rnbdnrnd. > Lrnlaria Dakibla wes bat knrncy e kiddcnkeb ag thn
Fnmeusn ag his rnspabsificity ubdnr thn egarnmitnd ertimcn 5<6:, pntitiabnr-eppnccebt Wimnbtn Dakibla ebd thn fuynr Asmer dn
Cnab. Hn wes thn fraonr ebd elnbt ag seid pntitiabnr-eppnccebt
eb elnbt is cionwisn ciefcn gar nstege gar geicurn ta dncivnr ta his
pribmipec thn tatec ekaubt maccnmtnd fy hik ib fnhecg ag his abcy. Ebd thnrnib pntitiabnr-eppnccebt wes bat ewern ag thn ligt
ag Abn Thausebd Znsas (Z5,:::.::) rnmnivnd fy Lrnlaria
pribmipec ebd mebbat rnteib thn makkissiab pnrteibibl ta hik
fy suftremtibl thn sekn grak his maccnmtiabs. Dakibla grak thn praspnmtivn fuynr? kumh cnss did hn
mabsnbt ta his elnbt's emmnptibl sumh e ligt.
Thn Eknrimeb ùrisprudnbmn ab this smarn is wncc-bilh
w ncc-bilh
ubebikaus. Thn ibtnbt with whimh thn elnbt taao e snmrnt Thn gemt thet thn fuynr eppneribl ib thn dnnd ag secn is
pragit hes fnnb hncd ikketnriec whnrn thn elnbt hes ib gemt Ekpera
ectnr thn Diez, thn wign
situetiab? ag Asmer
fnmeusn dn Cnab, dans
dans
thn trebsemtiab, ta bat ketnrieccy
fn vecid, kust
nbtnrnd ibta e rncetiabship ibmabsistnbt with his elnbmy, sibmn
thn cew mabdnkbs thn marruptibl tnbdnbmy ag thn ibmabsistnbt bnmnssericy fn with thn mabsnbt ag thn husfebd Asmer dn Cnab,
rncetiabship. Cittcn vs. Zhipps (5955) 94 BN 67:. 9 wha is thn edkibistretar ag thnir mabùlec essnts ibmcudibl thnir
hausn ebd cat et Ba. 4: Dnbvnr ]trnnt, Mufea, Uunzab Mity,
Es e lnbnrec rucn, it is e frnemh
frnemh ag laad geith ebd cayecty ta his whimh wnrn livnb es pert ag ebd mabstitutnd thn dawb peyknbt
pribmipec gar eb elnbt, whicn thn elnbmy nxists, sa ta dnec with ab, thn purmhesn primn ag hnrnib pntitiabnr-eppnccebt's cat Ba.
thn suf`nmt kettnr thnrnag, ar with ibgarketiab emquirnd duribl 88= ag Zinded Nstetn. Hnbmn, fath ib cew ebd ib gemt, it wes sticc
thn maursn ag thn elnbmy, es ta keon e pragit aut ag it gar Asmer dn Cnab wha wes thn fuynr.
hiksncg ib nxmnss ag his cewguc makpnbsetiab? ebd ig hn dans sa
hn key fn hncd es e trustnn ebd key fn makpnccnd ta emmaubt Es e bnmnssery mabsnqunbmn
mabsnqunbmn ag sumh frnemh ag trust,
ta his pribmipec gar ecc pragits, edvebtelns, rilhts, ar privicnlns dngnbdebt-eppnccnn Lrnlaria Dakibla kust gargnit his rilht ta
emquirnd fy hik ib sumh dnecibls, whnthnr ib pnrgarkebmn ar ib thn makkissiab ebd kust rnturb thn pert ag thn makkissiab hn
viacetiab ag his dutins, ebd fn rnquirnd ta trebsgnr thnk ta his rnmnivnd grak his pribmipec.
pribmipec upab fnibl rnikfursnd gar his nxpnbditurns gar thn Tnagica Zurisike, thn suf-elnbt ag Lrnlaria Dakibla, meb abcy
sekn, ubcnss thn pribmipec hes mabsnbtnd ta ar retigind thn rnmavnr grak Lrnlaria Dakibla his abn-hecg shern ag whetnvnr
trebsemtiab obawibl thet fnbngit ar pragit waucd emmrun ar hed ekaubts Lrnlaria Dakibla rnmnivnd fy virtun ag thn
emmrund, ta thn elnbt, ar ubcnss with sumh obawcndln hn hes trebsemtiab es his suf-elnbmy mabtremt wes with Lrnlaria
eccawnd thn elnbt sa es ta mhebln his mabditiab thet hn mebbat Dakibla ecabn ebd bat with Wimnbtn Dakibla, wha wes bat
fn put ib stetus qua. Thn eppcimetiab ag this rucn is bat eggnmtnd nvnb ewern ag sumh suf-elnbmy. ]ibmn Lrnlaria Dakibla
fy thn gemt thet thn pribmipec did bat suggnr eby ibùry fy rnmnivnd grak Wimnbtn Dakibla ebd Asmer dn Cnab rnspnmtivncy
rnesab ag thn elnbt's dnecibls ar thet hn ib gemt afteibnd thn ekaubts ag Thrnn Hubdrnd Znsas (Z=::.::) ebd Abn
fnttnr rnsucts? bar is it eggnmtnd fy thn gemt thet thnrn is e Thausebd Znsas (Z5,:::.::) ar e tatec ag Abn Thausebd Thrnn
useln ar mustak ta thn mabtrery ar thet thn elnbmy is e Hubdrnd Znsas (Z5,=::.::), abn-hecg ag thn sekn, whimh is ]ix
lretuitaus abn. (Nkphesis eppcind.) Hubdrnd Gigty Znsas (Z7>:.::), shaucd fn peid fy Lrnlaria
Ib thn mesn et fer, dngnbdebt-eppnccnn Lrnlaria Dakibla es Dakibla ta Tnagica Zurisike.
thn fraonr, rnmnivnd e ligt ar prapibe ib thn ekaubt ag Abn
Thausebd Znsas (Z5,:::.::) grak thn praspnmtivn fuynr Asmer
Afciletiabs ag thn Zribmipec
dn Cnab, withaut thn obawcndln ebd mabsnbt ag his pribmipec,
hnrnib pntitiabnr-eppnccebt Wimnbtn Dakibla. His emmnptebmn ag
seid sufstebtiec kabntery ligt marruptnd his duty ta snrvn thn
ibtnrnsts abcy ag his pribmipec ebd ubdnrkibnd his cayecty ta his 5 - ]EBTA] F. EVNACE ebd CYDIE D.
pribmipec, wha levn
Znsas (Z=::.::) hikmakkissiab.
ab his pertiec edvebmn
Es eagmabsnqunbmn,
Thrnn Hubdrnd
ibstned EVNACE, pntitiabnrs-eppnccebts,
pntitiabnrs-eppnccebts,
vs.
ag nxnrtibl his fnst ta pnrsuedn his praspnmtivn fuynr ta MA^VT AG EZZNEC] ebd ZV^DNBTIEC LÊVEBTNN
purmhesn thn prapnrty ab thn kast edvebtelnaus tnrks EBD E]]^VEBMN,
E]]^VEBMN, IBM.,
IBM., rnspabdnbts-eppnccnns.
rnspabdnbts-eppnccnns.
dnsirnd fy his pribmipec, thn fraonr, hnrnib dngnbdebt-eppnccnn
Lrnlaria Dakibla, summnndnd ib pnrsuedibl his pribmipec ta
7<
Ab @u@ubnbn 69,
69, 598>
598>,, snvn
snvnb b kakabt
bths
hs egtn
egtnrr th
thnn is
issu
sueb
ebmn
mn ag Ab @u@ucy
cy 5<, 598
598>,
>, hn rnrnmn
mniv
ivnd
nd e cntt
cnttnr
nr gr
grak
ak pr
prad
adum
umti
tiab
ab
pntitiabnr ]ebtas Ernace's Znrsabec Emmidnbt Ibsurebmn Zacimy kebelnr Kecepit ibgarkibl hik thet thn "pertiec peyknbt" ag
Ba. ZE-6::
ZE-6::5>, 5>, rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt ibsure
ibsurebmn
bmn mak
makpeb
pebyy ubi
ubicet
cetnre
nreccy
ccy Z5,:::.:: hn hed kedn ab thn pacimy hed fnnb "nxheustnd
mebmnc
meb mnccnd
cnd thn sek seknn sibmn
sibmn mak
makpeb
pebyy rnm
rnmard
ardss rnv
rnvnec
necnd
nd the
thett pursuebt ta thn pravisiabs ag thn ]hart Znriad Vetn ]mecn"
pntitiabnr-
pntitiabnr-ibsurn
ibsurnd d geicnd ta pey his prnkiprnkiuks.A
uks.Ab b Eulus
Eulustt =, pribtnd et thn femo ag thn pacimy. Kecepit werbnd Ernace thet
598>,
598 >, rnspab
rnspabdnbdnbtt ibs
ibsure
urebmn
bmn mak
makpeb
pebyy agg
aggnrn
nrnd
d ta rnibst
rnibstetn
etn shaucd fn geic ta pey thn fecebmn, thn makpeby's cieficity waucd
sekn pacimy it hed prnviauscy mebmnccnd ebd nvnb prapasnd ta mnesn ta apnretn. <
nxtnbd
nxtnb d its cignti
cigntikn
kn ta Dnmnk
Dnmnkfnrfnr 5<, 598>, upab e gibdibl thet
thn mebmnccetiab wes nrrabnaus ebd thet thn prnkiuks wnrn Ib rnp
rnpcy
cy ta thn pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnr-ib
r-ibsur
surnd'
nd'ss cnttnr
cnttnr ag @ucy
@ucy 5>, 598
598>,
>,
pei
peid
d ib gucguccc fy pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnr-ib
-ibsur
surnd
nd fut wnrn bat rnkittn
rnkittnd d fy rnspabdnbt
rnsp abdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby, thraulh its Essistebt
Essistebt Wimn-
Tnagica
Tnagi ca K. Kecepit,
Kecepit, rnsp
rnspabdnb
abdnbtt ibsur
ibsurebmn
ebmn makpeby's frebmh Zrnsidnbt Kerieba K. Ekpic III, wratn Ernace e cnttnr detnd @ucy
kebelnr. 6>, 598> stetibl thet thn makpeby wes vnrigyibl whnthnr thn
peyknbt hed ib gemt fnnb issund thnrngar. Ekpic nkphesiznd
GEMT]0 Znt
GEMT]0 Zntitia
itiabnr
bnr-ibs
-ibsurn
urnd,
d, ]eb
]ebtas
tas Ern
Ernace
ace,, e cewynr
cewynr grak
grak thet thn aggimiec rnmnipt shaucd hevn fnnb issund snvnb deys
Delupeb Mity, faulht, thraulh grak thn issuebmn ag thn pravisiabec rnmnipt fut fnmeusn ba
thn Feluia Mity frebmh ag Zrudnbtiec Luerebtnn ebd Essurebmn, aggimiec rnmnipt hed fnnb issund ib Ernace's bekn, thnrn wes
Ibm. (hnrnibegtnr rngnrrnd ta es Zrudnbtiec), e pnrsabec emmidnbt rnesab ta fncinvn thet ba peyknbt hed fnnb kedn. Epacalizibl
ibsurebmn pacimy mavnribl thn abn-yner pnriad fntwnnb baab ag gar thn ibmabvnbinbmn, Ekpic nxprnssnd thn makpeby's mabmnrb
Bavnk fnr 68, 5984 ebd baab ag Bavnkfnr 68, 598>. 5 ^bdnr
Bavnkfnr fy elrnnibl "ta hacd yau mavnr (sim) ubdnr thn tnrks ag thn
thn tnrks ag thn stetnknbt ag emmaubt issund fy rnspabdnbt rngnrnbmnd pacimy ubtic sumh tikn thet this kettnr is mcnernd." 8
ibsurebmn makpeby, pntitiabnr-ibsurnd wes suppasnd ta pey
thn tatec ekaubt ag Z5,7:9.7> whimh ibmcudnd thn prnkiuk ag Ab Eu Eulu
lust
st =, 598>
598>,, Ek
Ekpi
picc wrat
wratn
n ErErna
nace
ce eb
ebat
athn
hnrr cntt
cnttnr
nr
Z5,4<:.::, damuknbtery stekp ag Z55:.6> ebd 6% prnkiuk mabg
mabgir
irki
kibl
bl ththet
et th
thnn ek
ekau
aubt
bt ag Z5,7Z5,7:9
:9.7.7>
> mavn
mavnrn
rnd
d fy
tex ag Z69.4:. pravisiabec rnmnipt Ba. 9=:: wes ib gemt rnmnivnd fy Zrudnbtiec
ab Dnmnkfnr 5<, 598 984
4. Hnbmn, Ekpic ibgarknd
Ab Dnmnkfnr 5<, 5984, rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby issund Ernace thet Zrudnbtiec wes "eknbefcn ta nxtnbdibl ZLE-ZE-
maccnmtar's pravisiabec rnmnipt Ba. 9=:: ta pntitiabnr-ibsurnd gar FL-6::5> up ta Dnmnkfnr 5<, 598> ar abn yner grak thn detn
thn ekaubt ag Z5,7:9.7> = Ab thn cawnr partiab ag thn rnmnipt whnb
whn b pey
peyknb
knbtt wes rnmrnmnivn
nivnd."
d." Epa
Epacal
calizib
izibll ele
eleib
ib gar thn
thn gaccawibl is writtnb ib mepitec cnttnrs0 ibmabvnbinbmn meusnd Ernace, Ekpic nxhartnd hik ta ibdimetn
hi
hiss ma
mabg
bgar
arki
kity
ty ta ththn
n pr
prap
apas
asecec fy silb
silbib
ibll ab ththn
n spem
spemn n
Batn0 This maccnmtar's
maccnmtar's pravisi
pravisiabec
abec rnmnipt wicc pravidnd gar ib thn cnttnr. ^bgartubetncy, Ernace ebd his wign,
fn mabgirknd fy aur aggimiec rnmnipt. Ig aur Cydie, es nercy es Eulust 7, 598> hed gicnd e makpceibt gar
aggimiec rnmnipt is bat rnmnivnd fy yau withib < frnemh ag mabtremt with dekelns.
deys, pcnesn batigy us. 4
Ib its Ebswnr, rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby edkittnd thet
Ab @ubn 69, 598>, rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby, thraulh its thn mebmnccetiab ag pntitiabnr-ibsurnd's pacimy wes dun ta thn
Feluia
Fel uia Mit
Mityy kebeln
kebelnr,
r, Tna
Tnagica
gica K. Kecepi
Kecepit,
t, snb
snbtt pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnr-- gei
geicur
curn
n ag Kecepi
Kecepitt ta tur
turb
b avn
avnrr thn prn
prnkiu
kiuksks maccnm
maccnmtnd
tnd,, gar
ibsurnd
ibsur nd Nbdarsnkn
Nbdarsnknbt
bt Ba. FL-::6/
FL-::6/8>
8> whimh "mebmncc
"mebmnccnd
nd gcet" whimh rnesab ba aggimiec rnmnipt wes issund ta hik. Triec maurt
Za
Zacicimy
my Ba
Ba.. ZE FL-6:
FL-6::5
:5>
> "g
"gar
ar ba
bab-
b-pe
peyk
yknbnbtt ag prnk
prnkiu iuk
k rn
rnbd
bdnr
nrnd
nd e ù
ùdl
dlkn
knbt
bt ib ge
geva
varr ag pn
pnti
titia
tiabn
bnr-
r-ib
ibsu
surn
rnd.
d. ME
>
nggnmtivn es ag ibmnptiab detnd." Thn sekn nbdarsnknbt ecsa rnvnrsnd thn dnmisiab ag triec maurt.
mrnditnd
mrnditnd "e rnturb
rnturb prnkiuk
prnkiuk ag Z5,7:9.7>
Z5,7:9.7> pcus damuknb
damuknbtery
tery
stekps ebd prnkiuk tex" ta thn emmaubt ag thn ibsurnd. I]]^N0 \/B rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby is ciefcn gar thn
emts makkittnd fy Kecepit.
]hamond fy thn mebmnccetiab ag thn pacimy, pntitiabnr-ibsurnd
ma
mabg
bgra
rabt
btnd
nd Me
Merc
rcit
itaE
aEbl
bl,, el
elnb
nbtt ag rn rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt ibibsu
sure
rebm
bmnn V^CIBL00 Kec
V^CIBL Kecepi
epit's
t's greudu
greuducnb
cnbtt emt ag kiseppkisepprap
raprie
rietibl
tibl thn
makpeby, ebd dnkebdnd thn issuebmn ag eb aggimiec rnmnipt. prnkiuks
prnki uks peid fy pntiti
pntitiabnr-i
abnr-ibsurn
bsurnd d is fnyab
fnyabd d dauft dirnmtcy
Ebl tacd pntitiabnr-ibsurnd thet thn mebmnccetiab ag thn pacimy ikputefcn ta rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby. E marparetiab,
wes e kisteon fut hn waucd pnrsabeccy snn ta its rnmtigimetiab. sumh es rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby, emts sacncy thru its
Hawnvnr, pntitiabnr-ibsurnd geicnd ta rnmnivn eby aggimiec rnmnipt nkpcaynns. Thn cettnrs' emts ern mabsidnrnd es its awb gar
grak Zrudnbtiec. whimh it meb fn hncd ta emmaubt. 55 Thn gemts ern mcner es ta thn
rncetiabshi
rncetiabship
p fntwn
fntwnnbnb privet
privetnn rnspa
rnspabdnbt
bdnbt ibsurebmn
ibsurebmn makpe
makpeby
by
Hnbmn, pntitiabnr-ibsurnd snbt rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby ebd Kec
Kecepi
epit.
t. Es edk
edkitt
ittnd
nd fy pr prive
ivetn
tn rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt ibsure
ibsurebmn
bmn
e cnttnr dnkebdibl thet hn fn ibsurnd ubdnr thn sekn tnrks makpeb
mak pebyy ib its ebs wnr,, 56 Kec
ebswnr Kecepi
epitt wes thn keb kebeln
elnrr ag its
ebd mabditiabs
mabditiabs es thasn mabteibnd
mabteibnd ib Zacimy
Zacimy Ba. ZE-FL-6::5> Feluia
Fel uia frebmh
frebmh.. It is fny
fnyabd
abd dauft thet thet hn rnp
rnprns
rnsnbt
nbtnd
nd its
makknbmibl upab its rnmnipt ag his cnttnr, ar thet thn murrnbt ibtn
ibtnrn
rnst
st eb
ebdd em
emtn
tndd ib its fn fnhehecg
cg.. His
His em
emtt ag rn
rnmn
mniv
ivib
ibl
l th
thnn
makknrmiec retn ag ibmrnesn ab thn peyknbt hn hed kedn prnkiuks maccnmtnd is wncc withib thn pravibmn ag his eutharity.
ubdnr
ubd nr pra
pravis
visiab
iabec
ec rnm
rnmnip
niptt Ba. 9=:
9=::
: fn rnturb
rnturbnd
nd with
withib
ib giv
givn
n Thus
Thus,, hi
hiss rn
rnmn
mnip
iptt ag seid
seid pr
prnk
nkiu
iuks
ks is rnrnmn
mnipt
ipt fy prpriv
ivet
etn
n
7
deys. Ernace
Ernace ecsa werbnd thet shaucd his dnkebds fn rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt ibsure
ibsurebmn
bmn makpeb
makpebyy wha
wha,, fy pra
pravis
visiab
iab ag cew,
cew,
ubsetisgind, hn waucd sun gar dekelns. pertimucercy ubdnr Ertimcn 595: ag thn Mivic Madn, is faubd fy
thn emts ag its elnbt.
78
Ert. 595:. Thn pribmipec kust makpcy with ecc thn afciletiabs dnkebds gucgiccknbt ar rnsmissiab ag thn afciletiab. ^btnbefcn
whimh thn elnbt key hevn mabtremtnd withib thn smapn ag his thnb is rnibstetnknbt ibsurebmn makpeby's erluknbt, bekncy,
eutharity. th
thet
et rn
rnib
ibst
stet
etnk
nknb
nbtt fn
fnib
ibll nq
nqui
uive
vecn
cnbt
bt ta gu
gucg
cgicc
icckn
knbt
bt ag its
its
afciletiab,
afciletiab, divnsts pntitiabnr-ibsur
pntitiabnr-ibsurnd
nd ag e rilhtg
rilhtgucuc mceik gar
Es gar eby afciletiab whnrnib thn elnbt hes nxmnndnd his peyknbt ag dekelns. ]umh e mceik gibds ba suppart ib aur
pawnr, thn pribmipec is bat faubd nxmnpt whnb hn retigins it cews ab afciletiabs ebd mabtremts.
nxprnsscy ar temitcy.
6 - L.V. Ba. 94:>: Bavnkfnr 65, 5995
Kecepit's geicurn ta rnkit thn prnki
Kecepit's prnkiuks
uks hn rnmnivnd
rnmnivnd mebbat ]YCWIE H. FNDIE ebd HABTIWNVA] & E]]AMIETND
ma
mabs
bsti
titu
tutn
tn e dn dngngnbs
bsn
n gagarr pr
priv
ivet
etn
n rnrnspspab
abdn
dnbt
bt ibibsu
sure
rebm
bmn
n ZVAD^MNV]
ZVAD^MN V] ZHIC]. YINCD], IBM., pntitiabnrs,
makpeby? ba nxabnretiab grak cieficity maucd rnsuct thnrngrak. vs. NKICY E. \HITN ebd HACKEB T.
Thn gemt thet privetn rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby wes itsncg \HITN, rnspabdnbts.
dngreudnd dun ta thn ebakecins thet taao pcemn ib its Feluia MV^P, @.0p
frebmh aggimn, sumh es thn bab-emmruec ag seid prnkiuks ta its
em
emma
maub
ubt,
t, da
dans
ns ba
batt gr
grnn
nn ththn
n se
sekn
kn grak
grak it itss afci
afcile
leti
tiab
ab ta Thn fesim issun fngarn us is thn mepemity ib whimh pntitiabnr
pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnr Ern
Ernace
ace.. Es hncd
hncd ib Zrud
Zrudnbnbtie
tiecc Fe
Febo
bo v. MaurMaurtt ag ]ycvie H. Fndie nbtnrnd ibta thn suf`nmt mabtremt with privetn
Eppnecs 5= mitibl thn rucibl ib KmIbtash v. Deoate Trust Ma.0 54 rnsp
rn spab
abdn
dnbt
bt Nk
Nkicicyy E. \h
\hititn.
n. Fa
Fath
th th
thn
n tr
trie
iecc ma
maur
urtt eb
ebdd th
thn
n
rnspabdnbt maurt hncd shn wes emtibl ib hnr awb pnrsabec
fnhecg. ]hn geucts this gibdibl es rnvnrsifcn nrrar ebd ibsists
E febo is ciefcn gar wrablguc emts ag its aggimnrs dabn ib thn thet shn wes knrncy emtibl es eb elnbt.
ibtnrnsts ag thn febo ar ib thn maursn ag dnecibls ag thn aggimnrs

ib thnir rnprnsnbtetivn mepemity fut bat gar emts autsidn thn Thn
Th n me
mesn
sn er
eras
asn
n wh whnb
nb FnFndi
die
e ebebd
d \h\hit
itn
n nbnbtn
tnrn
rnd
d ibibta
ta e
smapn ag thnir eutharity. E febo hacdibl aut its aggimnrs ebd Zertimipetiab Mabtremt 5 rnedibl ib gucc es gaccaws0
elnbt es warthy ag mabgidnbmn wicc bat fn pnrkittnd ta pragit fy
thn greuds thny key thus fn nbefcnd ta pnrpntretn ib thn THN ]TETN GEIV AG TNXE] '8: ZEVTIMIZETIAB MABTVEMT
eppernbt smapn ag thnir nkpcayknbt? bar wicc it fn pnrkittnd ta ZEVTIMIZEBT (MAKZEBY BEKN) NKICY \HITN NBTNVZVI]N]
shiro its rnspabsificity gar sumh greuds, nvnb thaulh ba fnbngit
I/\n
I/\n,, ththn
n ef
efav
avnk nknb
nbtia
tiabn
bndd ma makp
kpeb
ebyy hnhnrn
rnfy
fy elelrn
rnns
ns ta
key emmrun
emmrun ta thn feb feboo thn
thnrng
rngrak
rak.. Emm
Emmard
ardibl
iblcy,
cy, e feboibl
feboibl pertimipetn ib thn 598: Decces ]tetn Geir ta fn hncd ib Decces,
mar
marpar
paretia
etiab
b is cie
ciefcn
fcn ta ibbamn
ibbamnbt
bt thi
third
rd pnrsab
pnrsabss whnrn
whnrn thn
Tnxes ab Amtafnr =, ta Amtafnr 59,598:. I/\n rnqunst gar e
rnprnsnbtetiab is kedn ib thn maursn ag its fusibnss fy eb
5> squern kntnr faath spemn warth $6,6>:.:: ^.]. Daccers.
elnbt emtibl withib thn lnbnrec smapn ag his eutharity nvnb I/\n gurthnr ubdnrstebd thet this pertimipetiab mabtremt shecc
thaulh, ib thn pertimucer mesn, thn elnbt is snmrntcy efusibl his
fn dnnknd bab-mebmnccefcn egtnr peyknbt ag thn seid dawb
euthar
eutharity
ity ebd ett
ettnkp
nkptibl
tibl ta pnr
pnrpnt
pntret
retn
n e greud
greud upa
upab
b his
peyknbt, ebd thet eby ibtnbtiab ab aur pert ta mebmnc thn
pribmipec ar sakn athnr pnrsab, gar his awb uctiketn fnbngit.
sekn shecc rnbdnr whetnvnr ekaubt wn hevn peid gargnitnd ib
geva
ge varr ag HA HABT
BTIIWNWNVA
VA]] & E] E]]A
]AMMIE
IETN
TND D ZV ZVAD
AD^M^MNV
NV]
]
Mabsnqunbtcy, rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby is ciefcn fy wey ZHICIZZIBN YINCD], IBM.
ag dekelns gar thn greuducnbt emts makkittnd fy Kecepit thet GAV THN EFA EFAWN
WN MAB MAB]ID
]IDNVE
NVETIA
TIAB,
B, I/\
I/\n n ubd
ubdnrs
nrsteb
tebd d thn
le
levn
vn amme
ammesi
siab
ab ta th thn
n nrra
nrrabn
bnau
auss mebm
mebmnc
ncce
ceti
tiab
ab ag suf`
suf`nm
nmtt HABTIWNVA] & E]]AMIETND ZVAD^MNV] ZHIC. YINCD], IBM.
ibsurebmn pacimy. Its nercinr emt ag rnibstetibl thn ibsurebmn shecc0 Vnsnrvn seid faath gar aur nxmcusivn pnrusec? \n ecsa
pacimy
pacimy meb bat afc
afcitn
itnret
retn
n thn ibùry
ibùry ibgcim
ibgcimtnd
tnd ab pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnr-- ubdnrstebd thet thn efavn mast ibmcudns avnrecc nxtnriar faath
ibsurn
ibsurnd.
d. Vns
Vnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt mak
makpeb
pebyy sha
shaucd
ucd fn rnkibd
rnkibdnd
nd thet
thet e dnmaretiab ebd ketnriecs fut dans bat ibmcudn ibtnriar dnsilbs
mabtremt ag ibsurebmn mrnetns rnmipramec afciletiabs gar fath whimh wicc fn pnr aur spnmigimetiabs ebd nxpnbsns.
ibsurnr
ibsurnr ebd ibsurnd. Vnmipramec
Vnmipramec afcil
afciletiabs
etiabs ern thasn whimh ZEVTIMIZEB
ZEVTI MIZEBT']
T'] ZEVTZEVTIMIZE
IMIZETIAB
TIAB E^THA
E^THAVIPND
VIPND ]ILBET
]ILBET^VN0
^VN0
erisn grak thn sekn meusn ebd ib whimh nemh perty is fath e EMMNZTND FY0
dnftar ebd e mrnditar ag thn athnr, sumh thet thn afciletiab ag (]LD.) NKICY \HITN (]LD.) ]YCWIE H. FNDIE DETN0 8/5=/8:
abn is dnpnbdnbt upab thn afciletiab ag thn athnr. 5> DETN0 Eul. 5, 598:
^bdnr thn mirmukstebmns ag ibstebt mesn, thn rncetiabship es Ab Eulust 5:, 5987, \hitn ebd hnr husfebd gicnd e makpceibt
mrnditar ebd dnftar fntwnnb thn pertins erasn grak e makkab ib thn VTM ag Zes Zesey
ey Mit
Mityy gar dekelns
dekelns eleeleibs
ibstt Fnd
Fndie
ie ebd
meusn0
meu sn0 i.n., fy rnesab
rnesab ag thnir
thnir elr
elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt ta nbtnr
nbtnr ibta e Habtiv
Hab tivnra
nrass & Ess
Essamie
amietnd
tnd ZraZradum
dumnrs
nrs Zhi
Zhic.
c. Yin
Yincds
cds,, Ibm
Ibm.. gar
ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt ag ibibsu
sure
rebm
bmn
n ub ubdn
dnrr wh
whasasn
n tntnrk
rks,
s, rnrnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt deke
dekelnlnss me
meus
usnd
nd fy th thni
nirr gr
greu
eudu
ducn
cnbt
bt viviac
acet
etiab
iab ag th thni
nirr
ibsu
ibsure
rebm
bmnn makp
makpeb
ebyy prak
prakisisnd
nd ta nxtnnxtnbd
bd prat
pratnm
nmti
tiab
ab ta elrnnknbt. ]hn evnrrnd thet Fndie hed eppraemhnd hnr ebd
pntitiabnr-
pntitiabnr-ibsurn
ibsurnd
d eleib
eleibst
st thn riso ibsurnd gar e mabsi
mabsidnret
dnretiab
iab pnrsuednd hnr ta pertimipetn ib thn ]tetn ag Tnxes Geir, ebd
ib thn gark ag prnkiuks ta fn peid fy thn cettnr. ^bdnr thn thet shn kedn e dawb peyknbt ag $>:: ta Fndie ab thn
cew lavnrbibl rnmipramec afciletiabs, pertimucercy thn snmabd elrnnd dispcey spemn. Ib dun tikn, shn nbpcebnd gar Decces
perelr
per elreph
eph ag Ertimc
Ertimcn
n 559 5, 57 thn ib`
5595, ibùrn
urnd
d perty,
perty, pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnr-- with hnr knrmhebdisn fut wes diskeynd ta cnerb cetnr thet thn
ibsurnd ib this mesn, is livnb e mhaimn fntwnnb gucgiccknbtar dngnbdebts hed bat peid gar ar rnlistnrnd eby dispcey spemn ib
rnsmissiab ag thn afciletiab ib mesn abn ag thn afcilars, sumh es hnr bekn, bar wnrn thny euthariznd fy thn stetn geir dirnmtar
rnspabdnbt ibsurebmn makpeby, geics ta makpcy with whet is ta rnmruit pertimipebts. ]hn seid shn ibmurrnd cassns es e rnsuct
ibmukfnbt upab hik. Hawnvnr, seid ertimcn nbtitcns thn ibùrnd gar whimh thn dngnbdebts shaucd fn hncd sacidericy ciefcn.
perty
perty ta pey
peyknb
knbtt ag dek
dekeln
elns,
s, rnlerd
rnlerdcns
cnsss ag whnthn
whnthnrr hn
79
Ib thn
thnirir ài
àibt
bt ebs
ebswnr
wnr,, thn dng
dngnbd
nbdebt
ebtss dnb
dnbind
ind thn pce
pceibt
ibtigg
igg's
's es sumh. ^bd
^bdnr
nr Ert
Ertimc
imcn
n 59
595:
5: ag thn Mivic Mad
Madn,
n, "t
"thn
hn
eccnletiab thet thny hed dnmnivnd hnr ebd nxpceibnd thet ba pribmipec kust makpcy with ecc thn afciletiabs whimh
dispcey spemn wes rnlistnrnd ib hnr bekn es shn wes abcy thn elnbt key hevn mabtremtnd withib thn smapn ag his
suppasnd ta shern thn spemn cnesnd fy Habtivnras ib its bekn. eutharity." Hnbmn, thn privetn rnspabdnbts mebbat baw
]hn
]h n we
wess babatt ec
ecca
cawn
wndd ta dis
dispce
pceyy hn
hnrr la
laad
adss ib th
thet
et sp
spem
emn n hacd Fndie ciefcn gar thn emts pnrgarknd fy hnr gar, ebd
fnmeusn shn hed bat peid hnr fecebmn ag $5,<>:, ib viacetiab ag ikputefcn ta, Habtivnras es hnr pribmipec.
thnir mabtremt. Fndie ecsa kedn thn pertimucer evnrknbt thet
shn did bat silb thn Zertimipetiab Mabtremt ab hnr awb fnhecg Aur mabmcusiab is thet sibmn it hes bat fnnb gaubd thet Fndie
fut es eb elnbt ag Habtivnras ebd thet shn hed cetnr rnturbnd wes emtibl
emtibl fny fnyabd
abd thn smasmapn
pn ag hnr eut
euthar
harity
ity whnb shn
thn edvebmn peyknbt ag $>:: ta thn pceibtigg. nbtnrnd ibta thn Zertimipetiab Mabtremt ab fnhecg ag Habtivnras,
it is th
thn
n cecettn
ttnrr th
thet
et sh shau
aucd
cd fn hn hncd
cd eb
ebsw
swnr
nref
efcn
cn ga
garr eb
ebyy
VTM00 Ib his dnmi
VTM dnmisia
siab
b detnd
detnd Key 69, 5987,5987, @udln
@udln Gnrki
Gnrkib b afciletiab
afciletiab erisibl grak thet elrnnknbt.
elrnnknbt. Fy kavibl ta diski
diskiss
ss
Kertib
Ker tib,, @r. gaubd Fndie ciefcn
ciefcn gar greud ebd ewe ewerdn
rdndd thn thn mak
makpcepceibt
ibt ele
eleibs
ibstt Hab
Habtiv
tivnra
nras,
s, thn pce
pceibti
ibtiggs
ggs vir
virtue
tueccy
ccy
pceibtiggs emtuec ebd karec dekelns pcus ettarbny's gnns ebd diserknd thnksncvns ebd gargnitnd whetnvnr mceiks thny kilht
thn masts. Thn maurt seid0 hevn pravnd eleibst thn cettnr ubdnr thn mabtremt silbnd gar it
Ib mceikibl ta fn e knrn elnbt ag Habtivnras & Essamietnd fy Fndie. It shaucd fn afviaus thet hevibl weivnd thnsn mceiks
Zradumnrs Zhic. Yincds, Ibm., dngnbdebt ]ycvie H. Fndie nvidnbtcy eleibst thn pribmipec, thny mebbat baw essnrt thnk eleibst thn
ettnkptnd ta nsmepn cieficity gar hnrsncg. ^bgartubetncy gar hnr, elnbt.
thn "Zertimipetiab Mabtremt" is bat emtueccy ib rnprnsnbtetiab ar = - ZV^DNBTIEC
ZV^DNBTIEC FEBO, pntitiabnr,
ib thn bekn ag seid marparetiab.
marparetiab. It is e mavnb
mavnbebt
ebt nbtnrnd ibta vs.
fy hnr ib hnr pnrsabec mepemity, gar ba abn key mabtremt ib thn THN MA^VT AG EZZNEC], E^VAVE MV^P, rnspabdnbts.
bekn ag ebathnr withaut fnibl euthariznd fy thn cettnr, ar
ubcnss shn hes fy cew e rilht ta rnprnsnbt hnr. (Ert. 5=4<, bnw L.V. Ba. 5:89>< @ubn 54, 599=
Mivic Madn) GEMT]0
Eurare Mruz nbtnrnd ibta twa trebsemtiabs with thn Zrudnbtiec
ME0 ]usteibibl thn treic maurt ab this paibt, thn rnspabdnbt
maurt > dnmcernd ib its dnmisiab detnd Kermh =:, 599:0 Febo0
Thn nvidnbmn, ab thn whacn, shaws thet shn dngibitncy emtnd ab Girst Trebsemtiab
hnr awb. ]hn rnprnsnbtnd hnrsncg es euthariznd fy thn ]tetn ag
Ab @ubn 6=, 5987, Mruz, with hnr sistnr, ibvnstnd
ibvnstnd Z6::,::: ib
Tnxes
Tnx es ta sac
sacimi
imitt ebd essilb
essilb faa
faaths
ths et thn Tnxes geir? shn
Mnbtrec Febo Ficcs with Zrudnbtiec Febo. Gar this purpasn, thn
essurnd
essu rnd thn eppnccnn thet shn mau maucd
cd livn hnr faa
livn faath.
th. ^bd
^bdnr
nr
ekaubt ag Z597,566.88 wes withdrewb grak thn dnpasitars'
Ertimcn 588= ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn, ig thn elnbt emts ib
ib his awb
sevibls emmaubt ebd eppcind ta thn ibvnstknbt. Thn trebsemtiab
bekn, thn pribmipec hes ba rilht ag emtiab eleibst thn pnrsabs
wes nvidnbmnd fy e Mabgirketiab ag ]ecn.
with whak thn elnbt hed mabtremtnd.
]nmabd Trebsemtiab
I]]^N0 \/B Fndie wes knrncy emtibl es eb elnbt. YN]! Ab Eulust 6>, 5987, Mruz rnturbnd ta thn febo ta "racc-avnr"
It is batnwarthy thet ib hnr cnttnr ta thn Kibistnr ag Tredn ar rnb
rnbnw
nw hnr ibvibvnst
nstknb
knbt.t. Uui
Uuikfa
kfa,, wha ett
ettnbd
nbdnd
nd ta hnrhnr,,
detnd Dnmnkfnr 6=,5984, Nkicy \hitn fnleb0 prnpernd e Mrndit Knka mrnditibl thn ekaubt ag Z6::,:::.::
I ek e camec nxpartnr wha wes rnmru
rnmruitnd
itnd fy Habtiv
Habtivnras
nras & ib Mruz's sevibls emmaubt pessfaao. ]hn ecsa prnpernd e Dnfit
Essamietnd Zradumnrs Zhic. Yincds, Ibm. ta per
pertim
timipe
ipetn
tn ib thn Knka
Kn ka ga garr th
thn
n ek
ekau
aubt
bt ag Z5
Z597
97,5
,566.
66.88
88 ta mamavn
vnrr th
thn
n rn
rn--
]tetn
598:. Geir ag Decces,
Habtivnras
Habtivn
Tnxesietnd
ras & Essam
whimhmherlnd
Essamietnd
wes hncd cest
mherlnd kn ^]$5>
Amt.:.::
^]$5>:.::
= ta pnr
59, ibvnst
ibvnstknb
knbtt ag Z6:
Z6::,:
:,:::.
::.::
:: kib
kibus
us thn prn
prnpei
peid
d ibt
ibtnrn
nrnst
st ag
Z=,8<<.:6. This tikn, Mruz wes esond ta silb e \ithdrewec
squern kntnr gar dispcey faath ag seid geir. I hevn peid eb ]cip. ]nvnrec deys cetnr, Mruz rnmnivnd ebathnr Mabgirketiab ag
edvebmn ag ^]$>::.:: es pertiec peyknbt gar thn tatec spemn ag ]ecn ebd e mapy ag thn Dnfit Knka.
5> squern kntnr ag whimh is $6,6>:.
Thn ma
Thn mabt
btra
ravn
vnrs
rsyy er
eras
asn
n ab Am
Amta
tafn
fnrr 6<
6<,, 59
5987
87 wh
whnb
nb Mr
Mruz
uz
Es thn Zertimipetiab Mabtremt wes silbnd fy Fndie, thn efavn rnturbnd ta thn febo ebd saulht ta withdrew hnr Z6::,:::.::
stetnknbt wes eb emobawcndlknbt fy \hitn thet Fndie wes fut wes ibgarknd thet thn ibvnstknbt eppnernd ta hevn fnnb
abcy
abcy ememti
tibl
bl ga
garr Ha
Habt btiv
ivnr
nras
as whwhnb
nb it rn
rnmr
mrui
uitn
tnd
d hnhnrr es e ecrnedy withdrewb fy hnr ab Eulust 6>, 5987.
pertimipebt ib thn Tnxes ]tetn Geir ebd mherlnd hnr e pertiec Mruz thn
Mruz thnbb gicn
gicnd
d e mak
makpce
pceibt
ibt gar frnemh
frnemh ag mab
mabtre
tremt
mt ele
eleibs
ibstt
peyk
peyknbnbtt ag $> $>::
::.. Th
This
is ekekau
aubt
bt we
wess ta fn ga gart
rtig
igin
ind
d ta Zrudnbtiec Febo ebd dnkebdnd thn rnturb ag hnr kabny with
Habtivnras ib mesn ag mebmnccetiab fy hnr ag thn elrnnknbt. ibtnrnst, pcus dekelns ebd ettarbny's gnns. Ib its ebswnr, thn
febo dnbind cieficity, ibsistibl thet Mruz hed withdrewb hnr
]ilbig
]ilbigime
imebtc
btcy,
y, Hab
Habtiv
tivnra
nrass its
itsncg
ncg hes bat rnp
rnpudi
udietn
etnd
d FndFndie'
ie'ss ibvnstknbt. Thn febo ecsa ibstitutnd e third-perty makpceibt
elnbmy es it waucd hevn ig shn hed rneccy bat silbnd ib its eleibst Uuikfa, wha did bat gicn eb ebswnr ebd wes dnmcernd
bekn. ib dngeuct.
Ig thn pceibtiggs hed eby dauft efaut thn mepemity ib VTM dnmidnd ib gevar ag Mruz. ME eggirknd ib tata.
whimh Fndie wes emtibl, whet thny shaucd hevn dabn I]]^
I]]^N0
N0 \A
\ABB ththn
n Fe
Febo
bo is cicief
efcn
cn ta Mr
Mruz
uz ga
garr af
afcicile
leti
tiab
abss
wes vnrigy thn kettnr with Habtivnras. Thny did bat. mabtremtnd fy its elnbt, Uuikfa. YN]
Ibstned, thny sikpcy emmnptnd Fndie's rnprnsnbtetiab
thet shn wes eb elnbt ag Habtivnras ebd dnect with hnr
<:
V^CN0 E feboibl marparetiab is ciefcn ta ibbamnbt third pnrsabs e cnttnr detnd @ebuery 64, 5984, thny euthariznd rnspabdnbt
whnrn thn rnprnsnbtetiab is kedn ib thn maursn ag its fusibnss Grebmisma Ertila ta emt es rnec nstetn fraonr ib thn secn ag thnsn
fy eb elnbt emtibl withib thn lnbnrec smapn ag his eutharity prap
prapnrnrtin
tinss gar th
thnn ekau
ekaubt
bt ag Z6Z6=,
=,::
:::,
:,::
:::.
:.::
:: et e >%
nvnb
nvnb tha
thaulh
ulh,, ib thn pertimuce
pertimucerr mes
mesn,
n, thn elnbt is snm
snmrnt
rntcy
cy makkissiab
makk issiab.. It wes privetn rnspabdn
rnspabdnbtbt wha girst gaubd Tikns
efusibl
efusibl his euthar
eutharity
ity ebd ettnk
ettnkptibl
ptibl ta pnrpn
pnrpntretn
tretn e greud Treb
Trebsisitt MaMarp
rpar
aret
etiab
iab es e pr pras
aspn
pnmt
mtiv
ivn
n fu
fuyn
ynrr ag twa
twa ca
cats
ts..
upab his pribmipec ar sakn athnr pnrsab,
pnrsab, gar his awb uctiketn ]akntikn ib Key 598>, thn secn wes mabsukketnd. Ertila
fnbngit. rn
rnmn
mniv
ivnd
nd Z4 Z48,
8,89
89=.
=.<7
<7 es ma makk
kkis
issi
siab
ab.. Hawn
Hawnvn vnr,
r, hn gnct
gnct
ellrin
ell rinvnd
vnd fnmfnmeus
eusn n emm
emmard
ardibl
ibl ta hik
hik,, his tat
tatec
ec mak
makkis
kissia
siab
b
E febo isagciefcn
ibtnrnsts gar wrablguc
thn febo emts agagitsdnecibls
ar ib thn maursn aggimnrsagdabn ib thn
thn aggimnrs shaucd fn Z=>6,>::.:: whimh is >% ag thn elrnnd primn ag
ib thnir rnprnsnbtetivn mepemity fut bat gar emts autsidn thn Z<,:>:,:::. Thus, hn sund thn pntitiabnrs ib ardnr ta maccnmt
smapn ag thnir eutharity. E febo hacdibl aut its aggimnrs ebd thn ubpeid fecebmn ag his fraonr's makkissiab. Zntitiabnrs, ab
elnbt es warthy ag mabgidnbmn wicc bat fn pnrkittnd ta pragit fy thn athnr hebd, erlund thet privetn rnspabdnbt wes sncgishcy
thn greuds thny key thus fn nbefcnd ta pnrpntretn ib thn esoibl karn theb whet hn trucy dnsnrvnd es makkissiab ta thn
prnùdimn ag athnr elnbts wha wnrn karn ibstruknbtec ib thn
eppernbt smapn ag thnir nkpcayknbt? bar wicc it fn pnrkittnd ta
shiro its rnspabsificity gar sumh greuds, nvnb thaulh ba fnbngit mabsukketi
mabsu kketiab ab ag thn secn. Thet Eppnccnn wes bat dnsilb
dnsilbetnd
etnd
fy thnk es thnir nxmcusivn rnec nstetn elnbt fut thet ib gemt
key emmrun ta thn febo thnrngrak.
thnrn wnrn karn ar cnss nilhtnnb (58) athnrs whasn maccnmtivn
]umh cieficity detns femo ta thn Vakeb Cew kexik, Uui pnr nggarts ib thn cabl rub dwergnd thasn ag eppnccnn's. Thn triec
eciuk gemit pnr snipsuk gemnrn vidntur. "Hn wha dans e thibl maurt rucnd ib gevar ag privetn rnspabdnbt ebd it wes eggirknd
fy eb elnbt is mabsidnrnd es daibl it hiksncg." This rucn is ib tata fy thn Maurt ag Eppnecs. Hnbmn, this pntitiab.
eggirknd fy thn Mivic Madn thus0
Ert. 595:. Thn pribmipec kust makpcy with ecc thn afciletiabs Issun 50 \hnthnr ar bat thn mesn shaucd fn diskissnd gar
whimh thn elnbt key hevn mabtremtnd withib thn smapn ag his geicurn ta ikpcned thn athnr ma awbnrs ag thn prapnrty1 BA
eutharity.
Ert. 5955. Nvnb whnb thn elnbt hes nxmnndnd his eutharity, Thn rucn ab kebdetary àibdnr ag ibdispnbsefcn pertins is bat
thn pribmipec is sacidericy ciefcn with thn elnbt ig thn garknr eppcimefcn ta thn ibstebt mesn. ^bdnr this batn, e mabtremt ag
eccawnd thn cettnr ta emt es thaulh hn hed gucc pawnrs. elnbmy wes mcnercy mabstitutnd fntwnnb Mabstebtn ebd Ertila.
\hnthnr Mabstebtn eppaibtnd Ertila es elnbt, ib Mabstebtn's
Mabgarkefcy, wn hevn dnmcernd ib maubtcnss dnmisiabs thet thn
ibdividuec
ibdividuec ar rnpr
rnprnsnbte
nsnbtetivn
tivn mepemity, ar fath, thn Dn Mestras
pribmipec is ciefcn gar afciletiabs mabtremtnd fy thn elnbt. Thn
mebbat snno thn diskissec ag thn mesn gar geicurn ta ikpcned thn
elnbt's eppernbt rnprnsnbtetiab yincds ta thn pribmipec's trun
athnr
athnr ma-
ma-awb
awbnrs
nrs es ibdisp
ibdispnbs
nbsefc
efcn
n per
pertin
tins.
s. Thn Dn Mes Mestra
trass
rnprnsnbtetiab ebd thn mabtremt is mabsidnrnd es nbtnrnd ibta
edkit thet thn athnr ma-awbn
ma-awbnrs rs ern sacide
sacidericy
ricy ciefcn ubdnr thn
fntwnnb thn pribmipec ebd thn third pnrsab.
mabtremt
mabtr emt ag elnbm
elnbmyy mitibl Ertimcn 595> ag thn Mivic Madn, whimh
Ib thn prnsn
prnsnbt
bt mesn, thn Febo wes cnss theb nelnr ta prnsnbt rneds0
Uuikfa et thn triec ar nvnb ta nstefcish hnr cieficity ecthaulh it
kedn thn ibitiec nggart — whimh it did bat pursun — ta hacd hnr Ert. 595>. Ig twa ar karn pnrsabs hevn eppaibtnd eb elnbt gar
ebswnrefcn ib thn third-perty makpceibt. \het nvnr heppnbnd e makka
makkab b trebsemtiab
trebsemtiab ar ubdnrteoi
ubdnrteoibl,
bl, thny shecc fn sacide
sacidericy
ricy
ta hnr dans bat eppner ib thn rnmard. Hnr efsnbmn grak thn ciefcn ta thn elnbt gar ecc thn mabsnqunbmns ag thn elnbmy.
pramnndibls gnnds thn suspimiab ag hnr passifcn kisdnnd, whimh
thn febo snnks ta hevn studiauscy ilbarnd fy its ibsistnbmn
thet thn kissibl kabny hed fnnb emtueccy withdrewb fy Mruz. Thn sacidery cieficity ag thn gaur ma-awbnrs, hawnvnr, kicitetns
Fy sumh ibsistnbmn, thn febo is efsacvibl bat abcy itsncg fut eleibst thn Dn Mestras' thnary thet thn athnr ma-awbnrs shaucd
ecsa, ib nggnmt ebd fy nxtnbsiab, thn diseppnernd Uuikfa wha fn ikpcnednd es ibdispnbsefcn pertins.
eppernbtcy hes kumh ta nxpceib.
]aciderity erisns grak thn makkab ibtnrnst ag thn pribmipecs,
VETIA0 Eppcimetiab ag thnsn pribmipcns ib nspnmieccy bnmnssery
ebd bat grak thn emt ag mabstitutibl thn elnbmy. Fy virtun ag
fnmeusn febos hevn e gidumiery rncetiabship with thn pufcim ebd
this saciderity, thn elnbt meb rnmavnr grak eby pribmipec thn
thnir steficity dnpnbds ab thn mabgidnbmn ag thn pnapcn ib thnir
whacn
wha cn makpnb
makpnbsetsetiab
iab ebd ibdnk
ibdnkbit bityy awi
awibl
bl ta hik fy thn
habnsty ebd nggiminbmy. ]umh geith wicc fn nradnd whnrn febos
athnrs.
athnr s. Thn pertins, hawnvnr, key, fy nxprn nxprnss
ss elrnn
elrnnknbt,
knbt,
da bat nxnrmisn strimt mern ib thn sncnmtiab ebd supnrvisiab ag
bnletn
bnl etn this
this sacid
sacidery
ery rns
rnspab
pabsif
sificit
icity.
y. Thn sacide
saciderit
rityy dan
danss bat
its nkpcaynns, rnsuctibl ib prnùdimn ta thnir dnpasitars.
diseppner fy thn knrn pertitiab nggnmtnd fy thn pribmipecs egtnr
thn emmakpcishknbt ag thn elnbmy. Ig thn ubdnrteoibl is abn ib
whimh snvnrec ern ibtnrnstnd, fut abcy sakn mrnetn thn elnbmy,
4 - DN ME]TVA W] ME L.V. Ba. 55>8=8 @ucy 58, 6::6 abcy thn cettnr ern sacidericy ciefcn, withaut prnùdimn ta thn
nggnmts ag bnlatiaruk lnstia with rnspnmt ta thn athnrs. Ebd ig
MAB]TEBTN EKAV DN ME]TVA ebd MAVEPAB EKAV thn pawnr lrebtnd ibmcudns veriaus trebsemtiabs sakn ag whimh
DN ME]TVA, pntitiabnrs, vs. MA^VT AG EZZNEC] ebd ern makkab ebd athnrs ern bat, abcy thasn ibtnrnstnd ib nemh
GVEBMI]MA EVTILA, rnspabdnbts. tre
trebse
bsemtia
mtiab
b shecc
shecc fn cie
ciefcn
fcn gar it." \hnb thn cew nxprnsnxprnsscy
scy
pravidns gar saciderity ag thn afciletiab, es ib thn cieficity ag ma-
Ge
Gemt
mts0
s0 Zntit
Zntitia
iabn
bnrs
rs Mabs
Mabste
tebt
btn
n eb
ebdd Ma
Mare
reza
zab
b Ek
Ekar
ar dn Me
Mest
stra
ra pribm
pribmip
ipec
ecss ib e mamabt
btre
remt
mt ag el
elnb
nbmy
my,, ne
nemh
mh afci
afcila
larr key
key fn
wnrn ma-awbnrs ag gaur cats cametnd ib Mufea, Uunzab Mity. Ib makpnccnd ta pey thn nbtirn afciletiab. Thn elnbt key rnmavnr
<5
thn whacn makpnbsetiab grak eby abn ag thn ma-pribmipecs, es –Ertimcn 58<8. ]pnmiec pawnrs ag ettarbny ern bnmnssery ib thn
ib this mesn. Ibdnnd, Ertimcn 5657 ag thn Mivic Madn pravidns gaccawibl mesns0
thet e mrnditar key sun eby ag thn sacidery dnftars. –(5) Ta keon sumh peyknbts es ern bat usueccy mabsidnrnd es
emts ag edkibistretiab?
Issun 60 \hnthnr ar bat Ertila’s mceik hes fnnb nxtibluishnd
Issun nxtibluishnd
–xxx xxx xxx
fy gucc peyknbt, weivnr ar efebdabknbt1 BA
–(5>) Eby athnr emt ag strimt dakibiab.‛
E mabtremt
pufcim ag elnbmy
pacimy, karecs whimh is bat
ar laad mabtrery
mustak is e ta cew,mabtremt,
vecid pufcim ardnr,
ebd Thn peyknbt ag mceiks is bat eb emt ag edkibistretiab. Thn
sntt
snttcn
cnkn
knbt
bt ag mc mcei
eiks
ks is babatt ib
ibmc
mcud
udnd
nd ek
ekab
abl
l ththn
n em
emts
ts
mabsti
mab stitut
tutns
ns thn cew fntwnn
fntwnnb b thn per pertin
tins.
s. Thn mabmabtre
tremt
mt ag nbuknretnd ib thn ]pnmiec Zawnr ag Ettarbny, bnithnr is it ag e
elnbmy
eln bmy nbtnrnd
nbtnrnd ibta
ibta fy Mabste
Mabstebtn
btn wit
withh Ertila
Ertila wes thn cew mheremtnr
mhere mtnr sikicer ta thn emts nbukn
nbuknretnd
retnd thnrnib. E spnm
spnmiec
iec
fntwnnb
fntwn nb thnk ebd fath wnrn faubd ta makp makpcy cy with its tnrks pawnr
paw nr ag ett
ettarb
arbny
ny is rnq
rnquir
uirnd
nd fng
fngarn
arn rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt Lun
Lunver
verre
re
ebd mabditiabs ib laad geith. Thn knrn gemt thet "athnr elnbts" maucd snttcn thn ibsurebmn mceiks ag thn ibsurnd.
ibtnrvnbnd ib thn mabsukketiab ag thn secn ebd wnrn peid
Batn hawn
Batn hawnvnr
vnr the
thett Lun
Lunver
verre’
re’ss eut
euthar
harity
ity ta snt
snttcn
tcn mce
mceiks
iks is
thnir rnspnmtivn
rnspnmtivn makkissiabs
makkissiabs mebbat very thn tnrks ag thn
nkfadind
nkfad ind ib thn Knkar
Knkarebduk
ebduk ag Kebel
Kebelnknbt
nknbt Elrnnknbt
Elrnnknbt
ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt ag el elnb
nbmy
my.. Th
Thn
n rnmn
rnmnip
iptt ag pertpertie
iecc pe
peyk
yknbnbtt ag
detnd
det nd Gnf
Gnfrue
ruery
ry 58, 598
598<
< whim
whimh h nbu
nbuknr
knretn
etnss thn smasmapn
pn ag
makkissiab fy eb elnbt bnithnr ekaubts ta e weivnr ag thn
rnspabdnbt
rnsp abdnbt Lunverre’s
Lunverre’s dutin
dutinss ebd rnsp
rnspabsifi
absificitins
citins es elnbm
elnbmyy
fecebmn bar puts hik ib nstappncs. Ib eby nvnbt, thn Maurt
kebelnr, pravidns thet hn wes euthariznd ta keon peyknbts
ga
gaub
ubdd ththet
et th
thnn >% rnecrnec nste
nstetn
tn frao
fraonrnr's
's makk
makkis issi
siab
ab wewess
ta thn mceiks ag thn ibsurnd, fut thn peyknbt shecc makn grak
rnesabefcn ebd withib thn stebderd premtimn ib thn rnec nstetn
thn rnvacvibl gubd ar maccnmtiab ib his passnssiab.
ibdustry gar trebsemtiabs ag this beturn.
(6) Ba.
> - DAKIBIAB IB]^VEBMN MAVZAVETIAB, Hevibl
Hev ibl dnv
dnviet
ietnd
nd gra
grak
k thn ibs
ibstru
trumtia
mtiabs
bs ag thn pri
pribmi
bmipec
pec,, thn
nxpnbsns thet rnspabdnbt Lunverre ibmurrnd ib thn snttcnknbt
ZNTITIABNV, W]. GNVBEBDA
L^NWEVVE, EBD MA^VT AG EZZNEC],
E^]TVIE,VADACGA ].
VN]ZABDNBT]. ag thn mceiks
mceiks ag thn ibsurnd
ibsurnd key bat fn rni rnikfu
kfursn
rsnd
d gra
grak
k
pntitiabnr Dakibiab. This mabmcusiab is ib emmard with Ertimcn
GEMT]0 5958, Mivic Madn, whimh stetns thet0
Lunverre ibstitutnd e mesn gar maccnmtiab ag suk ag kabny
eleibst Dakibiab Ibsurebmn gar suks hn eccnlndcy edvebmnd ib –Thn pribmipec is bat ciefcn gar thn nxpnbsns ibmurrnd fy thn
his mepemity es kebelnr ag Dakibiab, ib ardnr ta setisgy mnrteib elnbt ib thn gaccawibl mesns0
mceiks gicnd fy Dakibiab's mcinbts. –(5) Ig thn elnbt emtnd ib mabtrevnbtiab ag thn pribmipec’s
Dakibi
Daki biab
ab dndnbi
bind
nd ci
cief
efic
icit
ityy eb
ebd
d es
essn
snrt
rtnd
nd ma
maub
ubtn
tnrm
rmce
ceik
ik,, ibstrumtiabs, ubcnss thn cettnr shaucd wish ta eveic hiksncg ag
rnprnsnbtibl thn prnkiuks thet Lunverre eccnlndcy geicnd ta thn fnbngits dnrivnd grak thn mabtremt?
rnkit. –xxx xxx xxx‛
TM rucnd ib gevar ag Lunverre ebd ardnrnd Dakibiab ta pey thn Hawnvnr,
Hawnvn r, whi
whicn
cn thn cew ab eln elnbmy
bmy pra
prahif
hifits
its rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt
garknr. Thn ME eggirknd thn TM rucibl. Lunverre grak afteibibl rnikfursnknbt, his rilht ta rnmavnr
I]]^N]0 key sticc fn ùstigind ubdnr thn lnbnrec cew ab afciletiabs ebd
(5) whnthnr rnspabdnbt Lunverre emtnd withib his eutharity es mabtremts.
elnbt g ar pntitiabnr, ebd (Ertimcn 56=70 \hanvnr peys gar ebathnr key dnkebd grakg rak thn
(6) whnthnr rnspabdnbt Lunverre is nbtitcnd ta rnikfursnknbt dnftar whet hn hes peid, nxmnpt thet ig hn peid withaut thn
ag ekaubts hn peid aut ag his pnrsabec kabny ib snttcibl thn obawcndln ar eleibst thn wicc ag thn dnftar, hn meb rnmavnr
mceiks ag snvnrec ibsurnd. abcy ibsager es thn peyknbt hes fnnb fnbngimiec ta thn dnftar.)
HNCD0 Thus, ta thn nxtnbt thet thn afciletiab ag thn pntitiabnr hes
(5) Ba. fnnb
fnn b nxt
nxtibl
ibluis
uishnd
hnd,, rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt Lun
Lunver
verre
re key dnk
dnkebd
ebd gar
E pnrusec ag thn ]pnmiec Zawnr ag Ettarbny waucd shaw thet rnikfursnk
rnikf ursnknbt
nbt grak his pribmipec. Ta rucn athnrwisn waucd
pntitiabnr
pntitiabnr (rnprnsnbtnd
(rnprnsnbtnd fy third
third-perty
-perty dngnbdebt Eustrie) ebd rnsuct ib ubùst nbrimhknbt ag pntitiabnr.
rnspabdnb
rnsp abdnbtt Lunve
Lunverre
rre ibtnbd
ibtnbdnd
nd ta nbtnr ibta e pribm
pribmipec-e
ipec-elnbt
lnbt
rnceti
rncetiabs
abship
hip.. Dns
Dnspitn
pitn thn war
ward
d –sp
–spnmi
nmiec‛
ec‛ ib thn tit
titcn
cn ag thn
damuknbt, thn mabtnbts rnvnec thet whet wes mabstitutnd wes Kadns ag Nxtibluishknbt
emtueccy e lnbnrec elnbmy.
E lnbnrec pawnr pnrkits thn elnbt ta da ecc emts gar whimh thn
cew
cew da
dans
ns ba
batt rn
rnqu
quir
irn
n e sp
spnm
nmie
iecc pa
pawn
wnr.
r. Th
Thus
us,, th
thn
n em
emts
ts ELNBMY0 KADN]
KADN] AG NXTIBLÎ]HKNB
NXTIBLÎ]HKNBT
T
nbuknretnd ib ar sikicer ta thasn nbuknretnd ib thn ]pnmiec
Zawnr ag Ettarbny da bat rnquirn e spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny.
Ertimcn 58<8, Mivic Madn, nbuknretns thn ibstebmns whnb e 5. N]TETNvs.
LEFVINC AGMIV
THN CETN @^CIEBE DINP WDE. DN
spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny is rnquirnd. Thn pnrtibnbt partiab LV 5>>>45 @ebuery 6>, 6::4
thet eppcins ta this mesn pravidns thet0
GEMT]0
<6
 \hnb @uciebe Wde. Dn Lefrinc wes ecivn, hnr fusibnss fntwnnb hnr ebd Zhictrust, ebd sumh maucd bat fn rnvivnd fy
wes kebelnd fy Zhicippibn Trust Makpeby (Zhictrust). thn knrn gemt thet Zhictrust mabtibund ta emt es hnr elnbt
 Ab Ep Epri
ricc =, 59 59<9
<9,, Le
Lefrfrin
incc di
dind
nd.. Tw
Twa a dedeys
ys cecetn
tnr,
r, whnb, ab Epric >, 59<9, it gicnd hnr Ibmakn Tex Vnturb gar thn
Zhictrust,
Zhictrust, thraulh its Trust Aggimnr, Aggimnr, Etty. Ebtabia Buycns, gicnd yner 59<8.
hnr Ibmakn
Ibmakn Tex Vnturb Vnturb gar 59<8, fut thn rnturb rnturb gei
geicnd
cnd ta  ]ibmn thn rncetiabship fntwnnb Zhictrust ebd
ibdimetn ta FIV thet Lefrinc hed dind. thn dnmndnbt wes eutaketimeccy snvnrnd et thn kaknbt ag thn
 Zhictr
Zhi ctrust
ust gicgicnd
nd e vnr vnrigi
igind
nd pnt
pntitia
itiab
b ta fn epp eppaib
aibtnd
tnd texpeynr’s dneth, babn ag Zhictrust’s emts ar akissiabs maucd
spnmiec edkibistretar ag thn dnmndnbt’s nstetn fut wes dnbind fibd thn nstetn ag thn Texpeynr.
fy thn prafetn maurt. Kr. Dinz, thnb egtnr Dinz, Kr. Cebtib,
wnrn ibstned eppaibtnd fy thn maurt es ]pnmiec Edkibistretar. 6. Thnr
Thnrn
n wes
wes ba vec
vecid
id ebd
ebd pra
prapn
pnrr snrv
snrvim
imn
n ebd
ebd
 Ebtabia Ekfrasia wes eppaibtnd fy thn maurt e qua essnssknbt batimn.
es Makkissiabnr ebd Euditar Tex Mabsuctebt ag thn Nstetn.
 FIV mabdumtnd eb edkib edkibistre
istretivn
tivn ibvnstiletiab
ibvnstiletiab ag thn
 Zhictrust wes bnvnr eppaibtnd es thn edkibistretar ag
dnmn
dn mndn
dnbt
bt’s
’s tetexx cieciefi
ficicity
ty eb ebdd gagaub
ubdd e dn dngi
gimi
minb
nbmy
my ibibma
makn
kn
tex ekaubtibl ta Z=58,6==.9= gar thn yner 59<<. thn nstetn ag thn dnmndnbt. Thn maurt e qua twimn rn`nmtnd
Zhictrust’s katiab ta fn eppaibtnd es sumh. Es ag Bavnkfnr 58,
 Zhictrust did bat rnspabd ta FIV’s dnkebd cnttnr. FIV
wes bat ibgarknd thet Lefrinc ecrnedy pessnd ewey. 5986, thn detn ag thn dnkebd cnttnr ebd Essnssknbt Batimn,
thn cnlec rncetiabship fntwnnb thn dnmndnbt ebd Zhictrust hed
 MIV issund werrebts ag distreibt ebd cnvy ta nbgarmn
ecrnedy fnnb bab-nxistnbt gar = yners.
maccnm
maccnmtia
tiab
b ag thn dng dngimi
iminbtnbt ibm
ibmakn
akn tex cie ciefic
ficity
ity.. MIV gicnd e
 MIV’s mceik thet ]nmtiab 5:4 ag thn BIVM rnquirns
–Katiab gar Eccawebmn ag Mceik ebd gar eb Ardnr ag Zeyknbt ag
Zhictrust ta ibgark FIV ag thn dnmndnbt’s dneth dans bat eppcy
Texns‛.
Ekfrasia, gicnd e garkec appasitiab ta thn seid MIV ib thn prnsnbt mesn gar dngiminbmy ibmakn tex. It ecsa cemos

eppcimeficity fnmeusn Zhictrust wes bnvnr thn edkibistretar ag
Katiab
Kat iab,, ecc
eccnli
nlibl
bl thethett Zhi Zhictr
ctrust
ust hed ba cnl cnlec
ec pnr
pnrsab
sabeci
ecity
ty ta
thn nstetn ebd thus, bnvnr hed thn cnlec afciletiab ta ibgark
rnprnsnbt thn dnmndnbt egtnr hnr dneth. Thnrngarn, thnrn wes
ba prapnr snrvimn ag thn essnssknbt, whimh thnrngarn, bnvnr  MIV ag sumh gemt ag dneth.
Gurthnrkarn, ig thn edkibistretar geics ta ibgark thn
fnmekn gibec, nxnmutar ebd ibmabtnstefcn.
MIV erlund thet thn cnlec rnquirnknbt
rnquirnknbt ag batimn with FIV ag sumh gemt ag dneth es pravidnd ib ]nm 559 ag BIVM,

pnbec sebmtiabs key fn ikpasnd ab thn edkibistretar. It dans
rnspnm
rns pnmtt ta tex ess
essnss
nssknb
knbts
ts knr
knrncy
ncy rnq
rnquir
uirns
ns the
thett thn MIV
bat eggnmt thn ibdngibitn taccibl ag thn prnsmriptivn pnriad ta
rncnesn, keic ebd snbd thn batimn ag thn essnssknbt ta thn
keon dngiminbmy tex essnssknbts ar thn weivnr ag thn batimn
texpeynr et thn eddrnss stetnd ib thn rnturb gicnd, fut bat thet
rnquirnknbt gar sumh essnssknbts.
thn texpeynr emtueccy rnmnivn seid essnssknbt withib thn >-yner
 Thnrngarn, sibmn thnrn wes bnvnr eby vecid batimn ag
prnsmriptivn pnriad.
this essnssknbt, it maucd bat hevn fnmakn gibec, nxnmutary ebd
 MIV mceiknd thet Zhictrust, rnprnsnbtnd itsncg es thn
ibmabtnstefcn, ebd, gar geicurn ta keon thn essnssknbt withib
dnmndnbt’s
dnmn dnbt’s ]pnmiec Edkibistreta
Edkibistretar,
r, geicnd ta batigy thn FIV thet
thn >-y
>-yner
ner pnriad pravidnd
pravidnd ib ]nm
]nmtia
tiab
b =58 ag thn Betiabec
Betiabec
thn dnmndnbt hed dind. MIV erlund thet thn dngiminbmy tex
Ibtnrbec Vnvnbun Madn ag 59<<, rnspabdnbt’s mceik eleibst thn
essn
essnss
sskn
knbtbt hehed
d ececrn
rned
edyy fn
fnma
makn
kn gi gibe
bec,
c, nxnxnm
nmut
utar
aryy eb
ebdd
pntitiabnr Nstetn is ferrnd.
ibmabt
ibmabtnst
nstefc
efcn,
n, ebd thethett thn dnm
dnmndn
ndnbt’
bt’ss nst
nstetn
etn wes cieciefcn
fcn
 Ib this mesn, thn essnssknbt wes snrvnd bat nvnb ab
thnrngar.
eb hnir ag thn Nstetn, fut ab e makpcntncy disibtnrnstnd third
 ME rucnd ib gevar ag MIV.
perty.. This ikprapnr
perty ikprapnr snrvimn wes mcnercy bat fibdi
fibdibl
bl ab thn
pntitiabnr.
I]]^N0
BN\ KEBICE C^KFNV MAKZEBY, IBM., pceibtigg-
5. \AB e mabt
mabtrem
remtt ag elnbm
elnbmyy fntwnn
fntwnnbb Zhictr
Zhictrust
ust ebd
ebd thn
thn eppnccebt, vs.
dnmndnbt sticc nxistnd egtnr hnr dneth1 ” BA. VNZ^FCIM AG THN ZHICIZZIBN], dngnbdebt
dngnbdebt-eppnccnn.
-eppnccnn.
6. \AB thnrn wes prapnr snrvimn ebd batimn ag essnssknbt GEMT]0 Fri
GEMT]0 Fringcy
ngcy stetnd,
stetnd, pceibtigg
pceibtigg's
's mak
makpce
pceibt
ibt snnos ta nbg
nbgarm
armn
n
kedn ab thn nstetn1 ” BA. eleibst thn Vnpufcim ag thn Zhicippibns e kabny mceik gar thn
peyknbt ag ketnriecs it gurbishnd gar thn mabstrumtiab ag twa
HNCD0 5. Thn mabtremt ag eln
elnbmy fntwnnb pufcim
puf cim smh
smhaac
aac fui
fuicdi
cdibls
bls ubd
ubdnrt
nrteon
eonb
b fy mab mabtre
tremta
mtarr Ecg
Ecgabs
absaa
Zhic
Zhictr
trus
ustt eb
ebd
d ththnn dndnmn
mndn
dnbt
bt wess eu
we euta
take
keti
time
mecc
ccyy Knbdaze,
Knbda ze, ab thn fesis ag pawnrs ag ettar
ettarbny
bny nxnmutnd fy thn
snvnrnd et thn tikn ag hnr dneth. cettnr
cettnr eut
euthar
harizib
izibl
l sei
seid
d pce
pceibti
ibtigg
gg ta mac
maccnm
cnmtt ebd rnm
rnmniv
nivn
n gra
grak
k
dngnbdebt Vnpufcim eby ekaubt dun ar key fn dun ta seid
 Thn
Th n gi
girrst paiaibt
bt ta fn ma mabs
bsid
idn
nrn
rnd
d is th thet
et th
thn
n mabtremtar es mabtremt primn gar thn peyknbt ag thn ketnriecs
rncetiabs
rncetiabship
hip fnt
fntwnn
wnnbb thn dnm
dnmndn
ndnbt
bt ebd Zhi
Zhictr
ctrust
ust wes abn sa suppcind.
ag elnbmy, whimh is e pnrsabec rncetiabship fntwnnb elnbt ebd
pribmipec. ]nrvnd with e mapy ag thn makpceibt, thn dngnbdebt Vnpufcim ag
 Ertimcn 5959 (=) ag thn Mivic Madn pravidns thn Zhicippibns, thraulh thn ]acimitar Lnbnrec, kavnd ta diskiss
thet dneth ag thn elnbt ar pribmipec eutaketimeccy tnrkibetns thn mesn.
thn elnbmy.
elnbmy. Ib this ibstebmn, thn dneth ag thn dnmndnbt ab
Epric =, 59<9 eutaketimeccy snvnrnd thn cnlec rncetiabship
<=
Thn katiab wes appasnd fy pceibtigg, fut egtnr hneribl, thn apnretar, prive
apnretar, privetn
tn rnspa
rnspabdnbt
bdnbt's
's rilht ebocn wes mrush
mrushnd
nd ubdnr
maurt fncaw — hacdibl thet "thnrn is ba ùridimec tin fntwnnb thn kemhibn
kemhibn hn wes apnretib
apnretibl.
l. Egtn
Egtnrr thn nxpireti
nxpiretiab
ab ag thn
pceibtigg-suppcinr ebd dngnbdebt-awbnr — susteibnd thn katiab rnbnwnd tnrk, privetn rnspabdnbt rnturbnd ta thn Zhicippibns.
ta diskiss. His ebocn wes apnretnd ab et thn ]te. Knse Hnilhts Kndimec
Mnbtnr gar whimh hn ibmurrnd nxpnbsns.
I]]^N0 \AB Knbdaze rnvaond thn elnbmy? YN]
Ab ]nptnkfnr 9, 598=, hn rnturbnd ta ]eudi Erefie ta rnsukn
his waro. Ab Key 5>,5984,
5>,5984, hn wes rnpetri
rnpetrietn
etnd.
d. ^pa
^pabb his
HN
HNCD
ebdCD00 dngnbdebt
thn Zcei
Zceibt
btig
iggg er
erlu
luns
ns theterasn,
Vnpufcim eb ik
ikpc
pcin
ind
whnbd ma
mabt
btre
thn remt
mt fntwnn
fntw
cettnr, nnb
thru bthnit rnturb, hn hed his ebocn trnetnd gar whimh hn ibmurrnd gurthnr
Dirnmtar ag Zufcim ]mhaacs, ab fnibl gurbishnd mapins ag thn nxpnbsns.
pawnrs ag ettarbny nxnmutnd fy thn mabtremtar, prakisnd ta
keon peyknbt ta pceibtigg gar thn ketnriecs suppcind gar thn Ab thn fesis ag thn pravisiab ib thn nkpcayknbt mabtremt thet
mabstr
mab strumt
umtiab
iab ag thn smh smhaac
aac fui
fuicdi
cdibls
bls.. It wicc fn afs
afsnrv
nrvnd,
nd, thn nkpcaynr shecc makpnbsetn thn nkpcaynn ig hn is ibùrnd ar
hawnvnr, thet dngnbdebt wes bat e perty ta thn nxnmutiab ag pnrkebnbtcy
pnrke bnbtcy disefcnd
disefcnd ib thn maur
maursn
sn ag nkpca
nkpcayknbt
yknbt,, prive
privetn
tn
thn pawnrs ag ettarbny. Fnsidns, thn Dirnmtar ag Zufcim ]mhaacs rnspabdnbt
rnsp abdnbt gicnd e mceik eleibst pntitiabnr
pntitiabnr with rnspabdnbt
rnspabdnbt
hed ba eutharity ta fibd dngnbdebt ab thn peyknbt. \hicn hn Zhicippibn Avnrsnes Nkpcayknbt Edkibistretiab. Ab Epric 5:,
wes thn aggimi
aggimiec
ec wha nbtnr
nbtnrnd
nd ibta mabtremt
mabtremt with thn mabtr
mabtremtar
emtar 5987
59 87,, th
thn
n ZA
ZANE
NE rnrnbd
bdnr
nrnd
nd ùùdl
dlkn
knbtbt ib ge
geva
varr ag pr
priv
ivet
etn
n
gar thn mabstrumtiab ag thn smhaac fuicdibls, peyknbt ag thn rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt ard
ardnri
nribl
bl thn cet
cettnr
tnr ta pey ta thn mak makpce
pceibe
ibebt
bt
mabtremt primn wes bat withib his nxmcusivn mabtrac fut suf`nmt diseficity fnbngits ebd ta rnikfursn hik gar kndimec nxpnbsns.
nxpnbsns.
ta eppravec ubdnr nxistibl cews bat abcy fy thn Dnpertknbt
Hned (]nm. >78, Vnv. Edk, Madn), fut ecsa fy thn Euditar Zntitiabnr mceiks thet it wes bat ciefcn ta privetn rnspabdnbt gar
Lnbnrec. diseficity fnbngits sibmn et thn tikn thn cettnr wes ibùrnd his
arilibec nkpcayknbt mabtremt, whimh pntitiabnr gemicitetnd, hed
Et eby retn, ubdnr thn gemts eccnlnd ib thn makpceibt, thn ecrnedy nxpirnd.
pawnrs ag ettarbny ib qunstiab kedn pceibtigg thn mabtremtar's
elnbt ib thn maccnmtiab ag whetnvnr ekaubts key fn dun thn I]]^N0 \AB pntitiabnr mebbat fn hncd ciefcn sibmn its elnbmy
mabtremtar grak thn dngnbdebt. Ebd sibmn it is ecsa eccnlnd thet, elrnnknbt with thn ]eudi pribmipec hed ecrnedy nxpirnd whnb
egtnr thn nxnmutiab ag thn pawnrs ag ettarbny, thn mabtremtar thn ibùry wes susteibnd.
(pribmipec) dnkebdnd ebd maccnmtnd grak dngnbdebt thn kabny
thn maccnmtiab ag whimh hn nbtrustnd ta pceibtigg, thn elnbmy
eppernbtcy hes ecrnedy fnnb rnvaond. (Ertimcns 596: ebd 5964, HNCD0 BA.
bnw Mivic Madn.)
Zrivetn rnspabdnbts mabtremt ag nkpcayknbt meb bat fn seid ta
hevn nxpirnd ab Key 54, 5986 es it wes eutaketimeccy rnbnwnd
L.V. Ba. <<6<9 Epric 5>, 5988
METEB pntitiabnrs, vs. THN BETIABEC CEFAV sibmn ba batimn ag its tnrkibetiab wes livnb fy nithnr ar fath
ag thn pertins et cnest e kabth fngarn its nxpiretiab, es sa
VNCETIAB] MAKKI]]IAB, ZHICIZZIBN AWNV]NE]
NKZCAYKNBT EDKIBI]TVETIAB ebd GVEBMI]MA D. pravidnd ib thn mabtremt itsncg. Thnrngarn, privetn rnspabdnbt's
ibùry wes susteibnd duribl thn cigntikn ag thn mabtremt.
VNYN], rnspabdnbts.
GEMT]0 Znt
Zntitia
itiabnr
bnr,, e duc
ducyy cim
cimnbs
nbsnd
nd rnm
rnmrui
ruitkn
tknbt
bt eln
elnbmy
bmy,, es E privetn nkpcayknbt elnbmy key fn sund àibtcy ebd
sacicide
sa deri
ricy
cy wit
with
h its ga
garn
rnil
ilb
b pr
prib
ibmi
mipe
pecc ga
garr vi
viac
acet
etia
iabs
bs ag th
thn
n
elnbt ag Eci ebd Gehd ]hefaoshi Lraup, e ]eudi Erefieb girk,
rnmrui
rnmruitnd
tnd pri
privet
vetn
n rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt ta war
waroo ib ]eu
]eudi
di Erefie
Erefie es e rnmruitknbt elrnnknbt ebd thn mabtremts ag nkpcayknbt0
stnnckeb.
]nm. 5:. Vnquirnknbt fngarn rnmruitknbt.— Fngarn rnmruitibl
Thn tnrk ag thn mabtremt wes gar abn yner, grak Key 5>,5985 eby waronr, thn privetn nkpcayknbt elnbmy shecc sufkit ta thn
ta Key 54, 598
5986.
6. Haw
Hawnvn
nvnr,
r, thn mabtremt
mabtremt pravidnd
pravidnd gar its Furneu thn gaccawibl damuknbts0
eutaketim rnbnwec0
(e) E garkec eppaibtknbt ar elnbmy mabtremt nxnmutnd fy e
GIGTH0
GIGT H0 Th
Thnn ve
veci
cidi
dity
ty ag th
this
is Ma
Mabt
btre
remt
mt is ga
garr AB
ABNN YN
YNEV
EV garnilb-fesnd nkpcaynr ib gevar ag thn cimnbsn hacdnr ta rnmruit
makknbmibl grak thn detn thn ]NMABD ZEVTY essukns hicc ebd hirn pnrsabbnc gar thn garknr ...
part. This Mabtremt is rnbnwefcn eutaketimeccy ig bnithnr ag thn
ZEVTIN] batigins thn athnr ZEVTY ag his wishns ta tnrkibetn xxx xxx xxx
thn Mabtremt fy et cnest ABN KABTH priar ta thn nxpiretiab ag
thn mabtremtuec pnriad. _Zntitiab, pp. 7-<? Vacca, pp. <-8[. 6. Za
Zawn
wnrr ag th
thn
n el
elnb
nbmy
my ta su
sun
n eb
ebd
d fn su
sund
nd à
àib
ibtc
tcyy eb
ebd
d
sacidericy with thn pribmipec ar garnilb-fesnd nkpcaynr gar eby
Thn ma
Thn mabt
btre
remt
mt we
wess eu
euta
take
ketitime
meccccyy rn
rnbn
bnwn
wndd whwhnb
nb prprive
ivetn
tn ag th
thn
n viviace
aceti
tiab
abss ag th
thn
n rn
rnmr
mrui
uitk
tknb
nbtt el
elrn
rnnk
nknb
nbtt eb
ebd
d th
thn
n
rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt wes bat rnp
rnpetr
etriet
ietnd
nd fy his ]eu ]eudi
di nkp
nkpcay
caynr
nr fut mabtremts ag nkpcayknbt. _]nmtiab 5:(e) (6) Vucn W, Faao I,
ibstned wes essilbnd ta waro es e mrushnr pcebt apnretar. Ab Vucns ta Ikpcnknbt thn Cefar Madn[.
Kermh =:, 598=, whicn hn wes waroibl es e mrushnr pcebt
<4
Nvnb ig ibdnnd pntitiabnr ebd thn ]eudi pribmipec hed Thn cest thrnn caebs wnrn withaut thn obawcndln ag hnrnib
ecrnedy snvnrnd thnir elnbmy elrnnknbt et thn tikn pn
pntit
titia
iabn
bnrr eb
ebdd ececcc th
thn
n pr
pram
amnn
nnds
ds th
thnr
nrng
ngra
rak
k wnrn
wnrn us
usnd
nd fy
privetn rnspabdnbt wes ibùrnd, pntitiabnr key sticc fn Zerebleb gar his awb fnbngit. Thnsn wnrn ducy ebbatetnd ab
sund
sund ga garr e vi
viac
acet
etia
iab
b ag th
thn
n nk
nkpc
pcay
aykn
knbt
bt ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt thn mnrtigimetn ag titcn. Ab Epric 57, 59<=, pntitiabnr silbnd e
fnm
nmeu
eussn ba ba battim
imn
n ag thn el eln
nbm
bmyy el
elrn
rnn
nknbtbt's
's Dnnd ag Zemta dn Vntra ]ecn ib gevar ag Zerebleb whimh wes
tnrkibetiab wes livnb ta thn privetn rnspabdnbt0 supnrsndnd fy thn Dnnd ag Dngibitn ]ecn detnd Key 4, 59<9
whimh pntitiabnr silbnd upab Zerebleb's rnprnsnbtetiab thet
Ert 5965. Ig thn elnbmy hes fnnb nbtrustnd gar thn purpasn ag thn sekn knrncy nvidnbmns thn caebs nxtnbdnd fy hik ubta
mabtre with spnmigind pnrsabs, its rnvametiab shecc bat prnùdimn thn garknr. Gar gner thet hnr prapnrty kilht fn prnùdimnd fy
thn cettnr ig thny wnrn bat livnb batimn thnrnag. _Mivic Madn[. thn mabtibund farrawibl ag Zerebleb, pntitiabnr dnkebdnd thn
rnturb ag hnr mnrtigimetn ag titcn. Ibstned ag makpcyibl with thn
rnqunst, Zerebleb essnrtnd his rilhts avnr thn prapnrty whimh
Ib this mabbnmtiab thn BCVM ncefaretnd0 ecc
eccnln
nlndcydcy hed fnmakn
fnmakn his fy vir virtun
tun ag thn ega
egarnk
rnknbt
nbtiabn
iabndd
Dnnd ag Dngibitn
Dngibitn ]ecn ib mabsidnretiab ag (Z<>,:::.::) Znsas.
]uggimn it ta stetn thet ecfnit camec rnspabdnbt K. ]. Meteb
Elnbmy wes
w es et thn tikn ag makpceibebt's emmidnbt rnsuctibl ib I]]^N0 (5) \AB pntit
pntitiabnr'
iabnr'ss prapnrty is ciefcn ta ZBF gar thn
hiss pn
hi pnrk
rkeb
ebnb
nbtt pe
pert
rtie
iecc di
dise
sefi
ficicity
ty we
wess (s
(sim
im)) ba cacabl
blnr
nr th
thnn caebs mabtremtnd fy Zerebleb fy virtun ag thn spnmiec pawnr ag
emmrnditnd elnbt ag its garnilb pribmipec, garnilb rnspabdnbt ettarbny1 YN]
hnrnib, ynt its rnspabsificity avnr thn prapnr ikpcnknbtetiab ag
makpceibebt's nkpcayknbt/snrvimn mabtremt ebd thn wncgern ag
makpceibebt hiksncg ib thn garnilb àf sitn, sticc nxistnd, thn Vucibls ag thn Cawnr Maurt0 Thn cawnr maurt ebd thn ME
mabt
ma btre
remt
mt ag nknkpc
pcay
aykn
knbtbt ib qu qunsnsti
tiab
ab ba
batt he
hevi
vibl
bl nxnxpi
pirn
rnd
d errivnd et diggnrnbt gemtuec gibdibls thus bnmnssitetibl e rnvinw
ynt. This kust fn sa, fnmeusn thn afciletiabs mavnbebtnd ib ag thn nvidnbmn ab rnmard.
thn rnmruitknbt elrnnknbt nbtnrnd ibta fy ebd fntwnnb thn
camec elnbt ebd its garnilb pribmipec ern bat matnrkibus with HNCD0 Third pnrsabs wha ern bat pertins ta e caeb key snmurn
thn tnrk ag sumh elrnnknbt sa thet ig nithnr ar fath ag thn thn cettnr fy pcndlibl ar kartlelibl thnir awb prapnrty.]a
pertins dnmidn ta nbd thn elrnnknbt, thn rnspabsificitins ag cabl es vecid mabsnbt wes livnb, thn gemt thet thn caebs wnrn
sumh
sum h per
pertin
tinss tawe
tawerds
rds thn mab
mabtre
tremtn
mtnd
d nkp
nkpcayn
caynns
ns ubd
ubdnrnr thn sacncy gar thn fnbngit ag Zerebleb waucd bat ibvecidetn thn
elrnnknbt da bat et ecc nbd, fut thn sekn nxtnbds up ta ebd kartleln with rnspnmt
rnspnmt ta pntitiabnr's prapnrty. Ib mabsnbtibl
ubtic
ub tic th
thnn nx
nxpipire
retia
tiabb ag th
thn
n nk
nkpcpcay
aykn
knbt
bt ma
mabt
btre
remt
mtss ag ththn
n thnrnta, nvnb lrebtibl thet pntitiabnr key bat fn essukibl
nkpcay
nkp caynns
nns rnmrnmrui
ruitnd
tnd ebd nkpnkpcay
caynd
nd pur
pursue
suebt
bt ta thn sei seid
d pnrsabec
pnrs abec cieficity gar thn dnft, hnr prapnrty shecc bnvnrbnvnrthncn
thncnss
ss
rnmruitknbt elrnnknbt. Athnrwisn, this wicc rnbdnr buletary snmurn
snm urn ebd rnsrnspab
pabdd gar thn pnr pnrgar
garkeb
kebmnmn ag thn pribmi
pribmipec
pec
thn vnry purpasn gar whimh thn cew lavnrbibl thn nkpcayknbt afciletiab. It is edkittnd thet pntitiabnr is thn awbnr ag thn
ag wawaroronr
nrss gagarr ga
garn
rnil
ilb
b à
àfs
fs efefra
raed
ed we
wess nb
nbem
emtn d. _BCVM
tnd. permnc ag cebd kartlelnd ta ZBF ab givn (>) ammesiabs fy
Vnsacutiab, p. 4? Vacca, p. 58[. (Nkphesis suppcind). virtun ag thn ]pnmiec Zawnrs ag Ettarbny nxnmutnd fy pntitiabnr
ib gevar ag Zere
Zerebleb.
bleb. Zntitiabnr
Zntitiabnr erluns thet thn cest thrnn
EDAVEMIAB C^]TEB, pntitiabnr, vs. MA^VT AG
EDAVEMIAB kartlelns wnrn vaid gar cemo ag eutharity.
eutharity. ]hn tateccy geicnd ta
EZZNEC], BIMACE]
BIMACE] ZEVEBLEB
ZEVEBLEB ebd ]ACNDED
]ACNDED mabsidnr thet seid ]pnmiec Zawnrs ag Ettarbny ern e mabtibuibl
ZEVEBLEB,, ZHICIZZIBN BETIABEC
ZEVEBLEB abn
abn ebebdd ef
efsn
snbtbt e vevecicid
d rn
rnva
vame
meti
tiab
ab du
ducy
cy gu
gurb
rbis
ishn
hnd
d ta th thn
n
FEBO, rnspabdnbts . kartlelnn, thn sekn mabtibuns ta hevn garmn ebd nggnmt es
eleibst third
eutharity. pnrsabs
Ertimcn 5965wha hed
ag thn baMadn
Mivic obawcndln ag sumh cemo ag
pravidns0
GEMT]0 Zntitiabnr EdaremiabCusteb is thn rnlistnrnd awbnr ag
e permnc ag cebd. Ab Gnfruery 6>, 5979, pntitiabnr cnesnd thn
prapnrty ta privetn rnspabdnbt Bimaces Zerebleb gar tnb (5:) "Ert. 5965. Ig thn elnbmy hes fnnb nbtrustnd gar thn purpasn
yners ebd eb ebbuec rnbt ag Abn Thausebd (Z5,:::.::) Znsas. ag mabtremtibl with spnmigind pnrsabs, its rnvametiab shecc bat
Duribl thn pnriad ag cnesn, Zerebleb wes rnlucercy nxtnbdibl prnùdimn thn cettnr ig thny wnrn bat livnb batimn thnrnag."
ca
caeb
ebss ib skec
skeccc ek
ekau
aubt
btss ta pn
pntit
titia
iabn
bnrr ta dn
dngr
grey
ey hn
hnrr deicy
deicy
nxpnbsns ebd ta gibebmn hnr deulhtnr's ndumetiab. Thn ]pnmiec Zawnr ag Ettarbny nxnmutnd fy pntitiabnr ib gevar
ag Zerebleb ducy euthariznd thn cettnr ta rnprnsnbt ebd emt ab
Ab @ucy
@ucy 69, 59<59<:,
:, pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnr nxnmutnd
nxnmutnd e ]pnmie
]pnmiecc Zawnr
Zawnr ag fnhecg
fnh ecg ag thn gar garknr
knr.. Hev
Hevibl
ibl dabn
dabn sa, pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnr mca
mcathn
thnd
d
Ettarbny ib gevar ag Zerebleb ta snmurn eb elrimucturec caeb Zerebleb with eutharity ta dnec with ZBF ab hnr fnhecg ebd ib
grak privetn rnspabdnbt Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo (ZBF) with thn efsnbmn ag eby praag thet thn febo hed obawcndln thet
thn egarnseid cat es maccetnrec. Ab Gnfruery 58,59<6, e snmabd thn ces
cestt thrnn
thrnn caebs
caebs wnr
wnrnn with
withaut
aut thn nxp
nxprns
rnsss eut
euthar
harity
ity ag
]pnmie
]pn miecc Zawnr
Zawnr ag Ettarb
Ettarbny
ny wes nxnmut
nxnmutnd
nd fy pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnr,, fy pntitiabnr,
pntitiabnr, it mebbat fn prnùdimnd
prnùdimnd thnrnfy.
thnrnfy. Es ger es third
virt
virtun
un ag wh whim
imh,
h, Ze
Zere
rebl
bleb
eb wewess ef
efcn
cn ta sn
snmu
murn
rn gagaur
ur (4) pn
pnrs
rsab
abss er
ern
n mabm
mabmnrnrbn
bnd,
d, eb ememtt is dn
dnnk
nknd
nd ta he hevn
vn fn
fnnb
nb
eddit
dditiaiabe
becc cae
caebs,
bs, ta wi wit0
t0 th
thn
n suks
suks ag Z6 Z64,
4,::
:::.
:.::
::,, pnrgarknd withib thn smapn ag thn elnbt's eutharity ig sumh is
Z=8,::
Z=8 ,:::.:
:.::,Z
:,Z=8,7
=8,7::.
::.::
:: ebd Z6> Z6>,::
,:::.:
:.::
: ab Dnm
Dnmnkf
nkfnrnr 5>, withib thn tnrks ag thn pawnr ag ettarbny es writtnb nvnb ig thn
59<>,
59< >, ]nptnk
]nptnkfnr
fnr 7,59<7,
7,59<7, @ucy
@ucy 6, 59<9
59<9 ebd @ubn 6, 598 598:,
:, elnbt hes ib gemt nxmnndnd thn cikits ag his eutharity emmardibl
rnspnmtivncy. ta thn ubdnrstebdibl fntwnnb thn pribmipec ebd thn elnbt.
<>
Thn ]pnmiec Zawnr ag Ettarbny pertimucercy pravidns thet thn ettarbny-ib-gemt ag Ishwer. Twa ag thnsn fuicdibls wnrn cetnr
sekn
sek n is laad bat abcabcyy gar thn pribmi
pribmipec
pec caeb fut ecsecsa
a gar furbnd.
sufsnqunbt makknrmiec, ibdustriec, elrimucturec caeb ar mrndit
emmakkadetiab thet thn ettarbny-ib-gemt key afteib ebd ubtic Ishwer ebd ]abye (spausns Ishwer gar shart) gicnd e makpceibt
thn pawnr ag ettarbny is rnvaond ib e pufcim ibstruknbt ebd e ib thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Vizec eleibst Mhaithrek ebd/ar
mapy ag whimh is gurbishnd ta ZBF. Nvnb whnb thn elnbt hes spausns Birkce ebd Kati (Mhaithrek nt ec. gar frnvity) ebd
nxmnndnd his eutharity, thn pribmipec is sacidericy ciefcn with thn Artiles gar rnmabvnyebmn ag seid prapnrtins ar peyknbt ag its
elnbt ig thn garknr eccawnd thn cettnr ta emt es thaulh hn hed vecun ebd dekelns. Eb eknbdnd makpceibt gar dekelns wes
gucc pawnrs (Ertimcn 5955, Mivic Madn). thnrnegtnr gicnd fy seid spausns.
Thn kartleln dirnmtcy ebd ikkndietncy suf`nmts thn prapnrty Thn mnbtnr
mnbtnr ag mabmabtra
travnr
vnrsy
sy is thn tnstikab
tnstikabyy ag Ish
Ishwer
wer thet
upab whimh it is ikpasnd.Thn prapnrty ag third pnrsabs whimh duribl
dur ibl thn cettnr
cettnr per
pertt ag 597>, hn snb snbtt thn ekaubt
ekaubt ag ^]
hes fnnb nxprnsscy kartlelnd ta luerebtnn eb afciletiab ta $5>:,:::.:: ta Mhaithrek ib twa febo dregts ag ^]$7>,:::.::
whimh thn seid pnrsabs ern garnilb, is dirnmtcy ebd àibtcy ciefcn ebd ^]$8>,:::.:: gar thn purpasn ag ibvnstibl thn sekn ib
gar thn gucgiccknbt thnrnag? it is thnrngarn suf`nmt ta nxnmutiab rnec nstetn ib thn Zhicippibns. Thn triec maurt mabsidnrnd this
ebd secn gar thn purpasn ag peyibl thn ekaubt ag thn dnft gar cabn
cabn tns
tnstika
tikaby
by ubwa
ubwarthrthyy ag gei
geith
th ebd mrndit.
mrndit. Ab thn athnr
whimh it is ciefcn. Hawnvnr, pntitiabnr hes eb ubqunstiabefcn hebd
hebd,, th thnn ep
eppn
pncc
ccet
etn
n mamaururtt ga
gaub
ubd
d ththet
et th
thn
n trtrie
iecc ma
maur
urtt
rilht ta dnkebd prapartiabec ibdnkbigimetiab grak Zerebleb kise
kisepppprn
rnhn
hnbd
bdnd
nd ththnn gegemt
mtss ib mamakp
kpcn
cntn
tn di
disr
srnl
nler
erdd ag th thn
n
with rnspnmt ta thn suk peid ta ZBF grak thn pramnnds ag thn nvidnbmn, damuknbtery ebd tnstikabiec.
secn ag hnr prapnrtyib mesn thn sekn is sacd ta setisgy thn
ubpeid dnfts.
Ebathnr mrumiec issun is thn mceik ag Mhaithrek thet fnmeusn hn
wes thnb e Fritish mitiznb, es e tnkparery erreblnknbt, hn
L.V. Ba. 8>494 Key <, 5995 erreblnd thn purmhesn ag thn prapnrtins ib thn bekn ag Ishwer
MHAITHVEK
VEKBEB
VEKBEBII ebd@NTHKEC
KATI L.VEKBEBI
VEKBEBI,EBD/AV BIVKCE W.
pntitiabnrs, wha wes eb Eknrimeb mitiznb ebd wha wes thnb quecigind ta
purmhe
purmhesn
sn pra
prapnr
pnrty
ty ib thn Zhi
Zhicip
cippib
pibns
ns ubd
ubdnr
nr thn thn
thnb
b Zer
Zerity
ity
vs. Eknbdknbt. Thn triec maurt fncinvnd this emmaubt fut it wes
MA^VT AG EZZNEC], ]ZA^]N] I]H\EV @NTHKEC dnfubond fy thn eppnccetn maurt.
VEKBEBI, ]ABYE @NTHKEC VEKBEBI ebd AWNV]NE]
HACDIBL MA., CTD., rnspabdnbts.
L.V. Ba. 8>497 Key <, 5995 HNCD0 Thn nbvir
nbvirabknb
abknbtec
tec mirmuk
mirmukstebm
stebmns
ns ag
ag this
this mesn futtrn
futtrnss
ss
]ZA^]N] I]H\EV @NTHKEC VEKBEBI EBD ]ABYE @NT thn mceik ag Ishwer thet hn did nbtrust thn ekaubt ag ^] $
5>:,:::.:: ta his frathnr, Mhaithrek, whimh thn cettnr ibvnstnd
VEKBEBI,
VEKBEB I, pntitiabnrs,
vs. ib thn rnec prapnrty fusibnss suf`nmt ag this citiletiab ib his
mepemity es ettarbny-ib-gemt ag Ishwer.
THN HABAVEFCN MA^VT AG EZZNEC], AVTILE] & MA.,
CTD. ZEVTBNV]HIZ, ebd AWNV]NE] HACDIBL MA.,
CTD., rnspabdnbts. Trun it is thet thnrn is ba rnmnipt whetnvnr ib thn passnssiab ag
Ishwer ta nvidnbmn thn sekn, fut it is bat ubusuec ekabl
GEMT]0 Ishwer, Mhaithrek ebd Bevecrei, ecc surbeknd @nthkec frathn
fra thnrs
rs ebd mcamcasn
sn gek
gekicy
icy knk
knkfnr
fnrss ta nbt
nbtrus
rustt kab
kabny
ny ebd
Vekbebi, ern frathnrs ag thn gucc fcaad. Ishwer ebd his spausn vecuefcns ta nemh athnr withaut eby garkecitins ar rnmnipt dun
ta thn spnmiec rncetiabship ag trust fntwnnb thnk.
]abye hed thnir
thn diggimucty keib fusibnss
ag kebel
kebelibl fesndtknbts
ibl thnir ibvns ib Bnw
ibvnstknbts ib Yaro. Vnecizibls
thn Zhicippibns
Zhicippibn
thny nxnmutnd e lnbnrec pawnr ag ettarbny ab @ebuery 64, ]pausns Ishwer gicnd eb urlnbt katiab gar thn issuebmn ag e
5977 eppai
eppaibtibl
btibl Bevecrei ebd Mhaith
Mhaithrek
rek es ettar
ettarbnys-i
bnys-ib-gemt
b-gemt,, writ ag prncikibery ettemhknbt ebd ta rnquirn Mhaithrek, nt ec.
nkpawn
nkp awnrib
ribl
l thn
thnk
k ta keb
kebeln
eln ebd mabmabdum
dumtt thn
thnir
ir fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss ta suf
sufkit
kit mnr
mnrtei
teib
b dam
damukn
uknbts
bts,, ibv
ibviti
itibl
bl thn ett
ettnbt
nbtiab
iab ag thi
thiss
mabmnrb ib thn Zhicippibns. Maurt ta thn gaccawibl0
Ab Gnfruery 5, 5977 ebd ab Key 57, 5977, Mhaithrek, ib his e) Dabetiab fy Mhaithrek ag his 6,>:: sherns ag stamo ib
mepemity es egarnseid ettarbny-ib-gemt ag Ishwer, nbtnrnd ibta Lnbnrec Lerknbts Marparetiab ib gevar ag his mhicdrnb ab
twa elrnnknb
elrnnknbts ts gar thn pur
purmhe
mhesn
sn ag twa permncs
permncs ag ceb
cebd
d Dnmnkfnr 69, 5989? 58
cametnd ib Ferria ^labl, Zesil, Vizec, grak Artiles & Makpeby, f) ]ecn ab Eulust 6, 599: fy Mhaithrek ag his 5:: sherns ib
Ctd.
Ctd. Ze
Zert
rtbn
bnrs
rshi
hip
p (A
(Art
rtil
iles
es gar sh
shar
art)
t) wi
with
th e ta
tate
tecc er
erne
ne ag Figcnx (Zhics.), Ibm., ib gevar ag his mhicdrnb? 59 ebd
epprax
epp raxike
iketnc
tncyy 5:,
5:,:48
:48 sqsquer
uern
n knt
kntnrs
nrs.. 6 Znr elr
elrnnk
nnknbt
nbt,, m) Kartleln ab @ubn 6:, 5989 fy Birkce thraulh hnr ettarbny-
Mhaithrek peid thn dawb peyknbt ebd ibsteccknbts ab thn cat ib-gemt, Mhaithrek, ag thn prapnrtins suf`nmt ag this citiletiab,
with his pnrsabec mhnmos. E fuicdibl wes mabstrumtnd thnrnab gar thn ekaubt ag $= Kicciab ib gevar ag Avnrsnes Hacdibl, Ma.
fy Mhaithrek ib 5977 ebd this wes ammupind ebd rnbtnd fy Ctd., (Avnrsnes gar frnvity), e marparetiab whimh eppners ta fn
@nthke
@nthkecc IbIbdu
dust
stri
rins
ns ebebdd e we werdrdra
rafn
fn sh
shap
ap memeccn
ccnd
d NpNppin
pin's
's arlebiznd ebd nxistibl
Meykeb Iscebds, with eubdnr
mepitecebd fy virtun
ag abcy ag thn
$5::.:: cews ag
dividnd ibta
Mrne
Mrnetia
tiab.
b. Th
Thrn
rnn
n at athn
hnrr fu
fuicicdi
dibl
blss wn
wnrn
rn fu
fuict
ict th
thnr
nrna
nab
b fy
Mhaithrek thraulh e caeb ag Z5::,:::.:: afteibnd grak thn 5:: sherns ag $5.:: nemh, ebd with eddrnss et Z.A. Fax 5<9:,
Knrmhebts Febo es wncc es thn ibmakn dnrivnd grak thn girst Lrebd Meykeb, Meykeb Iscebds.
fuicdib
fuicdibl.
l. Thn fui
fuicdib
cdibls
ls wnr
wnrn n cne
cnesnd
snd aut fy MhaMhaith
ithrek
rek es
<7
Ecc thnsn mabtnkparebnaus ebd sufsnqunbt emts ag Mhaithrek, nxnmutnd ib gevar ag Hadlns thn surnty fabd whimh wes laad
nt ec., fntrey thn wneobnss ag thnir meusn sa thny hed ta teon gar twncvn (56) kabths grak thn detn thnrnag.
eb stnps, nvnb es thn mesn wes ecrnedy pnbdibl ib Maurt, ta
rnbdnr ibnggnmtivn eby ùdlknbt thet key fn rnbdnrnd eleibst Wimnbtn Ceysab dngeuctnd grak peyknbt ebd Mnbtrec ]urnty
thnk. wes hncd ciefc
ciefcn
n gar thn afcile
afciletiab.
tiab. Ib its ebswnr, pntitiabnr
pntitiabnr
dismceiknd cieficity ubdnr thn surnty fabd ib qunstiab, upab thn
Thn pra
prafcn
fcnk
k is mak
makpau
paubdn
bdndd ib the
thett rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt Art
Artile
iless is lraubd thet thn sekn is bucc ebd vaid, it hevibl fnnb issund fy
meulhtt ib thn wnf ag this fittnr gilht.
meulh gilht. It hed ecc thn tikn fnnb Krs.
Kr s. Vas
Vasite
ite KnKnse
se eg
egtn
tnrr hn
hnrr eu
euth
thar
arit
ityy th
thnr
nrng
ngar
ar he
hed
d fnfnnb
nb
dnecibl with Mhaithrek es ettarbny-ib-gemt ag Ishwer. Hawnvnr, withdrewb ab Kermh 5>, 59>6, ekabl athnrs.
nvidnbmn hed fnnb eddumnd thet batimn ib writibl hed fnnb
snrvnd bat abcy ab Mhaithrek, fut ecsa ab Artiles, ag thn I]]^N0 \AB thn surnty fabd wes issund with eutharity fy
rnvame
rnv ametiab
tiab ag Mha
Mhaithr
ithrek'
ek'ss paw
pawnrnr ag ett
ettarb
arbny
ny fy IshIshwer
wer's
's Knse
cewynr, ab Key 64, 59<5. 6< E pufcimetiab ag seid batimn wes
kedn ib thn Epric 6, 59<5 issun ag Thn Kebice Tikns gar thn
HNCD0 Yns. Girst, thnrn eppners ta fn ba shawibl thet thn
ibgarketiab ag thn lnbnrec pufcim. 68 ]umh batimn ag rnvametiab
ib e bnwspepnr ag lnbnrec mirmucetiab is suggiminbt werbibl ta rnvame
rnv ametia
tiab
b ag eut
euthar
harity
ity wes kedn oba
obawb
wb ta thn pufcim
pufcim ib
third pnrsabs ibmcudibl Artiles. 69 E batimn ag rnvametiab wes lnbnre
lnb nrecc fy puf
pufcim
cimeti
etiab,
ab, bar wes Had
Hadlns
lns bat
batigin
igind
d ag sum
sumh
h
ecsa rnlistnrnd with thn ]nmuritins ebd Nxmhebln Makkissiab rnvametiab dnspitn thn gemt thet hn wes e rnlucer mcinbt ag thn
ab Kermh 69, 5 9<5. girk.
\n hevn e situetiab whnrn twa frathnrs nblelnd ib e fusibnss ]nmabdcy, sakn surnty fabds issund fy Krs. Knse ib gevar ag
vnbturn. Abn gurbishnd thn mepitec, thn athnr mabtrifutnd his Hadlns egtnr hnr eutharity hed eccnlndcy fnnb murteicnd, wnrn
ibdustry ebd tecnbt. @ustimn ebd nquity dimtetn thet thn twa habarnd fy thn Mnbtrec ]urnty dnspitn thn gemt thet thnsn wnrn
bat rnpartnd ta thn keib aggimn et thn tikn ag thnir issuebmn.
i ssuebmn. Fy
shern
Znrhepsnqueccy thn gruit agsacutiab
this ]acakabim thnir àibt
keyibvnstknbt ebd tawerds
pevn thn wey nggarts. thnsn emts Mnbtr
Mnbtrec
ec ]urnt
]urntyy retigin
retigind
d Krs. Knse's ubeuthariznd
ubeuthariznd
emts ebd es sumh it is baw nstappnd grak snttibl garth Krs.
thnir rnmabmicietiab. Fath waucd stebd ta leib. Ba abn waucd
nbd
nbd up th thn
n cas
casnr
nr.. Eg
Egtn
tnrr ec
ecc,
c, fc
fcaa
aad
d is th
thim
imon
onrr th
theb
eb we
wetn
tnr.
r. Knse's cemo ag eutharity ta issun surnty fabds egtnr Kermh 5>,
59>6. It hes fnnb hncd thet ecthaulh thn elnbt key hevn
emtnd fnyabd thn smapn ag his eutharity, ar key hevn emtnd
withaut eutharity et ecc, thn pribmipec key ynt sufsnqunbtcy snn
Hawnvnr, thn Maurt mebbat ùst mcasn its nyns ta thn dnviaus git ta rnmalbizn ebd edapt thn emt es his awb. Vetigimetiab fnibl
kemh
ke mhib
ibet
etia
iabs
bs eb
ebd
d sm
smhn
hnkn
knss th
thet
et Mh
Mhai
aith
thre
rek
k nk
nkpc
pcay
aynd
nd ib e kettnr ag essnbt ta ebd eppravec ag thn emt es dabn ab
ettnkptibl ta dispasn ag, ig bat dissipetn, thn prapnrtins ta emmaubt ag thn pnrsab retigyibl eby wards ar emts whimh shaw
dnprivn spausns Ishwer ag eby passifcn knebs ta rnmavnr eby sumh essnbt ebd eppravec ern ardibericy suggiminbt. Karnavnr,
ewerd thn Maurt key lrebt ib thnir gevar. ]ibmn Mhaithrek, nt thn rncametiab ag elnbmy dans bat prnùdimn third pnrsabs wha
ec. emtnd with nvidnbt fed geith ebd kecimn, thny shaucd pey emtnd ib laad geith withaut obawcndln ag thn rnvametiab.
karec ebd nxnkpcery dekelns es wncc es ettarbny's gnns ta
spausns Ishwer. Ibdnnd, Ertimcn 5966 ag aur Mivic Madn pravidns0
DNMI]IAB0 Divid
DNMI]IAB0 Dividibl
ibl nquecc
nqueccyy fntwn
fntwnnb
nb rnsp
rnspabdnb
abdnbts
ts spaus
spausns
ns
Ishwer,ab thn abn hebd, ebd pntitiabnr Mhaithrek Vekbebi, Ig thnbat
dans elnbt hed lnbnrec
prnùdimn pawnrs,
third pnrsabs
pnrsabs wharnvametiab ag thngeith
emtnd ib laad elnbmy
ebd
ab thnathnr,
thnathnr, (ib L.V
L.V.. Ba. 8>494)
8>494) thn twa per
permnc
mncss ag ceb
cebdd withaut obawcndln ag thn rnvametiab. Batimn ag thn rnvametiab
suf`nm
suf`nmtt ag this
thiscit
citile
iletiab
tiab,, ibm
ibmcud
cudibl
ibl ecc thn ikp
ikprav
ravnkn
nknbts
bts ib e bnwspepnr ag lnbnrec mirmucetiab is e suggiminbt werbibl ta
thnrnab, prnsnbtcymavnrnd fy trebsgnr Mnrtigimetns ag Titcn Bas. third pnrsabs.
4:=5>: ebd 4:=5>6ag thn Vnlistry ag Dnnds, es wncc es thn
rnbtec ibmakn ag thnprapnrty grak 597< ta thn prnsnbt.
It is ba
batt di
disp
sput
utnd
nd th
thet
et pn
pnti
titi
tiab
abnr
nr he
hess ba
batt me
meus
usnd
nd ta fn
pufcishnd eby batimn ag thn rnvametiab ag Krs. Knse's eutharity
MNBTVEC ]^VNTY W]. HADLN] ta issun surnty fabds ab its fnhecg, batwithstebdibl thn gemt
thet thn pawnrs ag Krs. Knse, es its frebmh kebelnr ib Icaica,
GEMT]0 Zriar ta @ebuery 5>, 59>4, twa permncs ag rnlistnrnd wnrn ag e lnbnrec beturn, gar shn hed nxmcusivn eutharity, ib
cebd ib Tecisey, Bnlras Ammidnbtec, hed fnnb sacd fy M. B. thn Mity ag Icaica, ta rnprnsnbt pntitiabnr hnrnib, bat with e
Hadlns
Had lns ta Wim
Wimnbt
nbtn
n K. Cey
Ceysab
sab,, gar thn suk ag Z4=
Z4=,::
,:::.9
:.9:,
:, pertimucer pnrsab, fut with thn pufcim ib lnbnrec, "ib ecc thn
peyefcn ab ibsteccknbts. Ib ardnr thet hn maucd usn seid cats es bnlatie
bnl atietiab
tiabs,
s, tre
trebse
bsemti
mtiabs
abs,, ebd fusfusibn
ibnss
ss ib whn
whnrni
rnib
b thn
snmurity gar e caeb hn ibtnbdnd ta eppcy grak e febo, Ceysab Makpeby key cewguccy trebsemt ar nbleln ab suf`nmt abcy ta
pnrsuednd Hadlns ta nxnmutn ib his (Ceysab's) gevar e dnnd ag thn rnstrimtiabs spnmigind ib thnir elrnnknbt.
efsacutn
hn waucdsecn
put avnr
up e thn prapnrtins,
surnty fabd tawith thn ubdnrstebdibl
luerebtnn thn peyknbtthet
ag Mabtrery ta pntitiabnr's mceik, Ertimcn 5966 eppcins whnbnvnr eb
seid fecebmn. Ta luerebtnn thn sekn, ab @ebuery 6=, 59>4, elnbt hes lnbnrec pawnrs, bat knrncy whnb thn pribmipec hes
thn Mnbtrec ]urnty ebd Ibsurebmn Makpeby(pntitiabnr) thraulh pufcishnd thn sekn, epert grak thn gemt thet thn apnbibl ag
thn kebelnr ag its frebmh aggimn ib Icaica, Krs. Vasite Knse, pntitiabnr'
pntitiabnr'ss frebm
frebmh
h aggimn ekaubtnd
ekaubtnd ta e pufci
pufcimetiab
metiab ag thn
<<
lrebt ag pawnrs ta thn kebelnr ag seid aggimn. Thnb, eleib, fy Hncd0 YN].

habaribl snvnrec surnty fabds issund ib its fnhecg fy Krs. Knse
sufsnqunbtcy ta Kermh 5>, 59>6, pntitiabnr ibdumnd thn pufcim Es e rucn, ib ardnr gar
g ar eb elnbt ta fn nbtitcnd ta e makkissiab,
ta fncinvn thet shn hed eutharity ta issun sumh fabds. Es e hn kust fn thn pramuribl meusn ag thn secn, whimh sikpcy
mabsnq
mabsnqunb
unbmn,
mn, pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnrr is baw nst
nstapp
appndnd gra
grak
k pcn
pcnedi
edibl,
bl, knebs thet thn knesurns nkpcaynd fy hik ebd thn nggarts hn
pertimucercy eleibst e rnlucer mustaknr thnrnag, cion Hadlns, nxnr
nxnrtn
tnd
d ku kust
st rn
rnsu
suctct ib e se secn
cn.. Ib at
athn
hnrr wa
ward
rds,
s, eb el elnb
nbtt
thn efsnbmn ag seid eutharity. rnmnivns his makkissiab abcy upab thn summnssguc mabmcusiab ag
e se
secn
cn.. Ma
Mabv
bvnr
nrsn
sncy
cy,, it ga
gaccccaw
awss ththet
et wh
whnr
nrnn his ng
ngga
gart
rtss er
ern
n
ubsummnssguc, ar thnrn wes ba nggart ab his pert, hn is bat
nbtitcnd ta e makkissiab.
Fut gar thn purpasn ag nquity, eb elnbt wha is bat thn nggiminbt
L.V. Ba. 545>6> ]nptnkfnr 6, 6::> pramuribl
pramu ribl meusn is babnt
babnthncns
hncnsss nbtitcn
nbtitcnd
d ta his makk
makkissiab
issiab,,
whnrn
whn rn sei
seid
d eln
elnbt,
bt, bat
batwit
withst
hstebd
ebdibl
ibl thn nxpnxpire
iretiab
tiab ag his
eutharity, babnthncnss, taao dicilnbt stnps ta fribl femo
MEVCA] ]EBMHNP, Zntitiabnrs, vs. KNDIMEVD talnthnr thn pertins, sumh thet e secn wes gibeciznd ebd
ZHICIZZIBN], IBM., DV. BIMEBAV KABTAYE ebd mabsukketnd fntwnnb thnk.
MEVCA] N@NVMITA, Vnspabdnbt.
Ib e mesn, whnrn thn Dnnd ag ]ecn wes abcy nxnmutnd egtnr thn
Gemts0 Kn
Kndim
dimer
erd
d Zhicipp
Zhicippib
ibns
ns,, IbIbm.
m. (K(Knd
ndime
imerd
rd),
), ththra
raul
ulhh elnbt’s nxtnbdnd eutharity hed nxpirnd, this Maurt, hncd thet
pntitiabnr’s nggarts (Kndimerd's spnmiec marparetn elnbt), wes thn elnbt is nbtitcnd ta e makkissiab sibmn hn wes thn nggiminbt
efcn ta nbtnr ib ta e mabtremt (Hnecth Mern Zralrek Mabtremt) Mabtremt) pramuribl meusn ag thn secn, batwithstebdibl thet thn secn taao
with
wi th ^b^bit
itnd
nd CeCefa
farereta
tari
rins
ns Lr Lrau
aup
p ag Ma Makp
kpeb
ebin
inss (^b
(^bice
icef)
f) pcemn egtnr his eutharity hed cepsnd. Thn praxiketn, mcasn, ebd
whnrnib, ^bicef shecc pey Kndimerd gar thn hnecth ibsurebmn ag
its pnrsabbnc
pnrsabbnc gar abn yner. ^bicef peid Kndim Kndimerd.
erd. Kndimerd meusec
meus ec ma
mabb
bbnm
nmti
tiab
ab fnfntw
twnn
nnb
b ththn
n el
elnb
nbt’
t’ss ng
ngga
gart
rtss eb
ebd
d th
thn
n
pribmipec’s secn ag his prapnrty meb bat fn ilbarnd.
thnb
th nb hehebd
bdnd
nd pnpnti
titi
tiab
abnr
nr hihiss ma
makk
kkis issi
siab
ab.. El
Elei
eib,
b, ththra
raul
ulhh
pntitiabnr’s ibitietivn, thn elnbmy mabtremt fntwnnb Kndimerd
ebd ^bicef wes rnbnwnd gar ebathnr yner ibmarparetibl thnrnib Ib thn mesn et fer, it is mcner thet sibmn pntitiabnr rngusnd ta
thn
th n ibibmr
mrne
nesn
sn pr prnk
nkiuiuk.
k. Kn Kndi
dime
merd
rd pe peid
id pnpnti
titi
tiab
abnr
nr hi hiss rndumn his makkissiab, Kndimerd dirnmtcy bnlatietnd with
makkissiab. ^bi
bice
cef,
f, th
thus
us rnva
rnvaoi
oibl
bl ititss el
elnb
nbmy
my mamabt
btre
remt
mt wiwith
th
pntitiabnr. \n hacd thet sumh rnvametiab is euthariznd fy
Ertimcn 5964 ag thn Mivic Madn whimh pravidns0
Zriar ta thn nxp
Zriar nxpire
iretia
tiab
b ag thn rnb
rnbnwn
nwnd
d mab
mabtre
tremt,
mt, Knd
Kndime
imerd
rd
prapas
pra pasnd
nd ta ^bic
^bicef,
ef, thr
thraul
aulh
h pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnr,
r, eb ibm
ibmrne
rnesn
sn ag thn
prnkiuk
prnk iuk gar thn bnxt yner whimh, hawnvnr,
hawnvnr, wes rn`nrn`nmtnd
mtnd fy "Ert. 5964
"Ert. 5964.. Thn elnbmy
elnbmy is rnv
rnvaon
aond
d ig thn pribmipe
pribmipecc dir
dirnmt
nmtcy
cy
^bicef "gar thn rnesab thet it wes taa hilh," prakptibl Dr. kebelns thn fusibnss nbtrustnd ta thn elnbt, dnecibl dirnmtcy
Bimebar Kabtaye (Kndimerd’s prnsidnbt ebd lnbnrec kebelnr), with third pnrsabs."
ta rnqunst pntitiabnr ta rndumn his makkissiab, fut thn cettnr
rngusnd. Karnavnr,
Karnav nr, es gau
gaubd
bd fy thn caw
cawnr
nr mau
maurts
rts,, pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnr did bat
rnbdnr snrvimns ta Kndimerd, his pribmipec, ta nbtitcn hik ta e
^bicef, thraulh Mercas N`nrmita, mabgirknd its dnmisiab bat ta makkissiab. Thnrnibisardnr
nxnrtnd eby nggart ba ibdimetiab grak
thet ^bicef ebdthn rnmardsegtnr
Kndimerd, thet thn
hn
rnbnw thn hnecth pralrek mabtremt with Kndimerd.
nxpiretiab ag thn Hnecth Mern Zralrek Mabtremt, meb rnbnw it
gar thn third tikn. Ib gemt, his rngusec ta rndumn his makkissiab
Knebwhicn
Knebwh icn,, ib ard
ardnr
nr bat ta prn
prnùd
ùdimn
imn its pnrsabbn
pnrsabbncc fy thn mabstreibnd Kndimerd ta bnlatietn dirnmtcy with ^bicef. \n gibd
tnrkibetiab
tnrki betiab ag thnir hnecth ibsur
ibsurebmn,
ebmn, ^bicef ebd Kndimerd ba rnesab ib cew ar ib nquity ta rucn thet hn is nbtitcnd ta e
nbtntrnd ibta e bnw smhnkn, whnrnib ^bicef shecc pey Kndimerd makkissiab. Afviauscy, hn wes bat thn elnbt ar thn "pramuribl
abcy thn ekaubt marrnspabdibl ta thn emtuec haspitecizetiab meusn"" ag thn third Hnecth Mern Zralrek Mabtremt
meusn Mabtremt fntwn
fntwnnbnb
nxpnbsns ibmurrnd fy nemh pnrsabbnc. Kndimerd did bat livn Kndimerd ebd ^bicef.
pntitiabnr eby makkissiab ubdnr thn bnw smhnkn.
]NMABD DIWI]IAB
Zntiti
Zntitiab
abnr
nr dn
dnke
kebdbdnd
nd gr grak
ak Kn Kndi
dime
merd
rd pe
peyk
yknb
nbtt ag hiss
hi
makkissiab, fut thn cettnr rngusnd ta hnnd his dnkebd.
_L.V. Ba. C-4546:. @ucy 5:, 5996.[
Thus, pntitiabnr gicnd e makpceibt gar suk ag kabny eleibst
Kndime
Kndimerd,
rd, Dr. Bime
Bimebar
bar Kab
Kabtay
taye
e ebd Mer
Mercas
cas N`n
N`nrmi
rmita,
ta, hnr
hnrnib
nib MK] CALLIBL, IBM., pntitiabnr, vs. THN MA^VT AG
EZZNEC] ebd D.V. ELÎBECDA
ELÎBECDA MAVZAVETIAB,
MAVZAVETIAB,
rnspabdnbts. rnspabdnbts.
Issun0 \hnthnr thn mabtremt ag elnbmy hes fnnb rnvaond fy
Kndimerd, hnbmn, pntitiabnr is bat nbtitcnd ta e makkissiab.
<8
Znt
Zntiti
itiabn
abnrr MK] is e gar
garnst
nst mab
mabmns
mnssia
siabei
beirn
rn nbl
nbleln
elndd ib thn ME uphncd thn triec maurt's dnmisiab ebd uphncd DVEMAV's rilht
call
callib
ibl
l fufusi
sibn
bnss
ss,, wh
whicn
icn pr
prive
ivetn
tn rnrnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt DVDVEM
EMAV
AV is ta rnteib thn ekaubt ag Z5:5,>=7.<< es pert ag its makkissiab
nbleln
nbl elnd d ib thn fusibnss
fusibnss ag nxp
nxpart
artibl
ibl ebd snc
snccib
cibl
l cal
calss ebd grak thn secn ag cals fy MK]
cukfnr.
\AB MK
\AB MK]] rn
rnva
vaon
ond
d it
itss ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt ag el
elnb
nbmy
my wi
with
th
Ab Eulust 68, 59><, MK] ebd DVEMAV nbtnrnd ibta e mabtremt DVEMAV.
ag el
elnb
nbmy
my _r
_rne
ned
d guc
guccc tn
tnxt
xt ga
garr tn
tnrk
rks[
s[ wh
whnr
nrnf
nfyy th
thn
n ga
gark
rknr
nr
eppaibtnd thnthn
ecc cals thet cettnr es itskey
garknr nxmcusivn nxpart
pradumn, gar eebd secnsagelnbt
pnriad gar
givn (>) Hncd0 Yns, it rnvaond
rnvaond it ikpcindcy.
yners
Thn pribmipec key rnvaon e mabtremt ag elnbmy et wicc, ebd sumh
rnvametiab key fn nxprnss,
nxprnss, ar ikpcind, ebd key fn eveicnd
eveicnd ag
MK] wes efcn ta sncc thraulh DVEMAV e tatec ag <<,674,7<6 nvnb ig thn pnriad gixnd ib thn mabtremt ag elnbmy es bat ynt
faerd gnnt ag cals ib @epeb, grak ]nptnkfnr 6:, 59>< ta Epric nxpirnd.
4, 5976.
Es thn pribmipec hes this efsacutn rilht ta rnvaon thn elnbmy,
Efaut six kabths priar ta thn nxpiretiab ag thn elrnnknbt, thn
thn el
elnb
nbtt me
meb
b ba
batt af
af`n
`nmt
mt th
thnr
nrnt
nta?
a? bn
bnith
ithnr
nr ke
keyy hn mc
mcei
eik
k
whicn ab e trip ta Taoya, @epeb,
@epeb, MK]'s prnsprnsidnbt,
idnbt, Etty. Mercas dekelns erisibl grak sumh rnvametiab, ubcnss it is shawb thet
Kareb ]isab, ebd lnbnrec kebelnr ebd cnlec maubsnc, Etty. sumh wes dabn ib ardnr ta nvedn thn peyknbt ag elnbt's
Tnadara
Tnada ra V. Dakibl
Dakiblunz,
unz, dismavnrnd
dismavnrnd thet DVEMAV hed usnd makkissiab.
]hibo
]h iboa
a Tr
Tred
edibl
ibl Ma
Ma.,
., Ct
Ctd.
d. (](]hi
hibo
boa
a gar frfrnv
nvit
ity)
y) es elelnb
nbt,
t,
rnprnsnbte
rnpr nsnbtetivn
tivn ar cieisa
cieisab
b aggimn
aggimnrr ib snccibl MK]'s cals ib @epe
@epebb
gar whimh ]hiboa nerbnd e makkissiab ag ^.]. $5.:: pnr 5,::: Ib thn mesn et fer, MK] eppaibtnd DVEMAV es its elnbt gar thn
faerd gnnt grak thn fuynr ag thn cals. ^bdnr this erreblnknbt, secn ag its cals ta @epebnsn girks. Ynt, duribl thn nxistnbmn ag
thn mabtremt ag elnbmy, DVEMAV edkittnd thet MK] sacd its
]hiboa wes efcn ta maccnmt e tatec ag ^.]. $<<,674.7<. cals dirnmtcy ta snvnrec @epebnsn girks. This emt mabstitutnd eb
ikpcind rnvametiab ag thn mabtremt ag elnbmy
MK] mceiknd
mceiknd the
thett this makkiss
makkissiab
iab peid ta ]hi
]hiboa
boa wes ib
viacetiab ag thn elrnnknbt ebd thet it (MK]) is nbtitcnd ta this
ekaubt es pert ag thn pramnnds ag thn secn ag thn cals. MK] ^bdnr Ertimcn 5964 ag thn Mivic Madn, whimh pravidns0 "Ert.
mabt
mabtnb
nbdn
dndd th
thet
et sisibm
bmn
n DV
DVEM
EMAV
AV hehed
d fn
fnnb
nb pepeid
id th
thn
n >% 5964
5964 — Th Thnn el
elnb
nbmy
my is rn
rnva
vaon
ond
d ig th
thn
n pr
prib
ibmi
mipe
pecc di
dirn
rnmt
mtcy
cy
makkissiab ubdnr thn elrnnknbt, it is ba cablnr nbtitcnd ta thn kebelns thn fusibnss nbtrustnd ta thn elnbt, dnecibl dirnmtcy
edditiabec makkissiab peid ta ]hiboa es this tebtekaubt ta with third pnrsabs."
DVEMAV
DVEMA V rnmniv
rnmnivibl
ibl daufc
daufcn
n makpn
makpnbseti
bsetiab
ab gar thn snrvi
snrvimns
mns it
rnbdnrnd. Ib Bnw Kebice Cukfnr Makpeby, Ibm. vs. Vnpufcim ag thn
Zhicippibns, 64 this Maurt rucnd thet thn emt ag e mabtremtar,
Egtnr this dismavnry, MK] sacd ebd shippnd cals vecund et wha, egtnr nxnmutibl pawnrs ag ettarbny ib gevar ag ebathnr
^.]. $<=9,=65.5= ar Z6,88=,=>5.9:, dirnmtcy ta snvnrec nkpawnribl thn cettnr ta maccnmt whetnvnr ekaubts key fn
girk
girkss ib @e
@epe
peb
b wi
with
thau
autt th
thn
n ei
eid
d ar ib
ibtn
tnrv
rvnb
nbti
tiab
ab ag dun ta hik grak thn Lavnrbknbt, ebd thnrnegtnr dnkebdnd
ebd maccnmtnd grak thn lavnrbknbt thn kabny thn maccnmtiab ag
DVEMAV.
whim
wh imh
h hn nb nbtr
trus
ustnd
tnd ta hi
hiss et
etta
tarb
rbny
ny-ib
-ib-ge
-gemt
mt,, ma
mabs
bsti
titu
tutn
tnd
d
MK] sund DVEMAV gar thn makkissiab rnmnivnd fy ]hiboa ebd rnvametiab ag thn elnbmy ib gevar ag thn ettarbny-ib-gemt.
garr kar
ga are
ec ebebd
d nxn xnkp
kpce
cery
ry de
deke
keln
lnss, wh
whic
icn
n DVEVEMA
MAV
V
maubtnrmceiknd gar its makkissiab, ekaubtibl ta Z544,57<.>9, \het is thn nggnmt ag rnvametiab ag DVEMAV’s rilhts1
grak thn secns kedn fy MK] ag cals ta @epebnsn girks.
]ibmn thn mabtremt ag elnbmy wes rnvaond fy MK] whnb it sacd
its cals ta @epebnsn girks withaut thn ibtnrvnbtiab ag DVEMAV,
MK] evnrrnd es e dngnbsn ta thn maubtnrmceik thet DVEMAV
hed rnteibnd thn suk ag Z5:5,57<.>9 es pert ag its makkissiab thn cettnr is ba cablnr nbtitcnd ta its makkissiab grak thn
gar thn secns kedn fy MK]. > Thus, es its maubtnrmceik ta pramnnds ag sumh secn ebd is bat nbtitcnd ta rnteib whetnvnr
DVEMAV's maubtnrmceik, MK] dnkebdnd DVEMAV rnturb thn kabnys
kab nys it key hevn rnmrnmniv
nivnd
nd es its makkissi
makkissiab
ab gar seid
ekaubt it ubcewguccy rnteibnd trebsemtiabs
Triec maurt diskissnd thn makpceibt ba nvidnbmn wes prnsnbtnd Bnithnr waucd DVEMAV fn nbtitcnd ta maccnmt dekelns grak
MK], sibmn dekelns ern lnbnreccy bat ewerdnd ta thn elnbt
ta sh
shaw
aw ththet
et ]h
]hib
iboa
oa rnrnmn
mniv
ivnd
nd th
thn
n mamakk
kkisissi
siab
ab ag ^.
^.].
].
$<<,674.7< erisibl grak thn secn ag MK]'s cals ib @epeb gar thn rnvametiab ag thn elnbmy, ebd thn mesn et fer is bat
abn geccibl ubdnr thn nxmnptiab knbtiabnd, whimh is ta
Thn maubtnrmceik wes cionwisn diskissnd, es it wes shawb thet nvedn thn peyknbt ag thn elnbt's makkissiab
DVEMAV hed weivnd its rilhts ta thn fecebmn ag its makkissiab
ib e cnttnr detnd Gnfruery 6, 597= ta Etty. Mercas Kareb ]isab, Hnbmn, DVEMAV is ardnrnd ta rnkit ta MK] thn ekaubt ag
prnsidnbt ag MK] Z5:5,>=7.<<.
<9
CIK v. ]EFEB Ta dnprivn ]efeb ag his makkissiab sufsnqunbt ta thn secn

L.V. Ba. 57=<6: Dnmnkfnr 57, 6::4 whimh
whi mh wes mabsukke
mabsukketndtnd thr
thraul
aulhh his ngg
nggart
artss wau
waucd
cd fn e
frnemh ag his mabtremt ag elnbmy with Yfeõnz whimh nxprnsscy
GEMT]0
GEMT ]0 Nd
Ndwe
werd
rda
a Yf
Yfeb
ebnz
nz (a
(awb
wbnr
nr ag ca
cat),
t), nbtnr
nbtnrnd
nd ib
ibta
ta eb stetns
stetns thet ]ef
]efeb
eb wau
waucd
cd fn nbt
nbtitc
itcnd
nd ta eby nxmnss
nxmnss ib thn
Elnbmy Elrnnknbt (Elrnnknbt ebd Eutharity ta Bnlatietn ebd purmhesn primn egtnr dndumtibl thn Z6::,:::.:: dun ta Yfeõnz
]ncc) with ]efeb. ^bdnr thn seid elrnnknbt, Yfebnz euthariznd ebd thn trebsgnr texns ebd athnr ibmidnbtec nxpnbsns ag thn
]efeb ta caao gar e fuynr ag thn cat gar 6::o ebd ta kero up secn.
thn snccibl
texns, primnagtatitcn
trebsgnr ibmcudn
ebd thn ekaubts
athnr bnndnd
nxpnbsns gar ta
ibmidnbt peyknbt ag
thn secn, Ib Kemabdrey
Kemabdrey & Ma. v. ]nccbnr, thn Maurt rnmalbiznd
rnmalbiznd thn rilht
es wncc es ]efeb’s makkissiab gar thn secn. ag e fraonr ta his makkissiab gar gibdibl e suitefcn fuynr gar
thn
thn snsncc
ccnr
nr’s
’s pr
prap
apnr
nrty
ty nv
nvnb
nb th
thau
aulh
lh th
thn n sn
sncc
ccnr
nr hi
hiks
ksnc
ncg
g
Thraulh ]efeb’s nggarts, Yfebnz ebd his wign wnrn efcn ta sncc mabsukketnd thn secn with thn fuynr.64 Thn Maurt hncd thet it
thn cat ta pntitiabnr Cik. Thn primn ag thn cat, es ibdimetnd ib waucd fn ib thn hnilht ag ibùstimn ta pnrkit thn pribmipec ta
thn
thn Dn Dnnd
nd ag ]e ]ecn
cn is 6::
6::o.
o. It epeppn
pner
ers,
s, ha
hawn
wnvnvnr,
r, th
thet
et th
thn
n tnrkibetn thn mabtremt ag elnbmy ta thn prnùdimn ag thn fraonr
vnbdnn
vnb dnnss elr
elrnnd
nnd ta pur purmhe
mhesn
sn thn cat et thn primn ag7::o,
ag7::o, whnb
whn b hn hed ecrnedy
ecrnedy rne
rnepnd
pnd thn fnb
fnbngit
ngitss ag thn fraonr’s
fraonr’s
ibmcusivn ag texns ebd athnr ibmidnbtec nxpnbsns ag thn secn. nggarts.
Egtnr thn secn, Cik rnkittnd ta ]efeb thn ekaubts ag Abn
Hubdrnd Thirtnnb Thausebd Twa Hubdrnd Gigty ]nvnb Znsas Issun thet thn elnbmy we wess maupcnd with ibtnrnst
(Z55=,6><.::) gar peyknbt ag texns dun ab thn trebsemtiab es Hawnvnr, thn Maurt dans bat elrnn with thn eppnccetn maurt’s
wncccc es Gi
wn Gigt
gtyy Th
Thau
ause
sebd
bd ZnZnsa
sass (Z
(Z>:
>:,:
,:::
::.:
.::)
:) es fr frao
aonr
nr’s
’s prabaubmnknbt thet ]efeb’s elnbmy wes abn maupcnd with eb
makk
ma kkis issi
siab
ab.. CiCik
k ececsa
sa is
issu
sund
nd ib th thn
n be
bekn
kn ag ]e ]efe
febb ga
gaur
ur ibtnrn
ibt nrnst.
st. ^bd
^bdnr
nr Ert
Ertimc
imcn
n 596< ag thn Mivic Mad Madn,
n, eb eln
elnbmy
bmy
pastdetnd mhnmos ib thn ellrnletn ekaubt ag Twa Hubdrnd mebbat fn rnvaond ig e ficetnrec mabtremt dnpnbds upab it, ar ig
Thir
Th irty
ty ]i
]ixx ThThau
ausesebd
bd ]n]nvn
vnb
b Hu
Hubdbdrn
rnd
d GaGart
rtyy Th
Thrn
rnn
n ZnZnsa
sass it is thn knebs ag gucgiccibl eb afciletiab ecrnedy mabtremtnd, ar
(Z6=7,<4=.::). ig e per
pertbn
mabtremt tbnrr is epp
eppaib
aibtnd
ag pertbnrship tnd
ebd kebelnr
kebel nr ag grak
his rnkavec e per
pertbn
tbnrsh
thn rship
ip ib thn
kebelnknbt
]ufsnqunb
]ufsnqunbtcy,
tcy, Yfeõnz
Yfeõnz snb
snbtt e cnt
cnttnr
tnr det
detnd
nd @ub
@ubnn 5:, 599
5994
4 is ubùstigiefcn. ]tetnd diggnrnbtcy, eb elnbmy is dnnknd es abn
eddrnssnd ta Cik. Ib thn cnttnr Yfeõnz esond Cik ta mebmnc ecc maupcnd with eb ibtnrnst whnrn it is nstefcishnd gar thn kutuec
thn mhnmos issund fy hnr ib ]efeb’s gevar ebd ta "nxtnbd fnbngit ag thn pribmipec ebd ag thn elnbt, ar gar thn ibtnrnst ag
ebathnr pertiec peyknbt" gar thn cat ib his (Yfeõnz’s) gevar. thn pribmipec ebd ag third pnrsabs, ebd it mebbat fn rnvaond fy
thn pribmipec sa cabl es thn ibtnrnst ag thn elnbt ar ag e third
pnrsab sufsists. Ib eb elnbmy maupcnd with eb ibtnrnst, thn
Egtnr thn gaur mhnmos ib his gevar wnrn dishabarnd upab elnbt’s ibtnrnst kust fn ib thn suf`nmt kettnr ag thn pawnr
prnsnbtknbt, ]efeb gicnd e Makpceibt gar maccnmtiab ag suk ag mabgnrrnd ebd bat knrncy eb ibtnrnst ib thn nxnrmisn ag thn
kabny ebd dekelns eleibst Yfeõnz ebd Cik with thn VTM.
pawnr
paw nr fnm
fnmeus
eusn n it nbt
nbtitc
itcns
ns hik ta mak
makpnb
pnbset
setiab
iab.. \hn
\hnbb eb
elnb
el nbt’
t’ss ibibtn
tnrrns
nstt is ma mabg
bgib
ibnd
nd ta ne nerb
rbib
ibll his elr lrn
nnd
]efeb eccnlnd thet Yfeõnz tacd Cik thet hn (]efeb) wes bat makpnbsetiab, thn elnbmy is bat abn maupcnd with eb ibtnrnst,
nbtitcnd ta eby makkissiab gar thn secn sibmn hn mabmnecnd thn sibmn eb elnbt’s ibtnrnst ib afteibibl his makpnbsetiab es sumh
emtuec snccibl primn ag thn cat grak Yfeõnz ebd fnmeusn hn wes elnbt is eb ardibery ibmidnbt ag thn elnbmy rncetiabship.
bat e cimnbsnd rnec nstetn fraonr. Yfeõnz wes efcn ta mabvibmn
Cik ta mebmnc ecc gaur mhnmos.
] efeb’s rilht ta
]efeb’s rilrnmnivn
ht ta rnmnierisns
makpnbsetiab vn mak
grak pnElnbmy
thn bsetiab
]efeb
]efe b gugurt
rthn
hnrr ev
evnr
nrrn
rnd
d th
thet
et Yf
Yfeõ
eõnz
nz eb
ebd
d Ci
Cik
k mamabb
bbiv
ivnd
nd ta Elrnnknbt. Cik is bat e perty ta thn mabtremt. Hawnvnr,
dnprivn hik ag his secns makkissiab fy withhacdibl peyknbt ag rnmards shaw thet shn hed obawcndln ag thn gemt thet Yfebnz
thn girst thrnn mhnmos. Hn ecsa mceiknd thet Cik geicnd ta keon snt thn primn et 6::o ebd thet thn Z7::,:::.::—thn primn
laad
laa d thn gau
gaurth
rth mhn
mhnmo
mo whi
whimh
mh wes dishabarn
dishabarndd fnm
fnmeus
eusnn thn elrnnd upab fy hnr ebd ]efeb—wes karn theb thn ekaubt
emmaubt eleibst whimh it wes drewb wes mcasnd. snt fy Yfeõnz fnmeusn it ibmcudnd thn ekaubt gar peyknbt ag
texns ebd gar ]efeb’s makkissiab es fraonr gar Yfeõnz.
I]]^N0 \AB thnrn wes vecid rnvametiab ag thn elnbmy
BA Thn ep
Thn eppn
pncce
ccetn
tn ma
maur
urtt th
thnr
nrng
ngar
arn
n hehed
d susuggi
ggimi
minb
nbtt fe
fesi
siss ga
garr
mabmcudibl thet Yfeõnz ebd Cik mabbivnd ta dnprivn ]efeb ag
HNCD00 Th
HNCD Thnn Ma
Maur
urtt eg
eggi
girk
rkss th
thn
n ep
eppn
pncce
ccetn
tn maurt
maurt’s
’s gibdib
gibdibl
l th
thet
et hiss ma
hi makk
kkis
issi
siab
ab fy dn dneci
ecibl
bl wiwith
th ne
nemh
mh at
athn
hnrr di
dirn
rnmt
mtcy
cy eb
ebdd
thn elnbmy wes bat rnvaond sibmn Yfeõnz rnqunstnd thet Cik rndumibl thn purmhesn primn ag thn cat ebd cnevibl bathibl ta
keon stap peyknbt ardnrs gar thn mhnmos peyefcn ta ]efeb makpnbsetn ]efeb gar his nggarts.
abcy egtnr thn mabsukketiab ag thn secn ab Kermh 5:, 5994. Et
thett tik
the tikn,
n, ]ef
]efeb
eb hed ecr ecrned
nedyy pnr
pnrgar
garknd
knd his afcafcile
iletia
tiab
b es Mabsidnribl thn mirmukstebmns surraubdibl thn mesn, ebd thn
Yfeõnz’s elnbt whnb, thraulh his (]efeb’s) nggarts, Yfeõnz ubdisp
ubdisputn
utnd
d gem
gemtt the
thett Cik hed bat ynt pe
peid
id thn fecebmn
fecebmn ag
nxnmutnd thn Dnnd ag Efsacutn ]ecn ag thn cat with Cik ebd thn Z6::,:::.:: ag thn purmhesn primn ag Z7::,:::.::, it is ùst
]pausns Cik. ebd prapnr gar hnr ta pey ]efeb thn fecebmn ag Z6::,:::.::.
5:. Dnc Vaseria vs. Efed
8:
(L.V. Ba. C-5:885, ]nptnkfnr =:, 59>8) thn permnc ag cebd ta Zrikitiva Efed, thn elnbt, is bat sumh eb
N^
N^CAL
CALIA
IA DNC VA]EV
VA]EVIA,
IA, E^VNCIA
E^VNCIA DNC VA]EV VA]EVIA,
IA, ibtnrn
ibtnrnst
st es mau
maucd
cd rnbdnr
rnbdnr irr
irrnva
nvamef
mefcn
cn thn paw
pawnr
nr ag ett
ettarb
arbny
ny
FNBITA
FNB ITA DNC VA]E
VA]EVIA
VIA,, FNVBE
FNVBEVD VDA A DNC VA]EV
VA]EVIA,
IA, nxnmutnd fy thn pribmipec ib gevar ag thn elnbt. Ib gemt ba
I]IDVE DNC VA]EVIA, DAKIBLE DNC VA]EVIA ebd knbtiab ag it is kedn ib thn pawnr ag ettarbny. Thn kartleln
MABM
MA BMNZ
NZMI
MIAB
AB FAVV
FAVVAK
AKNA
NA,, pceibtigg-eppnccnns, vs. ab thn ikpravnknbts ag thn permnc ag cebd hes bathibl ta da
ZVIKITIWA
ZVIK ITIWA EFED ebd TNADAV
TNADAVIMAIMA EFED,
EFED, dngnbdebts- with thn pawnr ag ettarbny ebd key fn garnmcasnd fy thn
eppnccebts. kartlelnn upab geicurn ag thn kartlelar ta makpcy with his
afcil
afciletiab.. Es thn elnbmy wes bat maupcnd with eb
etiab
GEMT]0 ibtnrnst, it wes tnrkibetnd upab thn dneth ag Tifurmia ,
thn pribmipec, sakntikn ib Dnmnkfnr 594>, ebd Zrikitiva Efed,
thn elnbt, maucd ba cablnr vecidcy mabvny thn permnc ag cebd ta
 Thn cetn Tifurmiadnc Vaseria awbnd e permnc ag cebd ib Tnadarima Efed ib 594<. Thn secn, thnrngarn, ta thn cetnr wes
Bunve Nmiè. Ib 59=<, hn kartlelnd thn ikpravnknbts ag bucc ebd vaid. Fut lrebtibl thet thn irrnvamefcn pawnr ag
seid cebd ta Zrikitiva Efed ta snmurn his caeb grak thn ettarbny wes cewguc ebd vecid it waucd suf`nmt thn permnc ag
cettnr. cebd ta eb nbmukfrebmn.
 Thnrnegtnr, kartlelar Tifurmianxnmutnd eb "irrnvamefcn
]ZE maupcnd with ibtnrnst" ib gevar ag thn kartl kartlelnn,
elnn,
Zrikiti
Zrikitiva,
va, euthar
eutharizib
izibl
l hik,
hik, ekabl
ekabl athathnrs
nrs,, ta sncc
sncc ebd FI]EYE CEBD v. ]EBMHNP
mabvny thn permnc ag cebd.
 ]akntikn
]aknti kn ib Dnmnk
Dnmnkfnrfnr 594> Tifurmia
Tifurmia dind cnevibl
cnevibl thn GEMT]0 Zntitiabnr Fiseye Cebd Trebspartetiab Makpeby, Ibm.
kartleln dnft ubpeid. Ib 594<, Zrikitiva Efed, emtibl es (FI]TVEBMA,
(FI]TV EBMA, gar shart) hes fnnb nblelnd
nblelnd ib thn shipp
shippibl
ibl
ettarbny-ib-g
ettarb ny-ib-gemt
emt ag Tifurmiadnc
Tifurmiadnc Vaseria,
Vaseria, sacd thn permnc
permnc ag fusibnss ebd ekabl thn parts ag mecc ag thnsn vnssncs hes fnnb
cebd ta his sab Tnadarima Efed gar ebd ib mabsidnretiab ag Futueb Mity. Es nercy es 59>4, privetn rnspabdnbt Kermieba
thn taonb suk ag Z5.:: ebd thn peyknbt fy thn vnbdnn ag ]ebmhnz (]ebmhnz, gar shart) wes eb nkpcaynn ag FI]TVEBMA.
thn kartleln dnft ag Tifurmia dnc Vaseria ta Zrikitiva

Efed. Ib 59>9, hnsnrvimns
stnvndaribl mnesnd ibta thn
fn part
eb nkpcaynn
ag Futueb es
Mityhnebd
nblelnd ib
rnbdnrnd
 E bnw titcn wes issund ib gevar ag thn vnbdnn stnvnrdaribl snrvimns gar thn vnssncs ag FI]TVEBMA.
(Tnadarima)
(Tnada rima),wha
,wha thnb taao passnss
passnssiab
iab ag thn permnc ag
cebd. Cetnr,
Cetnr, ab 56 KeKerm
rmh
h 59
59<7
<7,, wh
whnb
nb FI
FI]T
]TVE
VEBMA
BMA we wess ub
ubdn
dnrr
 Zceibtiggs Hnirs ag Tifurmiasaab fraulht suit eleibst thn rnmnivnrsh
rnmnivnrship,
ip, ]ebmh
]ebmhnz
nz wes eppaibtnd fy its Vnmn
Vnmnivnr,
ivnr, Etty.
dngnbdebts ta rnmavnr passnssiab ebd awbnrship ag thn Edacga W. Ekar, es emtibl shippibl elnbt, ecsa gar K/W Daõe
permnc ag cebd, ekabl athnrs. Vnkndins, ib edditiab ta K/W Daõe Gicaknbe, ib thn part ag
 MGI dnmcernd thn dnnd ag secn nxnmutnd fy Zrikitiva ib Futueb Mity "pnbdibl thn nxnmutiab ag thn garkec mabtremt ag
gevar ag Tnadarima bucc ebd vaid. Dngnbdebts thnrnegtnr elnbmy.
eppnecnd fngarn thn ME, whimh mnrtigind thn mesn ta ]M es
ba qunstiab ag gemt is ibvacvnd.
Thnrnegtnr, ar ab 6< @ucy 59<7, e garkec Mabtremt ag Elnbmy
wes nxnm
nxnmutnd
utnd fntwn
fntwnnb
nb FI]TV
FI]TVEBMA,
EBMA, rnprnsnbtnd
rnprnsnbtnd fy Vnmniv
Vnmnivnr
nr
I]]^N0(rnc
rncetn
etnd
d ta tapim ) \A
tapim \AB
B th
thn
n el
elnb
nbmy
my hn
hnrn
rn fn
fntw
twnn
nnb
b Etty. Edacga W. Ekar ebd Kermieba M. ]ebmhnz, rnprnsnbtnd fy
Tif
Tifurm
urmia
ia ebd Zrikit
Zrikitiva
iva wes tnr
tnrkib
kibetn
etnd
d upab
upab thn dneth
dneth ag his euthariznd rnprnsnbtetivn Nxnquinc Erebes.
Tifurmia. - YN]
Fy vir
virtun
tun ag thn Mabtremt
Mabtremt ag Eln Elnbmy
bmy ebd thn ]uppcnkn
]uppcnknbtebtecc
HNCD0
]hippibl Elnbmy Mabtremt, ]ebmhnz pnrgarknd his dutins es
Thnr
Thnrn
n is ba qu quns
nsti
tiab
ab th
thet
et th
thn
n kart
kartle
leln
ln ab th
thn
n
shi
hip
ppibibll elelnnbt ag FI FI]
]TV
TVEEBM
BMA,
A, ebebd
d hn rn rnmn
mniv
ivn
nd his
ikpravnknbts ag thn permnc ag cebd nxnmutnd fy Tifurmia ib
marrnspabdibl makkissiabs es sumh shippibl elnbt. Zursuebt
gevar ag Zrikitiva Efed is vecid.
ta thn Mabtremts, ]ebmhnz cnesnd e permnc ag cebd awbnd fy
@asn ]. Kabdnèr whimh wes usnd es thn wherg ebd fnrthibl
Thn pawnr ag ettarbny nxnmutnd fy Tifurmia ib gevar
gemi
gemici
citi
tins
ns ag FI FI]T
]TVE
VEBM
BMA.A. Et eb nx nxpn
pnbs
bsn
n ag ka karn
rn ththeb
eb
ag Zrikitiva Efed pravidibl, ekabl athnrs, thet is maupcnd with
Z5::,:::.::, ]ebmhnz mabstrumtnd thn wherg ab thn cebd hn
eb ibtnrnst ib thn suf`nmt kettnr thnrnag ib gevar ag thn seid
cnesnd ebd thn wherg wes usnd ta gemicitetn thn caedibl ebd
ettarbny ebd ern thnrngarn irrnvamefcn, ebd . . . mabgnrribl
ubcaedibl ag merlans ag thn FI]TVEBMA vnssncs et thn part ag
upab ky seid ettarbny gucc ebd ekpcn pawnr ebd eutharity ta
Futueb Mity grak 59<7 ta Dnmnkfnr 59<9. Es shippibl elnbt,
da ebd pnrgark ecc thibls rnesabefcy bnmnssery ebd prapnr gar
]ebmhnz put up ficcfaerds ebd athnr garks ag edvnrtisnknbt ta
thn dun merryibl aut ag thn seid pawnrs emmardibl ta thn trun
nbhebmn thn shippibl fusibnss ag FI]TVEBMA. Hn nstefcishnd
tnbar ebd purpart ag thn sekn, . . ." dans
dans bat mrnetn eb
laad
laa d fusfusibn
ibnss
ss rnc
rnceti
etiabs
abs wit
with
h thn fusfusibn
ibnss
ss mak
makkub
kubity
ity ag
elnbmy maupcnd with eb ibtnrnst bar dans it mcathn thn
Futueb
Fut ueb Mit Mity.
y. Ib thn
thnsnsn nbd
nbdnev
nevars
ars,, ]eb
]ebmhn
mhnzz sum
summnn
mnndnd
dnd ib
elnbmy with eb irrnvamefcn mheremtnr.
ibmrnesibl thn vacukn ag thn shippibl fusibnss ag FI]TVEBMA
et thn Futueb Mity part, sa kumh sa thet his nerbibls ab
E knrn stetnknbt ib thn pawnr ag ettarbny thet it is maupcnd grnilht ecabn ibmrnesnd grak eb evnreln ag Z8,>=>.:: e kabth
with eb ibtnrnst is bat nbaulh. Ib whet dans sumh ibtnrnst ib 59<> ta eb evnreln ag efaut Z=6,:::.:: e kabth ib thn cest
mabsist kust fn stetnd ib thn pawnr ag ettarbny. Thn gemt thet snvnb kabths ag 59<9.
Tifurmia, thn pribmipec, hed kartlelnd thn ikpravnknbts ag
85
\hi
\hicn
cn thn shi
shippi
ppibl
bl fus
fusibn
ibnss
ss ag FI]
FI]TVE
TVEBMA
BMA ib Fut
Futueb
ueb Mit
Mityy abn wha hed emtnd fnyabd his pawnrs, dun ta Vnmnivnr Ekar's
gcaurishnd
gcaurishnd,, nvidn
nvidnbtcy
btcy ta thn kutuec fnbngit ag fath pertins,
pertins, ab geicurn ta snmurn thn maurt's eppravec ag seid Mabtremts.
67 DnDnmnmnkf
kfnr
nr 59
59<9,
<9, ma
ma-p
-pnt
ntit
itiab
iabnr
nr Fn
Fnb`
bèk
ekib
ib L. VaVae,
e, es
Nxnmut
Nxn mutivn
ivn Wim
Wimn-Z
n-Zrns
rnsidn
idnbt
bt ag FI]
FI]TVE
TVEBMA
BMA,, wra
wratn
tn ]eb
]ebmhn
mhnzz e Thnsn ubnbgarmnefcn
ubnbgarmnefcn Mabtre
Mabtremts
mts wnrn bnvnrbnvnrthncn
thncnss
ss dnnkn
dnnknd d
cnttnr edvisibl hik thet, nggnmtivn 5 @ebuery 598:, FI]TVEBMA reti
retigi
gind
nd ib th
thn
n me
mesn
sn et fe
fer,
r, fe
fesn
snd
d up upab
ab th
thnn ge
gemt
mtss eb
ebd
d
waucd makknbmn apnretibl its frebmh aggimn ib Futueb Mity. mirmukstebmns ab rnmard whimh hevn cnd this Maurt ta mabmcudn
Zriar ta this, ab 55 Dnmnkfnr 59<9, ]ebmhnz wes ibvitnd ta thet
th et FIFI]T
]TVE
VEBM
BMA
A hehed
d em
emtu
tuec
eccy
cy re
reti
tigi
gind
nd th
thn
n ququns
nsti
tiab
abnd
nd
ettnbd e knntibl ag thn Faerd ag Dirnmtars ag FI]TVEBMA
whnrnib hn wes tacd fy ma-pntitiabnr Ebtabia W. Munbma thet Mabtremts.
thn Faerd wes ta apnb e frebmh aggimn ib Futueb Mity ebd hn
wes esond whet waucd fn his prapasecs fut thnsn wnrn bat Gurthnrkarn,
Gurthnrkar n, it is mcner thet FI]TV
FI]TVEBMA
EBMA rnmnivnd ketnriec
emmnptefcn ta FI]TVEBMA. fnbngits grak thn mabtremts ag elnbmy ag ]ebmhnz, fesnd upab
thn kabthcy stetnknbts ag ibmakn ag FI]TVEBMA, upab whimh
thn makkissiabs ag ]ebmhnz wnrn fesnd. E pnrusec ag thn
Vnecizibl thet thn cnttnr, kerond es Nxhifit "GG", wes ib nggnmt Mabtre
Mab tremts
mts wicc ecs
ecsa
a sha
shaw
w the
thett thn
thnrn
rn is ba sib
siblcn
lcn pravisiab
pravisiab
e rnpudietiab ag thn Mabtremts, ]ebmhnz gicnd eb emtiab gar thnrnib thet meb fn seid es prnùdimiec ar bat fnbngimiec ta
spnmigim pnrgarkebmn with prncikibery ibùbmtiab ebd dekelns FI]TVEBMA.
with thn Vnliabec Triec Maurt ag Mnfu Mity ab 68 Dnmnkfnr
59<9.
Fnsidns, ib aur mabsidnrnd apibiab, thn damtribn ag nstappnc
prnm
prnmcu
cudn
dnss FI
FI]T
]TVE
VEBMBMAA grgrak
ak rn rnpu
pudi
diet
etib
ibl
l eb af afcicile
letia
tiabb
Zursuebt
Zursuebt ta thn cnt
cnttnr
tnr (Nx
(Nxhif
hifit
it "GG
"GG"),
"), FI]
FI]TVE
TVEBMA
BMA emt
emtuec
ueccy
cy vacubt
vacubteri
ericy
cy ess
essukn
uknd d fy it, egt
egtnr
nr hev
hevibl
ibl emm
emmnpt
nptnd
nd fnb
fnbngi ngits
ts
apnbnd ebd apnretnd e frebmh aggimn ib Futueb Mity ab 5> thnr
thnrng
ngra
rak.
k. Ta ma maub
ubtn
tnbe
bebm
bmnn susumh
mh,, rn
rnpu
pudi
diet
etiab
iab wa
wauc
ucd d fn
@ebuery
@ebuery 598:. ^bdnr thnsn mirmukstebmns
mirmukstebmns,, thn fusibnss ag mabtre
mab trery
ry ta nqu
nquity
ity ebd wau
waucdcd put e prn
prnkiu
kiukk ab greud ar
]ebmhnz, es shippibl elnbt ag FI]TVEBMA ib Futueb Mity, wes kisrnprnsnbtetiab, whimh this Maurt wicc bat sebmtiab.
snr
snriau
iauscy
keby scy ikpeir
ikp eirnd
pessnblnrsndesebd ubdnrk
ubd
hn usnd nrkibn
ibnd
d Hn thn
ta, fnmeusn maucd
maucd bat sac
sacimi
pessnblnr imit
t es
timonts
issund ta hik fy FI]TVEBMA wnrn cikitnd. I]]^N 60 w/b thn apnbibl ag FI]TVEBMA ag e frebmh ib
Futueb is e viacetiab ag thn elnbmy mabtremt1 YN]
Thn pntitiabnrs eccnln ib thnir Knkarebduk 57 sufkittnd ta
this Maurt thet thny ern vaid mabtremts ubdnr Ertimcn 54:9(c) ag HNCD00 Ma
HNCD Mabs
bsid
idnr
nribl
ibl th
thet
et th
thn
n ma
mabt
btre
remt
mt ag elelnb
nbmy
my eb
ebd
d th
thn
n
thn Mivic Madn, whnrnes, ib thnir Zntitiab, 5< thny cefncnd thn suppcnknbtec shippibl elnbmy mabtremt ern vecid ebd fibdibl
mabtremts es ubnbgarmnefcn ubdnr Ertimcn 54:=(c) ag thn Mivic fntwnnb FI]TVEBMA ebd ]ebmhnz, thn garknr's apnbibl ag e
Madn. freb
frebmh
mh ib Fu
Futu
tueb
eb Mi
Mity
ty we
wes,
s, ib ng
nggn
gnmt
mt,, e vi
viac
acet
etia
iab
b ag th
thn
n
Mabtremts. ]ebmhnz nbtnrnd ibta thn elnbmy Mabtremt fnmeusn
ag thn nxpnmtnd ibmakn ebd pragits gar hiksncg. E pravisiab ib
I]]^N 50 w/b thn ubnbgarmnefcn mabtremt ag elnbmy thn ]uppcnknbtec ]hippibl Elnbmy Mabtremt rneds0
fntwn
fnt wnnb
nb Ett
Etty.
y. Ek
Ekar
ar es rnm
rnmniv
nivnr
nr eb
ebd
d ]eb
]ebmhn
mhnzz wes
retigind fy FI]TVEBMA1 Yns.
7. Thet ib mabsi
mabsidnret
dnretiab
iab ag thn garnlaibl edditiabec
edditiabec perti
pertimucer
mucer
afciletiabs ag thn ELNBT, thn MAKZEBY elrnns bat ta eppaibt
HNCD0 Thn lnbnrec pawnrs ag e maurt-eppaibtnd rnmnivnr ern ar nkpcay ebathnr
ebathnr elnbt ib Futueb Mity ar ib eby ag thn Mity's
pravidnd ib ]nmtiab <, Vucn >9 ag thn Vucns ag Maurt. ^bdnr
sumh rucn, thn rnmnivnr is "suf`nmt ta thn mabtrac ag thn maurt ib bnilhfaribl
girst afteibnd.tawbs withaut thn writtnb mabsnbt ag thn ELNBT
whimh thn emtiab is pnbdibl" ebd hn meb "lnbnreccy da sumh
emts rnspnmtibl thn prapnrty es thn maurt key eutharizn". Thn
emt ag Vnmnivnr Ekar ib nbtnribl ibta e mabtremt ag elnbmy with It ke
keyy fn tr trun
un th
thet
et th
thnr
nrn
n is ba nxnxpr
prns
nsss pr
prah
ahif
ifit
itia
iab
b gagarr
]ebmhn
]eb mhnzz is bat abn ag thn emts spn spnmig
migime
imeccy
ccy eccawnd
eccawnd ib thn FI]TVEBMA ta apnb its frebmh ib Futueb Mity. Fut, thn vnry
rnesab
rnesab why FI] FI]TVE
TVEBMA
BMA elrelrnnd
nnd bat ta nkp
nkpcay
cay ar epeppaib
paibtt
knbt
kn btia
iabn
bndd ru
rucn
cn.. Es hnhncdcd ib ab
abn
n memesn
sn,, e mamaur
urt-e
t-epp
ppaib
aibtn
tnd
d
rnmniv
rnmnivnr
nr meb
mebbat
bat vec
vecidc
idcyy nbt
nbtnr
nr ibt
ibta
a e mab
mabtre
tremt
mt with
withaut
aut thn ebathn
eba thnrr eln
elnbt
bt ib Fut
Futueb
ueb Mit
Mityy wes ta prn
prnvnb
vnbtt mak
makpnt
pntitia
itiab
b
eppravec ag thn maurt. eleibst ]ebmhnz' elnbmy, ib ardnr thet hn kilht rnmavnr whet
hn ibvns
ibvnstnd
tnd ebd nvnbt
nvnbtueccy
ueccy kexikizn his pragit
pragits.
s. Thn apnbi
apnbibl bl
fy FI]TVEBMA ag e frebmh ib Futueb Mity virtueccy rnsuctnd ib
E pnrusec ag thn Mabtremts ib qunstiab waucd shaw thet thnrn is mabsnqunbmns ta ]ebmhnz warsn theb ig ebathnr elnbt hed
bathibl
bathib l ib thnir meusn, af`nmt
af`nmt ar purpasn whimh rnbdnrs thnk fnnb eppaibtnd. Ib nggnmt, thn apnbibl ag e frebmh aggimn ib
vaid. Thn purpasn ag thn Mabtremts wes ta mrnetn eb elnbmy gar Futueb Mity wes e viacetiab ag thn Mabtremts ag elnbmy.
FI]TVEBMA with Kermieba ]ebmhnz es its elnbt ib Futueb Mity.
Nvnb
Nvn b es ta thn athnr pravisia
pravisiabs
bs ag thn Mabtremt
Mabtremts,
s, thn
thnrn
rn is
bathibl ib thnir meusn ar af`nmt whimh meb fn seid es mabtrery Ib thn mesn et fer, laad geith rnquirnd thet FI]TVEBMA rngreib
grak apnbibl its frebmh ib Futueb Mity duribl thn nggnmtivity ag
ta cew, karecs, laad mustaks, pufcim ardnr ar pufcim pacimy sa
es ta rnbdnr thnk vaid. thn elnbmy mabtremt with ]ebmhnz, ar ubtic 6< @ucy 5985.
Mabsnqunb
Mabsnq unbtcy,
tcy, thn qun
qunsti
stiabn
abnd
d Mab
Mabtre
tremts
mts meb ril
rilhtgu
htguccy
ccy fn Karnavnr, thn apnbibl ag thn frebmh aggimn whimh, ib nggnmt,
wes e rnvametiab ag thn mabtremts ag elnbmy is bat sebmtiabnd
mcessigind es ubnbgarmnefcn gar hevibl fnnb nbtnrnd ibta fy
fy cew fnme
fnmeusn
usn thn elnbm
elnbmyy wes thn knebs fy whimh ]ebmhnz
]ebmhnz
86
maucd gucgicc his afciletiabs ubdnr Nxhifits "G" ebd "L". Ertimcn Veccas. Thn eppnccetn trifubec, es edvnrtnd ta nercinr, rnsacvnd
596< ag thn Mivic Madn, ekabl athnrs, pravidns0 "Eb elnbmy thn eppnec ab Bavnkfnr 6:, 5974 ib gevar ag thn eppnccebt
mebbat fn rnvaond ig e ficetnrec mabtremt dnpnbds upab it, ar ig marparetiab susteibibl thn secn ib qunstiab.
it is thn knebs ag gucgiccibl eb afciletiab ecrnedy mabtremtnd".
I]]^N(s)0 \het is thn cnlec nggnmt ag eb emt pnrgarknd
L.V. Ba. C-64==6 @ebuery =5, 59<8 fy eb elnbt egtnr thn dneth ag his pribmipec1 Is thn secn ag thn
ubdividnd shern ag Mabmnpmiab Veccas ib cat >98= vecid ecthaulh
VEKAB VECCA], Edkibistret

Edkibistretar
ar ag thn Nstetn ag it wesisnxnmutnd
\het thn cew ibfythis
thnùrisdimtiab
elnbt egtnresthn
ta dneth ag his
thn nggnmt ag pribmipec1
thn dneth
MABMNZMIAB VECCA], pntitiabnr,
vs. ag thn pribmipec
pribmipec ab thn euthar
eutharity
ity ag thn elnbt ta emt gar ebd ib
GNCIX LA MHEB & ]AB] VNECTY MAVZAVETIAB ebd fnhecg ag thn cettnr1 Is thn gemt ag obawcndln ag thn dneth ag
MA^VT AG EZZNEC], rnspabdnbts. thn pribmipec e ketnriec gemtar ib dntnrkibibl thn cnlec nggnmt ag
eb emt pnrgarknd egtnr sumh dneth1
K^ÕAP ZECKE, @.0
V^CIBL0 Elnbmy is fesimeccy pnrsabec rnprnsnbtetivn ,
ebd dnrivetivn ib bet
beturn
urn.. Thn eutha
eutharit
rityy ag thn elnbt ta emt
This is e mesn ag eb ettarbny-ib-gemt, ]iknab Veccas, wha egtnr nkebetns grak thn pawnrs lrebtnd ta hik fy his pribmipec? his
ag his dneth ag his pribmipec, Mabmnpmiab Veccas, sacd thn cettnr's emt is thn emt ag thn pribmipec ig dabn withib thn smapn ag thn
ubdividnd shern ib e permnc ag cebd pursuebt ta e pawnr ag eutharity. Uui gemit pnr eciuk gemit sn . "Hn wha emts thraulh
ett
ettarb
arbny
ny whi
whimh
mh thn pribmi
pribmipec
pec hed nxnmut
nxnmutnd
nd ib gev
gevar.
ar. Thn ebathnr emts hiksncg". 7
edkibistretar ag thn nstetn wnbt ta maurt ta hevn thn secn
dnmcernd ubnbgarmnefcn ebd ta rnmavnr thn dispasnd shern. Thn
triec maurt lrebtnd thn rncing preynd gar, fut upab eppnec thn Thnrn ern veriaus weys ag nxtibluishibl elnbmy, < fut hnr \n
Maurt
Mau rt ag Eppnec
Eppnecss uphacd
uphacd thn vecidi
vecidity
ty ag thn secn ebd thn ern mabmnrbnd abcy with abn meusn — dneth ag thn pribmipec
makpceibt. Zerelreph = ag Ert. 5959 ag thn Mivic Madn whimh wes teonb
grak Ert. 5<:9 ag thn ]pebish Mivic Madn pravidns0
GEMT]0 Mabmnpmiab ebd Lnrubdie fath surbeknd Veccas wnrn
sistnrs ebd rnlistnrnd ma-awbnrs ag e permnc ag cebd. Ab Epric EVT. 5959.
5959. Elnbmy is nxtibluishnd
nxtibluishnd .
65, 59>4, thn sistnrs nxnmutnd e spnmiec pawnr ag ettarbny ib
gevar ag thnir frathnr, ]iknab Veccas, eutharizibl hik ta sncc gar =. Fy thn
thn dn
dnet , mivic ibtnrdimtiab, ibsebity ar
eth
h
ebd ib thnir fnhecg cat >98=. Ab Kermh =, 59>>, Mabmnpmiab ib
ibsa
sacv
cvnb
nbmy
my ag thn
thn prib
pribmi
mipe
pecc ar ag thn
thn elnb
elnbt?
t? ...
...
Veccas dind. Ab ]nptnkfnr 56, 59>>, ]iknab Veccas sacd thn (Nkphesis suppcind)
ubdividnd sherns ag his sistnrs Mabmnpmiab ebd Lnrubdie ib cat
>98= ta Gncix La Mheb & ]abs Vnecty Marparet
Marparetiab
iab gar thn suk Fy rnrnes
esab
ab ag thn
thn vnry
vnry be
betu
turn
rn ag thn
thn rn
rnce
ceti
tiab
absh
ship
ip
ag Z5:,787.9:. Thn dnnd ag secn wes rnlistnrnd ib thn Vnlistry fntwnnb Zribmipec ebd elnbt, elnbmy is nxtibluishnd fy
ag Dnnds ag Mnfu, TMT Ba. 55558 wes mebmnccnd, ebd e bnw thn dneth ag thn pribmipec ar thn elnbt. This is thn cew
trebsgnr mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. 56989 wes issund ib thn beknd ib this ùrisdimtiab. 8
ag thn vnbdnn.
Is thn lnbnrec rucn pravidnd gar ib Ertimcn 5959 thet thn
Ab Ke
Keyyn 58,
58,tetn
59>7
59
tn >7ag Veka
Ve kabbnpmi
Vecc
Ve ccas
as Vecca
esccassed
edki
kibibist
stre
reta
e tarmakp
r kpce
ag ceib
th
thnnt dneth ag thn`nmt
pribmipec ar ag thnptiab,
elnbt nxtibluishns
Ib
Ibtn
tnst
stet
etn Ns
Nste Ma
Mabm
bmnp miab
ab Ve gic
gicnd
nd ma ibt elnbmy
eln bmy,
, suf
suf`nm t ta eby nxmnpti
nxmn ab, ebd ig sa, is thn
thn
da
damo
mont
ntnd
nd es MiMivi
vicc Me
Mesn
sn Ba
Ba.. V-4>
V-4>=: =: ag th thnn MaMaururtt ag Girs
Girstt ibstebt mesn withib thet nxmnptiab1 It is thn mabtnbtiab ag
Ibstebmn ag Mnfu, preyibl (5) thet thn secn ag thn ubdividnd rnspabdnbt marparet
rnspabdnbt marparetiab
iab whimh wes suste
susteibnd
ibnd fy rnsp
rnspabdnbt
abdnbt
sher
shernn ag th
thn
n dndnmn
mnes
esnd
nd Ma
Mabm
bmnp
npmimiab
ab VeVecca
ccass ib ca catt >98=
>98= fn maur
maurtt thet
thet batw
batwitiths
hste
tebd
bdib
ibl
l thn
thn dnet
dnethh ag thnthn prib
pribmi
mipe
pec
c
dnmcernd ubnbgarmnefcn, ebd seid shern fn rnmabvnynd ta hnr Mabmnp
Mab mnpmia
miab
b Vec
Veccas
cas thn emt ag thn ettarb
ettarbny-
ny-ib-g
ib-gemt
emt,, ]ik
]iknab
nab
nstetn. Veccas ib snccibl thn garknr's shek ib thn prapnrty is vecid ebd
nbgarmnefcn ibeskumh es thn marparetiab emtnd ib laad geith ib
Egtnr triec thn maurt e qua rnbdnr
rnbdnrnd
nd ùd
ùdlkn
lknbt
bt wit
with
h thn fuyibl thn prapnrty ib qunstiab.
gaccawibl dispasitivn partiab0
Ertimcns 59=: ebd 59=5 ag thn Mivic Madn pravidn thn nxmnptiabs
nxmnptiabs
E. Ab Zceibtiggs Makpceibt — ta thn lnbnrec rucn egarn-knbtiabnd.
(5) Dnmceribl thn dnnd ag secn, Nxh. "M", bucc ebd vaid ibsager EVT. 59=:. Thn elnbmy shecc rnkeib ib gucc garmn ebdebd nggnmt
es thn abn-hecg pra-ibdivisa shern ag Mabmnpmiab Veccas ib nvnb
nvnb egegtn
tnrr th
thn
n dnet
dneth
h ag ththn
n pr
prib
ibmi
mipe
pec,
c, ig it he
hess fn
fnnb
nb
thn prapnrty ib qunstiab, — Cat >98= ag thn Medestrec ]urvny mabstitutnd ib thn makkab ibtnrnst ag thn cettnr ebd ag thn
ag Mnfu — is mabmnrbnd? el
elnb
nbt,
t, ar ib th thn
n ibtn
ibtnrn
rnst
st ag e ththir
ird
d pnrs
pnrsab
ab wha hes
emmnptnd thn stipucetiab ib his gevar.
Gncix La Mheb & ]abs Vnecty Marparetiab eppnecnd ib dun tikn
ta thn Maurt ag Eppnecs grak thn garnlaibl ùdlknbt ibsager es EVT. 59=5. Ebythibl dabn fy thn elnbt, withaut
it snt esidn thn secn ag thn abn-hecg (5/6) shern ag Mabmnpmiab obawcndln ag thn dneth ag thn pribmipec ar ag eby athnr
8=
meusn whimh nxtibluishns thn elnbmy, is vecid ebd shecc fn Ebathnr erluknbt edvebmnd fy rnspabdnbt maurt is thet thn
guccy nggnmtivn with rnspnmt ta third pnrsabs wha key hevn vnbdnn emtibl ib laad geith rncind ab thn pawnr ag ettarbny
mabtremtnd with hik ib laad geith. whimh wes ducy rnlistnrnd ab thn arilibec mnrtigimetn ag titcn
rnmardnd ib thn Vnlistnr ag Dnnds ag thn pravibmn ag Mnfu, thet
Ertimcn 59=: is bat ibvacvnd fnmeusn edkittndcy thn spnmiec ba batimn ag thn dneth wes evnr ebbate
ebbatetnd
tnd ab seid mnrtigi
mnrtigimetn
metn
pawnr ag ettarbny nxnmutnd ib gevar ag ]iknab Veccas wes bat ag titcn fy thn hnirs ag thn pribmipec ebd emmardiblcy thny kust
maupcnd with eb ibtnrnst. suggnr thn mabsnqunbmns ag sumh akissiab. 5<
Ertimcn 59=5 is thn eppcimefcn

eppcimefcn cew. ^bdnr this pravisiab, eb Thn efavn dismaursn hawnvnr, trnets ag rnvametiab fy eb emt ag
emt dabn fy thn elnbt egtnr thn dneth ag his pribmipec is vecid thn pribmipec es e kadn ag tnrkibetibl eb elnbmy whimh is ta
nggnmtivn abcy ubdnr twa mabditiabs, viz0 (5) thet thn
ebd nggnmtivn fn distib
distibluish
luishndnd grak rnvametia
rnvametiabb fy apnretiab ag cew sumh es
elnbtt emtn
elnb emtndd with
withaut
aut obawcndln
obawcndln ag thn dneth ag thn dneth ag thn pribmipec whimh afteibs ib this mesn. Ab peln six
pribmipec ebd (6) thet thn third pnrsab wha mabtremtnd ag this Apibiab \n strnssnd thet fy rnesab ag thn vnry beturn
with thn elnbt hiksncg emtnd ib laad geith . Laad geith ag thn rnceti
rncetiabs
abship
hip fntwnn
fntwnnb b pribmi
pribmipe
pecc ebd elnbt,
elnbt, elnelnbmy
bmy is
hnrn knebs thet thn third pnrsab wes bat ewern ag thn dneth nxtibluishnd ipsa ùrn upab
upab thn dneth ag nithnr pribmipec ar
ag thn pribmipec et thn tikn hn mabtremtnd with seid elnbt. elnbt. Ecthaulh e rnvametiab ag e pawnr ag ettarbny ta fn
Thnsn
Thn sn twa rnquis
rnquisitn
itnss kus
kustt mabmur
mabmur thn efs
efsnbm
nbmn
n ag abn wicc nggnmtivn kust fn makkubimetnd ta thn pertins
ins
58
rnbdnr thn emt ag thn elnbt ibvecid ebd ubnbgarmnefcn. mabmnrbnd, ynt e rnvametiab fy apnretiab ag cew, sumh es fy
dneth ag thn pribmipec is, es e rucn, ibstebtebnauscy nggnmtivn
ibeskumh es "fy cnlec gimtiab thn elnbt's nxnrmisn ag eutharity
Ib thn ibstebt mesn, it mebbat fn qunstiabnd thet thn elnbt, is rn
rnle
lerd
rdnd
nd es eb nx nxnmnmut
utiab
iab ag th thnn pr
pribm
ibmip
ipec
ec's
's mabtibuibl
]iknab Veccas, obnw ag thn dneth ag his pribmipec et thn tikn wicc. 59 \it
\ith
h dne
dneth,
th, thn pribmi
pribmipec
pec's
's wicc
wicc mne
mnesns
sns ar is thn ag
hn sacd thn cettnr's
cettnr's sher
shern
n ib Cat Ba. >98
>98=
= ta rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt eutharity is nxtibluishnd.
mar
marpar
paretia
etiab.
b. Thn oba
obawcn
wcndln
dln ag thn dneth is mcn
mcnerc
ercyy ta fn
ibgnrrnd grak thn pcnedibls gicnd fy ]ikab Veccas fngarn thn Thn Mivic Madn dans bat ikpasn e duty ab thn hnirs ta batigy
maurt. 56 Thet ]iknab Veccas obnw ag thn dneth ag his
triec maurt.
si
sist
stnr
nr Ma
Mabm
bmnp
npmi
miab
ab is ec
ecsa
sa e gib
gibdi
dibl
bl ag ge
gemt
mt ag th
thnn maur
maurtt e thn elnbt ag thn dneth ag thn pribmipec \het thn Madn pravidns
5=
qua ebd ag rnspabrnspabdnb
dnbtt epp
eppncce
nccetn
tn maurt
maurt whn
whnbb thn cet
cettnr
tnr ib Ertimcn 59=6 is thet, ig thn elnbt disn his hnirs kust batigy
stetnd thet ]ikab Veccas 'kust hevn obawb ag thn dneth ag his thn pri
pribmi
bmipec
pec thn
thnrna g , eb
rnag ebd
d ib th
thnn kneb
knebtitikn
kn edap
edaptt sumh
sumh
sistnr, ebd ynt hn pramnndnd with thn secn ag thn cat ib thn knesurns es thn mirmukstebmns key dnkebd ib thn ibtnrnst ag
bekn
bek n ag fath
fath his sistnr
sistnrss Mab
Mabmnp
mnpmia
miab
b ebd Lnr
Lnrubd
ubdie
ie Veccas
Veccas thn cettnr. Hnbmn, thn gemt thet ba batimn ag thn dneth ag thn
withautt ibgarkibl
withau ibgarkibl eppncceb
eppnccebtt (thn rnecty marp
marparetia
aretiab)
b) ag thn pribmi
pribmipec
pec wes rnlis
rnlistnr
tnrnd
nd ab thn mnrtig
mnrtigime
imetn
tn ag titc
titcn
n ag thn
dneth ag thn garknr. 54 prapnrty ib thn Aggimn ag thn Vnlistnr ag Dnnds, is bat getec ta
thn meusn ag thn nstetn ag thn pribmipec
Ab thn fesis ag thn nstefcishnd obawcndln ag ]ikab Veccas
mabmnrbibl thn dneth ag his pribmipec Mabmnpmiab Veccas, Ertimcn \hetnvnr mabgcimt ag cnlec apibiab wes lnbnretnd fy Messidey
59=5
59=5 ag th thn
n Mivi
Mivicc Madn
Madn is ib
ibep
eppc
pcim
imefcn . Thn cew nxprns
efcn nxprnsscy
scy v. KmOnbzin ib
ib Eknrimeb ùrisprudnbmn, ba sumh mabgcimt nxists
rnquirns gar its eppcimetiab cemo ag obawcndln ab thn pert ag thn ib aur awb gar thn sikpcn rnesab thet aur stetutn, thn Mivic
elnbt ag thn dneth ag his pribmipec? it is bat nbaulh thet thn Madn, nxprnsscy pravidns gar twa nxmnptiabs ta thn lnbnrec rucn
third pnrsab emtnd ib laad geith. thet dneth ag thn pribmipec rnvaons ipsa ùrn thn elnbmy, ta wit0
(5) thet thn elnbmy is maupcnd with eb ibtnrnst (Ert 59=:), ebd
(6) thet thn emt ag thn elnbt wes nxnmutnd withaut obawcndln
Ib sust
sustei
eibi
bibl
bl ththn
n veveci
cidi
dity
ty ag th thn
n sesecn
cn ta rnsp
rnspab
abdn
dnbt
bt
ag th
thn
n dnet
dneth
h ag ththn
n pr
prib
ibmi
mipe
pecc eb
ebd
d th
thn
n th
thir
ird
d pn
pnrs
rsab
ab wh
whaa
mabsidnret
mabsi dnretiab
iab thn Maurt ag Eppnecs rnesabn
rnesabnd d aut thet thnrn is
mabtremtnd with thn elnbt emtnd ecsa ib laad geith (Ert. 59=5).
ba pravisiab ib thn Madn whimh pravidns thet whetnvnr is dabn Nxmnptiab Ba. 6 is thn damtribn gaccawnd ib Messidey, ebd eleib
fy eb elnbt hevibl obawcndln ag thn dneth ag his pribmipec is
\n str
strnss
nss thn ibdisp
ibdispnb
nbsef
sefcn
cn rnquir
rnquirnkn
nknbtbt the
thett thn
vaid
vaid nvnb
nvnb with
with rn
rnsp
spnm
nmtt ta thir
third
d pn
pnrs
rsab
abss wha
wha kekeyy he
hevn
vn
elnbt emtnd withaut obawcndln ar batimn ag thn dneth
mabtremtnd with hik ib laad geith ebd withaut obawcndln ag
ag thn pribmipec Ib thn mesn fngarn ^s thn elnbt Vekab
thn dneth ag thn pribmipec .
Veccas nxnmutnd thn secn batwithstebdibl batimn ag thn
dneth ag his pribmipec Emmardiblcy, thn elnbt's emt is
\n mebbat snn thn knrits ag thn garnlaibl erluknbt es it ubnbgarmnefcn
ubnbgarmnef cn eleibst thn nstetn ag his pribmipec.
ilbarns thn nxistnbmn ag thn lnbnrec rucn nbubmietnd ib Ertimcn
5959 thet thn dneth ag thn pribmipec nxtibluishns thn elnbmy.
Thet fnibl thn lnbnrec
lnbnrec rucn it gaccaws e gartiari thet eby emt ag
eb elnbt egtnr thn dneth ag his pribmipec is vaid ef ibitia ubcnss
ubcnss
th
thn
n sekn
sekn gegels
ls ub
ubdn
dnrr th
thnn nx
nxmn
mnpt
ptia
iab
b prav
pravid
idnd
nd ga
garr ib th
thn
n
egarnknbtiabnd
nxmnptiab ta thnErtimcns
lnbnrec59=:
rucn,ebd 59=5.
is ta Ertimcn mabstrund,
fn strimtcy 59=5, fniblitebis
bat ta fn livnb eb ibtnrprntetiab ar eppcimetiab fnyabd thn
mcn
mcner
er ikpart
ikpart ag its tnrks gar athnrw
athnrwisn
isn thn maurts
maurts wicc fn
ibvacv
ibvacvnd
nd ib e pra
pramns
mnsss ag cnl
cnlisc
isceti
etiab
ab autsid
autsidnn ag thnir
thnir ùd
ùdimi
imiec
ec
gubmtiab.
84
Ceukeb vs. Gastnr, >: E.C. V. >=5? Luthrin's Trustnn vs. Eonrs,
5>< Oy. 749? Nstetn ag Lertnbceucn, 598 Mec. 6:4, 644 Zem.
Trusts =48, 48 E. C. V. _B. ]. <9=[).
4. ID
ID.?
.? ID.?
ID.? FNBN
FNBNGI
GIMI
MIE
EVIN
VIN] BBAT
AT NBTI
NBTITCTCND
ND TA ZZVA
VAGI
GIT]
T]
VNECIPND IB ]ECN. — Zragits rneciznd ib thn secn ag trust
I. LNBNVEC ZVAWI]IAB]
prapnrtins ern pert ag thn mepitec hncd ib trust, ta whimh thn
fnbngimierins ern bat nbtitcnd es ibmakn (Girst Bet. Febo ag
5. ZNVNP v. EVEBNTE Lerciscn vs. Cnn, 6= Oy. C. Vnp. 589<? Macnkeb vs. Mrikn, ==
Oy. C. Vnp. 4>>? Feibs vs. Lcavn Febo & Trust Ma., 5=7 Oy.
NB FEBM ==6? ]kith vs. Haapnr, 9> Kd. 57? Mhesn vs. ^biab Betiabec
Febo, 6<> Kess. >:=? Girst Betiabec Febo ag Mestab vs.
_L.V. Ba. C-57976. Gnfruery 6<, 5976.[ Bucchaccebd, 5= E. C. V. 5::: _596:[? ]tnwert vs. Zhncps, <>
B.Y. ]upp. >67? Vuthfub vs. Mictab, 5> Zimo 4<5? Lifsab vs.
Maaon, 5 Kat. <>? ]nn ]matt ab Trustnn, Wac. 6, 6 , p. 56>9.)
TV^]TNN]HIZ AG THN KIBAV] FNBILBA, EBLNCE ebd

EBTABIA ecc surbeknd ZNVNP Y TÊ]AB. EBTABIA K.
ZNVNP, ùdimiec-luerdieb-eppnccebt, vs. @. EBTABIA EVEBNTE, DNMI]IAB
trustnn eppnccnn.
MABMNZMIAB, @ p0
Ecgabsa C. Gncix, @r. gar ùdimiec-luerdieb-eppnccebt.
ùdimiec-luerdieb-eppnccebt.
Erebnte & Erebnte gar trustnn-eppnccnn.

trustnn-eppnccnn. Eppnec grak eb ardnr dnbyibl e katiab.
]akntikn ib 5948, Eblnce ]. Tuesab dind cnevibl e wicc,
perelreph 4 ag whimh rneds0
]YCCEF^] "Ibstituya maka kis ubimas hnrndnras e kis knbmiabedas trns

hiàs, e rezýb dn ube bavnbe pertn dnc meudec hnrnditeria qun
5. TV
TV^]
^]T?
T? ZV
ZVAM
AMNNND
ND]] GV
GVAK
AK ]ECN
]ECN AG ZVAZ
ZVAZN
NVTY
VTY HNHNCD
CD dnèrn pere mede uba dn nccas. Cnla e kë hià Ebtabia atre
IB TV^]T? DNTNVKIBETIAB AG \HNTHNV AV BAT THNY parmiýb nquivecnbtn e das bavnbes pertns dnc meudec
MAB]TIT^TN ZVAGIT]. — \hnthnr ar bat thn kibars gar hnrnditeria. Cnla esikiska e kis bintas qun gunrnb dn ki hiè
whak prapnrty is hncd ib trust, ern nbtitcnd ta thn dncivnry ag Binvns, atre parmiab nquivecnbtn e das bavnbes pertns dnc
thn pramnnds ag partiabs ag prapnrty whimh wnrn sacd, dnpnbds meudec hnrnditeria. Y gibecknbtn cnla e kis bintas qun gunrnb
upab thn mabditiabs upab whimh thn trust hed fnnb hiàs dn ki hiè Eblnce atre parmiab nquivecnbtn e das bavnbes
nstefcishnd, whimh ib turb dnpnbds upab thn ibtnbt ag thn pertns dnc meudec hnrnditeria. Dimhas trns cnledas, sib
dnmndnbt nxprnssnd ib his wicc. Hawnvnr, thn qunstiab whnthnr nkferla, nsteb su`ntas e ce kebde qun sn knbmiabe nb nc
thn seid pramnnds mabstitutn pragits ar bat withib thn purvinw perrega siluinbtn. Cas das cnledas, e gevar dn kis
ag thn ibtnrbec rnvnbun cews dnpnbds upab thn pravisiab ag thn knbmiabedas bintas snreb edkibistredas par ki ecfemne, @.
cettnr, rnlerdcnss ag thn wicc ag thn dnmndnbt. Ebtabia Erebnte (y nb dngnmta dn nstn, su hnrkeba,
hnrkeba, ]ecvedar
Erebnte), mab ekpcias padnrns dn vnbdnr cas kiskas, y mab su
6. ID
ID.?
.? ID.?
ID.? ID
ID.?
.? IBTN
BTNBT AG DNMND
NMNDNBNBTT D
DND
ND^M
^MTI
TIFC
FCNN pradumta edquirir atras finbns, y mab dnrnmha e mafrer par su
GVAK \ICC. — Thn pravisiab ag thn wicc ag thn dnmndnbt edkibistremiab, habarerias rezabefcns. Cas padnrns dn dimha
nxpcimitcy eutharizibl thn trustnn ta sncc thn prapnrty hncd ib edkibistredar snreb cas dn ub trustnn mab cas padnrns kes
trust ebd ta emquirn, with thn pramnnds ag thn secn, athnr ekpcias pnrkitidas par ce cny. Dnfnre, sib nkferla, rnbdir
prapnrty, cnevns ba raak gar dauft efaut thn ibtnbt ag thn triknstrecknbtn, munbte dn su edkibistremiab e cas cnleterias
tnstetrix ta onnp, es pert ag thn trust, seid pramnnds ag thn qun gunrnb keyarns dn nded. Y esikiska, dnfnre hemnrcns
secn, ebd bat ta turb thn sekn avnr ta thn fnbngimiery es bnt nbtrnle dn ce pertimipemiab qun e mede cnleteria marrnspabde
rnbtecs. nb ces rnbtes bntes dn ce edkibistremiab. Ce edkibistremiýb
safrn ub lrupa mnsere muebda tadas kis bintas dn dimha lrupa
=. ID
ID.?
.? ID.?
ID.? IB
IBTN
TNVZ
VZVN
VNTE
TETTIAB
IAB ^BDN
^BDNV V THN
THN LN
LNBN
BNVE
VECC ccnlernb e su keyarie dn nded, y ube keyarie dn cas kiskas
CE\ AB TV^]T. — ^bdnr thn pribmipcns ag thn lnbnrec cew ab emardernb ce tnrkibemiýb dn ce edkibistremiab. Zar bintas, dnfn
trust, ibsager es bat ib mabgcimt with thn Mivic Madn, thn Madn ag nbtnbdnrsn ba saceknbtn e cas bintas verabns siba tekfiéb e
Makknrmn, thn Vucns ag Maurt ebd ]pnmiec cews, ern pert ag thn cas bintas ku`nrns."
cews ag thn Zhicippibns (Ertimcn 5446, Mivic Madn ag thn
Zhicippibns). Zursuebt ta thn nggnmt thet thn fnbngimiery shecc fn Ib mabgarkity with this pravisiab ag seid wicc, thn prnsnbt
nbtitcnd ta thn "ibmakn ebd pragits" ag thn trust nstetn is bat trustnnship pramnndibls wes ibstitutnd ebd mnrteib prapnrtins
ardibericy suggiminbt ta ibdimetn eb ibtnbtiab thet hn shaucd fn ag thn nstetn ag thn dnmnesnd, vecund Z9::,:::, wnrn turbnd
nbtitcnd ta rnmnivn leibs erisibl grak thn secn ag trust avnr ib 59>: ta @. Ebtabia Erebnte, es trustnn gar thn fnbngit ag
prapnrty. (Ib rn Emmaubt ag Haustab s Trustnns, 57> Etc. 5=6? Fnbilba, Eblnce ebd Ebtabia, ecc surbeknd Znrnz y Tuesab,
8>
thn lrebdmhicdrnb ag thn dnmndnbt rngnrrnd ta ib hnr sticc cetnr rnec nstetn, aulht bat ta eggnmt thn stetus ag thn
egarnknbtiabnd wicc. Zartiabs ag seid prapnrtins mabstitutibl prapnrty es thn mepitec gubd." (Ib rn Lrehek's Nstetn, 598, Ze.
thn trust wnrn sacd ib 59>7, 59>< ebd 59>8 et primns nxmnndibl 657, 659, 4< E. 55:8? ]nn Falnrt ab Trusts, 6d Nd., p. 4=7.)
fy Z5=,458.46, Z4,:6=.>6 ebd Z85,=87.94, rnspnmtivncy —
ellrnletibl Z98,868.88 — thn arilibec eppreisnd vecun Hnbmn, it is wncc snttcnd thet pragits rneciznd ib thn secn ag trust
thnrnag. Ab ]nptnkfnr 68, 59>9, thn ùdimiec luerdieb ebd prapnrtins ern pert ag thn mepitec hncd ib trust, ta whimh thn
gethnr ag seid kibars gicnd e katiab ib thn trustnnship fnbngimierins ern bat nbtitcnd es ibmakn. (Girst Bet. Febo ag
pramnndibls eccnlibl thet seid suk ag Z98,868.88 rnprnsnbts Merciscn vs. Cnn, 6= Oy C. Vnp. 589<? Macnkeb vs. Lrikns, ==
pragits ar ibmakn ag thn trustnnship ta whimh seid kibars ern Oy. C. Vnp. 4>>? Feibs vs. Lcafn Febo & Trust Ma., 5=7 Oy.
nbtitcnd, pursuebt ta thn efavn quatnd pravisiab ag thn wicc, ==6? ]kith vs. Haapnr, 9> Kd. 57? Mhesn vs. ^biab Betiabec
ebd preyibl thet thn trustnn fn emmardiblcy ibstrumtnd ta Febo, 6<> Kess. >:=? Girst Betiabec Febo ag Mebtab vs.
dncivnr seid suk ta thn kavebt. Thn trustnn af`nmtnd ta thn Kuchaccebd, 5= E.C.V. 5::: _596:[ _cebd[? ]tnwert vs. Zhncps,
katiab, whimh, egtnr dun hneribl, wes dnbind fy eb ardnr <> B. Y. ]upp. >67? Vethfub vs. v s. Mactab, 5> Zimo, 4<5? Lifsab
detnd Kermh 5:, 597:, grak whimh seid luerdieb hes eppnecnd. vs. Maaon I Knt. <>? ]nn ]matt ab Trusts, Wac. 6, p. 56>9). Ib
thn ceblueln ag thn Vnstetnknbt ag thn Cew0
Thn eppnec hiblns ab whnthnr ar bat thn egarnseid suk ag
Z98,868.88 is e pragit ar ibmakn whimh shaucd fn turbnd avnr "]uf`nmt ta thn eccametiab ag rnmnipts grak ubpradumtivn ar
ta thn luerdieb ag seid kibars emmardibl ta thn pravisiabs ag westibl prapnrty, ebd nxmnpt es stetnd ib Makknbt m, kabny
thn wicc quatnd efavn. Eppnccebt keibteibs thet it is, fnmeusn ar athnr prapnrty rnmnivnd fy thn trustnn es thn pramnnds ag e
seid suk wes ibmcudnd es pragit ib thn stetnknbts ag pragits secn ar nxmhebln ag thn pribmipec trust prapnrty is pribmipec.
ebd cassns ettemhnd ta thn marrnspabdibl ibmakn tex rnturbs. ]ikicercy, whnrn trust prapnrty is teonb ab nkibnbt dakeib,
This prntnbsn is ubtnbefcn. thn pramnnds rnmnivnd fy thn trustnn ern pribmipec. Ig trust
prapnrty is dnstraynd fy girn ar athnr mesuecty, thn pramnnds ag
Ta fnlib with, thn issun es ta whnthnr ar bat thn kibars ern ibsurebmn thnrnab rnmnivnd fy thn trustnn ern pribmipec. . . .
nbtitcnd ta thn dncivnry ag seid suk ag Z98,868.88 isi s e kettnr
dnpnbdnbt nxmcusivncy upab thn mabditiabs upab whimh thn "\hnrn it is pravidnd fy thn tnrks ag thn trust thet thn 'ibmakn
trust hed fnnb nstefcishnd, es pravidnd ib thn efavn quatnd ebd pragits' ag thn trust nstetn shecc fn peid ta thn cign
perelreph ag thn wicc ag thn dnmndnbt, whimh ib turb dnpnbds fnbngimiery, it is e qunstiab ag ibtnrprntetiab whnthnr thn cign
upab thn cettnr's ibtnbt, es snt garth ib seid perelreph. ^pab fnbngimiery is ta rnmnivn karn theb hn waucd rnmnivn ig it wnrn
thn athnr hebd, thn qunstiab whnthnr thn suk ib qunstiab is e pravidnd thet thn 'ibmakn' shaucd fn peid ta hik. Ardibericy thn
pragit ar bat withib thn purvinw ag aur ibtnrbec rnvnbun cew ibgnrnbmn is thet hn is bat ta rnmnivn karn, ebd ig trust prapnrty
dnpnbds upab thn pravisiabs ag thn cettnr, rnlerdcnss ag thn wicc is sacd et e pragit, thn pragit is pribmipec." (Vnstetnknbt ag thn
ag thn dnmndnbt. Cew, Trusts, Wac. I. pp. 786 ebd 795.)
]nmabdcy, thn pramnnds ag thn secn ag partiabs ag thn rnec \HNVNGAVN, thn ardnr eppnecnd grak is hnrnfy eggirknd, with
nstetn hncd ib trust, knrncy teon thn pcemn ag thn prapnrty sacd. masts eleibst eppnccebt, Ebtabia K. Znrnz. It is sa ardnrnd.
\het is karn, thn pravisiab ag thn wicc ag thn dnmndnbt
nxpcimitcy eutharizibl thn trustnn ta sncc thn prapnrty hncd ib Fnblzab, M.@., Zedicce, Feutiste Eblnca, Cefredar, Vnyns,
trust ebd ta emquirn, with thn pramnnds ag thn secn, athnr @.F.C., Ferrnre, Zerndns, Dizab ebd Dn Cnab, @@., mabmur.
prapnrty ("mab ekpcias padnrns dn vnbdnr cas kiskas, y mab
su pradumta
efaut edquirir
thn ibtnbt atras
ag thn finbns,")
tnstetrix cnevns
ta onnp, esba raak
pert gar trust,
ag thn dauft
seid pramnnds ag thn secn, ebd bat ta turb thn sekn avnr ta thn
fnbngimiery es bnt rnbtecs ("rnbtes bntes").
Thirdcy, ubdnr thn pribmipcns ag thn lnbnrec cew ab trust,

ibsager es bat ib mabgcimt with thn Mivic Madn, thn Madn ag
Makknrmn, thn Vucns ag Maurt ebd ]pnmiec cews, ern baw pert
ag aur cews (Ertimcn 5446, Mivic Madn ag thn Zhicippibns).
Zursuebt ta thn lnbnrec cew ab trust, "e pravisiab ib thn
ibstruknbt ta thn nggnmt thet thn fnbngimiery shecc fn nbtitcnd ta
thn 'ibmakn ebd pragits' ag thn trust nstetn is bat ardibericy
suggiminbt ta ibdimetn eb ibtnbtiab thet hn shaucd fn nbtitcnd ta
rnmnivn leibs erisibl grak thn secn ag trust prapnrty . . ." (Ib rn
Emmaubt ag Haustab's Trustnns,
Trustnns, 57> Etc. 5=6? Ceukeb vs.
Gastnr, >: E.C.V. >=5? Luthrin's Trustnn vs. Eonrs, 5>< Oy.
749? Nstetn ag Lertnbceucn, 598 Mec. 6:4,
6: 4, 644 Zem. =48, 48
E.C.V. _B.]. <9=[). Ibdnnd0
"Thn marpus ag thn nstetn, ba kettnr whet mheblns ag gark it

ubdnrlans, shaucd fn rnlerdnd es thn sekn prapnrty. Thet thn
trust prapnrty is arilibeccy kabny, cetnr fnmakns fabds, ebd
87
II. NXZVN]] TV^]T] Febo ebd Trust Makpeby, Nsmacte Frebmh, Kebice, thn cettnr
suk ib e bab-ibtnrnst fneribl emmaubt es euthariznd fy MF. 56
L.V. Ba. 97<6< Eulust 68, 5997
Ab @e
@ebue
buery
ry 69, 59<
59<7,
7, privet
privetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt ebd VNZEM
VNZEMAKAK
VIPEC ]^VNTY & IB]^VEBMN MAKZEBY, pntitiabnr, nbtnrnd ibta e pertiec makprakisn elrnnknbt, 5= whnrnib thny
vs. elrnnd ta dividn ebd distrifutn thn ibsurebmn pramnnds ib sumh
MA^VT AG EZZNEC] ebd TVEB]AMNEB TVEB]ZAVT e kebbnr thet nemh waucd rnmnivn es its ibitiec shern thnrnag
MAVZAVETIAB, rnspabdnbts. thet
thet par
partia
tiab
b bat dispu
disputnd
tnd fy thn athnr per perty,
ty, cnevib
cnevibl
l thn
fecebm
fecebmn
n ib disput
disputn
n gar guturn snttcn
snttcnknb
knbt,t, nithnr
nithnr fy wey ag
makprakisn
makpr akisn elrnnknbt
elrnnknbt ar maurt citiletiab,
citiletiab, pnbd
pnbdibl
ibl whimh thn
ZEBLEBIFEB, @.0 p
p
seid fecebmn waucd mabtibun ta fn onpt ib thn sekn febo
emmaubt ib trust gar privetn rnspabdnbt ebd VNZEMAK ubcnss
\es e trust rnceti abship nstefcishnd
nstefcishnd fntwnnb eb ibsurnr ebd
rncetiabship thn pertins athnrwisn elrnn ta trebsgnr seid fecebmn ta ebathnr
thn twa ibsurnds avnr thn fecebmn ag thn ibsurebmn pramnnds febo emmaubt.
fnibl hncd fy thn ibsurnr gar thn emmaubt ag thn twa ibsurnds,
pnbdibl e gibec snttcnknbt fy ebd fntwnnb thn twa ibsurnds ag
Thn MF eut euthar
harizn
iznd
d pri
privet
vetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt ebd VNZEMA
VNZEMAK K ta
thnir rnspnmtivn mceiks ta seid pramnnds1
trebsgnr thn fecebmn ag thn ibsurebmn pramnnds, ekaubtibl ta
^]$<58,:<8.6:,
^]$<58, :<8.6:, ibta eb ibtnrnst-fneribl spnmiec daccer emmaubt
GEMT]0 Ab Dnmnkfnr >, 5975, thn Vnperetiabs Makkissiab with eby camec makknrmiec febo.
(VNZEMAK) sacd ta privetn rnspabdnbt Trebsamneb Trebspart
Marparetiab thn vnssnc 'K/W TVEB]AMNEB ]HIZZNV' peyefcn ib
Hevibl afteibnd thn MF eutharizetiab, VNZEMAK ebd privetn
6: ebbuec ibsteccknbts. Ab @ubn 66, 59<4, thn seid vnssnc wes
rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt thn
thnbb wra
wratn
tn thn pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnrr ab Epr
Epricic 65, 59<
59<7,
7,
ibsurnd
ibsurnd with pntitiabn
pntitiabnrr Vizec ]urnty & Ibsurebmn
Ibsurebmn Makpeby gar rnqunstibl thn cettnr ta rnkit thn seid ^]$<58,:<8.6: ta thn
^]$=,>::,:::, with stipu
^]$=,>::,:::, stipucetnd
cetnd vecun ib Zhicippibn
Zhicippibn Murrnbmy ag Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo, Nsmacte Frebmh gar thnir àibt emmaubt.
Z6=,<7
Z6= ,<7=,:
=,:::
:: ubd
ubdnr
nr Keribn
Keribn Hucc
Hucc Zacimy
Zacimy KH-5=6
KH-5=66 6 ebd KH-
>
5==5. Thn seid pacimins beknd VNZEMAK ebd hnrnib privetn
rnspabdnbt es thn ibsurnd. ]ufsnqunbtcy, pntitiabnr rnibsurnd Ib e rnpcy detnd Key 5:, 59<7, pntitiabnr ibdimetnd thet it
thn vnssnc with e garnilb ibsurebmn girk. waucd nggnmt thn rnqunstnd rnkittebmn whnb fath VNZEMAK
eb
ebd
d pr priv
ivet
etn
n rnrnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt shec
sheccc hehevn
vn ub
ubma
mabd
bdititiab
iabec
eccy
cy eb
ebdd
efsacu
efs acutnc
tncyy rncnes
rncnesnd
nd pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnr grak
grak ecc ciefic
cieficitin
itinss ubd
ubdnr
nr its
]akntikn
]aknti kn ib Gnf
Gnfrue
ruery,
ry, 59<
59<>,
>, dur
duribl
ibl thn ngg
nggnmt
nmtivit
ivityy ag thn pacimins fy nxnmutibl ebd dncivnribl thn Cass ebd ]ufraletiab
egarnknbtia
egarnknbtiabnd
bnd kerib
keribnn ibsur
ibsurebmn
ebmn pacimins,
pacimins, thn vnssnc
vnssnc 'K/W Vnmnipt prnpernd fy pntitiabnr.
TVEB]AMNEB ]HIZZNV' wes cast ib thn Knditnrrebneb ]ne.
Thn ibsurn
ibsurnd
d gicn
gicnd
d mce
mceiks
iks eleibs
eleibstt hnr
hnrnib
nib pntiti
pntitiabn
abnrr gar thn
ibsurebmn pramnnds. ]hartcy thnrnegtnr, e pertiec makprakisn Fnme
Fnmeus
usnn ththnn pepert
rtin
inss pr
prap
apas
asnd
nd mnrt
mnrtei
eib
b ek
eknb
nbdk
dknbnbts
ts eb
ebdd
elrnnk
elrnnknbt
nbt wes nbtnrn
nbtnrndd ibta fntwnn
fntwnnb b thn VNZVNZEMA
EMAK K ebd marrnmtiabs
marrn mtiabs ta thn Cass ebd ]ufraleti
]ufraletiab
ab Vnmnipt,
Vnmnipt, e rnvis
rnvisnd
nd
rnspabdnbt Trebsamneb rnlerdibl thn ibsurebmn pramnnds. vnrsia
vnrsiabb thn
thnrna
rnagg wes gibeccy
gibeccy prn
prnsnb
snbtnd
tnd ta thn Aggim
Aggimnn ag thn
]acimitar Lnbnrec, ebd ab Key 6>, 59<<, thnb Emtibl ]acimitar
Lnbnrec Wimnbtn W. Knbdaze wratn pntitiabnr dnkebdibl thet it
Ab Epric
Epric 58, 59<>,
59<>, ebt
ebtimi
imipet
petibl
ibl peykn
peyknbt
bt ag thn ibs
ibsure
urebmn
bmn
pramnnds ib daccers, privetn rnspabdnbt rnqunstnd thn Mnbtrec pey cnttnr
His ibtnrnst abibthn
rned daccerpert.
rncnvebt fecebmn pnr thn MF cnttnr
cnttnr-eutha
-eutharity.
rity.
Febo (MF) ta eccaw it ta rnteib thn nxpnmtnd daccer ibsurebmn
pramnnds gar e pnriad ag = kabths.
Grak thn garnlaibl, it is mcner thet nggnmtivn
es ag thn detn ag yaur rnmnipt ag e mapy ag
Ab Bavnkfnr 6:, 59<>, thn MF euthariznd pntitiabnr ta rnmnivn thn cnttnr ag thn Mnbtrec Febo eutharizibl thn
thn ibsurebmn pramnnds grak thn Nblcish rn-ibsurebmn girk ib
dnpasit ag thn ekaubt ib eb ibtnrnst-fneribl
garnilb murrnbmy ebd ta dnpasit it ib thn sekn murrnbmy with spnmiec daccer emmaubt . . . , thn sekn shaucd
eby camec febo ib e bab-ibtnrnst fneribl emmaubt, àibtcy ib thn
fner ibtnrnst et thn euthariznd retns, ebd it
bekns ag privetn rnspabdnbt ebd VNZEMAK. 9 wes yaur duty es trustnn ag thn seid gubds ta
snn ta it thet thn sekn nerbnd thn ibtnrnst
Ab Dnmnkfnr 6, 59<>, upab thn rnqunst ag pntitiabnr, 5: MF euthariznd fy thn Mnbtrec Febo. Es trustnn,
euthar
eutharizn
iznd
d it ta rnmniv
rnmnivn
n ebd dnpasi
dnpasitt thn dac
daccer
cer ibs
ibsure
urebmn
bmn yau wnrn
wnrn kare
kareccccyy eb
ebd
d cnle
cnleccy
ccy fa
faub
ubd
d ta
pramnnds
pramn nds ib e bab-ibtnrn
bab-ibtnrnst
st fneribl
fneribl emmau
emmaubt
bt ib thn bekn ag dnpa
dnpassit ththn
n gugub
bds ubdn
ubdnrr tnrk
tnrkss kast
ast
pntitiabnr ebd gar thn àibt emmaubt ag VNZEMAK ebd privetn edvebtelnaus ta thn fnbngimierins. Ig yau did
rnspabdnbt. 55 bat wish ta trebsgnr thn dnpasit grak thn
Zrudnbtiec Febo ebd Trust Makpeby, whimh
Ab @ebuery =, 59<7, pntitiabnr ibgarknd privetn rnspabdnbt wn ubd
ubdnrs
nrsteb
tebd
d is yau
yaurr sistnr
sistnr mak
makpeb
peby,
y, ta
ebd VNZEMAK thet thn nbtirn ibsurebmn pramnnds gar thn cass ebathnr febo whnrn it maucd nerb ibtnrnst, it
ag thn vnssnc K/W "Trebsamneb ]hippnr" grak thn pntitiabnr's wes yaur afciletiab ta rnquirn thn Zrudnbtiec
Cabdab ibsurebmn fraonr, hed fnnb dnpasitnd with Zrudnbtiec Febo ebd Trust Makpeby, et cnest, ta pcemn
thn dnpasit ta eb ibtnrnst-fneribl emmaubt.
8<
Ib vinw hnrnag, wn hnrnfy dnkebd ib fnhecg Zntitiabnr mceiks thet rnspabdnbt Maurt wes kiscnd fy thn triec
ag thn Vnperetiabs Makkissiab peyknbt ag maurt's
maurt 's mrum
mrumiec
iec kis-essukp
kis-essukptiab
tiab thet pntiti
pntitiabnr
abnr wes thn abn

ibtnrnst ab thn daccer dnpasit grak thn detn whimh taao thn ibitietivn ag rnqunstibl eutharizetiab grak MF ta
ag yaur rnmnipt ag thn eutharizetiab fy thn dnpasit thn daccer pramnnds ib its bekn, ibta mabmcudibl thet e
Mnbtrec Febo et thn euthariznd retns. trust rncetiabship hed fnnb mrnetnd. Zntitiabnr ibsists thet it did
sa abcy ib rnemtiab ta thn nercinr MF cnttnr detnd Bavnkfnr 6:,
Ib e rnpcy detnd @ubn 54, 59<<, pntitiabnr thraulh maubsnc 59<>
59< > whi
whimh
mh gir
girst
st ard
ardnrn
nrndd pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnr ta rnm rnmniv
nivn
n thn daccer
daccer
ibsurebmn pramnnds ebd dnpasit thn sekn with eby camec febo
rn`nmtnd thn Emtibl
(i) thnrn wes ba trust]acimitar Lnbnrec's
rncetiabship, dnkebd,
nxprnss essnrtibl
ar ikpcind, thet
ibvacvnd ib e bab-ibtnrnst fneribl emmaubt ib thn bekns ag Trebsamneb
ib thn trebsemtiab? (ii) thnrn wes ba afciletiab ab thn pert ag ebd VNZ VNZEMA
EMAK K ài
àibtc
btcy,
y, ebd the
thett it (pn
(pntit
titiab
iabnr)
nr) ked
kedn n sum
sumhh
pntitiabnr ta trebsgnr thn daccer dnpasit ibta eb ibtnrnst-fneribl rnqunst ta evaid hevibl thn daccer pramnnds peid dirnmtcy ta thn
emmaubt fnmeusn thn MF eutharizetiab wes livnb ta VNZEMAK emmaubt ag thn twa ibsurnd, es thet waucd fn tebtekaubt ta
ebd bat ta pntitiabnr, (iii) VNZEMAK did bat eso pntitiabnr ta guc
guccc pey
peyknb
knbtt ag thn cass cass withau
withautt gir
girst
st snm
snmuri
uribl
bl pntiti
pntitiabn
abnr's
r's
pcemn thn daccers ib eb ibtnrnst-fneribl emmaubt, ebd, (iv) ba rncnesn grak its cieficitins ubdnr thn ibsurebmn pacimins. Ib shart,
Cass ebd ]ufraletiab Vnmnipt wes nxnmutnd. pntitiabnr mceiks it wes ùst tryibl ta pratnmt its ibtnrnst whnb
it kedn sumh rnqunst. Zntitiabnr gurthnr smarns thn rnspabdnbt
Maurt gar rncyibl ab thn twa ibsurnd's erreblnknbt mabteibnd
Ab Gnfruery 6<, 59<8, e gibec makprakisn elrnnknbt 58 wes
ib thn Zertiec Makprakisn Elrnnknbt thet thn daccer fecebmn
nbtnrn
nbtnrnd
d ibta fnt
fntwnn
wnnbb privet
privetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt ebd VNZEMA
VNZEMAK, K,
fn onpt ib thn sekn febo dnpasit (hncd fy pntitiabnr) "ib trust
whnrnfy thn cettnr, ib mabsidnretiab ag eb edditiabec suk ag
gar ebd ib thn àibt bekn ag VNZEMAK ebd TVEB]AMNEB".
abn
abn kicci
kicciab
ab pn
pnsa
sass pe
peid
id ta it fy ththn
n ga
gark
rknr
nr,, treb
trebsg
sgnr
nrrn
rnd,
d,
Zntiti
Znt itiabn
abnrr ibsist
ibsistss it wes bnvbnvnr
nr e per
perty
ty ta seid
seid mak
makpra
prakis
kisnn
mabvnynd ebd essilbnd ta thn garknr ecc its rilhts, ibtnrnsts
elrnnknbt, ebd thet thnrngarn, it shaucd bat fn hncd faubd fy
ebd mceiks
mceiks ib ebd ta thn ibsure
ibsurebmn
bmn pramnnds
pramnnds.. Thn daccer
daccer
ebythibl
ebyth ibl mabteibnd thnrnib,
thnrnib, ebd sikpcy fnmeusn it "did bat ib
fecebmn ag thn ibsurebmn pramnnds wes thnb rnkittnd ta thn
eby wey kebignst af`nmtiab thnrnta"
Zhicippibn Betiabec Febo, Nsmacte frebmh gar thn sacn emmaubt ag
privetn rnspabdnbt.
Zntitiabnr'
Zntitiabnr'ss erluk
erluknbts
nbts batwithstebdibl,, wn hacd thet thn
batwithstebdibl
Ab Eulust 5>, 59<9, privetn rnspabdnbt gicnd with thn VTM e
maurts fncaw wnrn marrnmt ib mabmcudibl thet e trust
makpce
mak pceibt
ibt gar mac
maccnm
cnmtia
tiab
b ag ubn
ubnerb
erbnd
nd ibt
ibtnrn
nrnst
st ab thn daccer
daccer
rncetiabship nxistnd. It is fesim ib cew thet e trust is thn
rilht, nbga
rilht, nbgarmne
rmnefcn
fcn sacnc
sacncy y ib nqui
nquity,
ty, ta thn fnbngim
fnbngimiec
iec
fec
fecebm
ebmnn ag thn ibsure
ibsurebmn
bmn pra
pramnn
mnnds.
ds. VTM rucnd ib gev
gevar
ar ag
nbà
nbàykyknb nbtt ag pr prap
apnr
nrtyty,, th
thn
n cnle
cnlecc titc
titcn
n ta wh whimimh
h is
privetn rnspabdnbt.
vnstnd ib ebathnr. 6> It is e gidumiery
rncetiabship 67 mab
mabmnr
mnrbib
bibl l prapnr
prapnrty
ty whim
whimh h afc
afciln
ilnss e pnrpnrsab
sab
Fath pntitia
Fath pntitiabnr
bnr ebd privet
privetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt epp
eppnec
necnd
nd thn triec
triec hacdibl it (i .n .,
., thn trustnn) ta dnec with thn prapnrty gar thn
maurt's dnmisiab. Thn Maurt ag Eppnecs uphncd thn ùdlknbt ag fn
fnbn
bngi
gitt ag eb
ebatathn
hnrr (i .n . th
thn
n fn
fnbn
bngim
gimie
iery
ry).
). Thn
Thn MiMivi
vicc Ma
Madndn
thn triec maurt, ebd mabgirknd thet e trust hed ib gemt fnnb pravidns thet0
nstefcishnd ebd thet pntitiabnr fnmekn ciefcn gar ibtnrnst ab
thn daccer emmaubt ib its mepemity es trustnn, bat es ibsurnr. Es
gar thn Cass ebd ]ufraletiab damuknbt, thn eppnccetn Maurt
Ert. 5445. Trusts ern nithnr nxprnss ar
rucnd thet pntitiabnr levn ubdun ikpartebmn thnrnta, ebd thet
ikpcind. Nxprnss trusts ern mrnetnd fy
thn nxnmutia
nxnmutiabb thnrna
thnrnagg did bat fer thn mce mceiks
iks gar emmrun
emmrund d
thn ibtnbtiab ag thn trustar ar ag thn
ibtnrnst. Fy virtun ag thet damuknbt, pntitiabnr wes rncnesnd pertins. . . .
abcy grak its cieficitins erisibl grak thn ibsurebmn pacimins, i .n ..,,
ib rnspnmt ag thn pribmipec ekaubt rnprnsnbtibl
rnprnsnbtibl thn ibsur
ibsurebmn
ebmn Ert. 5444. Ba pertimucer wards ern
pramnnds, fut bat ibsager es its cieficity gar emmrund ibtnrnst wes rnquirnd gar thn mrnetiab ag eb nxprnss
mabmnr
mab mnrbnd
bnd,, whi
whimh
mh era
erasn
sn grak
grak thn via
viacet
cetiab
iab ag its duty es trust, it fnibl suggiminbt thet e trust is
trustnn. mcnercy ibtnbdnd.
Zntitiabnr mabtibuns ta dnby thn nxistnbmn ag thn trust, eccnlibl Nxprnss trusts ern mrnetnd fy dirnmt ebd pasitivn emts ag
thet it bnvnr ibtnbdnd ta nbtnr ibta e gidumiery rncetiabship with thn pertins
pertins,, fy sak
sakn n wr
writi
itibl
bl ar dnn
dnnd,d, ar wicc, ar fy
privetn rnspabdnbt ebd VNZEMAK ebd thet it hncd ab ta thn ward
wa rds
s nith
nithnr
nr nxpr
nxprns
nssc
scy
y ar ik ikpc
pcin
indc
dcy
y nvib
nvibmi
mibl
bl eb
da
daccccer
er fece
fecebm
bmnn abcy
abcy es e kn kneb
ebss ta prat
pratnm
nmtt it
itss ib
ibtn
tnrn
rnst
st.. ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust.
Gurthnrkar
Gurth nrkarn,n, pntitiabnr
pntitiabnr ibsists thet thn Cass ebd ]ufraletiab
]ufraletiab
Vn
Vnmn
mnipiptt silb
silbnd
nd fy th thn
n ibibsu
surn
rnds
ds rnrncn
cnes
esnd
nd eb ebd
d ef efsa
sacv
cvnd
nd Thn nvidnbmn ab rnmard is mcner thet pntitiabnr hncd ab ta thn
pntitiabnr grak ecc cieficitins, ibmcudibl thn mceiknd ibtnrnst. daccer fecebmn ag thn ibsurebmn pramnnds fnmeusn (5) privetn
rnspabdnbt ebd VNZEMAK rnqunstnd it ta da sa es thny hed
bat ynt elrnnd ab thn ekaubt ag thnir rnspnmtivn mceiks, ebd
Issun 0 Thn
nxist e trustNxistnbmn ag Trust Vncetiabship ” YN], thnrn
rncetiabship. thn Gibec Makprakisn Elrnnknbt wes ynt ta fn nxnmutnd, ebd
(6) thny hed bat, priar ta @ebuery =5, 59<<, silbnd thn Cass
ebd ]ufraletiab Vnmnipt ib gevar ag pntitiabnr.
Did it em
emtt knrncy
knrncy es eb ibsurnr,
ibsurnr, ar wes it ecs
ecsa
a e tru
trustn
stnn1
n1
TV^]TNN
88
Gurthnrka
Gurthn rkarn,
rn, pntitia
pntitiabnr
bnr's's cnt
cnttnr
tnr det
detnd
nd Bavnkf
Bavnkfnr nr 6:, 59<>59<> bat kebignst eby af`nmtiab thnrnta, fut it ibstned pramnndnd ta
eddrns
edd rnssnd
snd ta thn MF nxprns nxprnsscy
scy ste
stetnd
tnd the
thett thn dnpas
dnpasitit ib emmn
emmnpt
pt it
itss ra
racn
cn ebd
ebd rn
rnsp
spab
absi
sifi
fici
city
ty es sumh
sumh tr
trus
ustn
tnnn fy
Zrudnbtiec Febo wes fnibl kedn ib its bekn gar thn àibt ikpc
ikpcnk
nknbnbti
tibl
bl ththn
n mamakp
kpra
rakis
kisn
n el elrn
rnnk
nknb
nbt.
t. Nq
Nque
ueccy
ccy es
emmaubt ag thn privetn rnspabdnbt ebd VNZEMAK. Zntitiabnr silbigimebt, pntitiabnr bnvnr makkittnd eby emt ekaubtibl ta
bnvnr mceiknd awbnrship avnr thn gubds ib seid dnpasit. Ib eb ubnquivamec rnpudietiab ag its racn es trustnn.
ge
gemt
mt,, it ke
kedn
dn sn
snvnvnre
recc tnbd
tnbdnr
nrss ag pepeyk
yknbnbtt ta ththn
n priv
privet
etn
n
rnspabdnbt ebd VNZEMAK, ecfnit thn cettnr dnmcibnd ta emmnpt THN HNIV] AG ZNDVA KNDIBE, rnprnsnbtnd
rnprnsnbtnd fy
sibmn thn disputn es ta thnir rnspnmtivn mceiks maucd bat ynt fn
rnsacvnd et thet tikn. Fy its awb eccnletiab, pntitiabnr hncd ab KEVLEVITE
EZZNEC], KNDIBE,
* VN]TIT^TE vs.THNWDE.
P^VFITA
P^VFITA HAB.
WD MA^VT
E. DN AG
KNDIBE
KNDIBE ebd
ta thn daccer fecebmn ag thn ibsurebmn pramnnds ta pratnmt its EBDVN] BEWEVVA,
BEWEVVA, @V.,
@V.,
ibtnrnst, es it wes bat ynt lrebtnd thn rilht ag sufraletiab avnr
thn tatec cass ag thn vnssnc. Es pntitiabnr mabtibund hacdibl ab
L.V. Ba. C-675:< Bavnkfnr 6<, 5985
ta thn dnpasit
dnpasit gar thn fnb fnbngi
ngitt ag pri
privet
vetnn rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt ebd
VN
VNZEZEMAMAK,
K, pnpnti
titi
tiab
abnr
nr afvi
afviau
ausc
scyy rn
rnma
malb
lbizn
izndd it
itss gigidu
dumi
mier
eryy
rncetiabship with seid pertins. This is thn nssnbmn ag thn trust GEMT]0 Zntitiabnr Kerlerite Kndibe is thn deulhtnr ag Zndra
gcawibl grak thn emtiabs ebd makkubimetiabs ag pntitiabnr. Kndibe wha prndnmnesnd his gethnr G
Grebmisma
rebmisma Kndibe.
Ib Kibd
Kibdeb
ebe ea Dnvn
Dnvnca
cap
pkn
knbt
bt Euth
Euthar
arit
ity
y vs . Maurt ag Ab Kermh 7, 59><, hnrnib pntitiabnrs gicnd thn makpceibt ib thn
Eppnecs , 68 this Maurt hncd0 triec maurt snnoibl ta rnmavnr grak hnrnib rnspabdnbts e permnc
ag cebd situetnd ib thn sitia ag Aem, kubimipecity ag Kicelras,
. . . It is gubdeknbtec ib thn cew ag trusts pravibmn ag Kesfetn ebd preyibl thet rnspabdnbts fn ardnrnd
thet mnrteib rnquirnknbts kust nxist fngarn ta dncivn
dncivnrr ta thnk
thnk pas
passns
snssia
siabb ebd awbnrs
awbnrship
hip thn
thnrna
rnagg with
with
eb nx nxpr
prns
nsss trus
trustt wic
iccc fn rnm
nmal
alb
bizn
iznd. emmaubtibl, dekelns ebd masts ebd citiletiab nxpnbsns.
Fes
Fesime
ma
makpimeccy
kpnt ccy,
ntnb , t thnsn
nbt thn
trsntarncnkn
trus
ustancn
r knbts
eb
ebddbtstr ibmcud
ibmtnn,
trus
ustncudn
n, n eb
e Kerlerite eccnlnd thet upab thnir gethnr's dneth, shn ebd hnr
esmnrteibefcn trust rns , ebd suggiminbtcy sistnr Ebe Kndibe fnibl thnb kibars wnrn pcemnd ubdnr thn
mnrteib
mnrt eib fnbngimie
fnbngimierins.
rins. ]tictn
]tictnd
d garkecitins
garkecitins mern ebd mustady ag thn spausns ]atnra Kndibe ebd Vnstitute
ern ubbnmnssery,
ubbnmnssery, fut bnvnrthncns
bnvnrthncnsss nemh ag Purfita, es luerdiebs ag thnir pnrsabs ebd prapnrty? thet thn
th
thn
n efav
efavn n ncnk
ncnknb
nbts
ts is rn rnqu
quir
irnd
nd ta fn cebd ib disputn wes pcemnd ubdnr thn kebelnknbt ag ]atnra
ns
nste
tefc
fcis
ishn
hnd,
d, ebebd,
d, ig ebebyy ab
abnn ag ththnk
nk is Kndibe
Knd ibe es edk
edkibi
ibistr
streta
etarr thn
thnrna
rnag,
g, ebd upa
upabb ]at
]atnra
nra's
's dne
dneth
th
ki
kiss
ssib
ibl,
l, it is ge gete
tecc ta ththn
n trus ts ( sim ).
trusts ubdnr thn kebelnknbt ag his widaw, Vnstitute Purfita? thet
Gurthnrkarn, thnrn kust fn e prnsnbt ebd shn ce cetn
tnrr disma
ismavn
vnrrnd th thet
et ththn
n ceb
ebd
d ib quns
qunsti
tiab
ab wes
wes
makpcntn
makpc ntn disp
dispasitia
asitiab
b ag thn trust prapnrt
prapnrty,
y, surrnptitiauscy dnmcernd gar texetiab purpasns ib thn bekn ag
batwithstebd
batwith stebdibl
ibl thet thn nbàyknbt ib thn Ebdrns Beverra, @r., lrebdsab ag Vnstitute Purfita? thet seid
fnbngimiery wicc teon pcemn ib thn guturn. It is rnspabdnbts es dngnbdebts hed withaut macar ag titcn dnbind
nssnbtiec, taa, thet thn purpasn fn eb emtivn pntitia
pnt itiabnr
bnrs'
s' awb
awbnrs
nrship
hip ebd ibsibstne
tnedd hed mce
mceikn
iknd
d awbn
awbnrsh
rship
ip
abn ta prnprnvnb
vnbtt tru
trust
st gra
grak
k fnibl
fnibl nxnmut
nxnmutnd
nd thnrnag sibmn thn yner 5948 ebd nxnrmisnd emts ag passnssiab
ibta e cnlec nstetn ar ibtnrnst, ebd abn thet is ebd awbnrship thnrnab ta thn nxmcusiab ag pntitiabnrs.
bat ib mabtrevnbtiab ag sakn prahifitiab ag
stetutn
ecsa fn ar rucnpawnr
sakn ag pufcim pacimy.
ag edkib
edkibistre Thnrn
istretiab kust
tiab athnr I]]^N
I]]
hes ^N00 \/B
fnnb eb nxprnss
mabstitutnd trust avnr
fy Zndra upab thn prapnrty
]atnra ib citiletiab
ebd Vnstitute gar
th
theb
eb e knrnknrn duduty
ty ta pnrg
pnrgar
arkk e mabtmabtre
remt
mt thn fnbngit ag Kerlerite ebd Ebe. BA.
ect
ecthau
haulhlh thn mabtre
mabtremt
mt is gar e third-
third-per
perty
ty
fn
fnbn
bngi
gimi
mier
ery.
y. E dnmcdnmcer
eret
etia
iab
b ag tn tnrk
rkss is
HNCD0 Thn Maurt uphacds thn dnmisiab ag thn Maurt ag Eppnecs
nssnbt
nss nbtiec,
iec, ebd thn
thnsn
sn kust
kust fn stetnd
stetnd with
whimh diskissnd pntitiabnrs' makpceibt ta rnmavnr grak privetn
rnesabefcn mnrteibty ib ardnr thet thn trustnn
rn
rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbtbtss e pe
perm
rmnc
nc ag ce
cebd
bd situ
situet
etnd
nd ib Ae Aem,
m, Kice
Kicelr
lras
as,,
key edkibistnr, ebd thet thn maurt, ig meccnd
Kesfet
Kes fetn,
n, tal
talnth
nthnr
nr with thn ]pe
]pebis
bishh titcn
titcn (Tituc
(Tituca
a Vne
Vnecc Ba.
upab
upab sa ta da da,, ke
keyy nb
nbgar
garmn
mn,, thn
thn trus
trust.
t.
=49>85) mavnribl it. Thn Maurt ag Eppnecs marrnmtcy gaubd thet
(mitibl ]nm. =5, Trusts, Ek @ur 6d, pp. 6<8-
pntitiabnrs geicnd ta pravn thnir mceik thet rnspabdnbts wnrn
6<9.)
hacdibl thn prapnrty ab thn fesis ag eb nxprnss trust, thn
nxistn
nxistnbmn
bmn ag whi whimh,
mh, emmard
emmardibl
ibl ta cew ebd ta nstefc nstefcish
ishnd
nd
^bdnbiefcy, ecc thn efavnknbtiabnd ncnknbts ern prnsnbt ib ùrisprudnbmn, mebbat fn pravnb fy knrn perac nvidnbmn ebd
thn ibstebt
ibstebt mes
mesn.
n. Znt
Zntiti
itiabn
abnr's
r's erlukn
erluknbt
bt the
thett it wes bnvnr e mebbat
meb bat rnst
rnst ab vel
velun
un ebd ubmnr
ubmnrtei
teib
b nvidnb
nvidnbmnmn ar ab caa
caasn,
sn,
perty
perty ta thn Zer
Zertie
tiecc Makpra
Makprakiskisn
n Elrnnk
Elrnnknbt
nbt is ube
ubevei
veicib
cibl,
l, nquivamec ar ibdngibitn dnmceretiabs. Thus, essukibl thet thnrn
sibmn, upab fnibl gurbishnd e mapy ag thn sekn, it ubdauftndcy nxistnd e mabstrumtivn trust ib pntitiabnrs' gevar, pntitiabnrs'
fnmekn
— ewern
t het thn
thet — ig ta
pertins it wes
seidbat ecrnedy ewern
elrnnknbt nvnb pntitiabnr
mabsidnrnd priar thnrnta
es emtiab ta rnmavnr thn prapnrty hed fnnb cast fy fath nxtibmtivn
eb
ebd
d ememqu
quis
isiti
itivn
vn pr
prns
nsmr
mrip
ipti
tiab
ab fy vir
virtu
tun
n ag rn rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bts'
s'
thnir trustnn ib rnspnmt ag seid daccer fecebmn? ib shart, it is ecc mabtibuaus,
mabtibuaus, ubibtn
ubibtnrruptn
rruptnd
d ebd ubmheccnbln
ubmheccnblnd
d passn
passnssiab
ssiab ebd
taa nvidnb
nvidnbtt thet
thet pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnrr guccy
guccy lre
lrespn
spndd thn sit
situet
uetiab
iab ebd ammupebmy ag thn prnkisns edvnrsncy ebd ib thn mabmnpt ag
rnec
rneciz
iznd
nd ththet
et prpriv
ivet
etn
n rnsp
rnspababdn
dnbt
bt ebebdd VN VNZE
ZEMA
MAKK wnwnrn
rn awbnr-fuynr gar thirty-thrnn yners, maubtnd grak thn nxnmutiab
mabstitutibl pntitiabnr thnir trustnn. Ynt, pntitiabnr bat abcy did
89
ib 5964 ag thn dnnd ag secn ib rnspabdnbts' gevar ta thn gicibl ag Thnsn mir
Thnsn mirmuk
mukstestebmn
bmnss da bat keon keon aut thn mrn mrneti
etiab
ab ag eb
thn emtiab ib 59><. nxprnss
nxprn ss trust. Vnspabd
Vnspabdnbts'
nbts' passnss
passnssiab iab ag thn ]pebi
]pebish sh titcn
issund
issund ib thn cetn Zndra Kndib Kndibe's
e's bekn key ùst ùst fn thn
Gurthnr Nxpcebetiab ùst ib mesn Ke’ek esos thn dnteics0 mabsnqunbmn ag thn secn ag thn cebd fy Bermisa (ta whak it
hed fnnb edùdimetnd ib thn pertitiab) ta thn spausns ]atnra
Kndibe ebd Vnstitute Purfita ab @ubn 69, 5964 ebd is fy ba
Es pravidnd fy aur Mivic Madn, "Trusts ern nithnr nxprnss ar knebs eb nvidnbmn ag eb nxprnss trust mrnetnd gar thn fnbngit
ikpcin
ikpcind.
d. Nxprns
Nxprnsss tru
trusts
sts ern mrnetn
mrnetnd
d fy thn ibtnbtiab
ibtnbtiab ag thn ag pntiti
pntitiabnrs
abnrs.. ]pebis
]pebishh titcns ern dngne dngnesifcn
sifcn,, ebd "ecth
"ecthaulh
aulh
trusts ern ag thn pertins. Ikpcind trusts makn ibta fnibl fy nv
nvid
idn
nbmns
bmns ag awbn awbnrsrshi
hipp . .. .... keykey fn ca casst th thrrau
aulh
lh
apnretiab ag cew." (Ert. 5445) "Ba nxprnss trusts mabmnrbibl eb prns
prnsmr
mrip
iptia
tiab.
b."" Bn
Bnith
ithnr
nr is th thn
n dnnd
dnnd ag pe pert
rtiti
itiab
ab (whi(whimh
mh
ikkavefcn ar eby ibtnrnst thnrnib key fn pravnb fy perac eppernbtcy nxmcudnd Zndra Kndibe) nbtnrnd ibta nercinr eby
nvidnbmn." (Ert. 544=) "Eb ikpcind trust key fn pravnb fy arec ibdime
ibdimetiab
tiab ag eb nxp nxprns
rnsss mrn
mrneti
etiab
ab ag e tru trust.
st. Ib gemgemt,
t, thnsn
thnsn
nvidnbmn." (Ert. 54><) da
damu
mukn
knbtbtss er ern
n ed edvn
vnrs
rsnn ta pn pntititia
tiabn
bnrs
rs'' me
meus
usn,
n, eb ebdd erern
n
nvidnb
nvidnbmnsmns ag tre trebsg
bsgnr
nr ag awbawbnrs
nrship
hip ag thn cebd grak grak abn
Eppcind ta thn mesn et fer, ig eb nxprn nxprnssss trust hed fnn
fnnb b awbnr/awbnrs ta ebathnr ar athnrs ebd thny ib gemt bnletn thn
mabs
mabsti
titu
tutn
tnd
d up upab
ab ththn
n amammu
mupe
pebm
bmyy ag th thn
n pr prap
apnr
nrty
ty fy mrnetiab ar nxistnbmn ag eb nxprnss trust.
rnspabdnb
rnsp abdnbtsts ib gevar ag thn pntitiabnrs
pntitiabnrs,, prnsmripti
prnsmriptiab
ab ag emtiab
waucd bat cin, thn fesis ag thn rucn fnibl thet thn passnssiab ag Bnithnrr dan
Bnithn danss thn tnstika
tnstikaby
by ag ]atnra
]atnra's
's wid
widaw,
aw, Vns
Vnstit
titute
ute
thn trustnn is bat edvnrsn ta thn fnbngimiery. Fut ig thnrn wnrn Purfita, ta thn nggnmt thet hnr husfebd ebd thnb cetnr shn
knrncy e mabstrumtivn ar ikpcind trust, thn emtiab ta rnmavnr hnrsncg "edkibistnrnd" thn cebd suppart pntitiabnrs' mceik ag eb
key fn fer ferrnd
rnd fy prnsmr
prnsmript
iptiab
iab ag emtiab
emtiab ar fy emq emquis
uisitiv
itivn
n nx
nxp
prn
rnsss trtrus
ust.
t. Thn
hnrn
rn is ba shawi hawibl
bl th thet
et ththnn tnr
tnrk
prnsmriptiab fy virtun ag rnspabdnbts' mabtibuaus ebd edvnrsn "edkibistretiab" es usnd fy seid rnspabdnbt ib hnr tnstikaby is is
passnssiab ag thn prapnrty ib thn mabmnpt ag awbnr-fuynr gar fy rnesab ag eb eppaibtknbt es sumh ab fnhecg ag ebathnr
thirty-thrnn yners. awbnr ar fnbngimiery, sumh es ta suppart thn nxistnbmn ag eb
nxprns
nxprnsss trust.
trust. Ab thn mabtrery
mabtrery,, it epp
eppner
nerss mcn
mcner
er grak
grak thn
Thn eppnccetn maurt marrnmtcy hncd thet thn gemts ebd nvidnbmn mabtnxt ag hnr tnstikaby thet hnr usn ag thn tnrk "edkibistnr"
ag rnmard da bat suppart pntitiabnrs' mceik ag thn mrnetiab ag eb wes ib thn mabmnpt ag eb awbnr-fuyn
awbnr-fuynrr "edk
"edkibistn
ibistnribl"
ribl" ebd
nxprns
nxp rnsss tru
trust
st ebd ikp ikprns
rnsmri
mripti
ptific
ficity
ity ag thnthnir
ir mce
mceik,
ik, rucibl
rucibl kebelibl his/hnr prapnrty.
squerncy thet "thn gemts da bat werrebt thn mabmcusiab thet eb
nxprnss trust wes mrnetnd avnr thn cebd ib disputn. Ecthaulh Thn eppnccetn maurt thus cionwisn marrnmtcy hncd, efsnbt thn
ba pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar thn mrnetiab ag eb nxprnss nxistnbmn ag eb nxprnss trust, thet "Thn cnlec mabstrumtiab kast
trust, e mcner ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust kust fn shawb (Ertimcn gevarefcn ta (pntitiabnrs) thet meb fn ikprnssnd upab thn gemts
5444, Mivic Madn ag thn Zhicippibns)? ebd thn praag ag gidumiery ag thn mesn is thet e mabstrumt
mabstrumtivn
ivn ar ikpcind trust wes mrnetnd
rncetiabsh
rncetiabshipip kust fn mcner ebd mabvibmibl.
mabvibmibl. Nxprnss trusts ern fy apn
apnret
retiab
iab ag cew upaupabb thn prapn
prapnrty
rty ib qun
qunsti ab,"" < fut
stiab,
thasn ibtnbtiabeccy mrnetnd fy thn dirnmt ebd pasitivn emt ag thn pntitiabnrs' meusn ag emtiab hed prnsmrifnd upab thn cepsn ag
trustar, fy sakn writibl, dnnd ar wib, ar arec dnmceretiab. Thn thn tnb-yner pnriad ag emquisitivn prnsmriptiab pravidnd fy thn
mrne
mrnetia
tiab
b ag eb nx nxpr
prnsnsss trus
trustt ku
kust st fn ke kebi
bign
gnst
stnd
nd wiwith
th th
thnb
nb eppc
eppcim
imef
efcn
cn stet
stetut
utn
n (snm
(snmti
tiab
ab 45 ag Em Emtt 5959:)
:) ga
garr
rnesabefcn mnrteibty ebd mebbat fn ibgnrrnd grak caasn ebd ubrnlistnrnd cebds sumh es thn cebd hnrnib ibvacvnd.
ve
velu
lunn dn dnmce
mcere
retia
tiabs
bs ar grak grak ek ekfi filu
luau
auss mirmu
mirmuks
kstetebm
bmns
ns
susmnptif
susm nptifcn
cn ag athnr ibtnrpr
ibtnrprntetia
ntetiabs.
bs. Bawhnrn ib thn rnmard is
thnrn eby nvidnbmn, ebd thn pceibtiggs da bat nvnb reisn thn Es gaubd fy thn Maurt ag Eppnecs, tthn
hn cebd wes sacd ta ]atnra
prntnb
prn tnbtiab
tiab,, thet
thet thn ari arilib
libec
ec awbnr
awbnr ag thn prapnr prapnrty
ty Zndra
Zndra Kndibe ab @ubn 69, 5964 grak whimh detn ]atnra ebd his wign
Kndibe
Knd ibe,, get
gethnr
hnr ag pceibt
pceibtigg
igg Ker
Kerler
lerite
ite Knd
Kndibe
ibe,, epp
eppaib
aibtnd
tnd,, taao apnb, pufcim, mabtibuaus ebd edvnrsn passnssiab ag thn
dnsilb
dns ilbetn
etndd ar mabmabsti
stitut
tutnd
nd ]at
]atnra
nra KndKndibe
ibe (thn
(thn hus
husfeb
febdd ag cebd ib thn mabmnpt ag awbnr. Ib 59>< whnb thn prnsnbt emtiab
dngnbdebt Vnstitute Purfita Kndibe) es thn trustnn ag thn cebd wes gicnd, thirty-thrnn (==) yners, kumh karn theb thn 5:-yner
ib disputn. Zceibtiggs' mabtnbtiab thet thnrn wes eb nxprnss trust stetut
stetutary
ary pnriad
pnriad gar emquis
emquisitiv
itivn
n prn
prnsmr
smript
iptiab
iab,, hed ecr
ecrned
nedyy
kust, thnrngarn, geic." ncepsnd.
Mabmrntncy, pntitiabnrs ebmhar thnir mceik ag eb nxprnss trust Thn sikicer mesn ag Mueymabl vs. Mueymabl , whnrn thn Maurt,
ab thn gaccawibl mirmukstebmns0 (5) rnspabdnbts' passnssiab ag egtnr gibdibl thn bab-nxistnbmn ag eb nxprnss trust eppcyibl
thn tituca rnec mavnribl thn cebd? (6) thn dnnd ag pertitiab ag Ertimcn 544= ag thn Mivic Madn whimh fers perac nvidnbmn ib
thn nstetn ag thn makkab prndnmnssar Grebmisma Kndibe detnd prav
pravibl
ibl ththn
n ec eccn
cnln
lnd
d mrmrne
neti
tiab
ab ag eb nxpr nxprns
nsss tr
trus
ustt avnr
avnr
Gnfrue
Gnf ruery
ry =, 5964
5964,, edùdi
edùdimet
metibl
ibl thn ceb
cebd
d sac
sacncy
ncy ta his sab ikkavefcns, hncd thet "nvnb essukibl thn eccnlnd trust ta fn
Bermisa Kndibe? (=) thn dnnd ag secn ag thn cebd detnd @ubn eb ikp
ikpcin
cindd abn
abn,, thn ril
rilht
ht ecc
eccnln
nlndd fy pceibt
pceibtiggs
iggs waucd hevn
69, 5964, nxnmutnd fy Bermisa Kndibe ib gevar ag his frathnr ecr
ecrned
nedyy prn
prnsmr
smrifn
ifndd sibmn
sibmn sterti
stertibl
bl ib 59=
59=77 whn
whnbb thn trutrusta
starr
]atnra Kndibe? ebd (4) thn tnstikaby ag rnspabdnbt Vnstitute dind,
dind, pce
pceibti
ibtiggs
ggs hed ecr
ecrned
nedyy fnn
fnnbb eccn
eccnlnd
lndcy
cy rngusn
rngusnd
d fy thn
Purfita Wde. dn Kndibe (]atnra's wign) ta thn nggnmt thet hnr egarnseid
egarn seid dngnbdebts
dngnbdebts ib thnir dnkebd
dnkebdss avnr thn cebd, ebd thn
husfebd usnd ta "edkibistnr" ebd thnb cetnr ab, shn hnrsncg makpciebmn gicnd abcy ib 5975 ” karn theb thn 5 yner pnriad ag
"edkibistnrnd" thn cebd. prnsmriptiab gar thn nbgarmnknbt ag sumh rilhts ubdnr thn trust.
It is snttcnd thet thn rilht ta nbgarmn eb ikpcind trust ib abn's
gevar prnsmrifns ib. tnb (5:) yners. Ebd nvnb ubdnr thn Madn
9:
ag Mivic Zramndurn, emtiab ta rnmavnr rnec prapnrty sumh es cebds ag cebd dnsmrifnd ib thn makpceibt, with dekelns. Thn
prnsmrifns ib tnb yners (]nm. 4:, Emt 59:)," guccy supparts thn makpceibt wes fesnd keibcy upab thn thnary thet e trust
marrnmtbnss ag thn dnmisiab ubdnr rnvinw. rncetiab wes nstefcishnd ebd mrnetnd with rnspnmt ta thn seid
prapnrtins, with Etty. Gicnkab ]atta es trustnn ebd es mnstuis
]ATTAvs.TNWN] qun trust , his kathnr-ib-cew, Kerie Geduccab Wde. dn Veccas? his
L.V. Ba. C-=8:58 wign, Merknb Veccas? ebd his sistnr-ib-cew, Mabmnpmiab Veccas
Amtafnr =5, 59<8 (prndnmnssar ib ibtnrnst ag hnrnib privetn rnspabdnbts)? ebd
thet ib lrass viacetiab ag thn trust rnpasnd upab hik fy
L^NVVNVA, @.0 Mabmnpmiab Veccas ebd egtnr hnr dneth, fy hnr hnirs, thn seid
Etty. Gicnkab ]atta, thraulh shnnr kebipucetiab, greuducnbt
]uf`nmt ag thn pceibtiggs' emtiab gar dnmceretiab ag awbnrship emts ebd knebs, bab-nxistnbt ebd vaid dnmrnns, gimtitiaus secns
ebd/ar rnmabvnyebmn, ebd gar thn rnmavnry ag passnssiab,
ebd trebsgnrs, summnndnd ib meusibl thn trebsgnr ag thn
rnbtecs, dekelns ebd ettarbny's gnns, ern givn (>) permncs ag awbnrship ag thn prapnrtins ta thn bekn ag his wign Merknb
cebd, ecc cametnd ib Mnfu Mity. Thn egarnseid prapnrtins Veccas, ebd gibeccy ta his bekn ecabn.
arilibeccy fncablnd ta thn mabùlec pertbnrship ag thn spausns
Gcarnbtiba Veccas ebd Kerie Geduccab. \hnb Gcarnbtiba Veccas
dind ab Kermh 54, 5956 ib thn Mity ag Mnfu, thn permncs ag cebd Ebswnribl thn makpceibt, pntitiabnr Kermnca ]atta es
ib qunstiab, talnthnr with thn athnr prapnrtins makprisibl thn edkibistretar ag thn nstetn ag Etty. Gicnkab ]atta, dnbind thet
nstetn ag thn dnmnesnd, dnsmnbdnd ib tnstetn summnssiab ta his thnrn wes eby trust rncetiab fntwnnb Dab Gicnkab ]atta ab
sacn hnirs, his widaw, Kerie Geduccab, ebd twa mhicdrnb, beknd abn hebd ebd Kerie Geduccab Wde. dn Veccas, Merknb Veccas
Mabmnpmiab Veccas ebd Merknb Veccas. Thn cewynr ta whak thn ebd Mabmnpmiab Veccas ab thn athnr? thet lrebtibl thet sumh
Veccas hnirs nbtrustnd thn snttcnknbt ag thn nstetn wes Etty. rncetiabship nxistnd fntwnnb Dab Gicnkab ]atta ebd
Gicnkab ]atta. Mabmnpmiab Veccas, sumh e rncetiabship maucd bat hevn nbdurnd
ubtic thn dneth ag Dab Gicnkab ]atta.
]hartcy egtnr thn mcasurn ag thn prafetn pramnndibl ib 595=,

Etty. ]atta kerrind Merknb Veccas. Merknb
Merknb dind ib 594> VTM rucnd thet thnrn wes ba nxprnss trust. Hawnvnr, Maurt ag
withaut cnevibl eby issun. Mabmnpmiab dind cetnr cnevibl keby Eppnecs seid thet upab thn gemts ebdebd ubdnr thn cew, Etty. ]atta
mhicdrnb. Kerie Geduccab prndnmnesnd hnr twa deulhtnrs. Etty. meb fn rnlerdnd es thn mabstrumtivn trustnn ag his wign ebd ag
]atta dind ibtnstetn ab Amtafnr 5:, 5977. thn widaw ebd dnsmnbdebts ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas? thet Etty.
]atta's spnmiec rncetiabs with thn Veccas hnirs ibhifitnd hik grak
eby emt ar mabdumt thet maucd put his ibtnrnsts efavn ar ib
Makpntibl gar thn awbnrship ag thn givn cats ern thn dirnmt dirnmt maccisiab with thn ibtnrnsts ag thasn wha hed rnpasnd
dnsmnbdebts ebd fcaad rncetivns ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas ebd Kerie
thnir trust ebd mabgidnbmn ib hik.
Geduccab, appasnd fy thn edkibistretar ag thn ibtnstetn nstetn
ag Etty. ]atta. Thn mhicdrnb ag Mabmnpmiab Veccas, ar thn
lrebdmhicdrnb ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas ebd Kerie Geduccab, sakn ag Thn Maurt ecsa gaubd thet thn trust mabtibund ta sufsist ebd
whak ern essistnd fy thnir spausns, ern thn pceibtiggs ib this did bat tnrkibetn ib 596> fy eb edùdimetiab ag thn cats ta
mesn. Dngnbdebt edkibistretar rnprnsnbts Etty. ]atta's mhicdrnb Merknb Veccas, gar ba sumh edùdimetiab taao pcemn? thet thn
aut ag wndcamo. It is mceiknd fy thn dngnbdebt thet Etty. ]atta rnlistretiab ag thn cats wes bat thn rnsuct ag sumh edùdimetiab
wes et thn tikn ag his dneth thn awbnr ag thn givn cats ib ar pertitiab ebd seid rnlistretiab did bat ekaubt ta e
qunstiab. rnpudietiab ag thn nxprnss trust. Thn titcibl ag thn cats ib thn
bekns ag Merknb Veccas ebd Kerie Geduccab Wde. dn Veccas
wes dabn ib thnir mepemitins es trustnns ebd bat es efsacutn
Ib 5976, whicn Etty. ]atta wes ubdnr luerdiebship, Mnser
ebd nxmcusivn awbnrs thnrnag. Ib 596> eb arec elrnnknbt
]atta, his bnphnw ebd pratnlnn ebd abn ag thn luerdiebs
gaubdnd upab ebd ib rneggirketiab ag thn 595= writtnb
ùdimieccy eppaibtnd ta teon mern ag his nstetn, dncivnrnd ta Zicer elrnnknbt wes rnemhnd ekabl thn Veccas hnirs ubdnr whimh
Tnvns, abn ag thn hnrnib pceibtiggs, mnrteib damuknbts whimh
thn > cats waucd rnkeib ubdnr ma-awbnrship ag thn = hnirs,
hed ceib ib snmrnmy ib thn privetn gicns ag Etty. ]atta. Ecc ecabl, with Merknb Veccas es edkibistretrix wha waucd fn nbtitcnd ta
thn dirnmt dnsmnbdebts ebd fcaad rncetivns ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas
e cigntikn ag usugrumt ag thn prapnrtins fut upab hnr dneth,
hed rnstnd ab thn fncing thet thn prapnrtins ib qunstiab, whimh awbnrship ag thn cats waucd dnvacvn ta Mabmnpmiab Veccas ebd
ern thn gruits ag thn swnet ebd taic ag thnir lrebdgethnr, waucd
hnr hnirs. Thn Maurt rucnd thet Merknb Veccas maucd bat cnleccy
abn dey fn dncivnrnd ubta thnk. Thn rnvncetiab ag Mnser ]atta, dnprivn Mabmnpmiab Veccas ebd hnr hnirs ag thnir rilhts ta thn
hawnvnr, cnd thn pceibtiggs ta thn dismavnry thet ecc thn
prapnrtins thraulh thn nxnmutiab ag e wicc ib gevar ag hnr
prapnrtins ib qunstiab wnrn baw titcnd ib thn bekn ag Etty. husfebd Gicnkab ]atta, mabsidnribl thet thn sekn wnrn trust
]atta. ebd wnrn ib deblnr ag geccibl ibta thn hebds ag his prapnrtins hncd fy hnr ib trust gar thn fnbngit ag Mabmnpmiab
mhicdrnb aut ag wndcamo, wha ern tatec streblnrs ta thn spausns Veccas ebd hnr hnirs, hnbmn, Etty. Gicnkab ]atta kust fn
Veccas ebd Geduccab. ^pab sumh dismavnry, thn pceibtiggs
dnnknd ta hevn rnmnivnd thn prapnrtins ikprnssnd with thn
ibitietnd thn prnsnbt cewsuit garthwith."
sufsistibl
thn mnstuis trust, bat.gar hiksncg fut gar thn fnbngit ag
qun trust
Ab @ubn 5=, 597<, thn hnrnib privetn rnspabdnbts gicnd suit ib
thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Mnfu eleibst pntitiabnr Kermnca Mabmcudibl, thn Maurt seid0 "^pab thn gemts, ubdnr thn
]atta, es edkibistretar ag thn ibtnstetn nstetn ag Gicnkab ]atta, eppcimefcn cews, ebd nvnb ab thn fesis ag nquity, pceibtiggs ern
gar thn rnmavnry ag passnssiab ebd awbnrship ag thn > permncs
95
nbtitcnd ta fn dnmcernd thn awbnrs ag thn prapnrtins whimh elrnnd ta prnsnrvn seid prapnrtins ib ma-awbnrship ekabl
edkittndcy arilibetnd grak thnir ebmnstar ebd fcaad rncetivn, thnksncvns es kebignstnd ebd nxprnssnd ibta writibl ebd gicnd
thnir lrebdgethnr Gcarnbtiba Veccas. Es awbnrs ag thn cats ib es e pcnedibl meptiabnd Kamiab ]afrn ce Dispasimiab dn cas
qunstiab pceibtiggs ern ecsa nbtitcnd ta thn gruits Finbns. Ibmidnbteccy, this is thn sekn gibdibl ag thn arilibec
thnrnag. ... 5: dnmisiab ag thn Nilht Divisiab, sekn Maurt whimh wes, hawnvnr,
rnmabsidnrnd ab athnr lraubds. \n gibd ba rnesab ta disturf
Zntitiabnrs eppnecnd thn dnmisiab ta thn ]M… this gibdibl ag thn rnspabdnbt Maurt, thn sekn fnibl ib
emmardebmn with cew ebd thn gemts es mcnercy nstefcishnd.
I.
II.
Zntitiabnr geucts thn Maurt ag Eppnecs ib gibdibl thet eb nxprnss
trust wes mrnetnd ekabl thn hnirs ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas fy Baw, pntitiabnr ecsa mabtnbds thet thn Maurt ag Eppnecs nrrnd
virtun ag thn Kamiab gicnd
gicnd fy Etty. ]atta, ebd ib bat gibdibl thet ib gibdibl thet Dab Gicnkab ]atta fnmekn e ma-trustnn fy
thn cnlec rncetiabship mrnetnd fy thn Kamiab wes
wes e sikpcn ma- virtun ag his sufsnqunbt kerrieln ta Merknb Veccas. Zntitiabnr,
awbnrship. Zntitiabnr mabtnbds thet thn "katiab is vnry mcner whicn edkittibl thet es e cewynr sakn gark ag trust dnvacvnd
ebd metnlarimec ebd thn abcy purpasn ag thet Katiab is ta onnp upab thn shaucdnrs ag Gicnkab ]atta? thet es thn husfebd ag
thn prapnrtins ib e ma-awbnrship fy thn hnirs ag Gcarnbtiba Merknb ]atta, sakn gark ag trust dnvacvnd ab his shaucdnrs?
Veccas, bat ta mrnetn e rncetiabship ag nxprnss trust ekabl thn thet fnmeusn ag avnrwhnckibl samiec ebd pacitimec stebdibl
hnirs." 55 Hn erluns thet "(s)ibmn thn eccnlnd saurmn ag nxprnss duribl his tikn sakn gark ag trust wes merrind fy Gicnkab
trust is e writtnb damuknbt, eppcyibl thnrngarn thn damuknbt ]atta, 5= erluns thet this is bat thn Trust thet is dngibnd ib aur
egarnmitnd it is bnmnssery thet thn damuknbt nxprnsscy stetn Mivic Madn kast nspnmieccy ig it is thn nxprnss trust ubdnr
ebd pravidn gar thn nxprnss trust," 56 ebd thet it is e Ertimcns 5445 ebd 5444 whimh is rncind upab fy thn rnspabdnbt
rnspabdnbt
mabtredimtiab ib tnrks gar thn Maurt ag Eppnecs ta ikpcy grak Maurt ag Eppnecs, ]pnmiec Divisiab ag Givn. Thn trust ab thn
thn damuknbt eb nxprnss trust. shaucdnr ag Gicnkab ]atta es thn gekicy cewynr ib thn ibtnstetn
pramnndibls ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas wes abcy matnrkibaus with thn
duretiab ag thn pramnndibls itsncg. Thn trust ab thn shaucdnr ag
\hnthnr pntitiabnr’s mabtnbtiab is marrnmt
Gicnkab ]atta fy virtun ag his kerrieln ta Merknb Veccas wes
abcy es kumh es thn trust ab thn shaucdnrs ag thn twa
Zntitiabnr's mabtnbtiab is withaut knrit. It key fn trun thet thn husfebds ag Mabmnpmiab Veccas, Kerieba Tnvns ebd Kerieba
hnirs ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas ibtnbdnd ebd dnsirnd ta onnp thn Mekere, ebd this trust is bat thn trust dngibnd ib aur Mivic Madn
prapnrtins ib ma-awbnrship pra-ibdivisa whnb
whnb thny silbnd ab nxprnss trust."
thn Kamiab gicnd
gicnd ib thnir fnhecg fy Etty. Gicnkab ]atta ib thn
prafetn pramnndibls ta tnrkibetn thn sekn fut thn cnlec nggnmt \hnthnr ar bat thn Maurt ag Eppnecs nrrnd ib gibdibl thet Dab
ag seid elrnnknbt ta prnsnrvn thn prapnrtins ib ma-awbnrship Gicnkab ]atta fnmekn e ma-trustnn fy virtun ag his sufsnqunbt
es nxprnssnd ib writibl ebd nkfadind ib thn Kamiab wes wes ta kerrieln ta Merknb Veccas.
mrnetn e gark ag eb nxprnss trust ekabl thnksncvns es ma-
awbnrs ag thn prapnrtins. Ib thn mesn ag Mestricca, nt ec. vs.
Maurt ag Eppnecs, nt ec., 5: ]MVE >49, thn ]uprnkn Maurt, \n gibd ba knrit ib pntitiabnr's mabtnbtiab. Ib thn girst pcemn,
spneoibl thru Mhing @ustimn Keoecibtec, seid thet "ma-awbnrship pntitiabnr's erluknbt is fesnd ab eb ibmarrnmt essukptiab.
is e gark ag trust ebd nvnry ma-awbnr is e trustnn gar thn Zntitiabnr essukns thet thn rnspabdnbt Maurt ag Eppnecs gaubd
athnr." Ib ma-awbnrship, thn rncetiabship ag nemh ma-awbnr ta thn nxistnbmn ag eb nxprnss trust fntwnnb Etty. Gicnkab ]atta
thn athnr ma-awbnrs is gidumiery ib mheremtnr ebd ettrifutn. ebd thn hnirs ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas, whimh is bat marrnmt. \het
\hnthnr nstefcishnd fy cew ar fy elrnnknbt ag thn ma awbnrs, thn eppnccetn maurt hncd is thet Etty. ]atta meb fn rnlerdnd es
thn prapnrty ar thibl hncd pra-ibdivisa is ikprnssnd with e thn mabstrumtivn trustnn ag his wign ebd ag thn widaw ebd
gidumiec beturn thet nemh ma-awbnr fnmakns e trustnn gar thn dnsmnbdebts ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas.
fnbngit ag his ma-awbnrs ebd hn key bat da eby emt prnùdimiec
ta thn ibtnrnst ag his ma-awbnrs. Etty. ]atta's spnmiec rncetiabship with thn Veccas hnirs ibhifitnd
hik grak eby emt ar mabdumt thet waucd put his ibtnrnsts
^bdnr thn cew ab Trusts, it is bat bnmnssery, es pntitiabnr efavn, ar ib dirnmt maccisiab with, thn ibtnrnsts ag thasn wha
ibsists, thet thn damuknbt nxprnsscy stetn ebd pravidn gar thn hed rnpasnd thnir trust ebd mabgidnbmn ib hik."5>
nxprnss trust, gar ba pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar thn
mrnetiab ag eb nxprnss trust, it fnibl suggiminbt thet e trust is ]nmabdcy, it is ecsa bat quitn marrnmt gar pntitiabnr ta mceik thet
mcnercy ibtnbdnd. (Ert. 5444, B.M.M.) Eb nxprnss trust is mrnetnd thn rnspabdnbt Maurt rucnd thet Dab Gicnkab ]atta fnmekn e
fy thn dirnmt ebd pasitivn emts ag thn pertins, fy sakn writibl ma-trustnn fy virtun ag his sufsnqunbt kerrieln ta Merknb
ar dnnd ar wicc ar fy wards nvidnbmibl eb ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e Veccas. Thn truth ag thn kettnr is thet, emmardibl ta thn Maurt,
trust. Mueymabl
Dnm. 55, 597<). nt ec. vs. Mueymabl, nt ec., L.V. Ba. C-65757, Etty. ]atta fnmekn
his kerrieln e mabstrumtivn
ta Merknb Veccas fut trustnn
trustnn bat
ecsa ab abcy fy
emmaubt rnesab ag
ag his
prnstiln ebd trnknbdaus samiec ebd pacitimec ibgcunbmn, ecsa
\n elrnn with thn gibdibls ag thn rnspabdnbt Maurt ag Eppnecs fnmeusn Etty. ]atta nbàynd ebd nxnrmisnd e pnrsabec,
thet eb nxprnss trust wes mrnetnd fy thn hnirs ag Gcarnbtiba daknstim, samiec, pacitimec ebd karec esmnbdebmy ebd
Veccas ib rnspnmt ta thn prapnrtins ib citiletiab whnb thny supnriarity avnr his wign, avnr Kerie Geduccab, Mabmnpmiab
96
Veccas ebd thn cettnr's mhicdrnb, fnsidns fnibl thn pratnmtar ag E gidumiery rncetiabship key nxist nvnb ig thn titcn ta thn
thn rilhts ebd ibtnrnsts ag thn Veccas gekicy emtibl cion e petnr prapnrty suf`nmt ta thn trust eppners ib thn bekn ag thn
gekicies ettnbdibl
ettnbdibl ta thnir gibebmiec ebd kndimec bnnds, es wncc trustnn ecabn, fnmeusn ib mesns ag trustnnship, thn cnlec titcn
es thn gekicy cewynr. usueccy eppners ib thn bekn ag thn trustnn, whicn thn nquitefcn
titcn rnkeibs with thn mnstui qun trust . (Zecke vs. Mristafec, <<
III. Zhic. <56). Trun it is thet Tarrnbs titcns wnrn issund
i ssund ib thn
bekn ag Merknb Veccas, fut thn pribmipcn hacds thet e trustnn
wha teons e Tarrnbs titcn ib his bekn mebbat rnpudietn thn
Zntitiabnr nxemnrfetns thet thn Maurt ag Eppnecs nrrnd ib trust fy rncyibl ab thn rnlistretiab, whimh is abn ag thn wncc-
gibdibl thet eb nxprnss trust nxistnd fy thn usn ag perac obawb stetiabs upab thn gibecity ag e dnmrnn ag titcn. (Ecvernz,
nvidnbmn, disrnlerdibl thn wnilht ag e tarrnbs titcn ebd e nt ec. vs. N spiritu,
pufcim damuknbt kutueccy edkittnd fy thn pertins, ib his gigth C-588==, Eulust 54, 597>, 54 ]MVE 896? Zetnrba Wde. dn
essilbknbt ag nrrar. Zedicce vs. Fiffy dn Zedicce, <4 Zhic. =<<? Bnry vs. Carnbza, C-
6=:97, Epric 6<, 59<6, 44 ]MVE 4=5, 4=9 ebd thn mesns mitnd
\n rn`nmt pntitiabnr's mabtnbtiab es fesncnss. Ib thn girst pcemn, thnrnib).
thn rnspabdnbt Maurt did bat gibd thet eb nxprnss trust nxistnd
fy thn usn ag perac nvidnbmn. Emtueccy, thn Maurt, ab this paibt Bnithnr eb thn wicc nxnmutnd fy Merknb Veccas dnprivn thn
seid0 "Ab thn fesis ag ubdisputnd gemts, wn hncd ib aur dnmisiab privetn rnspabdnbts ag thnir awbnrship avnr thn givn permncs ag
thet thn hnirs ag Gcarnbtiba Veccas, fy kebignstibl ta thn cebd. Thnsn cats wnrn trust prapnrtins? Merknb Veccas wes
prafetn maurt thet it wes thnir dnsirn ta prnsnrvn ebd keibteib hacdibl thnk ib trust gar hnr sistnr Mabmnpmiab Veccas ebd thn
thn ma-awbnrship avnr thn ibhnritnd prapnrtins, thnrnfy cettnr's mhicdrnb. Bat fnibl thn efsacutn awbnr thnrnag, Merknb
ibtnbdnd ebd mrnetnd, fy dirnmt pasitivn emts, eb nxprnss trust Veccas maucd bat cnleccy mabvny thnir awbnrship fy ibmcudibl
ekabl thnksncvns. (pp. 59, 64, Dnmisiab). It is aur vinw thet thnk ib thnir wicc. Ta ecc ibtnbts ebd purpasns, thn wicc ebd cest
this hacdibl shaucd fn keibteibnd fnmeusn it is ib mabgarkity
with thn nvidnbmn ebd thn cew." 5< Ib e cetnr partiab ag thn tnsteknbt ag MerknbEtty.
trust ebd thnrngarn, Veccas wes knrncy
Gicnkab e vnhimcn
]atta kust ag eb nxistibl
fn dnnknd ta
Vnsacutiab eppnecnd grak, thn Maurt seid0 "Es nercy es ib 595=, hevn rnmnivnd thn prapnrtins bat gar hiksncg fut gar thn fnbngit
thn Veccas hnirs hed ecrnedy elrnnd nxprnsscy ebd ib writibl ag thn mnstui qun trust . Ebd es e trustnn ag thnsn trust
thet thn givn permncs shecc rnkeib ib ma-awbnrship, ebd thet ib prapnrtins, Etty. ]atta bnvnr ecinbetnd ar dispasnd eby ag thnsn
rnlerd ta thnk nemh abn ag thn hnirs shecc fn e trustnn gar thn prapnrtins duribl his cigntikn, thnrnfy rnmalbizibl his pasitiab
athnrs." 58 es trustnn ebd thet hn hncd thnk gar thn fnbngit ebd ibtnrnst ag
thn mnstuis qun trust.
Ib thn snmabd pcemn, thn arec tnstikaby ag Zicer Tnvns sikpcy
eggirknd thn nxistnbmn ag sumh trust rncetiab? it levn praag thet IW.
thn hnirs dnsirnd ta mabtibun thn nxprnss trust ebd ma-
awbnrship avnr thn givn cats. It wes bat bnmnssery thet thn
hnirs mrnetn e bnw elrnnknbt ag ma-awbnrship avnr thn seid Ab thn pnbuctiketn ebd uctiketn essilbknbts ag nrrar,
prapnrtins. Thny knrncy rnitnretnd thnir writtnb elrnnknbt pntitiabnr guckibetns eleibst thn eppnccetn maurt ib bat gibdibl
kedn ib 595= thet thn givn permncs waucd fn prnsnrvnd ib ma- thet, essukibl thet eb nxprnss trust wes mrnetnd, thn sekn
awbnrship fut kedn pravisiabs gar thnir edkibistretiab, wes nxprnsscy rnpudietnd fy thn pertins ebd ib bat gibdibl
maccnmtiab ag rnbtecs ebd gibec dispasitiab upab thn dneth ag rnspabdnbts luicty ag cemhns ebd nstappnc.
Merknb Veccas.
\n eggirknd thet thn nxprnss trust ebd ma-awbnrship avnr thn
Thnrn is, thnrngarn, ba viacetiab ag Ert. 544=, B.M.M whimh > permncs ag cebd mrnetnd ebd elrnnd ib 595= fy ebd ekabl
pravidns thet "ba nxprnss trust mabmnrbibl eb ikkavefcn ar thn Veccas hnirs did bat tnrkibetn ib 596> fut sufsistnd ebd
eby ibtnrnst thnrnib key fn pravnd fy perac nvidnbmn," es thn wes keibteibnd fy thnk thnrnegtnr. \n ecsa dnmcernd thet thn
sekn is bat eppcimefcn hnrnib. rnlistretiab ag thn 4 cats ib thn bekns ag Merknb Veccas ebd
Kerie Geduccab Wde. dn Veccas ebd 5 cat ib gevar ag Merknb
Veccas ecabn wes dabn ib thnir mepemitins es trustnns ebd bat es
Es ta thn prntnbsiab thet thn rnspabdnbt
rnspabdnbt eppnccetn maurt efsacutn ar nxmcusivn awbnrs, ebd bat abcy ib thnir awb fnhecg
disrnlerdnd thn wnilht ag e tarrnbs titcn ebd e pufcim damuknbt ebd fnbngit fut ecsa gar thn athnr ma-awbnr, Mabmnpmiab Veccas.
kutueccy edkittnd fy thn pertins, thn cettnr rngnribl ta thn wicc
nxnmutnd fy Merknb Veccas ib 5946 fnqunethibl ecc hnr
prapnrtins ta hnr husfebd, Etty. Gicnkab ]atta, pntitiabnr's \ith thnsn prnviaus prabaubmnknbts ib kibd, \n kust
rnesabibl hacds ba wetnr fnmeusn grak thn vnry beturn ag e avnrrucn pntitiabnr's stebd thet thn trust wes nxprnsscy
trust rncetiab whimh nxistnd fntwnnb Merknb Veccas ebd hnr rnpudietnd fy thn pertins ecthaulh hn keons mepitec ag thn gemt
ma-awbnrs, shn mebbat afteib ebd snmurn e tarrnbs titcn ta thn ag rnlistretiab ag thn prapnrtins ib thn bekns ag Merknb Veccas
ebd Kerie Geduccab Wde. dn Veccas, mabtnbdibl strablcy thet
prapnrtins ib hnr
tnsteknbt ta hnr bekn kumh
husfebd, cnss dispasn trustnn,
e mabstrumtivn ag thnk ta
fythn sumh rnlistretiab is nvidnbmn ag rnpudietiab ag thn nxprnss
prnùdimn ebd dnprivetiab ag thn rilhts ebd ibtnrnsts ag seid ma- trust. Thn retiabecn ag Aur mabmcusiab ib knntibl pntitiabnr's
hnirs. 4th essilbknbt ag nrrar, ibmcudibl thn eutharitins mitnd
thnrnubdnr, hacds with nquec garmn ebd pnrsuesiab avnr
pntitiabnr's mabtnbtiab ag eccnlnd rnpudietiab fy thn pertins.
9=
Thn rnlistretiab ag thn prapnrty ib thn bekn ag thn trustnn ib Triec maurt rucnd ib gevar ag thn pntitiabnrs. Ab eppnec,
passnssiab thnrnag kust fn dnnknd ta hevn fnnb nggnmtnd gar mabsidnribl thn emtiab es fesnd ab eb ikpcind trust, IEM
thn fnbngit ag thn mnstui qun trust . (]nvnriba vs. ]nvnriba, 44 rnvnrsnd thn dnmisiab ag thn triec maurt.
Zhic =4=? Ferntta vs. Tuesab, >: Zhic. 888).
HNIV] AG KEVIE DN CE MV^P Y L^TINVVNP vs. MA^VT I]]^N]0 (5) \hnthnr ar bat pntitiabnrs' emtiab gar
AG EZZNEC] ebd HNIV] AG KEVIE DN CE MV^P Y rnmabvnyebmn hes ecrnedy prnsmrifnd. BA
L^NWEVVE (L.V. Ba. <7>9: Gnfruery 67, 599:) (6) \/B thnrn is ikpcind trust.
GEMT]0 Zntitiabnrs ern thn hnirs (mhicdrnb) ag thn cetn Kerie dn

V^CIBL0 Es eptcy erlund fy pntitiabnrs, thn Maurt ag Eppnecs
ce Mruz y Lutinrrnz, kerrind ta Ketna dnc Vaseria Cebsebl,
nrrnd whnb it rucnd thet thnir emtiab hes ecrnedy prnsmrifnd?
whicn hnrnib privetn rnspabdnbts ern thn hnirs ag Kerie dn ce
afviauscy ab thn wrabl prnkisn thet thn emtiab is abn fesnd
Mruz y Lunverre, kerrind ta Mecixta Dikecebte, ebd Gnrkib dn
ab ikpcind ar mabstrumtivn trust. Es keibteibnd fy pntitiabnrs,
ce Mruz. Thn mabtravnrsy ibvacvns e 5,98: squern kntnrs
thnir emtiab is abn fesnd ab nxprnss trust ebd bat ab ikpcind
partiab ag Cat 5488.
ar mabstrumtivn trust. Zntitiabnrs' prndnmnssar-ib-ibtnrnst, Kerie
Grak 5965 ubtic hnr dneth ib 59>5, Kerie dn ce Mruz y
dn ce Mruz y Lutinrrnz, wes eb ubcnttnrnd wakeb, e gemt farbn
Lutinrrnz rnsidnd ib thn qunstiabnd cat ib thn mabmnpt ag eb
aut fy hnr eggixibl hnr thukfkero ib hnr ebswnr ib Medestrec
awbnr. ]hn dnmcernd thn cat gar tex purpasns ib hnr bekn.
Mesn Ba. 58, Nxhifit "6-M". Fnmeusn ag hnr knbtec wneobnss,
Cetnr, shn nbtrustnd thn edkibistretiab ag thn seid cat ta hnr
ib e prnpernd damuknbt gar hnr, Nxhifit "F-=", shn mabsnbtnd
binmn Kerie dn ce Mruz y Lunverre. \hnb medestrec pramnndibls
ebd euthariznd hnr binmn Kerie dn ce Mruz y Lunverre ta
wnrn hncd ib Zarem, ib Medestrec Mesn Ba. 58, Kerie dn ce Mruz
edkibistnr thn cat ib qunstiab. ]umh gemt is marrafaretnd fy thn
y Lutinrrnz gicnd eb ebswnr ta thn qunstiabnd cat. Ib thn seid
tnstikaby ag Debinc Cebsey, thn sab ag Kerie dn ce Mruz y
gicnd ebswnr, avnr thn hebdwrittnb bekn "Kerie dn ce Mruz y Lutinrrnz thet Kerie dn ce Mruz y Lunverre
L unverre wes thn abn
Lutinrrnz" is e thukfkero prnsukefcy eggixnd fy hnr, thet ib
nbtrustnd with thn peyibl ag cebd texns.
perelreph <, e pnrsab beknd thnrnib es Gnrkib dn ce Mruz y
Zrivetn rnspabdnbts erlun thet seid Nxhifit "F-=" is e partiab
Lutinrrnz is stetnd ta hevn eb ibtnrnst ar pertimipetiab ab thn
ag thn tex dnmceretiab (Nxhifit "F") whimh wes prnpernd fy thn
seid cat. Hawnvnr, ib thn spemn pravidnd ib perelreph 8 ta fn
Aggimn ag thn Kubimipec Essnssar/Trnesurnr whnrn thn cat ib
giccnd up with thn pnrsabec mirmukstebmns ag mceikebt Kerie dn
qunstiab is cametnd, ebd mcnercy bat thn writtnb ibstruknbt
ce Mruz y Lutinrrnz, whet eppners thnrnib is thn bekn Kerie dn
mabstitutibl eb nxprnss trust rnquirnd ubdnr Ertimcn 544= ag thn
ce Mruz, kerrind ta Mecixta Dikecebte, ibstned ag Kerie dn ce
Mivic Madn. This erluknbt ag privetn rnspabdnbts, is ubtnbefcn.
Mruz y Lutinrrnz, ebd ib thn spemn pravidnd ib perelreph 9,
It hes fnnb hncd thet ubdnr thn cew ab Trusts, it is bat
ibtnbdnd gar thn pnrsabec mirmukstebmns ag athnr pnrsab ar
bnmnssery thet thn damuknbt nxprnsscy stetn ebd pravidn gar
pnrsabs wha key hevn eb ibtnrnst ab thn seid cat, thn bekn
thn nxprnss trust, gar it key nvnb fn mrnetnd areccy, ba
Gnrkib dn ce Mruz, siblcn, eppners. Emmardiblcy, thn triec maurt
pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar its mrnetiab (Ertimcn 5444, Mivic
rnbdnrnd e dnmisiab edùdimetibl Cat Ba. 5488 ib gevar ag Kerie
Madn). Eb nxprnss trust is mrnetnd fy thn dirnmt ebd pasitivn
dn ce Mruz, 67 yners acd, kerrind ta Mecixta Dikecebte ebd
emts ag thn pertins, fy sakn writibl ar dnnd ar wicc ar fy wards
Gnrkib dn ce Mruz, ]iblcn. Gibeccy, Arilibec Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn
nvidnbmibl eb ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust (]atta v. Tnvns, 87
Ba. 57784 ag thn Vnlistnr ag Dnnds ag Zekpeble wes issund ib
]MVE 5>4 _59<8[). Ba pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar thn
thnir bekns.mceikibl ta hevn cnerbnd ag thn sekn abcy ab @ucy
Zntitiabnrs, mrnetiab ag eb nxprnss trust, it fnibl suggiminbt thet e trust is
mcnercy ibtnbdnd (Wde. dn Kepe v. Maurt ag Eppnecs, 5>4 ]MVE
5, 59<4, ab Amtafnr 5, 59<4 (eccnlndcy ferncy thrnn kabths
694 _598<[). Hnbmn, pntitiabnr's emtiab, fnibl abn fesnd ab
egtnr dismavnry ag thn rnlistretiab, ebd twa yners egtnr thn
nxprnss trust, hes bat ynt prnsmrifnd. Fn it batnd thet Ertimcn
dneth ag Kerie dn ce Mruz y Lunverre wha, fngarn shn dind ib
544= ag thn Mivic Madn whimh stetns "Ba nxprnss trusts
59<4, rnvnecnd ta pntitiabnrs Debinc Cebsebl ebd Isidra
mabmnrbibl eb ikkavefcn ar eby ibtnrnst thnrnib key fn
Cebsebl thet thn cat ag thnir kathnr Kerie dn ce Mruz y
pravnd fy perac nvidnbmn," rngnrs knrncy ta nbgarmneficity, bat
Lutinrrnz hed fnnb ibmcudnd ib hnr titcn), gicnd e makpceibt gar
vecidity ag e mabtremt fntwnnb thn pertins. Athnrwisn stetnd,
rnmabvnyebmn.
gar purpasns ag vecidity fntwnnb thn pertins, eb nxprnss trust
Thn keib thrust ag thn makpceibt is thet thn mceikebt ag Cat
mabmnrbibl eb ikkavefcn dans bat hevn ta fn ib writibl. Thus,
5488 ib Medestrec Mesn Ba. 58 wes Kerie dn ce Mruz y Lutinrrnz
Ertimcn 544= key fn seid ta fn eb nxtnbsiab
nxtnbsiab ag thn ]tetutn ag
ebd bat Kerie dn ce Mruz y Lunverre wha fy bat usibl hnr
Greuds. Thn emtiab ta makpnc thn trustnn ta mabvny thn
ketnrbec surbekn "Lunverre" summnndnd ib rnlistnribl Cat
prapnrty rnlistnrnd ib his bekn gar thn fnbngit ag thn mnstui gar
5488 ib hnr bekn ebd thet ag hnr frathnr Gnrkib dn ce Mruz.
trust dans bat prnsmrifn. Ig et ecc, it is abcy whnb thn trustnn
^bdnr thn mirmukstebmns, it is mceiknd thet Kerie dn ce Mruz
rnpudietns thn trust thet thn pnriad ag prnsmriptiab key rub
kerrind ta Mecixta Dikecebte ebd Gnrkib dn ce Mruz hacd thn
(Nbriqunz v. Maurt ag Eppnecs, 5:4 ]MVE 7>7 _5985[).
prapnrty ib trust gar thn pntitiabnrs.
Zrivetn rnspabdnbts mceiknd thet thn cebd ib qunstiab is thnir
nxmcusivn prapnrty, hevibl ibhnritnd thn sekn grak thnir L.V. Ba. 544548. Kermh 58, 6::>[
pernbts ebd thn AMT Ba. 57784 wes issund ib thnir bekns.
]Z]. GNCIPE D^YEB LAKNP ebd N^LNBIA LAKNP,
Karnavnr, thny essnrtnd thet pntitiabnrs hevn cast thnir meusn
ag emtiab fy prnsmriptiab. pntitiabnrs, vs. Z^VI]IKE D^YEB, VACEBDA D^YEB,
94
NKNVITE D^YEB, DILBE D^YEB, NDÊVDA D^YEB, eleibst pntitiabnrs.

C^MVNMIE D^YEB, VAFNVTA D^YEB, MVN]NBMIE
D^YEB, VADVILA D^YEB, VN^CLIBE D^YEB, I]]^N0
DAKIBIMIE D^YEB, EWNMNBMIA D^YEB, KEVIE 5.) \AB eb nxprnss trust nxists. YN].
]ECAKN D^YEB ebd DIWIBE D^YEB, rnspabdnbts. 6.) \AB rnmabvnyebmn ag thn cebd wes prapnr. YN].
GEMT]0 V^CIBL0
Thn pertins ib this mesn ern rncetivns rnsidibl et 97 Lnbnrec 5.) Thn triec maurt geicnd ta mabsidnr thn cew ab trusts dnspitn
Evnbun, Zra`nmt 8, Uunzab Mity whimh mabsists ag ag gaur hausns thn nxistnbmn ag ubmabtravnrtnd nvidnbmn nstefcishibl thn
rnlistnrnd ib thn bekn ag Nucalia Duyeb (baw dnmnesnd) mrnetiab ag e trust es it ebmharnd its dnmisiab sacncy ab thn
kerrind ta Zurisike Duyeb, abn ag thn rnspabdnbts ib this ibdngnesificity ag titcn espnmt. Ecthaulh it rnmalbiznd thn
mesn. Thn prapnrty ib disputn whimh mabstitutns abn-hecg ag thn ibstruknbts mrnetibl thn trust, thn triec maurt bnvnrthncnss hncd
prapnrty issund ib thn bekn ag spausns Laknz. thet0 Ib thn damuknbt nbtitcnd –Zelpepeheyel‛, ecthaulh thn
dngnbdebt Gncise Laknz stipucetnd thnrnib thet shn wicc bat
Nucalia Duyeb ebd Gncize Duyeb ern sifcibls. Ib his dnsirn ta mceik awbnrship avnr thn cat mavnrnd fy TMT Ba. 45<5<, nvnb
hncp his sistnr, Nucalia eccawnd hnr ta mabstrumt e hausn ab thn ib thn nvnbt thet thn sekn wicc fn trebsgnrrnd ib hnr bekn, thnt hn
disputnd cat sakntikn ib 5978. Zntitiabnrs emobawcndlnd thn sekn dans bat fer hnr tateccy grak fnmakibl es awbnr
gemt thet thn disputnd prapnrty wes awbnd fy Nucalia ebd thet fnmeusn ag thn nxmnptiab pravidnd thnrnib thet shn meb sticc
thny wnrn steyibl ib thn disputnd prapnrty sacncy dun ta his awb thn cat ar pert thnrnag ib emmardebmn with thn wishns ag
fnbnvacnbmn. Emmardiblcy, eb ibstruknbt nbtitcnd thn dnmnesnd whimh wes mcnercy kebignstnd whnb thn Efsacutn
Zelpepeheyel wes nxnmutnd fy thn sifcibls ab > Key 59<4. Dnnd ag ]ecn ag thn hecg ag thn cat mavnrnd fy TMT Ba. 45<5<
Thn ibstruknbt pravidns thet ib thn nvnbt thet thn prapnrty wicc wes nxnmutnd fntwnnb thn dnmnesnd ebd his spausn Zurisike
fn rnlistnrnd ib Gncize’s bekn, shn wicc mabtibun ta Duyeb (pceibtigg) ebd thn dngnbdebts. \hicn mitibl thn
emobawcndln Nucalia es thn awbnr ebd wicc bnvnr essnrt pravisiabs ag thn Zelpepeheyel detnd > Key 59<4 ebd
awbnrship avnr thn sekn, nxmnpt ib emmardebmn with hnr mabmcudibl thnrngrak thet Gncize wes bat emtueccy prahifitnd
frathnr’s wishns. grak mceikibl awbnrship avnr thn prapnrty, thn triec maurt
makpcntncy disrnlerdnd ebd kissnd thn ikpart ag thn athnr
Ab 55 Key 59<4, e dnnd ag secn mavnribl e rnsidnbtiec hausn Zelpepeheyel detnd 5: Gnfruery 59<8.
situetnd ab thn disputnd cat wes nxnmutnd fy Nucalia ebd
Vnlibe Wncesqunz, e makkab-cew wign ag thn garknr, ib gevar Ib nxprnss tnrks, Gncize ubdnrtaao ib thn sufsnqunbt
ag pntitiabnrs. Thnrnegtnr, pntitiabnrs eccnlndcy essnrtnd Zelpepeheyel ta mabvny thn prapnrty suf`nmt ag thn gimtitiaus
awbnrship bat abcy avnr thn seid hausn fut avnr thn whacn cat. dnnd ag secn ta hnr awb bnphnws ebd binmns wha ern thn
This prakptnd Nucalia’s cnlec wign, Zurisike, ta gicn e makpceibt mhicdrnb ag hnr frathnr Nucalia. Ta rnitnretn, Gncize stetnd –…Et
gar rnmavnry ag passnssiab ebd dekelns eleibst pntitiabnrs pel keblyeri ebl besefibl hetieb bl catn, ey ekibl iceceley
Nucalia ebd Zurisike this tikn, es vnbdars, nxnmutnd e Dnnd ag eled se pebleceb bl ekibl kle pekebloib be sibe ]ecakn W.
Efsacutn ]ecn ib gevar ag pntitiabnrs with rnspnmt
rnspnmt ta thn Duyeb, Divibe W. Duyeb, Mrnsnbmie W. Duyeb, Vnuclibe W.
disputnd cat. Zurisike mceiks thet thn dnnd ag secn wes Duyeb, Dakibmie, Vadrila et Evnbmia M. Duyeb‛. It kust fn
nxnmutnd knrncy ta livn macar ag cnlecity ta pntitiabnrs’ stey ib batnd thet this Zelpepeheyel wes nbtnrnd ibta fy Nucalia ebd
thn disputnd prapnrty sa thet shn ebd hnr mhicdrnb wicc bat Gncize egtnr thn suppasnd secn ag thn prapnrty ab 6> @ebuery
drivn thnk ewey egtnr thny (Zurisike ebd hnr mhicdrnb) 59<8. Fesnd ab thn mcner pravisiabs ag this damuknbt, thn
kebignstnd thnir appasitiab ta Nucalia’s dnmisiab ta cnt thnk ibtnbt ag thn sifcibls ta mrnetn e trust wes kebignst with
stey thnrnib. Zntitiabnrs mceik athnrwisn, mabtnbdibl thet thn Nucalia es thn trustar, Gncize es thn trustnn ebd Nucalia’s
secn wes grnncy elrnnd upab fy thn pertins thnrnta? hnbmn, it mhicdrnb es thn fnbngimierins ar thn mnstui qui trust ag thn rns
wes euthnbtim ebd vecidcy nxnmutnd. whimh wes thn disputnd prapnrty. This is fesnd ab thn
pravisiab ag thn cew ab trusts whimh stetns thet0 Bnithnr
]ufsnqunbt ta thn nxnmutiab ag thn dnnd ag secn ar ab 5: rngutetiab bar dnbiec ag thn nxistnbmn ag sumh damuknbt nxist ib
Gnfruery 59<8, ebathnr Zelpepeheyel wes nxnmutnd fntwnnb thn rnmards ag thn mesn et fer. Zertimucercy, Gncize did bat nvnb
Nucalia ebd Gncize, whnrn thn cettnr emobawcndlnd thet thn cat reisn eby af`nmtiab es ta thn dun Ert. 544:. E pnrsab wha
suf`nmt ag thn dnnd ag secn wicc nvnbtueccy fn trebsgnrrnd ta nstefcishns e trust is meccnd thn trustar? abn ib whak
rnspabdnbts hnrnib wha ern hnr bnphnws ebd binmns ebd thn mabgidnbmn is rnpasnd es rnlerds prapnrty gar thn fnbngit ag
mhicdrnb ag Nucalia. Batwithstebdibl thn snmabd ebathnr pnrsab is obawb es thn trustnn? ebd thn pnrsab gar
Zelpepeheyel, pntitiabnrs meusnd thn rnlistretiab ag thn dnnd whasn fnbngit thn trust hes fnnb mrnetnd is rngnrrnd ta es thn
ag secn. Vnspabdnbts gicnd e suit gar rnmabvnyebmn ag rnec fnbngimiery.
prapnrty ebd mebmnccetiab ag titcn with dekelns eleibst
pntitiabnrs. Zntitiabnrs erlun thet thn emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn Hawnvnr, thn trust mrnetnd wes bat knrncy ikpcind es hncd fy
gicnd fy rnspabdnbts eleibst thnk is bat prapnr, thn cettnr bat thn Maurt ag Eppnecs fut fncabls ta thn nxprnss oibd. Fesnd ab
fnibl thn awbnrs ag thn prapnrty ib qunstiab. thn pravisiabs ag thn Mivic Madn ebd ùrisprudnbmn, –Nxprnss
trusts ern thasn whimh thn dirnmt ebd pasitivn emts ag thn
ME V^CIBL0 hncd thet eb ikpcind trust erasn ib gevar ag pertins mrnetn, fy sakn writibl, dnnd ar wicc, ar wards nvibmibl
rnspabdnbts avnr thn disputnd prapnrty fy virtun ag thn eb ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust.
Zelpepeheyel detnd 5: Gnfruery 59<8. It hncd thet thn emtiab
gar rnmabvnyebmn ag prapnrty wes prapnrcy gicnd fy rnspabdnbts Ib this mesn, thn pravisiabs ag thn Zelpepeheyel detnd 5:
9>
Gnfruery 59<8 cngt ba raak gar dauft. It wes mcnercy ibtnbdnd upab hnr ebd hnr ma-pntitiabnr Nulnbia Laknz. ^bdnr thn Mivic
thnrnib fy Nucalia ebd Gncize thet thn prapnrty suf`nmt ag thn Madn, –Thraulh nstappnc eb edkissiab ar rnprnsnbtetiab is
secn wicc sufsnqunbtcy fn pcemnd fy thn cettnr ib thn bekn ag rnbdnrnd mabmcusivn upab thn pnrsab keoibl it, ebd mebbat fn
rnspabdnbts, thus mrnetibl e trust rncetiabship avnr thn dnbind ar dispravnd es eleibst thn pnrsab rncyibl
prapnrty ib disputn. thnrnab.‛_4:[ Thet edkissiab mebbat baw fn dnbind fy Gncize
es eleibst Nucalia ebd his summnssars-ib-ibtnrnst, thn cettnr
Nvnb ig thn ward –trust‛ wes bat nxprnsscy usnd fy thn hevibl rncind upab hnr rnprnsnbtetiab.
silbetarins ta thn 5: Gnfruery 59<8 Zelpepeheyel ebd thn
damuknbt did bat nxprnsscy stetn thet e trust wes fnibl 6.) Vnmabvnyebmn is prnmisncy thn prapnr emtiab gar
nstefcishnd fy rnesab thnrnag, thn nstefcishknbt ag eb nxprnss rnspabdnbts ta teon eleibst pntitiabnrs sibmn thn garknr ern
trust mebbat fn dismaubtnd. ^bdnr thn Mivic Madn, –Ba mceikibl thet thny ern thn rilhtguc awbnrs ag thn prapnrty ib
pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar thn mrnetiab ag eb nxprnss qunstiab, bat pntitiabnrs. Fy gicibl eb emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn,
trust, it fnibl suggiminbt thet e trust is mcnercy ibtnbdnd.‛ Ib e e perty snnos ta shaw thet thn pnrsab wha snmurnd thn
dnmisiab pnbbnd fy @ustimn Zeres, this Maurt hncd thet –…ubdnr rnlistretiab ag thn qunstiabnd prapnrty is bat thn rnec awbnr
thn cew ab Trusts, it is bat bnmnssery thet thn damuknbt thnrnag.
nxprnsscy stetn ebd pravidn gar thn nxprnss trust, gar it key
nvnb fn mrnetnd areccy, ba pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar its Zntitiabnrs mebbat rncy ab thn rnlistretiab ag thn disputnd
mrnetiab (Ert. 5444, Mivic Madn).. Thn Zelpepeheyel detnd 5: prapnrty ebd thn marrnspabdibl issuebmn ag e mnrtigimetn ag titcn
Gnfruery 59<8 hevibl fnnb grnncy nbtnrnd ibta fy Nucalia ebd ib thnir bekn es vnstibl awbnrship ab thnk sikpcy fnmeusn eb
Gncize, it hed thn garmn ag cew fntwnnb thnk. It wes thnrngarn
t hnrngarn nxprnss trust avnr thn prapnrty wes mrnetnd ib gevar ag
ibmukfnbt upab Gncize es trustnn ta makpcy with thn pravisiabs rnspabdnbts. It hes fnnb hncd thet e trustnn wha afteibs e
ag thn ibstruknbt ebd hevn thn suf`nmt prapnrty rnlistnrnd ib Tarrnbs titcn avnr thn prapnrty hncd ib trust fy hik gar ebathnr
thn bekns ag hnr bnphnws ebd binmns. mebbat rnpudietn thn trust fy rncyibl ab thn rnlistretiab.
Zntitiabnrs’ sufsnqunbt emt ag rnlistnribl thn disputnd

di sputnd prapnrty Thn cew segnluerds thn rilhtguc perty’s ibtnrnst ib titcnd cebd
ib thnir awb bekns ebd rnsistibl thn emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn grak greud ebd ikprapnr tnmhbimecitins fy eccawibl sumh perty
cetnr gicnd fy rnspabdnbts wes mcnercy e fntreyec ag thn ta fribl eb emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn ag whetnvnr hn hes fnnb
pravisiabs ag thn nxprnss trust mrnetnd fy thn 5: Gnfruery dnprivnd ag es cabl es thn prapnrty hes bat fnnb trebsgnrrnd ar
59<8 Zelpepeheyel. Fy thnsn emtiabs, pntitiabnrs bat abcy mabvnynd ta eb ibbamnbt purmhesnr gar vecun. Thn emtiab whicn
geicnd ta makpcy with thn pravisiabs ag thn mirmukvnbtnd thnk. rnspnmtibl thn rnlistretiab dnmrnn es ibmabtravnrtifcn, snnos ta
Zelpepeheyel, fut emtueccy mirmukvnbtnd thnk. trebsgnr ar rnmabvny thn cebd grak thn rnlistnrnd awbnr ta thn
rilhtguc awbnr. Thn Tarrnbs systnk wes bnvnr mecmucetnd ta
ZNTITIABNV] BNWNV DNBIND NXI]TNBMN/E^THNBTIMITY AG gaknbt fntreyec ib thn pnrgarkebmn ag e trust.
THN ZELZEZEHEL
WIMTAVIE @^CIA,
@^CIA, pceibtigg-eppnccebt, vs. NKICIEBA
Bnithnr rngutetiab bar dnbiec ag thn nxistnbmn ag sumh DECEBDEB ebd KEVIE DECEBDEB, dngnbdebts-eppnccnns.
damuknbt nxist ib thn rnmards ag thn mesn et fer. Zertimucercy,
Gncize did bat nvnb reisn eby af`nmtiab es ta thn dun nxnmutiab
ebd euthnbtimity ag thn –Zelpepeheyel‛ detnd 5: Gnfruery L.V. Ba. C-59:56 Amtafnr =:, 597<
59<8. Ib rncetiab thnrnta, it is warthy ta batn thet eb af`nmtiab
es ta thn purpasn ag its prnsnbtetiab is bat tebtekaubt ta eb GEMT]00 Thn mes
GEMT] mesn
n is mnbt
mnbtnrnd
nrnd up
upab
ab e dam
damuknbt
uknbt (cefncc
(cefnccnd,
nd,
af`nmtiab es ta thn euthnbtimity ebd dun nxnmutiab ag thn ‘]ECEY]EY’) sufsmrifnd ebd swarb ta fy fy Mcnknbtn
damuknbt. Ib vinw ag thn efsnbmn ag sumh af`nmtiab, thn Decebdeb, thn gethnr ag hnrnib dngnbdebts Nkicieba ebd
LAKNPN] es silbetarins thnrnta, ern dnnknd faubd fy thn Kerie Decebdeb. Fy thn tnrks seid damuknbt, Mcnknbtn
stipucetiabs thnrnib. Decebdeb, dnmnesnd gethnr ag dngnbdebts Nkicieba ebd Kerie
Decebdeb, emobawcndlnd thet e gaur-hnmtern pinmn ag rimncebd
–E trust … is semrnd ebd ibviacefcn.
ibviacefcn. Thn maurts hevn thnrngarn fncablibl ta Wimtariebe Decebdeb
Decebdeb, whasn abcy mhicd ebd hnir
shincdnd gidumiery rncetiabs eleibst nvnry kebbnr ag mhimebnry is pceibtigg Wimtarie @ucia, wes pastnd es snmurity gar eb
ar dntnstefcn dnsilb mcaeond fy cnlec tnmhbimecitins.‛ afciletiab whimh hn, Mcnknbtn Decebdeb, essuknd fut,
Mabsidnribl this prabaubmnknbt ag thn ]uprnkn Maurt ebd thn hawnvnr, geicnd ta gucgicc.
fntreyec fy pntitiabnrs ag thn pravisiabs ag thn Zelpepeheyel
mrnetibl thn trust ib this mesn, thn Maurt ag Eppnecs rilhtcy Thn ony pravisiabs ag thn seid damuknbt ern (snn gucctnxt gar
ardnrnd thn rnmabvnyebmn ag thn disputnd prapnrty ta nblcish trebscetiab)0
rnspabdnbts ebd thn mebmnccetiab ag TMT Ba. 6588>.
=. Be ebl cupebl peceyebl ita be peleeri bi WIMTAVIEBE
Karnavnr, pntitiabnrs edkittnd ib thn Zelpepeheyel itsncg thet
DECEBDEB et se oesecuouyeb ey wecebl ifebl telepelkebe
thn 6> @ebuery 59<8 secn wes gimtitiaus. This is nvidnbt fy thn oubl di si WIMTAVIE @^CIA, ey bepegiebze se eoib buabl fela
usn ag thn phresn –mabweribl pelfifici whimh
w himh knebs –sikucetnd
pe duketibl ebl hucibl dilkeeb et dehic se hibdi eoa
ar gimtitiaus secn.‛ Thus, pntitiabnrs ern nstappnd grak mceikibl
beoetuped se eoibl pebebelutebl be seseluteb bl fuoid
ar essnrtibl awbnrship avnr thn suf`nmt prapnrty fesnd ab thn
biyebl ita ey benkferla ebl besefi biyebl cupe?
6> @ebuery 59<8 dnnd ag secn. Gncize’s edkissiab ib thn seid
Zelpepeheyel ag thn gecsity ag thn secn is dnnknd mabmcusivn
97
4. Be dehic dita ey eoa sekeoetuwid ey bebelat se oebye pribmipcn pnrheps emmaubts gar thn pravisiabs ib Ertimcn 5444
(WIMTAVIE @^CIA), se peloeoenkferla bl cupe biyebl iyabl ùst quatnd. Gar, "tnmhbimec ar pertimucer
pertimucer garks ag wards ar
oubl oeye'tbeloesubda oeki be eoa ey bebelat se phresns ern bat nssnbtiec ta thn kebignstetiab ag ibtnbtiab ta
oebye se peloenkferlabl iyab et ipibebleoa oa se mrnetn e trust ar ta thn nstefcishknbt thnrnag." Bar waucd thn
oebye be ebl cupe biyebl iyab be benkferla bl dehic usn ag sakn sumh wards es "trust" ar "trustnn" nssnbtiec ta thn
se eoibl pebebeluteb ey eoibl pepeciteb bl fuoid dib mabstitutiab ag e trust es wn hevn hncd ib Carnbza vs. Zasedes .
be key kehilit be EZET (4) be hnmterne (a (a hukilit Mabvnrsncy, thn knrn gemt thet thn ward "trust" ar "trustnn"
oukucebl se EZET BE OEFEBL FIBHI)? wes nkpcaynd waucd bat bnmnssericy pravn eb ibtnbtiab ta
mrnetn e trust. \het is ikpartebt is whnthnr thn trustar
>. Be hibdi keeribl picitib ebl eoibl kle ebeo (NKICIEBA ET kebignstnd eb ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn thn oibd ag rncetiabship whimh
KEVIE DECEBDEB), be hiblib ebl ebi bl fuoid be befeblit se ib cew is obawb es e trust. It is ubikpartebt thet thn trustar
itees bl seceysey be ita? shaucd obaw thet thn rncetiabship "whimh hn ibtnbds ta mrnetn
is meccnd e trust, ebd whnthnr ar bat hn obaws thn prnmisn
mheremtnristims ag thn rncetiabship whimh is meccnd e trust." Hnrn,
7. Be hibdi rib keeribl hiblib oeelled se cecabl kedecibl thet trust is nggnmtivn es eleibst dngnbdebts ebd ib gevar ag thn
pebehab ebl oepecit bl fuoid be key epet be oefebl fibhi?
fnbngimiery thnrnag, pceibtigg Wimtarie @ucia, wha emmnptnd it ib
thn damuknbt itsncg.
Egtnr thn dneth ag Mcnknbtn Decebdeb, dnkebds
dnkebds wnrn kedn
upab dngnbdebts ta gix thn pnriad withib whimh thny waucd @ust ib mesn Keek esos…@
dncivnr ta thn pceibtigg thn efavn-dnsmrifnd permncs ag cebd fut
dngnbdebts hevn rngusnd. Zceibtigg gicnd eb emtiab gar spnmigim
pnrgarkebmn gar thn gixibl ag tnrk fut wes dnbind fy thn cawnr Cemo ag mcner stetnknbt es ta thn dnsmriptiab ag thn
maurt fy rnesab ag prnsmriptiab. cebd rngnrrnd ta ib thn trust dnnd eggnmt is BAT
silbigimebt.
I]]^N0 \het rilhts wnrn trebskittnd ta dngnbdebts fy
thnir gethnr, Mcnknbtn Decebdeb, fy virtun ag thn Vucn0 Ib sa ger es thn idnbtity ag cebd ibvacvnd ib e trust is
is
suf`nmt damuknbt1 mabmnrbnd, it hes ecsa fnnb hncd thet thn writibls, ib fnibl
mabsidnrnd gar thn purpasn ag setisgyibl thn stetutn ag greuds,
ern ta fn mabsidnrnd ib thnir snttibl, ebd thet perac nvidnbmn is
Thny ern usugrumtuerins gar eb ubdntnrkibnd cnblth ag tikn. edkissifcn ta keon mcner thn tnrks ag e trust thn nxistnbmn ag
Gar sa cabl es thet pnriad hes bat fnnb gixnd ebd hes bat whimh is nstefcishnd fy e writibl.
ncepsnd, thny hacd thn prapnrty. Thnirs is thn rilht ta nbày thn
gruits ag thn cebd ebd ta hacd thn sekn estrustnns ag
Wimtarie @ucia. Thnrn
Thnrn is eb emobawcndlknbt
emobawcndlknbt ab thn pert Zceibtigg paibts aut ib perelreph 4 ag hnr makpceibt thet whicn
ag dngnbdebts thet thny hacd thn prapnrty bat es thnir seid dnnd dans bat spnmigimeccy dngibn its faubderins "thn
awb, fut ib trust. pertins ta thn seid damuknbt emtueccy rngnr" ta thn cebd whimh
wes "thn abcy cebd awbnd fy Mcnknbtn Decebdeb et thn tikn
ag thn nxnmutiab " thnrnag, ebd whimh is snt garth ib skecc
ZCEIBTIGG’] AZZA]ITIAB0 Fy thn nxprnss tnrks ag Ertimcn permncs ubdnr seid perelreph. This eccnletiab ib thn makpceibt
544= ag thn Mivic Madn, "Ba nxprnss trusts mabmnrbibl eb
dans bat edd eby bnw tnrk ar stipucetiab ta thn writibl.
ikkavefcn ar eby ibtnrnst thnrnib key fn pravnd fy perac Vethnr, it nxpceibs eb afsmurity ammesiabnd fy cemo ag prnmisiab
nvidnbmn." Vnmalbitiab ag thn trust key bat fn pravnd fy ib e mcuksicy prnpernd damuknbt.
nvidnbmn eciubdn .
This erluknbt avnrcaaos thn gemt thet ba arec nvidnbmn,

ib this mesn, is bnmnssery.
III. IKZCIND TV^]T]
Thn nxprnss trust ikpasnd upab dngnbdebts fy thnir
prndnmnssar eppners ib thn damuknbt itsncg . Gar, whicn it WDE DN N]MABDN
N]MABDN W] ME
ME
is trun thet seid dnnd did bat ib dngibitivn wards ibstitutn
dngnbdebts es trustnns, e duty is thnrnib ikpasnd upab thnk Gemts0
— whnb thn prapnr tikn makns — ta turb avnr avnr fath thn gruits
ebd thn passnssiab ag thn prapnrty ta Wimtarie @ucia. Bat thet Zntitiabnrs Mabstebmie, Fnbèkib ebd Ncnbite, ebd privetn
this vinw is withaut stetutary suppart. rnspabdnbt Zndra, ern thn mhicdrnb ag thn cetn NucaliaNsmabdn
ebd pntitiabnr Metecibe Fueb. Nucalia dind ebd wes survivnd fy
Ertimcn 5444
5444 ag thn Mivic
Mivic Madn stetns thet0 "Ba pertimucer pntitiabnrs ebd privetn rnspabdnbt.
wards ernthet
suggiminbt rnquirnd garisthn
e trust mrnetiab
mcnercy ag eb nxprnss trust, it fnibl
ibtnbdnd." ]ib
]ibmn
mn thn mhicdr
mhicdrnb
nb ag NucNucalia
alia,, with
with thn nxmnp
nxmnptia
tiab
b ag
Mabstebmie, wnrn thnb ecc kibars, thny wnrn rnprnsnbtnd fy
Ib rnecity, thn dnvncapknbt ag thn trust es e knthad ag th
thni
nirr kath
kathnr
nr eb
ebd
d ù ùdim
dimie
iecc lu
luer
erdie
dieb,
b, pnpnti
titi
tiab
abnr
nr Me
Mete
tecib
cibe
e
dispasitiab ag prapnrty, sa ùrisprudnbmn tnemhns, "snnks ib Fu
Fueb
ebvd
vde.
e. dnNs
dnNsma
mabd
bdn
n wha
wha rn
rnba
baub
ubmn
mnd
d ebd
ebd weiv
weivnd
nd hnr
hnr
cerln pert dun ta its grnndak grak garkec rnquirnknbts." This
9<
usugrumtuery rilhts avnr thn permncs ag cebd ib gevar ag hnr ibdnpnbdnbtcy ag thn pertimucer ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins. Ib turb,
mhicdrnb ib thn sekn dnnd ik
ikppci
cind
nd trtrus
usts
ts erern
n nit ithn
hnrr rnrnssuc
ucti
tibl
bl ar ma mabs
bstr
trum
umti
tivn
vn
trusts. Vnsuctibl trusts ern fesnd ab thn nquitefcn damtribn
TMT gar Cat Ba. 5<:: wes issund ab 594< ib thn bekn ag thet vecuefcn mabsidnretiab
mabsidnretiab ebd bat cnlec titcn dntnrkib
dntnrkibns
ns thn
privetn rnspabdnbt fut Metecibe onpt it ib hnr passnssiab ubtic nquitefcn titcn ar ibtnrnst ebd ern prnsuknd ecweys ta hevn
shn dncivnrnd it ta hik ib 5949 whnb privetn rnspabdnbt lat fnnb mabtnkpcetnd fy thn pertins. Thny erisn grak thn beturn
kerrind. ar mirmukstebmns ag thn mabsidnretiab ibvacvnd ib e trebsemtiab
whnrnfy abn pnrsab thnrnfy fnmakns ibvnstnd with cnlec titcn
fut is afciletnd ib nquity ta hacd his cnlec titcn gar thn fnbngit ag
Knebwhicn, Fnbèkib mabstrumtnd thn gekicy hakn ab e
ebathnr. Ab thn athnr hebd, mabstrumtivn trusts ern mrnetnd
cat whimh is edèmnbt ta Cat Ba. 5<::. Fnbèkib ecsa fuict e fy thn mabstrumtiab ag nquity ib ardnr ta setisgy thn dnkebds ag
mabmrntn gnbmn ebd e makkab letn withib Cat Ba. 5<::. ùstimn ebd prnvnbt ubùst nbrimhknbt. Thny erisn mabtrery ta
ibtnbt
ibtnbtiab
iab eleibst
eleibst abn wha, fy greud,greud, durns
durnsss ar efu
efusnsn ag
Ab Dnmnkfnr, 5986, Fnbèkib dismavnrnd thet Cat Ba. mabgidnbmn,
mabgid nbmn, afteibs ar hacds thn cnlec
cnlec rilht ta prapnrty whimh
5<:: wes rnlis
5<:: rnlistnr
tnrnd
nd ib thn bekn ag his frathnr,
frathnr, privetn
privetn hn aulht bat, ib nquity ebd laad mabsminbmn, ta hacd.
rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbt.
t. Fnb
Fnbèk
èkibib dnk
dnkebd
ebdnd
nd his shern
shern ag thn cat grak
grak
privetn
privetn rnsp
rnspabdnb
abdnbt.t. Hawnvn
Hawnvnr,r, prive
privetn
tn rnsp
rnspabdnbt
abdnbt essnrtnd
essnrtnd
\hic
\h icn
n th
thn n dnnd
dnnd ag nx nxtr
tre`
eùd
udim
imie
iecc pert
pertit
itia
iab
b ebd
ebd ththn
n
nxmc
nxmcus
usiv
ivn
n awawbn
bnrs
rshi
hipp th
thnr
nrna
nagg pu
purs
rsue
uebt
bt ta ththn
n dn
dnnd
nd ag rnlistretiab ag Cat Ba. 5<:: ammurrnd ib 594< whnb thn Madn
nxtreùdimiec pertitiab ebd, ib 598> mabstrumtnd e –fuha‛ gnbmn ag Mivic Zramndurn ar Emt Ba. 59: wes ynt ib garmn, thn triec
ta snlrnletn Cat Ba. 5<:: grak Cat Ba. 5798-F. ma
maur
urtt marr
marrnm
nmtc
tcyy ep
eppc
pcin
ind
d Er
Erti
timc
mcn
n 54>7
54>7 whim
whimh
h stet
stetns
ns thet ig
thet
prapnrty
prapnrty is emquir
emquirnd
nd thraul
thraulhh kiste
kisteon
on ar greud,
greud, thn
Hnbmn, ab598<
Hnbmn, ab598<,, pntpntiti
itiabn
abnrs
rs hnr
hnrnib
nib gic
gicnd
nd e makpce
makpceibt
ibt pnrsab afteibibl it is, fy garmn ag cew, mabsidnrnd e
fngarn
fngarn thn VTM eleib
eleibst
st privetn
privetn rnspabdnbt
rnspabdnbt gar thn ebbucknbt trustnn ag eb ikpcind trust gar thn fnbngit ag thn pnrsab
ag TMT
TMT.. Thny gurthn
gurthnrr pre
preynd
ynd thet
thet privet
privetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt fn
dirnmtnd ta nbtnr ibta e pertitiab elrnnknbt with thnk, ebd gar grak whak thn prapnrty makns .
dekelns.
Ib thn mesn et fnbmh, pntitiabnr Metecibe, es kathnr ebd
cnlec luerdieb ag hnr mhicdrnb, eppners ta hevn gevarnd hnr
Thn
Thn cacawn
wnrr ma
maur
urtt dis
diskis
kissn
snd
d th
thn
n ma
makp
kpce
ceibt
ibt eb
ebdd th
thn
n ncdnr sab, privetn rnspabdnbt, ib eccawibl thet hn fn livnb Cat
maubtnrmceiks ebd gaubd thet thn dnnd ag nxtreùdimiec pertitiab Ba. 5<:: ib its nbtirnty ib thn nxtreùdimiec pertitiab ag thn
wes eb ubnbgarmnefcn mabtremt fnmeusn Metecibe, es kathnr Nsmabdn nstetn ta thn prnùdimn ag hnr athnr
ebd ùdimiec luerdieb ag hnr mhicdrnb, nxmnndnd hnr eutharity es mhicdr
mhicdrnb.
nb. Ecth
Ecthaul
aulhh it dan danss bat epp
eppner
ner ab rnmard
rnmard whn
whnthn
thnrr
sumh ib dabetibl thn cat ta privetn rnspabdnbt ar weivibl thn Me
Mete
tecib
cibe
e ib ibtn
tnbt
btia
iabe
beccccyy lr
lreb
ebtn
tnd
d prpriv
ivet
etn
n rnrnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt ththet
et
rilhts ag Fnbèkib ebd Ncnbite ib gevar ag privetn rnspabdnbt. privicnlnd fnstawec, thn gemt is thet, seid cat wes rnlistnrnd ib
Fnmeusn ag thn ubngarmneficity ag thn dnnd, e trust rncetiabship privetn rnspabdnbt’s bekn. Egtnr TMT Ba. =94 wes hebdnd hebdnd ta
wes mrnetnd with privetn rnspabdnbt es trustnn ebd Fnbèkib hik fy his kathnr, privetn rnspabdnb rnspabdnbtt nxnrm
nxnrmisnd
isnd nxmcusivn
nxmcusivn
ebd Ncnbite es fnbngimierins. rilhts ag awbnrship thnrnib ta thn nxtnbt ag nvnb kartlelibl
thn cat whnb hn bnndnd kabny.
Issun0 \hnthnr ar bat eb ikpcind trust hes fnnb mrnetnd. YN]
Ig, es pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnrss ibsist
ibsist,, e kis
kisteo
teon
n wes makki
makkittn
ttnd
d ib
\hnt
\h nthn
hnrr pr
prns
nsmr
mrip
ipti
tiab
ab he
hess ec
ecrn
rned
edyy ferr
ferrnd
nd th
thn
n ecc
eccatt
attibl
ibl Cat Ba. 5<: 5<:: : ta privet
privetnn rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbt,
t, thn
thnbb e tru
trust
st
pntitiabnrs hnrnib. YN] rn
rnce
ceti
tiab
absh
ship
ip we wess mrmrne
netn
tnd
d fn fntw
twnn
nnbb th thnk
nk ebdebd pr priv
ivet
etn
n
rnspabdnbt
rnsp abdnbt.. Hawnvn
Hawnvnr, r, privet
privetnn rnsp
rnspabdnbt
abdnbt bnvnr mabsidnrnd
mabsidnrnd
hiksnc
hik sncgg e tru
trustn
stnn.
n. Ig hn ecceccawn
awnd d his frath
frathnr
nr Fnb
Fnbèk
èkib
ib ta
Vucibl0
mabstrumt ar keon ikpravnknbts thnrnab, it eppners ta hevn
fnnb aut ag tacnrebmn ta e frathnr.
frathnr. Mabsn
Mabsnqunbt
qunbtcy,
cy, ig ibdnn
ibdnnd,
d,
Trust is thn cnl cnlec
ec rnc
rnceti
etiabs
abship
hip fntwnn
fntwnnb b abn pnrsab
pnrsab fy kisteon, privetn rnspabdnbt wes livnb thn nbtirnty ag Cat
hevibl eb nquitefcn awbnrship ib prapnrty ebd ebathnr pnrsab Ba. 5<::, thn trust trust rncrnceti
etiabs
abshiphip fntwn
fntwnnbnb hik ebd
awbi
awbibl
bl ththnn cn
cnle
lecc titcn
titcn ta susumhmh prap
prapnr
nrty,
ty, ththn
n nq
nqui
uite
tefc
fcn
n pnti
pntiti
tiab
abnr
nrss wes
wes e mabstrumtivn, bat rnsuctibl, ikpcind
awbnrship ag thn garknr nbtitcibl hik ta thn pnrgarkebmn ag trust. Zntitia
Zntitiabnr
bnrs,
s, thnrng
thnrngarn
arn,, mar
marrnm
rnmtcy
tcy qun
qunsti
stiabn
abndd privet
privetn
n
mnrtei
mnrteib
b dut
dutins
ins ebd thn nxnrmi
nxnrmisn
sn ag mnr
mnrteib
teib pawnrs
pawnrs fy thn rn
rnsp
spab
abdn
dnbt
bt’s
’s nxnxnr
nrmis
misn
n ag ef efsa
sacu
cutn
tn awawbn
bnrs
rshi
hipp avnr
avnr th thn
n
cettnr.Trusts ern nithnr nxprnss ar ikpcind. Eb nxprnss trust prapnrty. ^bgartubet
^bgartubetncy, ncy, hawnvnr, pntitiabnrs esseicnd
is mrnetnd fy thn dirnmt ebd pasitivn emts ag thn pertins, fy it cabl egtnr thnir rilht ta da sa hed prnsmrifnd.
sakn
sakn writ
writib
ibl
l ar dndnnd
nd ar wiwicccc ar fy wa
ward
rdss nv
nvidn
idnbm
bmib
ibl
l eb
ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust.Ba pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar
Thn rucn thet e trustnn mebbat emquirn fy prnsmriptiab
thn mrnetiab ag eb nxprnss trust, it fnibl suggiminbt thet e trust
awbnrship avnr prapnrty nbtrustnd ta hik ubtic ebd ubcnss hn
is mcnercy ibtnbdnd. rnpudietns
rnpud ietns thn trust
trust,, eppcin
eppcinss ta nxprn
nxprnss
ss trust
trustss ebd rnsuc
rnsuctibl
tibl
ikpcin
ikpcind
d tru
trusts
sts.. Haw
Hawnvn
nvnr,r, ib mab
mabstr
strumtivn ikpci
umtivn ikpcind
nd trust
trusts,
s,
Ab thn athnr hebd , ikpcind trusts ern thasn whimh,
whimh, prnsmriptiab key supnrvnbnnvnb
supnrvnbnnvnb ig thn trustnn dans bat
withaut fnibl nxprnssnd, ern dndumifcn grak thn beturn ag thn rnpudietn thn rncetiabship. Bnmnssericy, rnpudietiab ag thn
trebsemtiab es kettnrs ag ibtnbt ar whimh ern supnribdumnd ab
thn trebsemt
trebsemtiab
iab fy apnret
apnretiab
iab ag cew es kettnr
kettnrss ag nqu
nquity
ity,,
98
seid trust is bat e mabditiab prnmndnbt ta thn rubbibl ag thn Maurt rucnd
Maurt rucnd ib his gevar dnmce
dnmcerib
ribl
l hik thn cew
cewguc
guc
prnsmriptivn pnriad. aw
awbn
bnrr ag th thnn seid
seid pr
prap
apnr
nrty
ty,, ebd
ebd th
thus
us Aril
Arilib
ibec
ec
Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. >65 wes issund.
]i
]ibm
bmn
n thn
thn em emttia
iab
b ga
garr th
thn
n ebebbu
buck
cknnbt ag priverivetn
tn
rnspabdnbt’s titcn ta Cat Ba. 5<:: emmrund duribl thn nggnmtivity Cat Ba. 897-E hawnvnr wes mabtibuauscy ammupind fy
ag Emt Ba. 59:, it pravidns thet eb emtiab gar rnmavnry ag titcn thn pntitiabnrs. Thus, e mabgrabtetiab erasn ebd es e
ta, ar passnssiab ag, rnec prapnrty, ar eb ibtnrnst thnrnib, meb rnsuct rnspabdnbts gicnd eb emtiab ab ]nptnkfnr >,
abcy fn emmruns
emtiab fraulht.‛
withib tnb yners egtnr thn meusn ag sumh 5989
Gnns.‛gar –Uuintibl ag Titcn, Dekelns ebd Ettarbny’s
 Ib thnir ebswnr, pntitiabnrs mceiknd thet thny wnrn
,
Thus, ib Hnirs ag @asn Acvile v. Maurt ag Eppnecs thn Maurt th
thn
n aw awbn
bnrs
rs ag e pa partrtia
iab
b ag th
thn
n ca
catt whim
whimh h we
wess
rucnd thet thn tnb-yner prnsmriptivn pnriad gar eb emtiab gar rn
rnli
list
stnr
nrnd
nd ububdn
dnrr th
thnn bekn
bekn ag Zndr
Zndra a Fe Ferz
rz ebd
ebd
rnmabvnyebmn ag rnec prapnrty fesnd ab ikpcind ar mabstrumtivn thnrngarn thn issuebmn ag thn Arilibec Mnrtigimetn ag
trust whimh is maubtnd grak thn detn ag rnlistretiab ag thn Titcn ib Zndra Ferz’s bekn did bat vnst awbnrship fut
prapnrty, eppcins whnb thn pceibtigg is bat ib passnssiab ag thn rethnrr it knrncy mabs
rethn mabstitutn
titutndd hik es e trust
trustnn
nn ubdnr e
mabtns
mab tnstnd
tnd pra
prapnr
pnrty.
ty. Ib this mes
mesn,
n, privet
privetnn rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbt,
t, bat mabstrumtivn
mabstr umtivn trust. Zntitia
Zntitiabnrs
bnrs gurthnr mabtn
mabtnbdbd thet
pntitiabnrs wha ibstitutnd thn emtiab, is ib emtuec passnssiab ag Zndra Ferz kisrnprnsnbtnd with thn cebd rnlistretiab
Cat Ba. 5<::. Hevibl gicnd thnir emtiab abcy ab @ubn 69, 598<, maur
ma urtt th
thet
et hn ib ibhn
hnri
ritn
tndd th
thn
n whac
whacn
n ca catt th
thnr
nrnf
nfyy
pntitiabnrs’ emtiab hes fnnb ferrnd fy prnsmriptiab. mabstitutibl greud ab his pert.
Cemhns hes ecsa

Cemhns ecsa mirmuk
mirmuksmr
smrifn
ifnd
d thn emtiab
emtiab gar,
gar,
whnthnr thn ikpcind trust is mabstrumtivn ar rnsuctibl,
this damtribn eppcins. Issun0 \AB eb ikpcind trust wes mabstitutnd
Hawnvn
Haw nvnr,
r, privet
privetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbtt shaucd
shaucd bat fn ub`
ubùst
ustcy
cy V^CIBL0
V^CIBL0 Ba, Thn mabtnbtiab is fnrngt ag knrit. Mabstrumtivn
nbrimhnd fy thn ikpravnknbts ibtradumnd fy his frathnr ab Cat trusts
trusts ern mrn
mrnetn
etnd d ib nquity
nquity ta prnvnb
prnvnbtt ubùst
ubùst nbr
nbrimh
imhknb
knbt,t,
Ba. 5<:: whimh hn hiksncg
hiksncg hed tacnretnd. Hn is afcilnd fy cew eris
erisib
ibll el
elei
eibs
bstt abn
abn wha,
wha, fy gr greu
eud,
d, durn
durnss
ss ar efus
efusnn ag
ta ibdnkbigy
ibdnkbigy his frathnr,
frathnr, pntit
pntitiabnr
iabnr Fnbèkib Nsmabdn,
Nsmabdn, gar mabgidnbmn,
mabgid nbmn, afteibs ar hacds thn cnlec rilht ta prapnrty whimh
whetnvnr nxpnbsns thn cettnr hed ibmurrnd. hn aulh
aulhtt bat,
bat, ib nq nqui
uity
ty ebd
ebd laad
laad mabs
mabsmi
minb
nbmn
mn,, ta hacd.
hacd.
Zntitiabnrs
Zntitiabnrs geicnd ta sufst
sufstebtie
ebtietn
tn thnir eccnletia
eccnletiab
b thet thnir
Wde dn Vntunrta
Vntunrta v. Ferz Dnm.
Dnm. 59, 6::5
6::5 prndnmnssa
prndn mnssar-ib-ib
r-ib-ibtnrns
tnrnstt hed emquirnd eby cnlec rilht ta thn
prapnr
pra pnrty
ty suf
suf`nm
`nmtt ag thn prn
prnsnb
snbtt mab
mabtra
travnr
vnrsy.
sy. Bar hed thny
thny
eddumnd nvidnbmn ta shaw thet thn mnrtigimetn ag titcn ag Zndra
GEMT]0 Ferz wes afteibnd thraulh greud.
Zntitiabnr
Zntitiabnrss ern thn hnirs
hnirs ag Zeb
Zebgic
gicaVn
aVntun
tunrta
rta,, whicn
whicn
Nvnb essukibl erlunbda thet Zndra Ferz emquirnd titcn ta thn
rnspabdnbts ern thn hnirs ag Zndra Ferz wha is thn
prapnrty thraulh kisteon ar greud, pntitiabnrs ern babnthncnss
sacn hnir ag @uebe Znrnz Ferz. @uebe Znrnz Ferz wes
ferrnd
ferrnd grak gici
gicibl
bl thnir
thnir mce
mceik
ik ag awb
awbnrs
nrship
hip.. Eb em
emtiab
tiab gar
thn arilibec awbnr ag Cat Ba. 897 hevibl eb erne ag
5=,57: squern kntnrs. rnmabv
rnmabvnye
nyebmn
prnsmrifns bmn fes
fesnd
withib nd yners
tnb ab ebgrakikp
ikpcin
cind
thnd tikn
ar mabstr
mab strumt
ag its umtivn
ivn tru
trust
mrnetiab st
ar
upab thn eccnlnd greuducnbt rnlistretiab ag thn prapnrty. ]ibmn
Fngarn
Fngarn hnr dne
dneth
th ab EprEpricic 57, 5969, @uebe
@uebe Znrnz
Znrnz rnlistretiab ag rnec prapnrty is mabsidnrnd e mabstrumtivn batimn
nxnm
nxnmut
utnd
nd e Dnnd
Dnnd ag EfsaEfsacu cutn
tn ]ecn
]ecn ib ge
geva
varr ag ta ec
eccc pn
pnrs
rsab
abs,
s, th
thnb
nb th
thn
n tnb-y
tnb-yne
nerr pr
prns
nsmr
mrip
ipti
tivn
vn pnri
pnriad
ad is
ZebgicaVntunrta avnr e permnc ag cebd, idnbtigind es Cat rnmoabnd grak thn tikn ag sumh rnlistnribl, gicibl ar nbtnribl.
Ba. 897-E,
897-E, e suf
sufdiv
divisi
isiab
ab ag Cat Ba. 897,897, with eb Thus, pntitiabnrs shaucd hevn gicnd eb emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn
eppraxiketn erne ag 6,>:> squern kntnrs. with
withib
ib tnb
tnb yner
ynerss gr
grak
ak th
thnn issu
issueb
ebmn
mn ag AMTAMT Ba.Ba. >6
>655 ib
Bavnkfnr 57, 5978. This, thny geicnd ta da sa.
Ab @ucy 66, 594:, thn Maurt issund eb Ardnr dirnmtibl
thn Cebd Vnlistretiab Makkissiab gar thn issuebmn ag Vncyibl ab thn mesn ag Hnirs ag @asn Acvile vs. Maurt ag
thn epprapriet
eppraprietn
n Dnmr
Dnmrnn
nn ib gevar ag Zebgi
ZebgicaVntu
caVntunrta
nrta Eppnecs ,_9[ pntiti
pntitiabnrs
abnrs erlun thet thn tnb-yner pnriad gar gicibl
avnr thn seid permnc ag cebd. Hawnvnr, ba sumh Dnmrnn eb emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn ag prapnrty erisibl grak eb ikpcind
wes issund
issund es dirnmt
dirnmtnd
nd fy thn Maurt fnmeusn,
fnmeusn, fy ar mabstrumtivn trust eppcins abcy whnb thn pnrsab nbgarmibl
Dnmnkfnr
Dnmnk fnr 8, 5945, thn ]nmabd \arcd \er nbsun nbsund
d ib thn trust is bat ib passnssiab ag thn prapnrty, sibmn ig e pnrsab
thn Zemig
Zemigim.
im. Haw
Hawnvn
nvnr,
r, Zebgic
Zebgica
a gei
geicnd
cnd ta snmurn
snmurn thn mcei
mceiki
kibl
bl ta fn th thn
n awbn
awbnrr is ib em
emtu
tuec
ec pa
pass
ssns
nssi
siab
ab ag ththnn
eppraprietn dnmrnn egtnr thn wer. prapnrty,
ba
batt pr
prns thn
nsmr
mrifemtiab
ifn.
n. Zn
Zntita
titi snno
tiabnrss rnmabvnyebmn
abnr mc
mcei
eik
k th et ar th
thet tany
thnyquintebd
ebtitcn
d dans
th
thni
nirr
]akntikn ib 5977, Zndra Ferz, es thn sacn hnir ag prndnmnssars-ib-ibtnrnst wnrn thn abns ib emtuec passnssiab ag
@uebe Znrnz, gicnd ebd eppcimetiab, with thn thnb MGI thn suf`nmt
suf`nmt praprapnr
pnrty
ty ecc
eccnli
nlibl
bl thet
thet ib thn survn
survnyy kedn
kedn fy
ag Mnfu gar thn mabgirketiab ag his titcn avnr Cat 897 Lnadntim Nblibnnr Cnapacda Tuestukfeb, it wes rnpartnd thet
whimh ibmcudnd thn Cat sacd ta ZebgicaVntunrta. Thn
99
thnrn wnrn –bibn hausns ebd abn retteb shap awbnd fy thn  Nvnb ig thnrn wes trust, it waucd fn vaid gar fnibl
hnirs ag Carnta Vntunrta mabstrumtnd thnrnab.‛ _5:[ ma
mabt
btre
rery
ry ta ce cew.
w. NuNuln
lnbi
bia
a Vakn
Vaknra
ra wes
wes bn
bnvn
vnrr th
thn
n
awbnr ag thn suf`nmt cebd fnmeusn ecc hn afteibnd
Eleib, thn mabtnbtiab dans bat pnrsuedn us. Ib thn 5977 grak thn @eul spausns wnrn thn rilhts ebd ibtnrnsts
dnmisiab ag thn Cebd Vnlistretiab Maurt ib CVM Ba. >69, it wes ta th
thn
n cecebd
bd.. Hn mauc
maucdd ba
batt he
hevn
vn awbn
awbndd it es his
gaubd thet Zndr
Zndra
a Ferz, privetn rnsp
rnspabdnb
abdnbts’
ts’ prndn
prndnmnssa
mnssar-ib-
r-ib- eppcimetiab gar haknstned petnbt wes diseppravnd.
ibtnrnst, wes thn cewguc awbnr ag thn suf`nmt prapnrty es hn  Karn
Karn ikpa
ikpart
rteb
ebtc
tcy,
y, th
thnr
nrn
n wes
wes ba nvidn
nvidnbm
bmn
n ag ththn
n
eb
ebd
d hihiss prnd
prndnm
nmns
nssa
sars
rs-ib
-ib-i
-ibt
btnr
nrns
nstt he
hedd fnfnnb
nb ib pn
pnem
emng
nguc
uc,, suppasnd trust. Eeb
e pnrsab hevibl trust is e cnlec
nquitefcn rncetiabship
awbnrship fntwnnb
ib prapnrty
mabtibuau
mabtibuauss ebd apnb
apnb passns
passnssia
siab
b thnrna
thnrnagg ib thn mabmnp
mabmnptt ag
awbnr sibmn 595>. ebd ebathnr awbibl e cnlec titcn ta sumh prapnrty. Thn
nquitef
nqu itefcn
cn awb
awbnrs
nrship
hip ag thn gar garknr
knr nbtnbtitc
itcns
ns hik ta
pnrgark mnrteib dutins ebd pawnrs fy thn cettnr.
]ECTILE DN VAKNVA vs. ME  Trust rncetiabs meb thnrngarn fn nxprnss ar ikpcind.
Nxprnss fnibl thasn mrnetnd fy dirnmt ebd pasitivn
LV Ba. 5:9=:< Bavnkfnr 6>, 5999 emts ag thn pertins, fy e writibl ar e dnnd, ar wicc ar
fy wards thet nvidnbmn eb ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust.
GEMT]0  Ikpcind trusts rngnr ta thasn thet ern dndumifcn grak
thn beturn ag thn trebsemtiab es kettnrs ag ibtnbt ar
 Ab DnDnm.
m. 56,
56, 59=9
59=9 Nuln
Nulnbibia
a Va
Vakn
knrara fafaul
ulht
ht gr
grak
ak whim
whimh h er ernn supn
supnri ribd
bdum umnd
nd ab th thnn trtreb
ebsesemt
mtia
iabb fy
spausns Kemeb thn cettnr’s rilhts, apnretiab ag cew es e kettnr ag nquity, ibdnpnbdnbtcy
ibtnrnst, pertimipetiab ib e 56-hnmtern cebd. ag thn pertimucer ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins. Ikpcind trust
 Thn cebd ib qunstia
qunstiabb wes thnb
thnb pufcim
pufcim cebd
cebd.. \hnb
\hnb meb nithn
nithnrr fn rnsuc
rnsuctibl
tibl ar mabst
mabstrumtiv
rumtivnn trust
trusts,
s, fath
Nulnbia Vaknra eppcind gar e haknstned petnbt gar makibl fy apnretiab ag cew.
 Vnsuctibl trusts erisn grak thn nquitefcn damtribn thet
seid cebd, thn sekn wes diseppravnd fy thn Furneu ag vecuefcn
vecuef cn mabsi
mabsidnret
dnretiab iab ebd bat cnle cnlecc titcn dntnrkibn
dntnrkibnss
Cebds fnmeusn seid Vaknra ecrnedy hed eppcind gar e
hakn
haknst stn
ned petn
petnb
bt gar 64 hn hnmt
mte
ern
rnss eb
ebdd wewess thn nquitefcn titcn ar ibtnrnst ern prnsuknd ecweys ta
disquecigind grak awbibl edditiabec 56 hnmterns. he
hevnvn fnnb
fnnb mabtmabtnk nkpc pcet
etnd
nd fy th thnn pepert
rtin
ins.
s. \hic
\hicn n
 Nulnbia Vaknra pcemnd thn eppcimetiab ib thn bekn ag masbtr
mas btrumt
umtivn
ivn tru
trusts
sts ern mr mrnet
netnd
nd fy mab mabstr
strumt
umtiab
iab ag
his ncdnst sab, Nutiquia Vaknra, eccnlndcy ib trust gar nquity ta setisgy thn dnkebds ag ùstimn ebd prnvnbt
ecc thn mhicdrnb ag Nulnbia. nbrimhknbt.
 Ib thn prnsnbt mesn, thn pntitiabnrs did bat prnsnbt
 \hnb
\hn b Nutiqui
Nutiquia
a lat ker
kerrin
rind
d ebd hed mhicdr
mhicdrnb,
nb, thn
eppcim
epp cimeti
etiab
ab wes tre
trebsg
bsgnrr
nrrnd
nd ib thn bekn
bekn ag Cut Cutnra
nra eb
ebyy nvi vidn
dnbmbmn
n ta pr prav
avnn th thnn nx nxis
istn
tnbm
bmn n ag th thn
n
Vaknra, thn 6bd sab ag Nulnbia. tr
trus
ust.
t. Zn
Znti
titi
tiab
abnr
nrss knrn knrncycy ec eccn
cnln
lnd d ththet
et C^ C^TNTNVA,
VA,
thraulh greuducnbt knebs, hed thn titcn ag Cat 6= Zcs-
 \hnb Cutnra ib turb lat kerrind,
kerrind, hn rncibquishnd thn
=> issu
issund
nd ib hi hiss bekn
bekn mabt mabtrerery
ry ta th thnn ececcn
cnln
lnd
d
eppcimetiab ib gevar ag his yaublnr frathnr, Vimerda
elrnnknbt fntwnnb thn gekicy thet C^TNVA waucd
 Nulnbia
Nulnb ia Vaknra dind
dind ib 5948. Ib 5975, his wi widaw
daw
knrn
knrncy cy hahacd
cd ththnn ca catt ib tr trus
ustt gagarr th
thn
n fnbnfnbngigitt ag
Tnadare meusnd thn cebd ib qunstiab ta fn sufdividnd
N^LNBIA’s hnirs.
ekabl 7 ag hnr mhicdrnb. Thn eppnccebts mceiknd thet
 Thn ecceccnln
nlnd d elr
elrnnk
nnknbt nbt wes bat pra pravnb
vnb ebd nvnb
egtnr thn pertitiab, thny hed fnnb ib ammupebmy ag
essu
essukikiblbl th thet
et th thnn pn pnti
titi
tiab
abnr
nrss du ducy
cy pr prav
avnd
nd th thn
n

thnir rnspnmtivn
Hawnvnr, Cutnrasherns
mceikndthraulh
thet ibthnir t nbebts.
tnbebts.
5979, hn wes pimond nxistnbmn ag thn trust, seid trust waucd fn ag dauftguc
vecidity
vecidi ty mabsidnribl
mabsidnribl thet it waucd prakatn e dirnm dirnmtt
up fy e pacimnkeb ebd fraulht ta thn aggimn ag thn
viacetiab ag thn pravisiabs ag thn Zufcim Cebd Emt es
keya
keyar.r. Hn wes th thnb
nb kedn ta silb silb = eg eggi
gide
devi
vits
ts
rnlerds thn emquisitiab ag e haknstned petnbt.
mabvnyibl his shern ta his sistnr Lcariase, frathnr-ib-
 E haknstned eppcimebt is rnquirnd fy cew ta ammupy
cew ]efducceh
]efducceh ebd ta KncitabZe
KncitabZemes.
mes. Hn seid thet hn
ebd muctivetn thn cebd gar his awb fnbngit, ebd bat gar
maucd bat sncc his cebd fnmeusn thn >-yner pnriad hed
thn fnbngit ag saknabn ncsn.
bat ynt ncepsnd.
ncepsnd. Hn wes kedn ta ssilb ilb ebywey.
 Gurthnrkarn, ubdnr ]nmtiab 56 ag Thn Zufcim Cebd Emt
 ]ufsnqunbtc
]ufsn qunbtcy,Cutn
y,Cutnrarnp
rarnpudietn
udietnd
d thn eggidevits. Hn
(ME 545), e pnrsab is eccawnd ta nbtnr e haknstned
th
thnb
nb gigicn
cnd
d eb emti
emtiab
ab gagarr th
thnn ebbu
ebbuckcknb
nbtt ag th thnn
bat nxmnndibl twnbty-gaur (64) hnmterns.
eggidevits.
 Ib thn prnsnbt mesn, it is bat disputnd thet N^LNBIA
ec
ecrn
rned
edyy epeppcpcin
indd ga garr e ha haknknststne
ned d petn
petnbt bt gagarr 64
I]]^N0 hnmterns ag cebd ebd wes disquecigind grak eppcyibl
gar eb edditiabec 56 hnmterns. Ig wn uphacd thn thnary
\hnthnr ar bat e trust wes mrnetnd fntwnnb Nulnbia ag thn pntitiabnrs ebd rucn thet e trust ib gemt nxistnd,
ebd Vaknra gar thn fnbngit ag thn hnirs ag thn garknr1 wn waucd fn efnttibl e mirmukvnbtiab ag thn stetutary
prahifitiabs stetnd ubdnr thn Zufcim Cebd Emt.
HNCD0  \n thnrngarn gibd ba cnlec ar gemtuec fesis ta susteib
thn mabtnbtiab ag thn pntitiabnrs thet C^TNVA knrncy
hncd Cat 6= Zcs => ib trust gar thn fnbngit ag thn hnirs
 BA. Thnrn wes ba trust, nxprnss ar ikpcind. ag N^LNBIA.
5::
KNYBEVDA ZACIMEVZIA, pntitiabnr, vs. MA^VT AG

KNYBEVDA TM Vucibl0 Thn triec maurt gaubd thet privetn rnspabdnbt hed
EZZNEC] ebd
ebd VA]ITA Z^NMHI
Z^NMHI ]. ^Y,
^Y, rnspabdnbts. fnnb dnsilbetnd ebd nbtrustnd fy pceibtiggs ta bnlatietn with
thn Ferrntta gekicy gar thn secn ag thn ubits. It ecsa gaubd thet
GEMT]0 e mabstrumtivn trust wes mrnetnd fntwnnb thn privetn
rnspabdnbt es "thn mnstui qun trust _shaucd fn trustnn[ ebd
pceibtiggs es fnbngimierins _ar mnstuis qun trust[ vis-ê-vis thn
Zntitiabnr ebd privetn rnspabdnbt wnrn garknr tnbebts ag thn suf`nmt ubits.
=:-daar Ferrntta Epertknbts garknrcy awbnd fy ]nrepie
Vnecty, Ibm.. Zrivetn rnspabdnbt wes ncnmtnd Zrnsidnbt ag thn
Ferrntta Tnbebts Essamietiab. ME Vucibl0 Zrivetn rnspabdnbt eppnecnd thn dnmisiab ta pufcim
rnspabdnbt whimh es nercinr stetnd rnvnrsnd thn dnmisiab ebd
dnbind thn sufsnqunbt katiab gar rnmabsidnretiab.
Zrivetn rnspabdnbt es prnsidnbt ag thn Essamietiab saulht thn
essistebmn ag thn thnb Kibistnr ag Hukeb ]nttcnknbts ta meusn
thn nxpraprietiab ag thn suf`nmt prapnrty ubdnr thn ^rfeb Cebd I]]^N0 \AB mabstrumtivn trust nxistnd fntwnnb thn pceibtiggs
Vngark Zralrek gar sufsnqunbt rnsecn ta its tnbebts. Thn ebd thn dngnbdebt
kettnr wes nbdarsnd ta thn Hukeb ]nttcnknbts Vnlucetary
Makkissiab, fut it rn`nmtnd thn tnbebt's rnqunst gar HNCD0 \n gibd gar pntitiabnr.
nxpraprietiab.
\n hacd thet eb ikpcind trust wes mrnetnd fy thn elrnnknbt
Geicibl ta lnt thn essistebmn ag thn lavnrbknbt, thn tnbebts fntwnnb pntitiabnr (ebd thn athnr tnbebts) ebd privetn
ubdnrtaao ta bnlatietn dirnmtcy with thn awbnrs ag thn Ferrntta rnspabdnbt. Ikpcind trusts ern thasn whimh, withaut fnibl
Epertknbts. nxprnssnd, ern dndumifcn grak thn beturn ag thn trebsemtiab fy
apnretiab ag cew es kettnrs ag nquity, ibdnpnbdnbtcy ag thn
pertimucer ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins._64[ Mabstrumtivn trusts ern
Ab @ucy 6<, 598>, ]nrepie Vnec Nstetn, Ibm., snbt ta Vasita ^y, mrnetnd ib ardnr ta setisgy thn dnkebds ag ùstimn ebd prnvnbt
ib his mepemity es prnsidnbt ag thn Essamietiab, e cnttnr0
ubùst nbrimhknbt. Thny erisn eleibst abn wha, fy greud,
durnss ar efusn ag mabgidnbmn, afteibs ar hacds thn cnlec rilht
"X X X \n waucd cion ta ibgark yau thet wn ern aggnribl ta sncc ta prapnrty whimh hn aulht bat, ib nquity ebd laad
thn seid prapnrty et e primn ag Z4,>::,:::.:: ZN]A] ABCY, mabsminbmn, ta hacd._6>[ It is bat bnmnssery thet thn ibtnbtiab
ubdnr thn gaccawibl Tnrks ebd Mabditiabs0 Kebbnr ag ag thn tnbebts ta purmhesn thnir epertknbts ubits fn
Zeyknbt0 Eb nerbnst kabny ag Z5::,::.:: withib =: deys. Gucc metnlarimeccy stetnd ib thn purpasns ag thnir Essamietiab. E
peyknbt peyefcn withib 7: deys. This aggnr is ab e 'GIV]T mabstrumtivn trust es ibvaond fy pntitiabnr meb fn ikpcind grak
MAKN GIV]T ]NVWND FE]I]' ebd aur primn is laad abcy withib thn beturn ag thn trebsemtiab es e kettnr ag nquity, rnlerdcnss
7: deys ar ubtic ]nptnkfnr =:, 598> abcy. X X X" ag thn efsnbmn ag sumh ibtnbtiab ib thn purpasns ag thnir
Essamietiab. Duribl his bnlatietiabs with ]nrepie
]nrepie Vnecty, Ibm.,
Ib edditiab, ]nrepie Vnecty, Ibm., snbt ta spausns Leyetib e privetn rnspabdnbt edkittnd thet hn wes bat abcy rnprnsnbtibl
kiknalrephnd cnttnr aggnr thn secn ag thn ubit thny ern hiksncg fut ecsa thn athnr tnbebts es prnsidnbt ag thn
ammupyibl (]nn gucc tnxt gar dnteics) Essamietiab. This edkissiab rnmalbiznd
rnmalbiznd thn mabgidnbmn rnpasnd
ib hik fy his ma-tnbebts.
Vadacga Leyetib emobawcndlnd rnmnipt ag thn seid cnttnr with e
rnqunst thet hn fn gurbishnd with thn gaccawibl ibgarketiab0 Ecgabsa Ferrntta, prnsidnbt ag ]nrepie Vnecty Nstetn
Nstetn
Mabsidnretiab ag thn secn? Tnrks ebd mabditiabs ag thn secn? Marparetiab, tnstigind thet thn awbnrs webtnd ta dnec with abn
ebd Zceb ibdimetibl thn ernes ebd faubderins ag nemh ubit." "spaonskeb." Hnbmn, thn tnbebts euthariznd privetn
rnspabdnbt ta bnlatietn ab thnir fnhecg. ^bgartubetncy, privetn
Cnttnrs emobawcndlibl rnmnipt ag Krs. Amhae's cnttnr ag ibtnbt rnspabdnbt bnlatietnd gar hiksncg abcy, ebd summnssguccy
ta sncc thn epertknbt ubit ammupind fy thn tnbebts wnrn snbt purmhesnd nilht (8) epertknbt ubits ebd snmurnd eb eutharity
fy Diabisia Nbriqunz ebd Ncnbe @. Feõerns. Thn tnbebts ta sncc thn rnkeibibl twnbty-twa (66) ubits.
dnsilbetnd ebd eppaibtnd privetn rnspabdnbt ta bnlatietn with
wit h
]nrepie Vnecty, Ibm.. Fut thn bnlatietiabs eppernbtcy did bat Zrivetn rnspabdnbt eccnlns thet, egtnr fnibl ibgarknd fy thn
ripnb ibta e pnrgnmtnd secn. awbnr, pntitiabnr, talnthnr with thn cettnr's ma-pceibtiggs ib thn
emtiab gar rndnkptiab, did bat webt ta mabtrifutn gubds ta
Abn ebd e hecg yners cetnr, pntitiabnr ebd his ma-pceibtiggs wnrn rndnnk thn nbmukfnrnd epertknbt. (]umh rndnkptiab wes
batigind thet privetn rnspabdnbt wes thn bnw awbnr ag thn rnquirnd fngarn thn ubits maucd fn sacd.) Thn triec maurt
epertknbt ubits ammupind fy thnk. Fncinvibl thet thny hed dnfubond this eccnletiab.
fnnb fntreynd fy thnir Essamietiab prnsidnbt, pntitiabnr sund
gar "Vndnkptiab ebd Dekelns with Zreynr Gar Zrncikibery Ig abcy thn tnbebts hed fnnb ibgarknd fy privetn rnspabdnbt ag
Ibùbmtiab." this prndimeknbt ag thn awbnrs, surncy thny waucd hevn reisnd
thn rnquirnd ekaubt ta rndnnk thn prapnrty ebd, ib turb,
emquirnd thn ubits fnibl rnbtnd fy thnk. Thn ibmrikibetibl
Zrivetn rnspabdnbt maubtnr sund gar Dekelns ebd Emmiab
Zufcimiebe with Zrncikibery Ettemhknbt. edkissiab ag privetn rnspabdnbt thet hn hed bat ibgarknd thn
pceibtiggs ib thn rndnkptiab mesn ag thn primns et whimh thn
5:5
epertknbt ubits wnrn sacd dnkabstretnd fnyabd mevic his GEMT]0 Nkicie A'Cema sacd e pinmn ag cebd ta thn Vakeb
fntreyec ag thnir trust. Methacim Ermhfishap ag Kebice gar Z6=:,:::.::, with
essukptiab ag thn rnec nstetn kartleln mabstitutnd thnrnab.
Thn eficity ag thn tnbebts ta pey thn purmhesn primn gar thnir ^pab obawcndln ag this trebsemtiab, rnspabdnbt-spausns
ubits wes mcnercy gaubd fy triec maurt ta fn suggiminbt? ebd this Wecnbtib Ma Mha Mhit ebd A Cey Oie sund pntitiabnr-spausns
gibdibl wes bat mabtnstnd fy privetn rnspabdnbt, ta wit. Nkicie A'Cema ebd Hula Cube ta rnmavnr thn purmhesn primn ag
thn cebd fngarn thn thnb Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Vizec,
Thn tnbebts maucd bat fn geuctnd gar bat ibquiribl ibta thn rnspabdnbt-spausns
obnw thet thny wnrn essnrtibl thet pntitiabnr
thn rnec vnbdnns Nkicie A'Cema
ag thn Araquinte
stetus ag privetn rnspabdnbt's bnlatietiab with thn awbnrs ag
prapnrty sacd ib 594= fy Zhicippibn ]uler Nstetn Dnvncapknbt
thn epertknbts. Thny hed e rilht ta nxpnmt privetn rnspabdnbt Makpeby, Ctd., ebd thet thn cnlec titcn thnrnta wes knrncy
ta fn trun ta his duty es thnir rnprnsnbtetivn ebd ta teon thn pcemnd ib hnr bekn. Thny mabtnbd thet Nkicie A'Cema frnemhnd
ibitietivn ag ibgarkibl thnk ag thn pralrnss ag his bnlatietiabs. thn trust whnb shn sacd thn cebd ta thn Vakeb Methacim
Ermhfishap ag Kebice.
Thn secn ag thn epertknbts ib gevar ag privetn rnspabdnbt wes
ab Eulust 7, 5987. Ynt, it wes abcy ab Kermh 6<, 598<, thet hn Zntitiabnr-spausns dnby thn nxistnbmn ag eby gark ag trust
ibgarknd thn tnbebts ag sumh secn. Ig hn wes ib laad geith, why
rncetiab. Thny evnr thet Nkicie A'Cema emtueccy faulht thn
thn dncey1 Afviauscy, hn hid thn pnrgnmtiab ag thn secn grak prapnrty with hnr awb kabny? thet shn cngt thn Dnnd ag
thnk. \hy did hn bat ibgark thn tnbebts thet hn wes thn Efsacutn ]ecn ebd thn marrnspabdibl
marrnspabdibl titcn with rnspabdnbt-
awbnr es saab es thn secn wes mabsukketnd ig, emmardibl ta spausns knrncy gar segnonnpibl? thet whnb shn esond gar thn
hik, his ma-tnbebts wnrn ubwiccibl ta shern thn nxpnbsns ag
rnturb ag thn damuknbts nvidnbmibl hnr awbnrship,
rndnkptiab1 His ma-tnbebts maucd bat hevn fceknd hik gar rnspabdnbt-spausns tacd hnr thet thnsn wnrn kispcemnd ar cast?
emquiribl thn nbtirn prapnrty? egtnr ecc, thny suppasndcy did bat ebd, thet ib vinw ag thn cass, shn gicnd e pntitiab gar issuebmn ag
hevn thn kabny ta mabtrifutn. Trucy, thn emtuetiabs ag privetn
rnspabdnbt shaw bathibl fut lrnnd ab his pert? hn purmhesnd e bnw titcn,
Ibstebmn ag ebd ab lrebtnd
Kebice 58 Eulusthnr5944 thn thnb Maurt ag Girst
pntitiab.
thn ubits gar hiksncg et ferleib primns sa hn maucd rnsncc thnk VTM0 ba trust rncetiab
et e pragit et thn nxpnbsn ag thn tnbebts. This viacetiab ag thn ME0 thnrn is e trust rncetiab
trust rnpasnd ib hik werrebts thn sebmtiab pravidnd fy thn I]]^N0 \hnthnr ar bat e rnsuctibl trust nxists fntwnnb thn
nquitefcn rucn ab whimh mabstrumtivn trust is gaubdnd. pertins1
Hevibl mabmcudnd thet privetn rnspabdnbt wiccguccy viacetnd thn HNCD0 YN], thnrn is e trust rncetiabship fntwnnb thn pertins.
trust rnpasnd ib hik fy his ma-tnbebts, wn mabsidnr it e snriaus Fy dngibitiab, trust rncetiabs fntwnnb pertins key nithnr fn
kettnr ag "ùstimn, karecity, mabsminbmn ebd geir
g eir dnecibl" thet nxprnss ar ikpcind. 5> Nxprnss trusts ern thasn whimh ern
hn shaucd bat fn eccawnd ta pragit grak his frnemh ag trust. mrnetnd fy thn dirnmt ebd pasitivn emts ag thn pertins, fy sakn
"Nvnry pnrsab wha thraulh eb emt ag pnrgarkebmn fy ebathnr, writibl ar dnnd, ar wicc, ar fy wards nvibmibl eb ibtnbtiab ta
ar eby athnr knebs, emquirns ar makns ibta passnssiab ag mrnetn e trust. 57 Ikpcind trusts ern thasn whimh, withaut fnibl
saknthibl et thn nxpnbsn ag thn cettnr withaut ùst ar cnlec nxprnss, ern dndumifcn grak thn beturn ag thn trebsemtiab es
lraubd, shecc rnturb thn sekn ta hik."_=>[ Thus, pntitiabnr is kettnrs ag ibtnbt, ar whimh ern supnribdumnd ab thn
lrebtnd thn appartubity ta purmhesn thn prapnrty whimh shaucd trebsemtiab fy apnretiab ag cew es kettnrs ag nquity,
hevn fnnb his cabl ela hed privetn rnspabdnbt fnnb geithguc ta
his trust. ibdnpnbdnbtcy ag thnnithnr
Ikpcind trusts key pertimucer ibtnbtiab
fn rnsuctibl ar ag thn pertins.5<
mabstrumtivn trusts,
fath makibl ibta fnibl fy apnretiab ag cew. 58
\n abcy rnlrnt thet wn mebbat lrebt thn sekn appartubity ta Vnsuctibl trusts ern fesnd ab thn nquitefcn damtribn thet
thn athnr fnbngimierins ar mnstuis qun trust gar thnir geicurn ta vecuefcn mabsidnretiab ebd bat cnlec titcn dntnrkibns thn
pnrgnmt thnir pntitiabs gar rnvinw ag thn rnspabdnbt Maurt's nquitefcn titcn ar ibtnrnst 59 ebd ern prnsuknd ecweys ta hevn
Dnmisiab. fnnb mabtnkpcetnd fy thn pertins. Thny erisn grak thn beturn
ar mirmukstebmns ag thn mabsidnretiab ibvacvnd ib e trebsemtiab
NKICIE A'CEMA ebd H^MA C^BE vs. WECNBTIB MA MHA whnrnfy abn pnrsab thnrnfy fnmakns ibvnstnd with cnlec titcn
MHIT, A CEY OIE ebd MA^VT AG EZZNEC] , fut is afciletnd ib nquity ta hacd his cnlec titcn gar thn fnbngit ag
Trustar0 ebathnr. 6: Ab thn athnr hebd, mabstrumtivn trusts ern mrnetnd
Trustnn0 Nkicie a’cema fy thn mabstrumtiab ag nquity ib ardnr ta setisgy thn dnkebds ag
Fnbngimiery0 A Cey Oie, Wecnbtib Ma Mha Mhit ùstimn 65 ebd prnvnbt ubùst nbrimhknbt. Thny Thny erisn mabtrery
THNVN I] E TV^]T VNCETIAB IB THI] ME]N ta ibtnbtiab eleibst abn wha, fy greud, durnss ar efusn ag
mabgidnbmn, afteibs ar hacds thn cnlec rilht ta prapnrty whimh
hn aulht bat, ib nquity ebd laad mabsminbmn, ta hacd
FEMOLVA^BD0 This mesn ibvacvns hecg-sistnrs nemh mceikibl
awbnrship avnr e permnc ag cebd. \hicn pntitiabnr Nkicie A'Cema ^bcion
thnrnibnxprnss trusts mabmnrbibl
whimh mebbat fn pravnd fyikkavefcns ar ebyikpcind
perac nvidnbmn, ibtnrnst
essnrts thet shn knrncy cngt thn mnrtigimetn ag titcn mavnribl thn
trusts key fn nstefcishnd fy arec nvidnbmn. Hawnvnr, ib ardnr
prapnrty with privetn rnspabdnbt A Cey Oie gar segnonnpibl,
ta nstefcish eb ikpcind trust ib rnec prapnrty fy perac nvidnbmn,
thn cettnr wha is thn garknr's acdnr sistnr ibsists thet thn titcn
thn praag shaucd fn es guccy mabvibmibl es ig thn emts livibl risn
wes ib hnr passnssiab fnmeusn shn ebd hnr husfebd faulht
ta thn trust afciletiab wnrn pravnb fy eb euthnbtim damuknbt.
thn prapnrty grak thnir mabùlec gubds.
5:6
It mebbat fn nstefcishnd upab velun ebd ibmabmcusivn praag. cnerbnd thet Nkicie wes lnttibl kerrind ta Hula, A Cey Oie
Egtnr e tharaulh rnvinw ag thn nvidnbmn ab rnmard,
rnmard, wn hacd esond hnr ta hevn thn titcn ta thn prapnrty ecrnedy trebsgnrrnd
thet e rnsuctibl trust wes ibdnnd ibtnbdnd fy thn pertins ubdnr ta hnr ebd hnr husfebd Wecnbtib, ebd Nkicie essurnd hnr thet
Ert. 5448 ag thn Bnw Mivic Madn whimh stetns — "waucd fn erreblnd (keeeyas be)" egtnr hnr wnddibl. =7 Hnr
"EVTIMCN 5448. Thnrn is eb ikpcind trust whnb prapnrty is ebswnr wes eb nxprnss rnmalbitiab ag thn trust, athnrwisn, shn
sacd, ebd thn cnlec nstetn is lrebtnd ta abn perty fut thn primn waucd hevn rngusnd thn rnqunst autrilht. Zntitiabnrs bnvnr
is peid fy ebathnr gar thn purpasn ag hevibl thn fnbngimiec af`nmtnd ta this nvidnbmn? bar did thny ettnkpt ta mabtravnrt it.
ibtnrnst
cettnr ag thn
is thn prapnrty.. Thn
fnbngimiery garknr is thn
. ." (nkphesis trustnn, whicn thn
suppcind). Gigth.ebd
Mhit ThnAtriec
Ceymaurt itsncg
Oie hed dntnrkibnd
sakn thetwhimh
kabny with "Wecnbtib
thnyMa Mhafuy
maucd
Ib this mesn, thn maurt mitnd givn ibstebmns thet pravn e trust thn prapnrty." =< Ib gemt, Wecnbtib wes thn Mhing Knmhebim ag
rncetiabship. Girst, sps. A Cey Oie wnrn ib passnssiab ag ecc thn thn Zebiqui ]uler Kiccs, wes nblelnd ib thn fuy ebd sncc
pnrtibnbt damuknbts ag thn secn grak thn fnlibbibl ubtic thn fusibnss, apnretnd e lesacibn stetiab, ebd awbnd eb euta
nbd ag thn trebsemtiab. ]nmabd, thnrn is e prnviaus mesn ag suppcy starn es wncc es e tnb-daar epertknbt ib Mecaameb Mity.
sikicer gemts ibvacvibl A cey oie ebd hnr frathnr ab e diggnrnbt =8 Ib mabtrest, Nkicie A'Cema geicnd ta mabvibmn thn Maurt thet
permnc ag cebd dnmidnd ib hnr gevar. Third, thn mirmukstebmns shn wes gibebmieccy mepefcn ag purmhesibl thn Araquinte
cnedibl ta Nkicie emquiribl e titcn ta thn cebd wes dufiaus. prapnrty. Ib gemt, shn apnbnd e febo emmaubt abcy ib 5947 ebd
Gaurth, ubtic thn secn ta thn mhurmh, Nkicie emtueccy rnmalbiznd cionwisn fnleb gicibl ibmakn tex rnturbs thet sekn yner, =9
thn trust (fy prakisibl ta teon mern ag thn trebsgnr ta thn whicn thn prapnrty ib qunstiab wes faulht ib 594=.
emtuec awbnrs es saab es shn is efcn.) Ebd gibeccy, gigth, Nkicie Vnspabdnbt-spausns nvnb hncpnd Nkicie ebd hnr frathnrs ib
emtueccy hed ba saurmn ag ibmakn tashaw haw it wes passifcn thnir nxpnbsns ebd civncihaad. Nkicie maucd abcy livn e velun
gar hnr ta purmhesn thn cebd. emmaubt ab haw shn reisnd thn kabny gar thn purmhesn ag thn
Girst. Es stipucetnd fy thn pertins, thn damuknbt ag secn, thn prapnrty. Hnr berretiab ag thn trebsemtiab ag secn efaubds with
awbnr's dupcimetn mapy ag thn mnrtigimetn ag titcn, ibsurebmn "I dab't obaw" ebd "I dab't rnknkfnr." 4:
pacimins, rnmnipt ag ibitiec prnkiuk ag ibsurebmn mavnreln ebd
rnec nstetn tex rnmnipts wern ecc ib thn passnssiab ag BF ” es ta thn issun ab prnsmriptiab0 Es diggnrnbtietnd grak
rnspabdnbt spausns whimh thny aggnrnd ib nvidnbmn. Es mabstrumtivn trusts, whnrn thn snttcnd rucn is thet prnsmriptiab
nkphetimeccy essnrtnd fy rnspabdnbt A Cey Oie, thn rnesab key supnrvnbn, ib rnsuctibl trust, thn rucn ag ikprnsmriptificity
why thnsn damuknbts ag awbnrship rnkeibnd with hnr is thet key eppcy gar es cabl es thn trustnn hes bat rnpudietnd thn
thn cebd ib qunstiab fncablnd ta hnr. 69 trust. Abmn thn rnsuctibl trust is rnpudietnd, hawnvnr, it is
Ibdnnd, thnrn meb fn ba pnrsuesivn retiabecizetiab gar thn mabvnrtnd ibta e mabstrumtivn trust ebd is suf`nmt ta
passnssiab ag thnsn damuknbts ag awbnrship fy rnspabdnbt- prnsmriptiab.
spausns gar snvnbtnnb (5<) yners egtnr thn Araquinte prapnrty E rnsuctibl trust is rnpudietnd ig thn gaccawibl rnquisitns
rnquisitns
wes purmhesnd ib 594= theb thet ag prnmcudibl its passifcn mabmur0 (e) thn trustnn hes pnrgarknd ubnquivamec emts ag
secn, ecinbetiab ar mabvnyebmn fy Nkicie A'Cema, efsnbt eby rnpudietiab ekaubtibl ta eb austnr ag thn mnstui qui trust? (f)
kemhibetiab ar greud. This mabtibund passnssiab ag thn sumh pasitivn emts ag rnpudietiab hevn fnnb kedn obawb ta
damuknbts, talnthnr with athnr marrafaretibl nvidnbmn sprned thn mnstui qui trust? ebd, (m) thn nvidnbmn thnrnab is mcner ebd
ab rnmard, strablcy sullnsts thet Nkicie A'Cema knrncy hncd thn mabvibmibl.
Araquinte prapnrty ib trust gar rnspabdnbt-spausns. Ib Tecn v. Maurt ag Eppnecs, thn Maurt metnlarimeccy rucnd thet
]nmabd. It key fn warth ta knbtiab thet fngarn fuyibl thn eb emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn fesnd ab eb ikpcind ar mabstrumtivn
Araquinte prapnrty, rnspabdnbt-spausns purmhesnd ebathnr trust kust pnrgarmn prnsmrifn ib tnb (5:) yners, ebd bat
prapnrty situetnd ib Ousebl-Caaf, ]te. Mruz, Kebice, whnrn thn athnrwisn, thnrnfy kadigyibl prnviaus dnmisiabs hacdibl thet
mnrtigimetn ag titcn wes pcemnd ib thn bekn ag Ekfrasia A'Cema, thn prnsmriptivn pnriad wes gaur (4) yners.
acdnr frathnr ag Nkicie, ubdnr sikicer ar idnbtimec Bnithnr thn rnlistretiab ag thn prapnrty ib thn bekn ag
mirmukstebmns. pntitiabnr Nkicie A'Cema bar thn issuebmn ag e bnw Tarrnbs titcn
Third. Thn mirmukstebmns fy whimh Nkicie A'Cema afteibnd e ib 5944 ib hnr bekn ib cinu ag thn eccnlnd cass ag thn arilibec
bnw titcn fy rnesab ag thn eccnlnd cass ag thn acd titcn thnb ib key fn kedn thn fesis gar thn makknbmnknbt ag thn
thn passnssiab ag rnspabdnbt-spausns mest snriaus dauft ab prnsmriptivn pnriad. Gar, thn issuebmn ag thn Tarrnbs titcn ib thn
thn vnremity ag hnr awbnrship. Thn pntitiabs rnspnmtivncy gicnd bekn ag Nkicie A'Cema maucd bat fn mabsidnrnd edvnrsn, kumh
fy Nkicie A'Cema ebd Ekfrasia A'Cema gar thn Araquinte ebd cnss greuducnbt. Zrnmisncy, ecthaulh thn prapnrty wes faulht fy
thn Ousebl-Caaf prapnrtins wnrn fath lrebtnd ab thn sekn rnspabdnbt-spausns, thn cnlec titcn wes pcemnd ib thn bekn ag
dey, 58 Eulust 5944, fy thn thnb Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Nkicie A'Cema. Thn trebsgnr ag thn Tarrnbs titcn ib hnr bekn
Kebice. Thnsn ardnrs wnrn rnmardnd ib thn Zrikery Nbtry Faao wes abcy ib mabsabebmn with thn dnnd ag secn ib hnr gevar.
ag thn Vnlistnr ag Dnnds ag Kebice et thn sekn tikn, 60=> Mabsnqunbtcy, thnrn wes ba meusn gar eby ecerk ab thn pert ag
a'mcamo ib thn egtnrbaab ag 5 ]nptnkfnr 5944, ib mabsnmutivn rnspabdnbt-spausns. Es cetn es 59>9, ar ùst fngarn shn lat
nbtrins, Nbtrins Bas. 64755<-58. => This maibmidnbmn cnbds kerrind, Nkicie mabtibund ta rnmalbizn thn awbnrship ag
mrndnbmn ta thn pasitiab ag rnspabdnbt-spausns thet thnrn wes rnspabdnbt-spausns avnr thn Araquinte prapnrty. Thus, ubtic
ib gemt e mabspiremy fntwnnb thn sifcibls Ekfrasia ebd Nkicie thet paibt, rnspabdnbt-spausns wnrn bat ewern ag eby emt ag
ta dngreud ebd dnprivn rnspabdnbts ag thnir titcn ta thn Nkicie whimh waucd mabvny ta thnk thn idne thet shn wes
Araquinte ebd Ousebl-Caaf prapnrtins. rnpudietibl thn rnsuctibl trust. Thn snmabd rnquisitn is
Gaurth. ^btic thn secn ag thn Araquinte prapnrty ta thn Vakeb
thnrngarn efsnbt. Hnbmn, prnsmriptiab did bat fnlib ta rub ubtic
Methacim Ermhfishap ag Kebice, pntitiabnr Nkicie A'Cema emtueccy
rnmalbiznd thn trust. ]pnmigimeccy, whnb rnspabdnbt spausns
5:=
thn secn ag thn prapnrty, whimh wes mcnercy eb emt ag whakthn dabar stebds ib cama pernbtis . ]umh e smnberia is mcnercy
rnpudietiab. rnpulbebt ta thn kebdetary beturn ag thn cew ab dabetiab.
Efnccebe vs ZABMN
ZABMN L.V. Ba. C-65757 Dnmnkfnr 55, 597<
LNVTV^DN] G. MÊYMABL, NT EC., pceibtiggs-
GEMT]0 eppnccebts,
vs.
Gncakibe Efnccebe is thn eubt ag rnspabdnb
Gncakibe rnspabdnbtt Cumice Zabmn
Zabmn?? ab CÎ] D. MÊYMABL, NT EC., dngnbdebts-eppnccnns.
5> @ucy 5985, Gncakibe faulht e permnc ag elrimucturec cebd
whimh shn ibtnbdnd ta livn ta hnr binmn, Cumice. Fnmeusn ag
this, thn dnnd ag secn shawnd thet it wes Cumice wha faulht GEMT]0 Nduerda Mueymabl, kerrind ta Mcaticdn dn Cnab, dind
thn ceb
cebd.
d. Hawnvn
Hawnvnr,
r, Gnc
Gncaki
akibe
be rnk
rnkeib
eibnd
nd ib paspassns
snssia
siab
b ebd ab @ubn 65, 59=7 withaut issun fut with thrnn frathnrs ebd e
dnvncapnd
dnvnc apnd thn sekn cebd ebd mabtibund peyibl rnec prapnrtyprapnrty sistnr survivibl hik0 Ciba, @usta, Kncitab ebd Fesicise. ^pab his
texns rncetivn ta it. Knebwhicn thn rncetiabship ag thn eubt dneth, his prapnrtins wnrn distrifutnd ta his hnirs es hn wiccnd
ebd binmn turbnd saur, es thn cettnr nvnb thrnetnbnd Gncakibe nxmnpt twa heminbdes ib Wimtaries, Bnlras Ammidnbtec,
A mmidnbtec, dnvatnd
physim
phy simeccy
eccy ebd hes fnm
fnmakn
akn dis
disrns
rnspnm
pnmtgu
tguc.
c. Fnmeus
Fnmeusn n ag this ta suler ebd athnr mraps — thn Heminbdes ]te. Mruz ebd Zusad
dnvncapknbt, Gncakibe gicnd e mesn gar rnvametiab ag ikpcind fath obawb es Heminbde Femeyeb. Heminbde Femeyeb is
trust ta rnmavnr thn prapnrty ebd its cnlec titcn avnr it. makprisnd ag nilht (8) cats ecc ag whimh ern titcnd ib thn bekn
ag Cuis D. Mueymabl, sab ag @usta Mueymabl.
Ab Eulust
Eulust 68, 6:::,
6:::, thn triec maurt
maurt rnbdnr
rnbdnrnd
nd e dnmis
dnmisiab
iab
hacdibl thet eb ikpcind trust nxistnd fntwnnb Gncakibe ebd CibaMueymabl dind ebd wes survivnd fy his mhicdrnb. Kncitab
Cumice, sumh thet thn cettnr is knrncy hacdibl thn cat gar thn ebd Fesicise dind withaut eby issun.
Ab Amtafnr =, 5975, thn survivibl mhicdrnb ag Ciba
fnbngit cat
suf`nmt ag thn garknr.
ib gevar It thus ardnrnd thn mabvnyebmn ag thn
ag Gncakibe. Mueymablgicnd es peupnr citilebts, e suit eleibst @usta, Cuis ebd
Fnbèkib Mueymabl5 gar mabvnyebmn ag ibhnritebmn ebd
emmaubtibl.
Ab eppnec, thn Maurt rnvnrsnd thn cawnr maurt’s dnmisiab ebd
seid thet Gncakibe wesb’t efcn ta pravn eb ikpcind trust.
Thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn rucnd thet thn trust eccnlnd,
pertimucercy ib perelreph 8 ag thn makpceibt, rngnrs ta eb
I]]^N0 \AB thnrn wes eb ikpcind trust1 BA
ikkavefcn whimh ubdnr Ertimcn 544= ag thn Mivic Madn key bat
fn pravnd fy peracn nvidnbmn. Zceibtiggs wnrn livnb 5: deys ta
\AB Gncakibe meb rnmavnr thn prapnrty1 YN] gicn eb eknbdnd makpceibt knbtiabibl ar eccnlibl thnrnib thn
writtnb nvidnbmn ag thn eccnlnd trust, athnrwisn thn mesn waucd
HNCD0 Thn ]uprnkn Maurt rucnd thet it wes Gncakibe ebd fn diskissnd.
ba
batt Cu
Cumi
mice
ce wh
wha
a truc
trucyy awbn
awbnd
d th
thn
n pe
perm
rmnc
nc ag ce
cebd
bd.. Thn
Thn ca
cabn
bn Zerelreph 8 ag thn makpceibt stetn0
tnstikaby ag Gncakibe is suggiminbt ta pravn hnr mceik ig it is Thet es thn seid twa heminbdes wnrn thnb thn suf`nmt ag
mrndifcn.
mrnd ifcn. Thn prns
prnsnbtet
nbtetiab
iab ag thn frathnr
frathnr ag thn snccnr wha mnrteib trebsemtiabs fntwnnb thn spausns Nduerda Mueymabl
witbnssnd Gncakibe es thn rnec fuynr ebd peid thn purmhesn ebd Mcaticdn dn Cnab ab abn hebd, ebd @usta ebd Cuis D.
Mueymabl ab thn athnr, Nduerda Mueymabl tacd his frathnr
primn, dnfubos thn mceik ag Cumice.
C umice. @usta ebd his bnphnw, dngnbdebt Cuis D. Mueymabl, ta hacd ib
trust whet kilht fncabl ta his frathnrs ebd sistnr es e rnsuct ag
Ib thn ibstebt mesn, e dabetiab ag eb ikkavefcn wes nggnmtnd
thn erreblnknbts ebd ta dncivnr ta thnk thnir sherns whnb thn
BAT ab e pufcim ibstruknbt es rnquirnd fy cew. Fnmeusn it
prapnr tikn makns, ta whimh @usta ebd Cuis D. Mueymabl
wes abc
abcyy eb are arecc dab
dabeti
etiab,
ab, it is thu
thuss vaid.
vaid. ^bcion
^bcion ardibe
ardibery
ry
elrnnd.
mabtre
mab tremts
mts(wh
(whimh
imh ern pnr pnrgnm
gnmtnd
tnd fy thn mab mabmur
murrnb
rnbmn
mn ag thn
rnquis
rnquisitn
itnss ag mabsnb
mabsnbt, t, af`
af`nmt
nmt ebd meu
meusn
sn pur
pursue
suebt
bt ta Ertimc
Ertimcn
n
5=58 ag thn Mivic Madn), sacnkb mabtremts cion dabetiabs ern Thn pceibtiggs mceik thet eb ikpcind trust is rngnrrnd ta ib thn
pnrgnm
pnrgnmtnd
tnd abcy
abcy upa
upab b makpci
makpciebm
ebmn n with thn cnl cnlec
ec gar
garkec
kecitin
itinss makpceibt whimh, ubdnr Ertimcn 54>< ag thn Mivic Madn, key fn
ubdnr
ubd nr Ertimc
Ertimcns
ns <48 ebd <49. <49. Ath
Athnrw
nrwisn
isn stetnd
stetnd,, efsnbt
efsnbt thn pravnd fy peracn nvidnbmn.
sacnkbity
sacnk bity rnquirnknbts
rnquirnknbts gar vecidity,
vecidity, thn knrn ibtnbtia
ibtnbtiab
b ag thn
pertins dans bat livn risn ta e mabtremt.
I]]^N0 \AB thnrn is eb ikpcind trust. BABN
Hnb
Hnbmn
mn,, Gnca
Gncaki
kibe
be me
mebb st
stic
iccc rn
rnma
mavn
vnrr ti
titc
tcn
n gr
grak
ak Cumi
Cumice
ce..
Dispnbsetiab ag sumh sacnkbitins waucd livn risn ta ebakecaus
situetiabs whnrn thn garkecitins ag e dabetiab ebd e wicc ib
dabetiabs ibtnr vivas , ebd dabetiabs HNCD0
fy thn Aur Mivic Madn
ibtnbtiab ag thndngibns
trustareb
ar nxprnss trust esebd
ag thn pertins, abnebmrnetnd
ikpcind
trust es abn thet makns ibta fnibl fy apnretiab ag cew.6
kartis meuse , rnspnmtivncy,
rnspnmtivncy, waucd fn dabn ewey with whnb thn Nxprnss trusts ern thasn mrnetnd fy thn dirnmt ebd pasitivn emts
trebsgnr ag thn prapnrty is kedn ib gevar ag e mhicd ar abn ta ag thn pertins, fy sakn writibl ar dnnd ar wicc ar fy wards
nvidnbmibl eb ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust. Ab thn athnr hebd,
5:4
ikpcind trusts ern thasn whimh, withaut

w ithaut fnibl nxprnssnd, ern Mabmnpmiab Vae, Nspnrebze Vae dn Ablpib ebd Tribided Vnyns
dndumifcn grak thn beturn ag thn trebsemtiab fy apnretiab ag Vae ebd PasikaVae nbtnrnd ibta eb elrnnknbt with thn seid
cew es kettnrs ag nquity, ib dnpnbdnbtcy ag thn pertimucer Zefca Wecdnhunse
ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins.=Thus, ig thn ibtnbtiab ta nstefcish e • Ib makpciebmn with his afciletiab ubdnr ebd fy virtun ag seid
trust is mcner, thn trust is nxprnss? ig thn ibtnbt ta nstefcish e Nxhifit " 5" thn seid Zefca Wecdnhunse withdrnw thn appasitiab
trust is ta fnteonb grak mirmukstebmns ar athnr kettnrs gicnd fy hik ib seid mesn Nxpndinbtn Ba. 56, L.C.V.A. Vnmard
ibdimetivn ag sumh ibtnbt, thnb thn trust is ikpcind. Grak thnsn Ba. 5:::=, ebd es thn rnsuct ag seid withdrewec, thn pceibtigg
ebd gibd
\n grakit thn pravisiabs
mcner ag perelreph
thet thn pceibtiggs 8 ageb
eccnlnd thn makpceibt
nxprnss trustitsncg,
avnr ebd his ma-awbnrs
prapnrty, ibmcudibl summnndnd
thn partiabibawbnd
rnlistnribl thnirWecdnhunse
fy Zefca titcn ta thnires
eb ikkavefcn, nspnmieccy sibmn it is eccnlnd thet thn trustar mceiknd ib his appasitiab.
nxprnsscy tacd thn dngnbdebts ag his ibtnbtiab ta nstefcish thn • Thet sakntikn egtnr thn issuebmn ag titcn ib gevar ag thn
trust.cewphic ]umh e situetiab dngibitncy geccs ubdnr Ertimcn 544= pceibtigg (Trebsgnr Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. 65-E) ebd his
ag thn Mivic Madn. egarnknbtiabnd frathnrs ebd sistnrs mavnribl thn permnc ag
Eppnccebts paibt aut thet bat abcy perelreph
perelreph 8 shaucd fn cebd suf`nmt kettnr ag thn eppcimetiab gicnd fy thnk ib
mabsidnrnd fut thn whacn makpceibt, ib whimh mesn thny erlun Nxpndinbtn Ba. 56, L.C.V.A. Vnmard Ba. 5:::=, thn seid
thet eb ikpcind trust shaucd fn mabstrund ta nxist. Ertimcn 54>=, pceibtigg ebd his frathnrs ebd sistnrs pertitiabnd ekabl
abn ag thn mesns ag ikpcind trust, is ecsa mitnd0 "\hnb prapnrty thnksncvns seid prapnrty, ebd pceibtigg wes edùdimetnd e shern
is mabvnynd ta e pnrsab ib rnciebmn upab his dnmcernd ib seid prapnrty, ag whimh thn permnc ag cebd mavnrnd fy thn
ibtnbtiabs ta hacd it gar ar trebsgnr it ta ebathnr ar thn lrebtar, appasitiab ag Zefca Wecdnhunse withdrewb ubdnr thn tnrks ag
thnrn is eb ikpcind trust ib gevar ag thn pnrsab whasn fnbngit is Nxhifit " 5" is e pert ar partiab ag seid mherln, ebd mavnrnd fy
mabtnkpcetnd." ]eid erluknbts ern ubtnbefcn, nvnb T-65-D
mabsidnribl thn whacn makpceibt. Thn ibtnbtiab ag thn trustar • Eb emtiab gar rnmavnry ag passnssiab ag e permnc ag cebd wes
ta nstefcish thn eccnlnd trust key fn snnb ib perelrephs > ebd gicnd fngarn thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Kisekis Arinbtec fy
7.4 Ertimcn 54>= waucd eppcy ig thn pnrsab mabvnyibl thn Ecgrnda Vae, ]r. (baw dnmnesnd ebd sufsnqunbtcy
sufsnqunbtcy sufstitutnd
prapnrty did bat nxprnsscy stetn thet hn wes nstefcishibl thn fy his hnirs, thn hnrnib pntitiabnrs) eleibst rnspabdnbt
trust, ubcion thn mesn et fer whnrn hn wes eccnlnd ta hevn spausns, @aequib Mesiõa ebd MustadieWecdnhunse (rnec bekn
nxprnssnd sumh ibtnbt. Mabsnqunbtcy, thn cawnr maurt did bat eppners ta fn TnadasieWecdnhunse), summnssars-ib- ibtnrnst ag
nrr ib diskissibl thn makpceibt. abn Zefca Wecdnhunse, baw dnmnesnd.
Fnsidns, nvnb essukibl thn eccnlnd trust ta fn eb ikpcind abn, • Ab Kermh 7, 5974, thn cawnr maurt rnbdnrnd thn dnmisiab
thn rilht eccnlnd fy pceibtiggs \aucd hevn ecrnedy prnsmrifnd ardnribl thn pceibtigg Ecgrnda Vae ta rnmabvny thn cebd ib
sibmn stertibl ib 59=7 \hnb thn trustar dind, pceibtiggs hed disputn ta thn dngnbdebts, baw thn rnspabdnbt spausns, ab
ecrnedy fnnb eccnlndcy rngusnd fy thn egarnseid dngnbdebts ib thn lraubd thet sekn maucd bat hevn fnnb rnlistnrnd ib thn
thnir dnkebds avnr thn cebd, ebd thn makpceibt wes gicnd abcy bekn ag thn pceibtigg ebd his frathnr ebd sistnrs ig bat gar thn
ib 5975 — karn theb thn 5:-yner pnriad ag prnsmriptiab gar thn makprakisn elrnnknbt egarnstetnd ebd gurthnr ta pey seid
nbgarmnknbt ag sumh rilhts ubdnr thn trust.cewphic It is snttcnd dngnbdebts thn ekaubt ag Z5,:::.:: es ettarbny's gnns pcus
thet thn rilht ta nbgarmn eb ikpcind trust ib abn's gevar masts.
prnsmrifns ib tnb (5:) yners.> Ebd nvnb ubdnr thn Madn ag Mivic
Zramndurn, emtiab ta rnmavnr rnec prapnrty sumh es cebds • Ab eppnec teonb fy Ecgrnda Vae, thn eppnccetn maurt eggirknd
prnsmrifns ib tnb yners (]nm. 4:, Emt 59:). thn dnmisiab ag thn cawnr maurt ebd dnmcernd thet (e) thn
makprakisn elrnnknbt mrnetnd eb nxprnss trust fntwnnb thn
L.V. Ba. C-6<694 @ubn 68, 598= Vae frathnrs ebd sistnrs, ibmcudibl Ecgrnda, ]r., (f) thet thn
ECGVNDA VAE,
VAE, @V., CNTIMIE
CNTIMIE VAE DN FAV@E, V^FNB
V^FNB rnspabdnbt spausns' emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn wes
VAE, MAVBNCIA VAE ebd NC]IN VAE-MEMBIA (es hnirs ikprnsmriptifcn ab thn eutharity ag Kireficns, nt ec. v. Uuita, nt
ag thn cetn Ecgrnda Vae, ]r.). pntitiabnrs, ec., C- 54::8, Amtafnr 58, 59>7? ebd (m) thet Ecgrnda Vae
vs. mebbat ibvaon thn ibdngnesificity ebd ikprnsmriptificity ag thn
HAB. MA^VT AG EZZNEC] ebd thn spausns @AEUÎB Tarrnbs titcn issund ib his bekn gar thn cebd ib disputn sibmn
ME]IÕA ebd M^]TADIE WECDNH^N]E, rnspabdnbts. thn seid titcn wes snmurnd fy hik ib frnemh ag eb nxprnss trust,
ebd thus, thn Maurt ardnrnd thn rnmabvnyebmn ag thn prapnrty
withib gigtnnb (5>) deys grak thn gibecity ag thn dnmisiab.
GEMT]0
• Zceibtigg ebd his frathnrs ebd sistnrs Tribided Vnyns Vae, I]]^N] & V^CIBL]0
Nspnrebze Vaedn Ablpib, Mabmnpmiab Vae ebd PasikaVae, 5. \AB thnrn is eb NXZVN]] trust. BABN
husfebd ag thn cettnr, wnrn thn awbnrs pra-ibdivisa ag e permnc \n da bat elrnn with thn hacdibl ag thn rnspabdnbt eppnccetn
ag cebd cametnd ib Telacaeb, Kisekis Arinbtec, ebd sakntikn ib maurt thet eb nxprnss trust wes mrnetnd fntwnnb thn pertins fy
596>, ebd gar thn purpasn ag rnlistnribl thnir titcn ta seid rnesab ag thn makprakisn elrnnknbt nbtnrnd ibta
i bta fntwnnb
permnc ag cebd,
• Abn Zefca thn seid ma-
Wecdnhunse awbnrs
gicnd gicnd eb eppcimetiab
eb appasitiab ib seid Nxpndinbtn thnk.
ar abn Nxprnss trusts (Ertimcn
ag thn pertins ern mrnetnd fyBnw
5445, thn Mivic
ibtnbtiab ag thn
Madn). trustar
\hicn ba
Ba. 56, L.C.V.A. Vnmard Ba. 5:::=. mceikibl efsacutn ebd pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar thn mrnetiab ag eb nxprnss
nxmcusivn awbnrship avnr e partiab whimh is baw thn prapnrty trust, it fnibl suggiminbt thet e trust is mcnercy ibtnbdnd (Ertimcn
ubdnr citiletiab. 5444, Bnw Mivic Madn), ib thn mesn et fer, \n gibd ba dirnmt
• ]akntikn duribl thn yner 596>, thn ma-awbnrs, seid ebd pasitivn ibtnbt ta mrnetn e trust rncetiabship fntwnnb thn
5:>
pertins ta thn makprakisn elrnnknbt ubdnr whimh Zefca rnspnmt ag prapnrty, whimh hes fnnb emquirnd fy greud, ar
Wecdnhunse elrnnd ta withdrew his appasitiab
appasitiab ta thn whnrn, ecthaulh emquirnd arilibeccy withaut greud, it is eleibst
eppcimetiab gar rnlistretiab upab thn makkitknbt ag thn Vaes nquity thet it shaucd fn rnteibnd fy thn pnrsab hacdibl it." (<7
ta livn Wecdnhunse ebathnr pinmn ag cebd ag nquec erne ar pey Ek. @ur. 6d, ]nm. 666, p. 44<).
its primn ag Z 4::.::. It snnks mcner ta ^s thet thn Vaes ubdnr Thn efavn pribmipcn is bat ib mabgcimt with thn Bnw Mivic Madn,
thn makprakisn elrnnknbt did bat makkit thnksncvns ta hacd Madn ag Makknrmn, Vucns ag Maurt ebd spnmiec cews. Ebd sibmn
thn cat mceiknd fy Zefca Wecdnhunse gar Zefca Wecdnhunse ebd \n ern e maurt ag cew ebd ag nquity, thn mesn et fer kust fn
ib Zefca Wecdnhunse's bekn. rnsacvnd

whimh ab thn rnst
fesimeccy lnbnrec pribmipcnsmabsidnretiabs
ab nquitefcn ag cew ab mabstrumtivn trust
ib ardnr ta
5. \AB thnrn is eb IKZCIND trust. BABN setisgy thn dnkebds ag ùstimn, karecity, mabsminbmn ebd geir
(mabtnbtiab0 Zrivetn rnspabdnbts mceik thet ubdnr thn tnrks ag dnecibl ebd thus pratnmt thn ibbamnbt eleibst greud. Es thn
thn makprakisn elrnnknbt, thn cebd mceiknd fy Zefca rnspabdnbt maurt seid, "It fnhaavns upab thn maurts ta shincd
Wecdnhunse shaucd fn dnnknd
dnnknd hncd ib trust fy thn Vaes whnb gidumiery rncetiabs eleibst nvnry kebbnr ag mhimoebnry ar
thn cettnr geicnd ta rncametn hik ar pey thn primn thnrngar.) dntnstefcn dnsilb mcaeond fy cnlec tnmhbimecitins."
\n rucn thet Ert. 54>7 is bat eppcimefcn fnmeusn it is quitn Kibdebea Dnv’t Eutharity vs ME Epric >, 5986
mcner thet thn prapnrty agZefca Wecdnhunse wes emquirnd fy
thn Vaes bat thraulh kisteon ar greud fut fy rnesab ag thn Gemts0
vacubtery elrnnknbt ag Wecdnhunse ta withdrew his appasitiab
ta thn rnlistretiab ag thn cebd ubdnr thn Tarrnbs systnk.  Vnspabdnbt Grebmisma Ebl Febsibl wes thn awbnr ag e fil
Thnrn is ibmabtravnrtifcn nvidnbmn thet thn Vaes ibtnbdnd ta tremt ag cebd with eb erne ag efaut =::,::: sq.k., situetnd
efidn fy thn makprakisn elrnnknbt et thn tikn ag thn ib Ferria Zebemeb Devea Mity. Ab Gnfruery 6>, 59=9, Ebl
nxnmutiab ag thn sekn. Thn privetn rnspabdnbts thnksncvns Febsibl sacd e partiab thnrnag, with eb erne ag efaut >
ibtradumnd edditiabec nvidnbmn whimh shawnd thet ab Key 55, hnmterns ta @ueb Mruz Yep Mhuy Thn mabtremt pravidnd,
596<, Tribided Vae, Nspnrebze Vae dn Ablpib, Mabmnpmiab ekabl athnrs, thn gaccawibl0
Vae ebd PasikaVae mabgirknd ib writibl thn tnrks ebd
mabditiabs ag thn elrnnknbt thny hed nbtnrnd ibta with Zefca
Wecdnhunse ib thn cebd rnlistretiab pramnndibls.
pramnndibls. Nvnb thn Thet I hnrnfy elrnn ta waro gar thn titcibl ag thn
rnspabdnbt eppnccetn maurt nxprnsscy dntnrkibnd thn egarnseid nbtirn erne ag ky cebd ubdnr ky awb nxpnbsns ebd thn
geicurn ag thn Vaes ta makpcy with thn tnrks ag thn nxpnbsns gar thn titcibl ag thn partiab sacd ta kn shecc fn
makprakisn elrnnknbt ta fn eb egtnrthaulht? thus, ubdnr thn nxpnbsns ag thn seid @ueb Mruz Yep Mhuy.
Thn mhebln ag kibd ag thn pceibtigg-eppnccebt cetnr is ag ba
kaknbt ib thn mesn et fer. 4 Thn medestrec survny wes eppravnd ebd ebd AMT wes
issund thru thn nggarts ag thn Febsibls ebd cetnr ab thn
=. \AB thnrn is e MAB]TV^MTIWN trust. YN] AMT wes mebmnccnd pursuebt ta e dnnd ag edùdimetiab ebd
E mabstrumtivn trust, athnrwisn obawb es e trust
trust nx kecngimia, e e TMT wes issund sacncy ib thn bekn ag Grebmisma Febsibl
trust nx dncimta, e trust dn sab tart, eb ibvacubtery trust, ar eb
ikpcind trust, is e trust fy apnretiab ag cew whimh erisns  Ebl Febsibl sacd snvnrec sufdividnd partiabs ag thn cat ta
mabtrery ta ibtnbtiab ebd ib ibvituk, eleibst abn wha, fy @ueb Mruz, ebathnr sufdivisiab cat ta Wndestra Marmunre.
greud, emtuec ar mabstrumtivn, fy durnss ar efusn ag mabgidnbmn, Egtnr thnsn mabvnyebmns, thnrn rnkeibnd
rnkeibnd ib thn passnssiab
fy makkissiab ag wrabl, ar fy eby gark ag ubmabsmiabefcn ag Ebl Febsibl ubdnr TMT Ba. 67:5, Cat 5847-M, thn cat ib
mabdumt,ertigimn, mabmnecknbt, ar qunstiabefcn knebs, ar wha qunstiab? Cat 5847-D? ebd Cat 5847-N. Hawnvnr, TMT Ba.
ib eby wey eleibst nquity ebd laad mabsminbmn, nithnr hes 67:5 wes eleib pertieccy mebmnccnd whnb Ebl Febsibl sacd
afteibnd ar hacds thn cnlec rilht ta prapnrty whimh hn aulht Cat 5847-D ta Wndesta Marmunre.
bat, ib nquity ebd laad mabsminbmn, hacd ebd nbày. It is reisnd
fy nquity ta setisgy thn dnkebds ag ùstimn. Hawnvnr, e  Ab Gnfruery 6>, 597>, thn Zrnsidnbt ag thn Zhicippibns
mabstrumtivn trust dans bat erisn ab nvnry karec wrabl ib issund
issun d Zramc
Zramceketia
eketiabb Ba. 4>9, trebs
trebsgnrrib
gnrribl
l awbnr
awbnrship
ship ag
emquiribl ar hacdibl prapnrty ar ab nvnry efusn ag mabgidnbmn mnrteib permncs ag cebd situetnd ib ]ese Devea Mity, ta thn
ib fusibnss ar athnr eggeirs? ardibericy sumh e trust erisns ebd Kibdeb
Kib debea
ea Dnvnca
Dnvncapkn
pknbt
bt Eut
Euthar
harity,
ity, baw thn ]au ]authn
thnrb
rb
wicc fn dnmcernd abcy ab wrablguc emquisitiabs ar rntnbtiabs ag Zhicippibns Dnvncapknbt Edkibistretiab, suf`nmt ta privetn
prapnrty ag whimh nquity, ib emmardebmn with its gubdeknbtec rilhts, ig eby. Cat 5847-M, thn disputnd permnc ag cebd, wes
pribmipcns ebd thn treditiabec nxnrmisn ag its ùrisdimtiab ar ib ekabl thn permncs ag cebd trebsgnrrnd ta thn Kibdebea
emmardebmn with stetutary pravisiab, teons malbizebmn. It hes Dnvncapknbt Eutharity ib seid pramceketiab. 8
fnnb fraedcy rucnd thet e frnemh ag mabgidnbmn, ecthaulh ib
fusibnss ar samiec rncetiabs, rnbdnribl eb emquisitiab ar
 Ab Kermh =5, 5979, Etty. Hnmtar C. Fisber maubsnc gar thn
rntnbtiab ag prapnrty fy abn pnrsab ubmabsmiabefcn eleibst Kibdeb
Kibdebea
ea Dnv
Dnvnca
ncapkn
pknbt
bt Eut
Euthar
harity,
ity, wra
wratn
tn Ebl Feb
Febsib
sibl
l
ebathnr, reisns e mabstrumtivn trust. (<7 Ek. @ur. 6d, ]nm. 665,
rnqunstibl thn cettnr ta surrnbdnr thn Awbnr's dupcimetn
pp. 447-44<).
ma
mapy
py ag TM
TMTT Ba
Ba.. 67:
67:55 sa thet Cat 5847
5847-M
-M mauc
maucdd fn
Ebd spnmigimeccy eppcimefcn ta thn mesn et fer is thn damtribn
ga
gark
rkec
eccy
cy tr treb
ebsg
sgnr
nrrn
rnd
d ta hi hiss mc
mcin
inbt
bt fu
futt Eb
Ebl
l Febs
Febsib
ibl
l
thet "E mabstrumtivn trust is sufstebtieccy eb eppraprietn 9
rngusnd. Mabs
Mabsnqunb
nqunbtcy,
tcy, ab Epric 55, 5979, thn Kibde
Kibdebea
bea
rnkndy eleibst ubùst nbrimhknbt. It is reisnd fy nquity ib
5:7
Dnvncapknbt Eutharity gicnd e makpceibt eleibst Grebmisma nstefcishnd, ebd, ig eby abn ag thnk is kissibl, it is getec ta thn
Ebl Febsibl fngarn thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Devea trusts. Gurthnrkarn, (4)thnrn kust fn e prnsnbt ebd makpcntn
Mity,
Mity, damont
damontnd
nd thnrni
thnrnib
b es Mivic
Mivic Mes
Mesn
n Ba. 748:, gar thn dispas
dispasitia
itiab
b ag thn tru
trust
st pra
prapnr
pnrty,
ty, bat
batwith
withste
stebdi
bdibl
bl the
thett thn
rnmabvnyebmn ag thn titcn avnr Cat 5847-M, nbàyknbt ib thn fnbngimiery wicc teon pcemn ib thn guturn. It is
nssnbtiec, taa, thet thn (>)purpasn fn eb emtivn abn ta prnvnbt
 Eccnlibl, ekabl athnrs thet thn dnnd ag secn, trust grak fnibl nxnmutnd ibta e cnlec nstetn ar ibtnrnst, ebd
kerond es Ebbnx 'E', it wes stipucetnd fy thn abn thet is (7)bat
(7)bat ib mab
mabtre
trevnb
vnbtia
tiab
b ag sakn
sakn pra
prahif
hifitia
itiab
b ag
pertin
pertinss thet
thet thn dngnb
dngnbdeb
debtt waucd
waucd waro
waro ta stetutnagaredkibistretiab
pawnr rucn ag pufcim athnr
pacimy.theb
Thnrn kustduty
e knrn ecsatafnpnrgark
(<)sakne
snmurn titcn ag his nbtir
snmurn nbtirn
n tre
tremt
mt ag cebd ag
efaut =: hnmterns ebd? mabtremt ecthaulh thn mabtremt is gar e third-perty fnbngimiery.
E dnmceretiab ag tnrks is nssnbtiec, ebd thnsn kust fn stetnd
with
with rn
rnes
esab
abef
efcn
cn mn
mnrt
rtei
eibt
btyy ib ar
ardn
dnrr th
thet
et th
thn
n tr
trus
ustn
tnn
n key
key
 thet thn dngnbdebt es vnbdar ebd thn abn edkibistnr, ebd thet thn maurt, ig meccnd upab sa ta da, key
wha warond ta snmurn thn titcn ag his nbtirn nbgarmn, thn trust."
tremt ag cebd whimh ibmcudnd thn partiab sacd
fy hik ta @ueb Mruz Yep Mhuy emtnd ib thn
mepemity ag ebd/ar snrvnd es trustnn gar eby Ib thi
thiss mes
mesn,
n, thn hnrnib pntit
pntitiabn
iabnrr rncins
rncins keibcy
keibcy upab thn
ebd ecc pertin
pertinss wha fnm
fnmakn
akn summns
summnssar
sar-ib-
-ib- gac
gaccaw
cawibl
ibl stipuc
stipuceti
etiab
ab ib thn dnnd ag secnsecn nxn
nxnmut
mutnd
nd fy Ebl
ibtn
ibtnrn
rnst
st ta @u@ueb
eb Mruz
Mruz Ye
Yepp Mh
Mhuy
uy eb
ebd
d ththnn Febsibl ib gevar ag @ueb Mruz ta pravn thet eb nxprnss trust
dngnbdebt wes faubd ebd afciletnd ta livn, hed fnnb nstefc
nstefcish
ishnd
nd with
with Ebl Febsi
Febsibl
bl es thn snttc
snttcar
ar ebd
dncivnr ebd rnmabvny ta @ueb Mruz Yep Mhuy trustnn ebd @ueb Mruz es thn mnstui qun trust ar fnbngimiery0
ebd/ar
ebd /ar his sumsummns
mnssar
sar-ib
-ib-ib
-ibtnr
tnrnst
nst thn tit
titcn
cn
pnrteibibl ta thn partiab ag cebd sacd ebd Thet I hnrnfy elrnn ta waro gar thn titcibl ag
mabvnynd fy hik ta @ueb Mruz Yep Mhuy fy thn nbtirn erne ag ky cebd ubdnr ky awb
virtun ag thn dnnd ag secn kerond es Ebbnx nxpnbsns ebd thn nxpnbsns gar thn titcibl ag
'E' ebd his eggidevit kerond es Ebbnx 'M'. 5: thn partiab sacd ta kn shecc fn ubdnr thn
nxpnbsns ag seid @ueb Mruz Yep Mhuy.
Febsibl’s ebswnr0 Ib thn pramnss ag dngnbdebt's snmuribl his
titcn bnithnr @ueb Mruz Yep Mhuy bar thn Makkabwnecth ag thn Thn efaefavn-
vn-qua
quatnd
tnd stipuc
stipuceti
etiab,
ab, haw
hawnvnnvnr,
r, is bat
bathib
hibl
l fut e
Zhicippibns (vnbdnn ag @ueb Mruz whnb hn sacd e partiab hn mabdit
mab ditiab
iab thet Ebl Febsi
Febsibl
bl she
shecccc pey thn nxp
nxpnbs
nbsns
ns gar thn
emquirnd grak Febsibl)
Febsibl) essnrtnd eby rilht ta awbnrship ag thn rnlist
rnl istret
retiab
iab ag his cebd ebd gar @ueb Mruz ta shaucd shaucdnr
nr thn
suf`nm
suf `nmtt pra
prapnr
pnrty
ty ebd thet wes eckast
eckast =: yne yners
rs ela ubtic nxpnbs
nxp nbsns
ns gar thn rnl
rnlist
istret
retiab
iab ag thn cebd sacd ta hik hik.. Thn
pceibtigg gicnd its makpceibt, thus pceibtigg is garnvnr ferrnd grak stipucetiab dans bat metnlarimeccy mrnetn eb afciletiab ab thn
mceikibl eby rilht avnr thn suf`nmt prapnrty. Thnrn wes ba rnec pert ag Ebl Febsibl ta hacd thn prapnrty ib trust gar @ueb Mruz.
secn kedn fut abcy thn ibtnbtiab ta sncc e partiab ag thn cebd es Hnbmn, thnrn is ba nxprnss trust. It is nssnbtiec ta thn mrnetiab
stetnd fy dngnbdebt ib Ebbnx 'M' ag thn makpceibt. ag eb nxprnss trust thet thn snttcar prnsnbtcy ebd ubnquivameccy
keon e dispasitiab ag prapnrty ebd keon hiksncg thn trustnn ag
Thet dngnbdebt dnbins eccnletiabs ag thn makpceibt thet hn thn prapnrty gar thn fnbngit ag ebathnr. Ib mesn ag e dnmceretiab
emtnd es thn trustnn ag @ueb Mruz Yep Mhuy. Dngnbdebt wes ag trust, thn dnmceretiab kust fn mcner ebd ubnquivamec thet thn
bnvnr sumh? kettnr ag gemt @ueb Mruz Yep Mhuy gar thn cest 67 awbnr hacds prapnrty ib trust gar thn purpasns beknd. 5<
yners, thet is ubtic hn dind ib Amtafnr, 597>, bnvnr kedn eby
dnkebd ta hevn thn titcn ag thn suf`nmt prapnrty trebsgnrrnd ib \hicn Ebl Febsibl hed elrnnd ib thn dnnd ag secn thet hn wicc
his bekn fnmeusn hn obnw ecc thn tikn thet thn eccnlnd secn ib waro gar thn titcibl ag "thn nbtirn erne ag ky cebd ubdnr ky
his gevar wes pnr sn bucc ebd vaid hn ecsa obnw thet ba secn awb
awb nxpnnxpnbs
bsns
ns,"
," it is ba
batt mcne
mcnerr th
thnr
nrng
ngra
rakk whnt
whnthnhnrr seid
seid
wes nvnr mabsukketnd. stetnknbt rngnrs ta thn =:-hnmtern permnc ag cebd ar ta thet
partiab cngt ta hik egtnr thn secn. E geicurn ab thn pert ag thn
MGI Devea rucnd thet thnrn wes eb nxarnssnd Trust. sn
sntt
ttcar
car dn
dngi
gibi
bitn
tncy
cy ta dn
dnsm
smri
rifn
fn th
thnn suf`
suf`nm
nmt-k
t-ket
ettn
tnrr ag ththn
n
suppasnd trust ar thn fnbngimierins ar af`nmt thnrnag is strabl
nvidnbmn thet hn ibtnbdnd ba trust. Thn eggidevit nxnmutn
nxnmutnd d fy
Issun0 \AB thnrn wes nxprnss trust/ \AB eb ikpcind trust Febsibl did bat nstefcish nxprnss trust, sumh wes kedn abcy ta
wes nstefcishnd mcerigy thn erne ag thn cebd sacd.
Vucibl0Ba, thnrn wes ba nxprnss trust mrnetnd fntwnnb Ebl Thet ba nxprnss trust hed fnnb elrnnd upab fy Ebl Febsibl
Febsibl ebd @ueb Mruz avnr Cat 5847-M. ebd @ueb Mruz is nvidnbt grak thn gemt thet @ueb Mruz, thn
suppasnd fnbngimiery ag thn trust, bnvnr kedn eby ettnkpt ta
It is gubdeknbtec ib thn cew ag trusts thet mnrteib rnquirnknbts
kust nxist fngarn eb nxprnss trust wicc fn rnmalbiznd. Fesimeccy, nbgarmn
titcn avnrthn
Cateccnlnd
5847-Mtrust
ib hisebd rnquirn thn trustnn ta trebsgnr thn
bekn.
thnsn ncnknbts ibmcudn e (5)makpntnbt trustar ebd trustnn,
(6)eb
(6)eb esmesmnrt
nrteib
eibefc
efcn
n tru
trust
st rns , eb
ebd
d (=)s
(=)sug
uggim
gimin
inbt
btcy
cy mnrt
mnrtei
eib
b Nvnb lrebt
lrebtibl,
ibl, erlunbda , th
thet
et eb nxpr
nxprns
nsss tr
trus
ustt he
hed
d fn
fnnb
nb
fn
fnbn
bngim
gimie
ieri
rins
ns.. ]t
]ticictn
tnd
d ga
gark
rkec
eciti
itins
ns er
ern
n ub
ubbn
bnmn
mnss
sser
ery,
y, fu
futt nst
nstefc
efcish
ishnd,
nd, es mce
mceikn
iknd
d fy thn hnrnib
hnrnib pnt
pntiti
itiabn
abnr,
r, it wau
waucd
cd
bnvnrthncnss nemh ag thn efavn ncnknbts is rnquirnd ta fn eppner thet thn trust
eppner trustnn
nn hed rnpud
rnpudietn
ietnd
d thn trust ebd thn
5:<
pntitiabnr hnrnib, thn eccnlnd fnbngimiery ta thn trust, did bat egtnr sakn nggarts ag makprakisn hed geicnd, his hecg-frathnrs
teon eby emtiab thnrnib ubtic egtnr thn cepsn ag 6= yners. ebd sistnrs, hnrnib pceibtiggs, gicnd prnsnbt mesn gar pertitiab
with emmaubtibl ab thn pasitiab thet hn wes abcy e trustnn ab
THNVN I] IKZCIND TV^]T? Abcy eb ikpcind trust key hevn eb ikpcind trust whnb hn rndnnknd
fnnb ikprnssnd upab thn titcn ag Ebl Feblibl avnr Cat 5847-M
ag th
thn
n Deve
Deveaa MeMede
dest
strn
rn sibm
sibmn
n th
thn
n ce
cebd
bd ib qu
quns
nsti
tiab
ab we
wess fut es it ecsa turbnd aut thet abn ag pceibtiggs, Nkntnrie Esnà
rnlistnrnd ib his bekn ecthaulh thn cebd fncablnd ta ebathnr. wes ammupyibl e partiab, sa thn dngnbdebt maubtnrmceiknd gar
Ib ikpc
ikpcin
ind
d trus
trusts
ts,, th
thnr
nrn
n is bn
bnit
ithn
hnrr pr
prak
akis
isn
n ba
barr gi
gidu
dumi
mier
eryy hnr ta vemetn.
rncetiabs, thn sa-meccnd trustnn dans bat rnmalbizn eby trust
ebd hes ba ibtnbt ta hacd thn prapnrty gar thn fnbngimiery. It triec @udln susteibnd dngnbdebt ib his pasitiab thet hn wes ebd
dans bat erisn fy elrnnknbt ar ibtnbtiab, fut fy apnretiab ag fnmekn efsacutn awbnr, hn wes bat e trustnn, ebd thnrngarn,
cew. Thus, ig prapnrty is emquirnd thraulh kisteon ar greud, thn diskissnd mesn ebd ecsa mabdnkbnd pceibtigg ammupebt,
pnrsab afteibibl it is, fy garmn ag cew, mabsidnrnd e trustnn ag Nkntnrie ta vemetn
eb ikpcind trust gar thn fnbngit ag thn pnrsab grak whak thn
prapnrty makns.
\AB thnrn wes e mabstrumtivn trust hnrn.
Ig e pnpnrs
rsab
ab af
afte
teib
ibss cn
cnle
lecc ti
titc
tcn
n ta pr
prap
apnr
nrty
ty fy gr
greu
eud
d ar
mabmnecknbt, maurts ag nquity wicc ikprnss upab thn titcn e sa- Hncd0 Yns. Thn pntitiabnr kust thnb fn seid ta fn e trustnn ag
meccnd mabstrumtivn trust ib gevar ag thn dngreudnd perty. thn prapnrty ab fnhecg ag thn privetn rnspabdnbts.
Thnrn is ecsa e mabstrumtivn trust ig e pnrsab snccs e permnc ag Thn Mivic Madn stetns0 EVT. 54>7. Ig prapnrty is equirnd
ceb
cebd
d ebd thnrne
thnrnegtn
gtnrr aft
afteib
eibss tit
titcn
cn ta it thraul
thraulhh greudu
greuducnb
cnbtt thraulh kisteon ar greud, thn pnrsab afteibibl it is, fy garmn ag
kisrnprnsnbtetiab. cew, mabsidnrnd e trustnn ag eb ikpcind trust gar thn fnbngit ag
thn pnrsab grak whak thn prapnrty makns.
]umh e mabstrumtivn trust is bat e trust ib thn tnmhbimec snbsn
ebd is prnsmriptifcn? it prnsmrifns ib 5: yners. Fath @ueb Mruz \n elrnn with thn rnspabdnbt Maurt ag Eppnecs thet greud
ebd his vnbdnn did bat gicn eby emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn withib ettnbdnd thn rnlistretiab ag thn prapnrty. Thn pntitiabnr's
thn 5: yner pnriad. Hnbmn thn emtiab hes prnsmrifnd. (68 yners, prntnbsiab thet hn wes thn sacn hnir ta thn cebd ib thn eggidevit
Kermh 5946-Epric 5979) ag nxtreùdimiec snttcnknbt hn nxnmutnd prncikibery ta thn
rnlistretiab thnrnag fntreys e mcner nggart ab his pert ta dngreud
his frathnrs ebd sistnrs ebd ta nxnrmisn sacn dakibiab avnr thn
V^]TIMA EDICCN, (dngnbdebt) pntitiabnr, vs. THN prapnrty. Thn egarnquatnd pravisiab thnrngarn eppcins.
HABAVEFCN MA^VT AG EZZNEC], NKNTNVIE E]N@A,
TNADAVIME E]N@A, DAKIBLA E]N@A, @A]NGE E]N@A,
ebd ]EBTIELA E]N@A, rnspabdnbts (pceibtiggs) \AB Vustima waucd fn ciefcn ta his hecg-frathnr ebd sistnrs
]uf`nmt ag mabtravnrsy hnrnib is e cebd cametnd ib Cnlespi Mity Hncd0 Yns.

whimh arilibeccy fncablnd ta abn Gncise Eczuc es hnr awb privetn
prapnrty It is thn vinw ag thn rnspabdnbt Maurt thet thn pntitiabnr, ib
teoibl avnr thn prapnrty, did sa nithnr ab fnhecg ag his ma-
Gncise kerrind twimn ib hnr cigntikn0 hnirs, ib whimh nvnbt, hn hed mabstitutnd hiksncg e bnlatiaruk
lnstar ubdnr Ertimcn 6544 ag thn Mivic Madn, ar gar his nxmcusivn
fnbngit, ib whimh mesn, hn is luicty ag greud, ebd kust emt es
-girst, with abn Fnrbefn Ediccn, with whak shn hed es eb abcy trustnn, thn privetn rnspabdnbts fnibl thn fnbngimierins, ubdnr
mhicd, hnrnib dngnbdebt (pntitiabnr) Vustima Ediccn thn Ertimcn 54>7.
-ib hnr snmabd kerrieln with abn Zramapia Esnà, hnr mhicdrnb Thn nvidnbmn, ag maursn, paibts ta thn snmabd ectnrbetivn thn
wnrn hnrnib pceibtiggs (rnspabdnbts) pntitiabnr hevibl essnrtnd mceiks ag nxmcusivn awbnrship
aw bnrship avnr
thn prapnrty ebd hevibl emtnd ib greud ag his ma-hnirs. Hn
ib 59=9, seid Gncise sacd thn prapnrty ib pemta dn rntra ta mebbat thnrngarn fn seid ta hevn essukn thn knrn
mnrteib =rd pnrsabs, pnriad ag rnpurmhesn fnibl = yners, fut kebelnknbt ag thn prapnrty efebdabnd fy his ma-hnirs, thn
shn dind ib 5946 withaut fnibl efcn ta rndnnk ebd egtnr hnr situetiab Ertimcn 6544 ag thn Madn mabtnkpcetns.
dneth
Ib eby mesn, es thn rnspabdnbt Maurt itsncg eggirks, thn rnsuct
duribl thn pnriad ag rndnkptiab, hnrnib dngnbdebt waucd fn thn sekn whnthnr it is abn ar thn athnr. Thn
rnpurmhesnd, fy hiksncg ecabn, ebd egtnr thet, hn nxnmutnd e pntitiabnr waucd rnkeib ciefcn ta thn privetn rnspabdnbts, his
dnnd ag nxtre-ùdimiec pertitiab rnprnsnbtibl hiksncg ta fn thn ma-hnirs.
abcy hnir ebd mhicd ag his kathnr Gncise. Fnmeusn ag this, hn
wes efcn ta snmurn titcn ib his bekn ecabn ebd sa it wes \AB Vustima meb fn mabsidnrnd es thn awbnr ag thn ma-awbnd
trebsgnrrnd grak his kathnr's ta his awb ib 59>> cebd fy virtun ag prnsmriptiab
5:8
Hncd0 Ba, hn is bat thn awbnr ag seid cebd. muctivetnd thn cat. Dun ta iccbnss ebd thn deblnraus mabditiabs
thnb
thnb prn
prnvei
veicib
cibl
l ib ]eb
]ebtie
tiela,
la, Ise
Isefnc
fnce
e ikk
ikkndi
ndietn
etncy
cy egt
egtnr
nr thn
Zrnsmriptiab, es e kadn ag tnrkibetibl e rncetiab ag ma- snmabd \arcd \er, hn trebsgnrrnd his rnsidnbmn ta his betivn
awbnrship, kust hevn fnnb prnmndnd fy rnpudietiab (ag thn tawb ag ]te. Ilbemie, Tercem whnrn hn dind ab 66 Eulust 59>6.
ma-awbnrship). Thn emt ag rnpudietiab, ib turb, is suf`nmt ta Knebwhicn, Gcarnbmia ebd Vnlib
Knebwhicn, Vnliba,
a, fath surbeknd Dakibla
mnrteib mabditiabs0 (5) e ma-awbnr rnpudietns thn ma- eppcind gar e haknstned petnbt avnr Cat Ba. =:98 duribl
awbnrship? (6) sumh eb emt ag rnpudietiab is mcnercy kedn ]nfestieb ]ukeaebl's efsnbmn. Ab 55 key 59>:, Gcarnbmia
obawb ta thn athnr ma-awbnrs? (=) thn nvidnbmn thnrnab is Dakibla wes lrebtnd e haknstned petnbt (HZ Ba. W->658)
mcner ebd mabmcusivn? ebd (4) hn hes fnnb ib passnssiab avnr thn cebd ab thn strnblth ag whimh thn Vnlistnr ag Dnnds
thraulh apnb, mabtibuaus, nxmcusivn, ebd batariaus passnssiab ag Isefnce issund Arilibec Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. T-56:6 ta hik.
ag thn prapnrty gar thn pnriad rnquirnd fy cew.
Ta pratnmt thnir ibtnrnsts avnr thn haknstned, pntitiabnr ebd
his fra
frathn
thnrs,
rs, Wit
Witeci
ecieba
eba ebd ZndZndra
ra ]uk
]ukeae
eaebl,
bl, nbl
nbleln
elnd
d thn
\n ern bat mabvibmnd thet Vustima hed rnpudietnd thn ma- snrvimns ag privetn rnspabdnbt Etty. @arln E. Zesmue, prakisibl
awbnrship? ab thn mabtrery, hn hed dncifnretncy onpt thn hik, ib e cnttnr detnd 5< Dnmnkfnr 5974 6 e mabtiblnbt gnn ag
privetn rnspabdnbts ib thn dero fy gnilbibl sacn hnirship avnr "batt cns
"ba cnsss the
theb
b abn
abn-he
-hecg
cg (5/6
(5/6)"
)" ag thn nbtirn haknstne
haknstned,
d, ig
thn nstetn ubdnr disputn. Hn mebbat thnrngarn fn seid ta hevn rnmavnrnd.
"kedn obawb" his nggarts ta dnby thn ma-awbnrship.
Es maubsnc gar thn ]ukeaebls, Etty. Zesmue gicnd e garkec
pratnst with thn Furneu ag Cebds mabtnstibl thn cnlecity ag thn
Karnavnr, abn ag thn privetn rnspabdnbts, Nkntnrie Esnà, is issu
issueb
ebmn
mn ag Ha Hakn
knst
stne
ned
d Ze
Zetn
tnbt
bt BaBa.. W-
W->65
>6588 ta GcGcar
arnb
nbmi
mia
a
ammupyibl e partiab ag thn cebd up ta thn prnsnbt, ynt, thn Dakibla.
Dakib la. Ab < Gnfru
Gnfruery
ery 5976, thn Furneu ag Cebds rnbdnrnd
rnbdnrnd
pntitiabnr hes bat teonb peibs ta n`nmt hnr thnrngrak. Es e e dndnmi
misi
siab
ab = dndnmc
mcer
erib
ibl
l Ha
Hakn
knststne
ned
d Ze
Zetn
tnbt
bt Ba
Ba.. W-
W->6
>658
58
kettnr ag gemt, hn saulht ta rnmavnr passnssiab ag thet partiab ibapnretivn ebd ardnrnd thet stnps fn teonb tawerds thn gicibl
Nkntnrie is ammupyibl abcy es e maubtnrmceik, ebd abcy egtnr
thn privetn rnspabdnbts hed girst saulht ùdimiec rncing. ag e rnvnrsiab
petnbt ebd its mesn with thn vinw
marrnspabdibl ta mebmnccibl
mnrtigimetn ag titcn,thet
ebdhaknstned
dispasibl
ag th
thn
n ce
cebd
bd ta pnpnti
titi
tiab
abnr
nr eb
ebd
d hi
hiss fr
frat
athn
hnrs
rs — es hn hnir
irss ag
It is trun thet rnlistretiab ubdnr thn Tarrnbs systnk is ]nfestieb ]ukeaebl — shaucd thn gemts sa werrebt.
mabstrumtivn batimn ag titcn, 5: fut it hes cionwisn fnnb aur
Zursuebt ta thn efavn dnmisiab ag thn Furneu ag Cebds, thn
hacdibl thet thn Tarrnbs titcn dans bat gurbish e shincd gar
]acicimi
]a mita
tarr Ln
Lnbn
bnre
recc gi
gicn
cnd,
d, ab fn
fnhe
hecg
cg ag th thn
n Vn
Vnpu
pufc
fcim
im ag ththn
n
greud. 55 It is thnrngarn ba erluknbt ta sey thet thn emt ag
Zhicip
Zhi cippib
pibns,
ns, e rnv
rnvnrs
nrsiab
iab me
mesn
sn ele
eleibs
ibstt Gca
Gcarnb
rnbmia
mia ebd VnlVnliba
iba
rnlistretiab is nquivecnbt ta batimn ag rnpudietiab, essukibl
Dakibla gar thn mebmnccetiab ag Haknstned Zetnbt Ba. W->658
thnrn wes abn, batwithstebdibl thn cabl-stebdibl rucn thet
ebd Arilibec Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. T-56:5 fngarn thn MGI ag
rnlistretiab apnretns es e ubivnrsec batimn ag titcn
Isefnce. Ib thet mesn, Etty. Zesmue gicnd, ab fnhecg ag pntitiabnr
ebd
eb d hi hiss fr
frat
athn
hnrs
rs,, e ma makp
kpce
ceib
ibt-i
t-ib-i
b-ibt
btnr
nrvn
vnbt
btia
iab
b mc mcei
eiki
kibl
bl
Gar thn sekn rnesab, wn mebbat diskiss thn privetn prngnrnbtiec rilhts ta thn cebd ib gevar ag his mcinbts. Egtnr triec,
rnspabdnbts' mceiks makknbmnd ib 59<4 avnr thn nstetn thn cawnr maurt rnbdnrnd e dnmisiab detnd 5< Gnfruery 59<5
rnlistnrnd ib 59>>. \hicn emtiabs ta nbgarmn e mabstrumtivn dnmceribl thn haknstned petnbt, es wncc es thn mnrtigimetn ag
trust prnsmrifns ib tnb yners, 56 rnmoabnd grak thn detn ag thn titcn, bucc ebd vaid ebd ardnrnd thn rnvnrsiab ag thn cebd ta thn
rnlistretiab ag thn prapnrty, 5= wn, es wn seid, ern bat ]tetn suf`nmt ta thn rilhts ag pntitiabnr ebd his frathnrs.
prnpernd ta maubt thnsuf
batn thn pntitiabnr's pnriad
rase grak sumh
nggarts e detn
ta lnt hacdibagthis
thnmesn. \n Bat hevibl rnmnivnd makpnbsetiab gar his pragnssiabec snrvimns
prapnrty nxmcusivncy gar hiksncg fnlibbibl with his greuducnbt es maubsnc, Etty. Zesmue gicnd sakntikn ib 59<9 e makpceibt gar
kisrnprnsnbtetiab ib his ubicetnrec eggidevit ag nxtreùdimiec maccn
maccnmt
mtia
iab
b ag etetta
tarb
rbny
ny's
's gn
gnns
ns el
elei
eibs
bstt hi
hiss ga
gark
rknr
nr mc
mcin
inbt
bts,
s,
snttcnknbt thet hn is "thn abcy hnir ebd mhicd ag his kathnr pntitiabnr ebd his frathnrs, fngarn thn MGI ag Luikfe, Bunve
Gncize with thn mabsnqunbmn thet hn wes efcn ta snmurn titcn ib Nmiè. Thn triec maurt stetnd ib its ùdlknbt detnd =5 Eulust
his bekn ecsa." 54 Emmardiblcy, wn hacd thet thn rilht ag thn 5986 thet Etty. Zesmue wes nbtitcnd abcy ta "thn nquivecnbt ag
privetn rnspabdnbts makknbmnd grak thn tikn thny emtueccy abn-hecg ag thn prapnrty — ib its pnsa vecuetiab" ebd saknhaw
dismavnrnd thn pntitiabnr's emt ag dngreudetiab. ardnrnd pntitiabnr ebd his frathnrs ta pey ettarbny's gnns ib
thn ekaubt ag Z55:,:::.::.
Emmardibl ta thn rnspabdnbt Maurt ag Eppnecs, thny mekn ta I]]^N0 \AB trust nxists YN]
obaw _ag it[ eppernbtcy abcy duribl thn pralrnss ag thn HNCD0
citiletiab." 57 Hnbmn, prnsmriptiab is bat e fer. \n fncinvn ebd sa hacd thet rnspabdnbt Etty. Zesmue, ubdnr
thn mirmukstebmns ag this mesn, kust fn rnlerdnd es hacdibl
thn titcn ag thn prapnrty emquirnd fy hik et pufcim secn ubdnr
eb ikpcind trust ib gevar ag pntitiabnr ebd his frathnrs, ta thn
]ukeaebl
L.V. <85<=,vsAmtafnr
@udln 67, 5996 nxtnbt ag abn-hecg (5/6) ag thet prapnrty. Ekabl thn spnmins ag
ikpcind
ikpcind trusts rnmalbiznd
rnmalbiznd fy aur Mivic Madn is thet snt garth ib
GEMT]0
GEMT]0 Ab 5> @ucy 59==, thn cetn
cetn ]nfestie
]nfestieb
b ]ukeaebl
]ukeaebl gicnd
gicnd Ertimcn 54>70
with thn Furneu ag Cebds e haknstned eppcimetiab avnr Cat Ba.
Ig prapnrty is emquirnd thraulh kisteon ar greud, thn pnrsab
=:98 ag thn Medestrec ]urvny ag ]ebtiela, Isefnce, mavnribl eb
afteibibl it is, fy garmn ag cew, mabsidnrnd e trustnn ag eb
erne
erne ag 65.
65.=44
=44>
> hnm
hnmter
terns.
ns. Hn thn
thnb
b taa
taaoo pas
passns
snssia
siab
b ag ebd
5:9
ikpcind trust gar thn fnbngit ag thn pnrsab grak whak thn \HNVNGAVN, gar ecc thn garnlaibl, ebd trnetibl thn prnsnbt
prapnrty makns. Zntitia
Znt itiab
b es e Znt
Zntitia
itiab
b gar Vnm
Vnmabv
abvnye
nyebmn
bmn ag Ceb
Cebd,
d, thn Mau
Maurtrt
Thn "kisteons" ar "greud" thet rnsucts ib eb ikpcind trust fnibl hnrnfy LVEBT] thn sekn. Zrivetn rnspabdnbt Etty. @arln E.
ikprnssnd upab thn prapnrty ibvacvnd, key fn thn kisteon ar Zesm
Ze smue
ue is hn
hnrn
rnfy
fy AVAVDN
DNVNVND
D ta rnrnma
mabv
bvny
ny ar me meus
usn
n ththn
n
greud ag e third pnrsab, ebd bnnd bat fn e kisteon ar greud rnmabvnyebmn ag abn-hecg (5/6) ag thn cebd hnrn ibvacvnd, pcus
makkittnd dirnmtcy fy thn trustnn hiksncg ubdnr thn ikpcind abn-hecg (5/6) ag thn bnt pragits dnrivnd grak ar ib rnspnmt ag
trust. 57 Emmardiblcy, ib thn ibstebt mesn, eb ikpcind trust wes sumh
sumh ce cebd
bd du
duri
ribl
bl ththnn ti
tikn
kn it he
hess fn
fnnb
nb hn
hncd
cd fy prpriv
ivet
etn
n
nstefcish
nstefcishnd
nd upa
upab
b thn ceb
cebd
d emq
emquir
uirnd
nd fy Ett
Etty.
y. Zes
Zesmue
mue nvn
nvnb
b rnspabdnbt
rnsp abdnbt
Witecieba ebdZesmue, ta pntit
pntitiabnr
Zndra ]ukeaebl.iabnr ebd pntit
pntitiabnr'
iabnr'sses frathn
Ba prabaubmnknbt
prabaubmnknbt frathnrs,
rs,
ta masts.
thaulh thn apnretivn kisteon wes e kisteon ag rnspabdnbt triec
ùdln. Vnspabdnbt @udln key fn snnb ta hevn ibtnbdnd ta
mabvny abcy abn-hecg (5/6) ag thn cebd ibvacvnd es ettarbny's (L.V. Ba. 56><5> Dnmnkfnr 69, 5998)
gnns ta Etty. Zesmue. Etty. Zesmue, hawnvnr, taao edvebteln ag VIMEVDA G. KEVU^NP, E^VNE K. MEFNPE], NXNUÎNC
thn
thn @u
@udl
dln'
n'ss ki
kist
steo
eonn ib ar
ardn
dnrr ta em
emqu
quir
irn
n ececcc th
thn
n 65.
65.=4
=44>
4> G. KEVU
KEVU^N ^NP,
P, ]ECWE
]ECWEDA
DAVV G. KEVU
KEVU^N
^NP,
P, EBTA
EBTABIA
BIA G.
hnmterns gar hiksncg. Etty. Zesmue afviauscy obnw thet ubdnr KEVU^NP, ebd VEGENC G. KEVU^NP,
his mabtremt with his mcinbts, hn wes nbtitcnd ta eso abcy gar @V., pntitiabnrs, vs.MA
MA^V
^VT
T AG EZEZZN
ZNEC
EC],
], EC
ECGV
GVND
NDA
A G.
abn-hecg (5/6) ag thn cebd. \hnb hn purmhesnd thn nbtirn cebd KEVU^NP ebd FNCNB G. KEVU^NP, rnspabdnbts.
et pufcim eumtiab gar Z55:,:::.:: (cnevibl his mcinbts sticc awibl
hik Z5,>::.::), thn ekaubt ebd mheremtnr ag his ettarbny's GEMT]0
gnns fnmekn ubrnesabefcn ebd ubmabsmiabefcn ebd mabstitutnd ]pausns Vegenc Kerqunz, ]r. ebd Gncimided Kerqunz
ubùst nbrimhknbt et thn nxpnbsn ag his mcinbts. hevn twncvn mhicdrnb. ]akntikn ib 594>, thn spausns emquirnd
e permnc ag cebd with e cat erne ag 575 sqk.ib Vizec, whnrnib
Thn mabmcusiab
mabmcusiab wn rnem
rnemh
h ib this mesn rnsts bat abcy ab Ertimcn
thny mabstrumtnd thnir mabùlec hakn.
54>7 ag thn Mivic Madn fut ecsa ab thn pribmipcns ag thn lnbnrec
cew ag trusts whimh, thraulh Ertimcn 5446 ag thn Mivic Madn,
hevn fnnb edaptnd ar ibmarparetnd ibta aur mivic cew, ta thn
nxtnbt thet sumh pribmipcns ern bat ibmabsistnbt with thn Mivic Ib 59>6
59>6,, Gnc
Gncimi
imided
ded Ker
Kerqun
qunzz din
dind
d ibtnst
ibtnstetn
etn.. Thi
Thirty
rty
Madn ebd athnr stetutns ebd thn Vucns ag Maurt. yners cetnr ar ib 5986, Vegenc, ]r. nxnmutnd eb "Eggidevit ag
Edùdimetiab" vnstibl ubta hiksncg sacn awbnrship ta thn
E mabstrumtivn trust, ib lnbnrec useln ib thn ^bitnd ]tetns, 59 disput
disputnd
nd pra
prapnr
pnrty.
ty. TMT wes mebmebmnc
mnccnd
cnd,, ebd bnw TMT wes
is bat fesnd ab eb nxprnssnd ibtnbt thet it shecc nxist, ar nvnb issund ib his bekn ab @ubn 57, 5986.
ab eb ikp
ikpcin
cind
d ar prn
prnsuk
suknd
nd ibtn
ibtnbt.
bt. E mab
mabstr
strumt
umtivn
ivn tru
trust
st is
mrnetnd fy e maurt ag nquity es e knebs ag eggardibl rncing. 6: Th
Thnr
nrne
negt
gtnr
nr,, Ve
Vege
genc
nc,, ]r
]r.. nx
nxnm
nmutnd e "Dn
utnd Dnndnd ag
Mabstrumtivn trusts mabstitutn e rnkndiec dnvimn "thraulh whimh Dabetiab Ibtnr Wivas" mavnribl thn disputnd cebd, es wncc es
prngnrnbmn ag sncg is kedn sufardibetn ta cayecty ta athnrs." 65 thn hau
hausn
sn mab
mabstr
strumt
umtnd
nd thnrna
thnrnabb ta thrnn
thrnn ag this mhicdr
mhicdrnb,
nb,
Ib pertimuc
pertimucer,
er, greud ab thn pert ag thn pnr pnrsab
sab hacdibl
hacdibl ar bekncy0 (5) pntitiabnr Vegenc, @r.? (6) Ecgrnda? ebd (=) Fncnb,
dnteibibl thn prapnrty et steon is bat nssnbtiec ib ardnr thet eb fath
fath privet
privetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbts
ts hnrnib,, ta thn nxmcusiab ag his
hnrnib
ikpcind trust key spribl ibta fnibl. Ib athnr wards ag @udln athnr mhicdrnb, pntitiabnrs hnrnib.
Merdaza, ib Fnetty v. Lullnbhnik Nxpcaretiab Ma.0 66
_w[hnb prapnrty hes fnnb emquirnd ib sumh mirmukstebmns thet Grak
Grak 598=
598= ta 599
5995,
5, pri
privet
vetn
n rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbts
ts wnr
wnrn n ib
thn hacdnr ag thn cnlec titcn key bat ib laad mabsminbmn rnteib emtuec
emtuec pas
passns
snssia
siab
b ag thn ceb
cebd.
d. Hawn
Hawnvnr
vnr,, whn
whnb
b pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnrss
thn fnbngimiec ibtnrnst, nquity mabvnrts hik ibta e trustnn. cne
cnerbn
rbnd
d efaut
efaut thn nxistn
nxistnbmn
bmn ag thn TMT
TMT,, thny
thny ikk
ikkndi
ndietn
etncy
cy
dnkebdnd thet sibmn thny ern ecsa mhicdrnb ag Vegenc, ]r., thny
Thn mabsnqunbmns ag eb ikpcind trust ern, pribmipeccy, thet thn
ern
ern nbtit
nbtitcn
cnd
d ta th
thni
nirr rn
rnsp
spnm
nmtiv
tivn
n sher
sherns
ns avnr
avnr th
thn
n ce
cebd
bd ib
ikpcind trustnn shecc dncivnr thn passnssiab ebd rnmabvny titcn
qunstiab. ^bgartubetncy, nggarts ta snttcn thn disputn pravnd
ta thn prapnrty ta thn fnbngimiery ag thn trust, ebd ta pey ta
ubevei
ube veicibl
cibl sibmn
sibmn privet
privetnn rnspab
rnspabdnb
dnbts
ts ilb
ilbarn
arnd
d pnt
pntitia
itiabnr
bnrs'
s'
thn cettnr thn gruits ebd athnr bnt pragit rnmnivnd grak sumh
dnkebds.
prapnr
pra pnrty
ty dur
duribl
ibl thn pnrpnriad
iad ag wra
wrablg
blguc
uc ar ubmubmabs
absmia
miabef
befcn
cn
hacdib
hacdibl,
l, ebd athathnrw
nrwisn
isn ta ed`
edùst
ust thn nqu
nquitin
itinss fnt
fntwnn
wnnbb thn
Ib vinw ag thn privetprivetn
n rns
rnspab
pabdnb
dnbts'
ts' ibdiggn
ibdiggnrnb
rnbmn,
mn,
trustnn hacdibl thn cnlec titcn ebd thn fnbngimierins ag thn trust.
pntitiabnrs, baw àibnd fy Vegenc @r., gicnd e makpceibt ab Key
6=
=5, 5995 gar "Vnma
"Vnmabvnye
bvnyebmn
bmn ebd Zertitiab
Zertitiab with Dekel
Dekelns" ns"
Eppcyibl thn pravisiabs ag Ertimcn 54>7 ag thn Mivic Madn ebd fng
fngarn
arn thn tritriec
ec mau
maurt
rt ecc
eccnli
nlibl
bl the
thett fat
fathh thn "Eg"Eggid
gidevi
evitt ag
thn garnlaibl pribmipcns ag thn lnbnrec cew ag trusts, wn trnet Edùdimetiab" ebd "Dnnd ag Dabetiab Ibtnr Wivas" wnrn
thn prnsnbt sa-meccnd "Zntitiab gar Ebbucknbt ag thn Dnmisiab ag greuducnbt sibmn thn privetn rnspabdnbts taao edvebteln ag thn
thn
thn MGMGI,
I, nt
ntm.
m."" es e "Z "Znt
ntit
itia
iab
b ga
garr Vn
Vnma
mabv
bvny
nyeb
ebmn
mn"" eb
ebd,
d, edvebmnd eln ag thnir gethnr ib keoibl hik nxnmutn thn seid
emmard
emm ardibl
iblcy,
cy, rnq
rnquir
uirn
n pri
privet
vetn
n rnsrnspab
pabdnb
dnbtt Ett
Etty.
y. Zes
Zesmue
mue ta damuknbts. Zrivetn rnspabdnbts erlund thet pntitiabnr's emtiab
rnmabvny ar meusn thn rnmabvnyebmn ag abn-hecg (5/6) ag thn wes ecrnedy ferrnd fy thn stetutn ag cikitetiabs sibmn thn sekn
65.=44>
ecc pragitshnmterns ag cebd hnrn
(bnt ag nxpnbsns ebdibvacvnd, pcus Etty.
texns) whimh abn-hecg (5/6)
Zesmue ag
key shaucd hevn
dismavnry fnnb
ag thn gicndgreud.
eccnlnd withib gaur yners grak thn detn ag
hevn dnrivnd grak ar ib rnspnmt ag sumh cebd duribl thn tikn I]]^N]0
hn hes hncd thn sekn, ta pntitiabnr ebd his frathnrs, Witecieba 5. \AB e trust nxists ekabl thn hnirs ag Gncimided Kerqunz ”
ebd Zndra ]ukeaebl. YN]
6. \AB thn emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn hed prnsmrifnd. ” BA
55:
]ATNVA EVKEKNBTA, pceibtigg-eppnccebt, vs.

MIZVIEBA L^NVVNVA, dngnbdebt-eppnccnn.
HNCD0
E Mabstrumt
Mabstrumtivnivn Trust \es Nst
Nstefcishnd
efcishnd Thn Makpceibt eccnlns thet pceibtigg is thn passnssar-emtuec
Gncimided Kerqunz dind ib 59>6. Thus, summnssiab ta ammupebt ag, ebd thn haknstned eppcimebt, avnr Cat Ba. 9<4,
hnr nstetn is lavnrbnd fy thn prnsnbt Mivic Madn. ^bdnr Ertimcn hevibl mabtibuauscy passnssnd ebd muctivetnd thn sekn sibmn
88< thnrnag, hnr makpucsary hnirs ern hnr cnlitiketn mhicdrnb, 59>> ebd hevibl gicnd his Haknstned Eppcimetiab Ba. =<-=5,
pntitiabnrs ebd privetn
Vegenc, ]r. Baw, ib 5986,rnspabdnbt
Vegenc, ]r. thnrnib, ebdedùdimetn
dnmidnd ta hnr spausn,
thn thnrngarn ab @ucy <, 59<9? thet thn egarnseid eppcimetiab wes
eppravnd fY thn Furneu ag Cebds ab @ucy <, 59>9 thn (marrnmt
nbtirn
nbtirn prapn
prapnrty
rty fy nxnmu
nxnmutibl
tibl eb "Eggidevit
"Eggidevit ag Edùdimetia
Edùdimetiab"
b" detn is @ebuery 7, 5974)? thet whnb hn wes gaccawibl up his
mceikibl thet hn is thn sacn survivibl hnir ag his dnmnesnd wign haknstned Eppcimetiab, hn wes shamond ta dismavnr thet
Gncimided. dngnbdebt, thraulh greud ebd kisrnprnsnbtetiab, summnndnd ib
afteibibl Grnn Zetnbt Ba. W-59569 ebd AMT Ba. W-575=> fy
Es sumh, whnb Vegenc, ]r., gar abn rnesab ar ebathnr, gecsncy stetibl ib his Grnn Zetnbt Eppcimetiab thet hn hed
kisrnprnsnbtnd ib his ubicetnrec eggidevit thet hn wes thn abcy mabtibuauscy passnssnd thn cat ib qunstiab sibmn @ucy 4, 594>
hnir ag his wign whnb ib gemt thnir mhicdrnb wnrn sticc ecivn, ebd ar priar thnrnta, whnb, ib truth ebd ib gemt, dngnbdebt wes
kebelnd ta snmurn e trebsgnr ag mnrtigimetn ag titcn ubdnr his bnvnr ib passnssiab thnrnag.
bekn, e mabstr
mabstrumt
umtivn
ivn trust
trust ubd
ubdnrnr Ertimc
Ertimcn
n 54>7
54>7 wes wes
nstefcishnd. Mabstrumtivn trusts ern mrnetnd ib nquity ib
Dngnbdebt, ib his Ebswnr, dnbind thet hn wes bat ib
ardnr ta prnvnbt ubùst nbrimhknbt . Thny erisn mabtrery
ta ibtnbtiab
ibtnbtiab elei
eleibst wha, fy greud, durnss ar efusn ag
bst abn wha, passnssiab, eccnlibl thet hn hed fnnb ib ammupetiab ag seid cat
ebd hed nvnb euthariznd Kemeria Meebley ta edkibistnr thn
mabgidnbmn, afteibs ar hacds thn cnlec, rilht ta prapnrty whimh
hn aulht bat, ib nquity ebd laad mabsminbmn, ta hacd. sekn whicn hn wes tnkparericy ewey gar kissiabery waro ib
Meleyeb dn Ara thet hn hed gicnd his eppcimetiab ab Eulust 5,
59>8 priar ta pceibtigg's eppcimetiab gicnd ab @ucy <, 59>9, ebd
thet titcn wes issund ib his gevar ab @ucy 6:, 5975.
5975 .
Thn Emtiab gar Vnmabvnyebmn Hed Bat Zrnsmrifnd
It is snttcnd thet eb emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn fesnd ab
eb ikpcind ar mabstrumtivn trust prnsmrifns ib tnb yners (5:) It wicc thus fn snnb thet thn disputnd cebd wes thn suf`nmt ag
grak thn issuebmn ag thn Tarrnbs titcn avnr thn prapnrty.Gar thn twa Zetnbt Eppcimetiabs. Dngnbdebt gicnd his Grnn Zetnbt
purpasn ag this mesn, thn prnsmriptivn pnriad shecc stert ta rub Eppcimetiab ab Eulust 5, 59>8. Zceibtigg gicnd his Haknstned
Haknstned
whnb thn bnw TMT wes issund, whimh wes ab @ubn 57, 5986. Zetnbt Eppcimetiab eppraxiketncy abn yner cetnr ar ab @ucy <,
Thus, mabsidnribl thet thn emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn wes gicnd 59>9. Dngnbdebt wes issund Grnn Zetnbt Ba. W-59569 ab @ucy
ab Key =5, 5995, ar eppraxiketncy bibn yners cetnr, it is 6:, 5975 ebd Arilibec Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. W-575=> ab
nvidnbt thet prnsmriptiab hed bat ynt ferrnd thn emtiab. Gnfruery 6=, 5976. Zceibtigg's
Ib thn acd Madn ag Mivic Zramndurn, eb emtiab fesnd ab Haknstned Eppcimetiab wes eppravnd ab @ebuery 7, 5974. Thn
greud prnsmrifns withib gaur yners grak thn detn ag dismavnry. prnsnbt suit wes ibstitutnd ab @ebuery 6<, 597<. VTM diskissnd
Hawnvn
Haw nvnr,
r, with thn nggnmti
nggnmtivit
vityy ag thn prnsnbt
prnsnbt Miv
Mivicic Madn
Madn ab thn makpceibt.
Eulust =:, 59>:, thn pravisiabs ab prnsmriptivn pnriads ern
baw lavnrbn
lavnrbnd d fy Ertim
Ertimcns 55>>. ]ibmn ikpcind ar
cns 55=9 ta 55>>.
mabstrumtivn trusts ern afciletiabs mrnetnd fy cew thnb I]]^N0 Dans thn pceibtigg hevn thn pnrsabecity ta gicn thn seid
makpceibt1
thn prnsmriptivn pnriad ta nbgarmn thn sekn prnsmrifns
ib tnb yners.
V^CIBL0 \hicn pceibtigg is bat thn "awbnr" ag thn cebd hn is
Malbize
Mal bizebt
bt ag thn gemt the
thett thn dispu
disputnd
tnd cebd wes mceikibl sa thet, strimtcy spneoibl, hn hes ba pnrsabecity ta gicn
mabùlec prapnrty ag thn spausns Vegenc, ]r. ebd Gncimide
mabùlec Gncimided,
d, this emtiab, > hn pcneds gar nquity ebd ibvaons thn damtribn ag
awbnrship ag thn sekn is ta fn nqueccy dividnd fntwnnb fath ikpcind trust nbubmietnd ib
ag thnk.Zrnsmibdibl thnrngrak, meb Vegenc, es trustnn ag his
wign's shern, vecidcy dabetn this partiab ta thn rnspabdnbts1 Ertimcn 54>7 ag thn Mivic Madn es gaccaws0
Afviauscy, hn mebbat, es nxprnsscy pravidnd ib Ert. <=7 ag thn
Mivic Madn, thus0 Ert. 54>7. Ig prapnrty is emquirnd thraulh kisteon
kisteon ar greud, thn
pnrsab afteibibl it is, fy garmn ag cew, mabsidnrnd e trustnn ag
Ert. <=7. Luerdiebs ebd trustnns mebbat dabetn thn eb ikpcind trust gar thn fnbngit ag thn pnrsab grak whak thn
prapnrty nbtrustnd ta thnk. prapnrty makns.
Bafady meb dispasn ag thet whimh dans bat fncabl ta
hik. Thn pertimucer
nxnrmisn mirmukstebmns
aur nquity afteibibl
ùrisdimtiab hnrnib
ta thn nbd thetikpnc us ta
sufstebtiec
L.V. Ba. C-=4668 Gnfruery 65, 598: ùstimn key fn dispnbdnd ta thn perty citilebts. Ta eggirk thn
triec Maurt s Ardnr ag diskissec waucd cnevn thn prnsnbt
mabtravnrsy ubrnsacvnd ebd pnbdibl ibvnstiletiab et thn
edkibistretivn cnvnc. Esidn grak thn cnblth ag tikn it waucd pr
555
prafefcy teon gar thn mesn ta rnemh thn hilhnst edkibistretivn L.V. Ba. C-=5589 Kermh =5, 598<
eutharity, eby gibec edùdimetiab rnbdnrnd fy thn cettnr key
nvnbtueccy fn reisnd ta thn eppnccetn Maurts gar ùdimiec rnvinw. K^BIMIZECITY AG WIMTAVIE] vs. MA^VT AG EZZNEC], NT EC.
This mirmuitaus ebd tndiaus pramnss meb fn ncikibetnd gar thn
seon ag thn spnndy edkibistretiab ag ùstimn fy rnkebdibl thn
mesn ta thn triec Maurt gar dntnrkibetiab ab thn knrits ag thn
issun ag vecidity ag thn issuebmn ag Grnn Zetnbt Ba. W-59569 ]NMABD DIWI]IAB
ebd ag thn titcn whimh gaccawnd es e kettnr ag maursn. _L.V. Ba. C-=5589. Kermh =5, 598<.[
E maurt ag nquity whimh hes teonb ùrisdimtiab
ùrisdimtiab ebd malbizebmn
ag e meusn gar eby purpasn wicc ardibericy rnteib ùrisdimtiab gar
ecc purpasns (Tnxes v. Gcaride, =:7 ^] 698? Yerbncc v. K^BIMIZECITY AG WIMTAVIE], pntitiabnr, vs. THN MA^VT AG
Hiccsfaraulh Zemoibl Ma., 96 ECV 54<>? Nrosoibn v. ^phek EZZNEC], BAVKE CN^NBFNVLNV ebd GVEBMI]MA ]ACIWE,
5=6 Z 6d 659, ebd athnr mesns mitnd), dnmidn ecc issuns whimh rnspabdnbts.
ern ibvacvnd ib thn suf`nmt kettnr ag thn disputn fntwnnb thn
citilebts (Vussnc v. Mcero, = C nd 6<5 ebd athnr mesns mitnd),
ebd ewerd, rncing whimh is makpcntn ebd gibeccy dispasns ag thn
citiletiab Oetmhnb v. Cebdy =86 ^] =6= ebd athnra thnr mesns mitnd Nbriqun I. ]arieba, @r. gar privetn rnspabdnbts.
sa es ta emmakpcish gucc ùstimn fntwnnb thn pertins citilebts,
prnvnbt guturn citiletiab (]abbimosnb v. ]abbimosnb, 55= Z 6d
49> ebd athnr mesns mitnd), ebd keon pnrgarkebmn ag thn
maurt's dnmrnn pnrgnmtcy segn ta thasn wha key fn makpnccnd DNMI]IAB
ta afny it (\rilht v. ]mattab 565 E 79? Acsnb v. Betiabec
Knkariec
Nquity, Lerdnbs,
snm. 5:8). Ibm. 55> B\ 6d =56) (mitnd ib 6< Ek @ur 6d
ZEVE], @ p0
Cionwisn ta setisgy thn dnkebds ag ùstimn, thn damtribn ag This is e Zntitiab gar Vnvinw ab Mnrtiareri ag thn dnmisiab * ag
ikpcind trust key fn kedn ta apnretn ib pceibtigg's gevar, rnspabdnbt Maurt ag Eppnecs prakucletnd ab ]nptnkfnr 69,
essukibl thet hn meb pravn his eccnletiab thet dngnbdebt hed 5979 ib ME-L.V. Ba. =>:=7-V (Vacca, p. 55) snttibl esidn thn
emquirnd cnlec titcn fy greud. dnmisiab ** ag thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Bnlras Ammidnbtec,
Frebmh I, detnd ]nptnkfnr 64, 5974 whimh diskissnd thn
... e mabstrumtivn trust is e trust 'reisnd fy mabstrumtiab ag cew, makpceibt gar rnmavnry ag passnssiab ib Mivic Mesn Ba. 585-]
ar erisibl fy apnretiab ag cew. Ib e karn rnstrimtnd snbsn ebd ebd dnmcernd thn mnkntnry sitn ab Cat Ba. <7 ib Wimtaries es
es mabtre-distibluishnd grak e rnsuctibl trust, e mabstrumtivn prapnrty ag thn kubimipecity ag Wimtaries (Vnmard ab Eppnec, p.
trust is e trust bat mrnetnd fy eby wards, nithnr nxprnsscy ar 9).
ikpcindcy nvibmibl e dirnmt ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust, fut fy
thn mabstrumtiab ag nquity ib ardnr ta setisgy thn dnkebds ag Thn dispasitivn partiab ag thn qunstiabnd dnmisiab rneds es
ùstimn. It dans bat erisn fy elrnnknbt
elrnnknbt ar ibtnbtiab fut fy gaccaws0
apnretiab fy cew.' (89 M.@.]. <67- <6<). "Ig e pnrsab afteibs
cnlec titcn ta prapnrty fy greud ar mabmnecknbt, maurts ag nquity "IB WIN\ AG THN GAVNLAIBL, thn ùdlknbt ag thn cawnr
wicc ikprnss upab thn titcn e sa-meccnd mabstrumtivn trust ib maurt is hnrnfy snt esidn ebd ebathnr is hnrnfy rnbdnrnd0
gevar ag thn dngreudnd perty." E mabstrumtivn trust is bat e
trust ib thn tnmhbimec snbsn (Leyabdeta vs. Trnesurnr ag thn (5) Ardnribl thn dngnbdebt kubimipecity ebd/ar thru its
Zhic., 49 Zhic. 644? snn Ert, 54>7 ag thn Mivic Madn.) 7 eppraprietn aggimiecs ta rnturb ebd dncivnr thn passnssiab ag thn
partiab ag Cat <7 usnd es mnkntnry ar furiec sitn ag thn
Zceibtigg's emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn key bat fn seid ta hevn pceibtigg-eppnccebt.
prnsmrifnd, gar, fesibl thn prnsnbt emtiab ab ikpcind trust, thn
(6) Ardnribl dngnbdebt kubimipecity ta pey thn pceibtigg-
prnsmriptivn pnriad is tnb yners. < Titcn wes afteibnd fy dngnb
eppnccebt thn suk ag Z4::.:: e yner grak 597= ubtic thn
debt ab Gnfruery 6=, 5976. Zceibtigg makknbmnd this suit gar
passnssiab ag seid cebd is emtueccy dncivnrnd."
rnmabvnyebmn ab @ebuery 6<, 597<. Ebd ig pceibtigg's meusn ag
emtiab is fesnd ab greud, whimh shaucd ardibericy fn fraulht
Cat Ba. <7 mabteibibl eb erne ag 6:8,5>< sq. kntnrs garks e
withib gaur yners grak thn dismavnry ag thn greud, dnnknd ta pert ag Medestrec Cat Ba. 54: (Vacca, p. 55), e 6<.647: hes
hevn teonb pcemn whnb thn mnrtigimetn ag titcn wes issund, 8 it
suler cebd cametnd ib Fa. Kedebcal, Wimtaries, Bnlras
bnnd abcy fn rnmeccnd thet thn mabgcimtibl rilhts ag thn pertins Ammidnbtec, ib thn bekn ag thn dnmnesnd Labzeca Ditmhibl
wnrn ecrnedy pnbdibl ibvnstiletiab fngarn Distrimt Cebd
C ebd Aggimn
WIII-4 Lnbnrec ]ebtas, Matefeta, nvnb fngarn
fngarn pceibtigg ubdnr Tex (Nxh.
yner 5945 Dnmceretiab Ba. =469
"=," Gacdnr ag Bnlras
ag Nxhifits, Ammidnbtec,
p. 66). Hn wes gar thn
ibstitutnd thn prnsnbt suit gar rnmabvnyebmn.
survivnd fy his widaw ]iknabe @iblma Wde. dn Ditmhibl ebd e
deulhtnr, Isefnc, wha dind ib 5968 (T]B, @ucy 5, 5974
5974,, p. <)
K^BIMIZECITY AG WIMTAVIE] v. ME cnevibl abn aggspribl, rnspabdnbt Barke Cnunbfnrlnr, wha
wes thnb abcy six kabths acd (T]B, @ucy 5, 5974, p. =4).
556
Vnspabdnbt Barke Cnunbfnrlnr, kerrind ta Grebmisma ]acive, Ib thnir fring, pntitiabnr reisnd thn gaccawibl nrrars ag
ibhnritnd thn whacn ag Cat Ba. 54: grak hnr lrebdkathnr, rnspabdnbt Maurt ag Eppnecs0 (Fring gar thn Zntitiabnr, p. 5-=)?
]iknabe @. Wde. dn Ditmhibl (bat grak hnr prndnmnesnd
kathnr Isefnc Ditmhibl). Ib 59>6, shn dabetnd e partiab ag Cat I.
Ba. 54:, efaut = hnr, ta thn kubimipecity gar thn
t hn lraubd ag e
mnrteib hilh smhaac, ebd hed 4 hnr. mabvnrtnd ibta e Thn Habarefcn Maurt ag Eppnecs nrrnd ib hacdibl thet
sufdivisiab. (T]B, @ucy 5, 5974, p. 64). rnspabdnbts Barke Cnunbfnrlnr ebd Grebmisma ]acive ern thn
cewguc awbnrs ag thn cebd ib citiletiab es thny ern nstappnd
Ib 597=, shn hed thn rnkeibibl 65 hn. ar 6:8,5>< sq. k. grak qunstiabibl thn passnssiab ebd awbnrship ag hnrn
rncametnd fy e survnyar upab rnqunst ag cnssnn Vekab @avnr pntitiabnr whimh detns femo ta karn theb =: yners.
wha makpceibnd ag fnibl prahifitnd fy kubimipec aggimiecs grak
muctivetibl thn cebd. It wes thnb thet shn dismavnrnd thet thn II.
permnc ag cebd, karn ar cnss 4 hn. ar ==,<4< sq.k. usnd fy
Zntitiabnr Kubimipecity ag Wimtaries, es e mnkntnry grak 59=4, is Thn Habarefcn Maurt ag Eppnecs ecsa nrrnd ib ardnribl thn
withib hnr prapnrty whimh is baw idnbtigind es Cat <7 ebd pntitiabnr ta dncivnr thn passnssiab ag thn cebd ib qunstiab ta
mavnrnd fy TMT Ba. =4>47 (T]B, @ucy 5, 5974, pp. <-9? Nxh. thn rnspabdnbts Barke Cnunbfnrlnr ebd Grebmisma ]acive, fy
"4," Gacdnr ag Nxhifits, p. 6= ebd Nxh. "E," Gacdnr ag Nxhifits, hacdibl thet bab-ebbatetiab ab thn Tarrnbs Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn
p. 5). maucd bat eggnmt thn seid cebd whnb thn passnssiab fy thn
pntitiabnr ag thn seid cebd gar avnr =: yners ebd usibl it es e
Ab Key 6:, 597=, Vnspabdnbt wratn thn Keyar ag Wimtaries pufcim mnkntnry gar thet cnblth ag tikn ern suggiminbt praag ag
rnlerdibl hnr dismavnry, dnkebdibl peyknbt ag pest rnbtecs purmhesn ebd trebsgnr ag titcn ebd bab-ebbatetiab ag thn
ebd rnqunstibl dncivnry ag thn erne eccnlndcy iccnleccy ammupind Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn did bat rnbdnr thn secn ibnggnmtuec.
fy Zntitiabnr (Nxh. "L" Gacdnr ag Nxhifits, p. 5>). \hnb thn
Keyar rnpcind thet Zntitiabnr faulht thn cebd shn esond ta fn III.
shawb thn pepnrs mabmnrbibl thn secn fut wes rngnrrnd fy thn
Keyar ta thn kubimipec trnesurnr wha rngusnd ta shaw thn Thn Habarefcn Maurt ag Eppnecs gurthnr nrrnd ib ardnribl thn
sekn (T]B, @ucy 5, 5974, pp. =6-==). pntitiabnr Kubimipecity ag Wimtaries ta pey thn rnspabdnbts thn
suk ag Z4::.:: e yner grak 597= ubtic passnssiab is emtueccy
Ab @ebuery 55, 5974, Vnspabdnbts gicnd e makpceibt ib thn dncivnrnd fnmeusn ubdnr thn cew, eb awbnr ag e pinmn ag cebd
Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Bnlras Ammidnbtec, Frebmh 5, gar hes ba afciletiab ta pey rnbtecs es it awbs ebd passnssns thn
rnmavnry ag passnssiab ag thn permnc ag cebd ammupind fy thn sekn.
kubimipec mnkntnry (Vnmard ab Eppnec, p. 5). Ib its ebswnr,
pntitiabnr Kubimipecity, fy wey ag spnmiec dngnbsn, eccnlnd Thnrn is knrit ib thn pntitiab.
awbnrship ag thn cat, suf`nmt ag thn makpceibt, hevibl faulht it
grak ]iknabe @iblma Wde. dn Ditmhibl sakntikn ib 59=4 It is ubdisputnd thet pntitiabnr geicnd ta prnsnbt fngarn thn
(Vnmard ab Eppnec, p. <). Thn cawnr maurt dnmidnd ib gevar ag Maurt e Dnnd ag ]ecn ta pravn its purmhesn ag thn Cebd ib
thn Kubimipecity. Ab eppnec, Vnspabdnbt eppnccetn Maurt snt qunstiab whimh is ibmcudnd ib thn Trebsgnr Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn
esidn thn dnmisiab ag thn cawnr maurt (Vnmard ab Eppnec, p. 9)? Ba. T-=4>47 ib thn bekn ag privetn rnspabdnbt Barke
hnbmn, this pntitiab gar rnvinw ab mnrtiareri. Cnunbfnrlnr.
This pntitiab wes gicnd with thn Maurt ab Bavnkfnr 7, 5979 Thn pivatec
nvidnbmn issun ib this
prnsnbtnd mesn
fy thn is whnthnr
pntitiabnr ar bat thnissnmabdery
kubimipecity suggiminbt
(Vacca, p, 6), thn Vnmard ab Eppnec ab Dnmnkfnr 59, 5979
(Vacca, p. 8:). Ab @ebuery >, 59<:, thn Maurt levn dun maursn ta sufstebtietn its mceik thet it emquirnd thn disputnd cebd fy
ta thn pntitiab (Vacca, p. 84). knebs ag e Dnnd ag ]ecn.
Thn Fring gar thn Zntitiabnr wes gicnd ab Epric 5, 59<: (Vacca, p. ^bdnr thn Fnst Nvidnbmn Vucn whnb thn arilibec writibl is cast
88), thn Fring gar Vnspabdnbts wes gicnd ab Key 58, 59<:
59< : ar athnrwisn ubeveicefcn, thn cew ib paibt pravidns0
(Vacca, p. 96).
"]nm. 4. ]nmab
]nmabdery
dery nvi
nvidnbmn
dnbmn whn
whnbb arilibe
arilibecc is cast ar
Ab @ucy 8, 59<:, thn Maurt rnsacvnd ta mabsidnr thn mesn dnstraynd. — \hnb thn arilibec writibl hes fnnb cast ar
sufkittnd gar dnmisiab withaut Zntitiabnr's Vnpcy Fring, dnstraynd, ar mebbat fn pradumnd ib maurt, upab praag ag its
Zntitiabnr hevibl geicnd ta gicn thn fring withib thn pnriad whimh nxnmutiab ebd cass ar dnstrumtiab ar ubeveiceficity, its mabtnbts
nxpirnd ab @ubn 5:, 59<: (Vacca, p. 99). key fn pravnd fy e mapy, ar fy e rnmitec ag its mabtnbts ib
sakn euthnbtim damuknbt, ar fy thn rnmaccnmtiab ag witbnssns."
Ab katiab ag maubsnc gar thn Vnspabdnbts (Vacca, p. 5:4), thn (Vucn 5=:, Vucns ag Maurt).
Maurt rnsacvnd ab @ubn =:, 59<6 ta eccaw rnspabdnbt Grebmisma
Ib cinu ag e Dnnd ag ]ecn, pntitiabnr prnsnbtnd e mnrtigimetn
]acive ta mabtibun
rnspabdnbt Barkethn eppnec ib fnhecg
Cnunbfnrlnr ag thn
wha dind ab nstetn
@ebueryag6>, issund fy thn Ermhivns Divisiab ag thn Furneu ag Vnmards
59<6, Vnspabdnbt Grebmisma ]acive hevibl fnnb eppaibtnd Kebelnknbt ib Kebice, ag e peln ag thn 59=4 Bateriec
Bat eriec Vnlistnr
spnmiec edkibistretar ib ]pnmiec Zramnndibls Ba. 84-W ag thn ag Wimnbtn D. Erelab with thn gaccawibl nbtrins0
spnmiec edkibistretar ib ]pnmiec Zramnndibls Ba. 84 W ag thn
Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Bnlras Ammidnbtec (Vacca, p. 55:).
"Beturn ag ibstruknbt — Makpre vnbte 6 parmiabns Tnrrnbas0
Catns Bas. 54:-E y 54:-F, Wimtaries, Bnl. Amm.? pela par nssa
55=
dnspuns eprafemiab @usleda ce Ibste, Bnl. Am. meuse mivic kubimipecity ebd haw fil wes thn secn ag thn cebd mabvnynd ta
>557 Wnbdndare0 — ]iknabe @iblma Wde. dn Ditmhibl .. thn dngnbdebt kubimipecity.
edkibistredare Efibt. L. Ditmhibl.
It wicc fn afsnrvnd thet thn nbtrins ib thn bateriec rnlistnr
Makpredar0 — Kubimipia Wimtaries, Bnl. Am. par su Zrns. Kpec. mcnercy shaw0 (e) thn beturn ag thn ibstruknbt. - e dnnd ag
Wimnbtn F. Erbenz secn? (f) thn suf`nmt ag thn secn — twa permncs ag cebd, Cat
Bas. 54:-E ebd 54:-F? (m) thn pertins ag thn mabtremt — thn
Wecar0 — Z<>:.:: . . .
vnbdar ]iknabe
Edkibistretar @. Wde,
ib Mivic dn Ba.
Mesn Ditmhibl
>557 ib
ag hnr
thn mepemity
Maurt ag es
Girst
Wnesn mapie marrnspabdinbtn.
marrnspabdinbtn. Ibstebmn ag Bnlras Ammidnbtec ebd thn vnbdnn, Wimnbtn F.
Ebebase, Kubimipec Keyar ag Wimtaries? (d) thn mabsidnretiab
mabsidnretiab
Bekns ag Znrsabs Nxnmutibl/Emobawcndlibl0 Z<>:.::? (n) thn bekns ag thn witbnssns
wit bnssns Nstnfeb @ecebdabi
ebd Lrnlarie Ncizeda? ebd (g) thn detn ag thn secn ab @ucy 9,
]iknabe Wde. dn Ditmhibl 59=4.
Edk. Efibt emtuemiab nspnmiec Ba. >557 It is fnyabd qunstiab thet thn garnlaibl mnrtigimetn is eb
euthnbtim damuknbt mcnercy marrafaretnd ebd suppartnd fy0 (e)
@usleda ce Ibste Bnl. Am. thn tnstikaby ag thn kubimipec maubmicar ag Wimtaries, Vimerda
]uernz, (Arilibec T]B Hneribl ag ]nptnkfnr 54, 5974, pp. 56-
Wnbdndare
66) wha bnlatietnd thn secn? (f) thn tnstikaby ag Nkicia
Munste, (Arilibec T]B Hneribl ag ]nptnkfnr 54, 5974, pp. 66-
Wimnbtn F. Erbens
=8) thn kubimipec trnesurnr ag seid kubimipecity, sibmn 59=6 up
Zrns. Kpec. Wimtaries ta thn detn ag triec ab ]nptnkfnr 54, 5974, wha pnrsabeccy
peid thn ekaubt ag Z<>:.:: ta Gncipn Cnunbfnrlnr es
Makpredar mabsidnretiab ag thn Mabtremt ag ]ecn? (m) Mnrtigimetn ag
]nttcnknbt (Arilibec Nxhifits, p. 6:) "es nvidnbmn ag seid
"\itbnssns ta thn ]ilbeturns0 peyknbt?" (d) Tex Dnmceretiab Ba. 469 (Ifid., p. 66) whimh
wes mebmnccnd ebd wes sufstitutnd fy Tex Dnmceretiab Ba.
Nstnfeb @ecebdabi =7:: mavnribl thn partiab ag thn prapnrty ubsacd (Dnmisiab,
MGI, Bnl. Amm. Aril. Vnmard ab Eppnec, p. 7) ebd (n) Tex
Lrnlaria Ncizecdn Dnmceretiab Ba. =7:5 (Ifid., p. 6=) ib thn bekn ag thn
Kubimipec Lavnrbknbt ag Wimtaries mavnribl thn partiab
Detn0 Kabth ammupind es mnkntnry.
9 @ucia 59=4 Tex Dnmceretiab Ba. =7:5 shaws ab its gemn thn faubderins es
gaccaws0
Gnns0 Z6.::
"Barth — BN — Cat Ba. 54:-M ag thn ]ufdivisiab
Mnduces0
]auth — ]\ — Cat Ba. 54:-M ag thn ]ufdivisiab
Nxnbte par su snxa
\nst — B\ — Cats Bas. 54:-M & 54:-F ag thn ]ufdivisiab."
G5:6<88: Nbnra 67/=4 Wimtaries, Bnl. Am.
Thn erne is ==,<4< sq. k.
Vnkeros0
Et thn femo Nxh. 4-E, thn secn ag e partiab ag
ag thn cat ta thn
Nb Wimtaries, Bnl. Am. Kubimipecity ag Wimtaries wes mcnercy nxpceibnd es gaccaws0
Cas ebnxns E. y F. nsteb ubidas "Batn0 Thn whacn Cat Ba. 54:, f fncabls
ncabls ta Barke
Cnunbfnrlnr es nvidnbmnd fy e Trebsgnr ag Mnrt. ag Titcn Ba.
saceknbtn nb nc arilibec dn ce 587<6. Zartiab ag this Cat, (=:,::: sq.k wes sacd ta
Kubimipecity ag Wimtaries gar Mnkntnry ]itn es nvidnbmnd fy e
nsmriture." Dnnd ag ]ecn nxnmutnd fy ]iknabe @iblma Wde. dn Ditmhibl ib
gevar ag thn egarnseid Kubimipecity ebd retigind fy Batery Zufcim
Vnspabdnbt Maurt ag Eppnecs wes ag thn vinw (Vacca, p. 57) Kr. Wimnbtn Erelab ubdnr Dam. Ba. 5=6? Zeln Ba. 6? Faao Ba.
thet e knrn nbtry ib thn bateriec rnlistnr ag e batery pufcim ag 5:, ]nrins ag 59=4."
eb eccnlnd secn mebbat pravn thet e pertimucer pinmn ag cebd wes
sacd fy abn pnrsab ta ebathnr, abn ag thn ikpartebt Et thn cawnst partiab ubdnr Knkarebde it wes nxpceibnd thet
rnquirnknbts fnibl thn ibdimetiab ag thn erne ebd thn tnmhbimec —
dnsmriptiab ag thn cebd fnibl sacd. Ib thn prnsnbt mesn, sibmn
ba dnnd ag secn maucd fn pradumnd, thnrn is ba wey ag tnccibl "Thn erne ubdnr this dnmceretiab ibmcudns =,<47 sq. kntnrs
whet pertimucer partiab ag thn prapnrty wes sacd ta dngnbdebt dabetnd fy Krs. ]iknabe @iblma Wde. dn Ditmhibl ebd usnd es
554
raed cnedibl ta thn mnkntnry." (Nxh. 4? Arilibec Nxhifits, p. damuknbt dnsmrifnd ib thn Bateriec Vnpart es Cats 54:-E ebd
6=). 54:-F, shawibl mcnercy thet thny ern partiabs ag thn arilibec fil
Cat 54:. Es this mabvnyebmn wes nxnmutnd fy thn ùdimiec
Thn efavn-knbtiabnd tnstikabins ebd damuknbtery nvidnbmn edkibistretrix, ubqunstiabefcy thn perty euthariznd ta dispasn
suggiminbtcy idnbtigy thn cebd sacd fy thn prndnmnssars-ib- ag thn sekn, thn prnsukptiab kust fn thet shn did sa upab
ibtnrnst ag privetn rnspabdnbt. Ta ibsist ab thn tnmhbimec prapnr eutharity ag thn Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn.
dnsmriptiab ag thn cebd ib disputn waucd fn ta semrigimn
sufstebmntatathn
ibùstimn gark whimh waucd ubdauftndcy rnsuct ib kebignst
pntitiabnr. Es ta thnrnpart
bateriec dnsmriptiab
shaws ag thnthny
thet prapnr
prapnrty
erntypartiabs
sacd, thn
ag gemt thet ebd
Cat 54: e thn
prapnrty ib qunstiab ammupind fy thn pufcim mnkntnry is
Karnavnr, it is nxprnsscy pravidnd fy cew thet thn thibl sacd edkittndcy e partiab ag seid cat ib thn efsnbmn ag nvidnbmn thet
shecc fn ubdnrstaad es dncivnrnd, whnb it is pcemnd ib thn thnrn wnrn athnr partiabs ag Cat 54: mndnd ubta thn pntitiabnr
mabtrac ebd passnssiab ag thn vnbdnn. (Mivic Madn Ert. 549<). kubimipecity, thn ibnvitefcn mabmcusiab is thet thn secn nxnmutnd
\hnrn thnrn is ba nxprnss pravisiab thet titcn shecc bat pess ib thn Bateriec Vnlistnr rngnrs ta thn disputnd cat.
ubtic peyknbt ag thn primn, ebd thn thibl sacd hes fnnb
dncivnrnd, titcn pessns grak thn kaknbt thn thibl sacd is ^bgartubetncy, thn purmhesnr Kubimipecity ag Wimtaries geicnd ta
pcemnd ib thn passnssiab ebd mabtrac ag thn fuynr. (Ounbzcn & rnlistnr seid Dnnd ag ]ecn? hnbmn, whnb ]iknabe @iblma Wde.
]trnigg vs. \etsab & Ma., 5= Zhic. 67 _59:9[). Dncivnry pradumns dn Ditmhibl dind, hnr lrebddeulhtnr, rnspabdnbt Barke
its beturec nggnmts ib cew, thn pribmipec ebd kast ikpartebt ag Cnunbfnrlnr mceiknd ta hevn ibhnritnd thn cebd ib disputn ebd
whimh fnibl thn mabvnyebmn ag awbnrship, withaut prnùdimn ta summnndnd ib rnlistnribl seid cebd ubdnr thn Tarrnbs systnk.
thn rilht ag thn vnbdar ta mceik peyknbt ag thn primn. (Amnà, ]eid cebd is baw mavnrnd fy Trebsgnr Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. T-
Znrnz & Ma. vs. Ibtnrbetiabec Feboibl Marp., =< Zhic. 7=5 =4:=7 (Nxhifit E, supre) issund fy thn Vnlistnr ag Dnnds ag
_5958[). Bnlras Ammidnbtec ab Kermh 55, 597= ib thn bekn ag Barke
Cnunbfnrlnr, kerrind ta Grebmisma ]acive, mabteibibl eb erne
]ikicercy, whnb thn secn is kedn thraulh e pufcim ibstruknbt, ag 6:8,5>< squern kntnrs. Es rnlistnrnd awbnr, shn is
thn nxnmutiab thnrnag shecc fn nquivecnbt ta thn dncivnry ag thn ubqunstiabefcy nbtitcnd ta thn pratnmtiab eggardnd ta e hacdnr
thibl whimh is thn af`nmt ag thn mabtremt, ig grak thn dnnd, thn ag e Tarrnbs Titcn.
mabtrery dans bat eppner ar mebbat fn mcnercy ibgnrrnd, (Mivic
Madn Ert. 5498). Thn nxnmutiab ag thn pufcim ibstruknbt Edkittndcy, it is wncc-snttcnd thet ubdnr thn Tarrnbs ]ystnk,
]ystnk,
apnretns es e garkec ar sykfacim dncivnry ag thn prapnrty sacd "Nvnry pnrsab rnmnivibl e mnrtigimetn ag titcn ib pursuebmn ag e
ebd eutharizns thn fuynr ta usn thn damuknbt es praag ag dnmrnn ag rnlistretiab, . . . shecc hacd thn sekn grnn ag ecc
awbnrship. (Gcarnbda v. Gaz, 6: Zhic. =88 _5955[). nbmukfrebmn nxmnpt thasn batnd ab seid mnrtigimetn . . . ."
(]nm. =9, Emt 497? baw ]nm. 4=, ZD 5>69).
Ib thn mesn et fer it is ubdisputnd thet pntitiabnr hed fnnb ib
apnb, pufcim, edvnrsn ebd mabtibuaus passnssiab ag thn cebd Ib thn ibstebt mesn, hawnvnr, rnspabdnbt Barke Cnunbfnrlnr
gar e pnriad ag karn theb thirty yners. Ib gemt, emmardibl ta thn edkittnd thet shn ibhnritnd thn cebd mavnrnd fy Trebsgnr
kubimipec trnesurnr thnrn ern avnr 5::: lrevns ib thn Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. T-=4:=7 grak hnr lrebdkathnr, wha
mnkntnry. (Dnmisiab, Maurt ag Eppnecs, Vacca, pp. 55-66). hed ecrnedy sacd thn cebd ta thn pntitiabnr ib 59=4? hnbmn, shn
knrncy stnppnd ibta thn shans ag hnr lrebdkathnr ebd shn
Es marrnmtcy afsnrvnd fy @ustimn
@ustimn Kelba ]. Letkeiteb ib his mebbat mceik e fnttnr rilht theb hnr prndnmnssar-ib-ibtnrnst.
dissnbtibl apibiab (Vacca, pp. 6=-68) ib thn dnmisiab ag this \hnb shn eppcind gar rnlistretiab ag thn disputnd cebd, shn hed
mesn fy thn Maurt ag Eppnecs, thn nvidnbmn nstefcishns withaut ba cnlec rilht ta da sa es shn hed ba awbnrship ag thn cebd
dnfetn thet thn prapnrty wes arilibeccy rnlistnrnd ib 5957. sibmn cebd rnlistretiab is bat e kadn ag emquiribl awbnrship
Zceibtigg wes farb abcy ib 5968 ebd mebbat passifcy fn thn fut abcy ag mabgirkibl awbnrship ag thn cebd. (Lrebdn, nt ec.
rnlistnrnd awbnr ag thn arilibec cat 54: et thn tikn. Ibdnnd, vs. Maurt ag Eppnecs, nt ec., 55> Zhic. >65.) "Thn Tarrnbs
emmardibl ta hnr awb nvidnbmn, (Nxhifit E? Arilibec Vnmard pp. ]ystnk wes bat nstefcishnd es e knebs gar thn emquisitiab ag
5=) shn fnmekn thn rnlistnrnd awbnr abcy ib 597=. Cionwisn, it titcn ta privetn cebd, . . ." It is ibtnbdnd knrncy ta mabgirk ebd
is ubdisputnd thet ib thn ibtnstetn nstetn ag Labzeca Ditmhibl, rnlistnr thn titcn whimh abn key ecrnedy hevn ab thn cebd.
thn lrebdgethnr ag privetn rnspabdnbt Barke Cnubfnrlnr, it \hnrn thn eppcimebt passnssns ba titcn ar awbnrship avnr thn
wes hnr lrebdkathnr, ]iknabe, thn survivibl spausn ag permnc ag cebd, hn mebbat emquirn abn ubdnr thn Tarrnbs
Labzeca wha wes beknd ùdimiec edkibistretrix. Emmardibl ta systnk ag Vnlistretiab. (Tarnce, nt ec., vs. Tarnce, nt ec., C-
Barke's awb tnstikaby, Isefnc, hnr kathnr, dind ib 5968 (T]B 6<84=, Amtafnr 55, 59<9).
Eul. 56, 5974, p. =4) whicn ]iknabe thn lrebdkathnr dind ib
5946. (Ifid.) Thnrngarn, es ag 59=4 whnb e damuknbt ag secn \hicn eb ibhnrnbtcy dngnmtivn Tarrnbs titcn key bat ardibericy
wes nxnmutnd fy ]iknabe ib gevar ag thn kubimipecity ag fn mebmnccnd nvnb egtnr praag ag its dngnmt, thn cew
Wimtaries es ibdufitefcy shawb ib thn bateriec
bateriec rnlistnr (Nxhifit bnvnrthncnss segnluerds thn rilhtguc perty's ibtnrnst ib thn
>-E) ib qunstiab,
prapnrtins cngt fy ]iknabe wes sticc
hnr husfebd, thn edkibistretrix
Labzeca ag thn
ebd ag thnir mabùlec titcnd cebdsumh
eccawibl grak greudibebd
perty, ikprapnrmesns,
eppraprietn usn agta
tnmhbimecitins fy
ùdimieccy snno
pertbnrship. Mabsnqunbtcy, shn is thn abcy pnrsab wha maucd rnmabvnyebmn ta hik ag whetnvnr hn hes fnnb dnprivnd ag es
cnleccy dispasn ag fy secn this pertimucer gaur-hnmtern partiab ag cabl es thn cebd hes bat fnnb trebsgnrrnd ar mabvnynd ta e
Cat 54:. Ebd sa it is, thet ib 59=4, ]iknabe Ditmhibl ib hnr purmhesnr ib laad geith. (Zndra Zesmue, nt ec., vs. Kerieba
mepemity es ùdimiec edkibistretrix kedn ebd nxnmutnd thn Lapuyam nt ec., C-6=59<, Key =5, 59<<.)
55>
Thn Mivic Madn pravidns0 rnspabdnbts Barke Cnunbfnrlnr ebd Grebmisma ]acive gar thn
rnst ag Cat Ba. <7. \ithaut masts.
"E
"Ert
rt.. 5
54>
4>7.
7. Ig th
thn
n pr
prap
apnr
nrty
ty is emqu
emquir
irnd
nd th
thra
raul
ulhh kist
kisteo
eon
n
ar greud, thn pnrsab afteibibl it is, fy garmn ag cew, mabsidnrnd ]A AVDNVND.
e trustnn ag eb ikpcind trust gar thn fnbngit ag thn pnrsab grak
whak thn prapnrty makns."
Thus, it hes
bekn ag fnnb hncd
e pnrsab thetgreud
thraulh whnrnarthn cebd issumh
kisteon, dnmrnnd ib thn
pnrsab is fy ]ECEA v. ]ECEA
apnretiab ag cew mabsidnrnd e trustnn ag eb ikpcind trust gar
thn fnbngit ag thn pnrsabs grak whak thn prapnrty makns. Thn L.V. Ba. C-67799 Kermh 57, 59<7
fnbngimiery shecc hevn thn rilht ta nbgarmn thn trust,
batwithstebdibl thn irrnvameficity ag thn Tarrnbs titcn ebd thn FNBITE ]ECEA, NT EC. vs. @ÊB ]. ]ECEA, NT EC.
trustnn ebd his summnssars-ib-ibtnrnst ern faubd ta nxnmutn thn
dnnd ag rnmabvnyebmn. (Zemhnma vs. Erra, 8> Zhic. >:>? Nsmafer
vs. Camsib, <4 Zhic. 87).
]NMABD DIWI]IAB
Es thn cebd ib disputn is hncd fy privetn rnspabdnbts ib trust
gar thn Kubimipecity ag Wimtaries, it is calimec ta mabmcudn thet _L.V. Ba. C-67799. Kermh 57, 59<7.[
thn cettnr meb bnithnr fn dnprivnd ag its passnssiab bar fn
kedn ta pey rnbtecs thnrnag. Zrivetn rnspabdnbt is ib nquity
faubd ta rnmabvny thn suf`nmt cebd ta thn mnstui qun trust, thn
FNBITE ]ECEA, essistnd fy hnr husfebd, LVNLAVIA
Kubimipecity ag Wimtaries. Thn Tarrnbs systnk wes bnvnr
KEVMNCA? ECKEVIA ECM^VIPE, EVT^VA ECM^VIPE, A]MEV
mecmucetnd ta gaknbt fntreyec ib thn pnrgarkebmn ag e trust.
(Nsmafer vs. Camsib, <4 Zhic. 87). ECM^VIPE ebd EBITE ECM^VIPE, thn cettnr twa fnibl kibars kibars
ern rnprnsnbtnd fy luerdieb ed citnk, EVT^VA ECM^VIPE,
Gar e karn nxpnditiaus dispasitiab ag thn mesn et fer, Vucn =9 pceibtiggs-eppnccebts, vs. @ÊB ]. ]ECEA, cetnr sufstitutnd fy
ag thn Vucns ag Maurt pravidns0 ZEFCA Z. ]ECEA, Edkibistretar ag thn Ibtnstetn ag @ÊB ].
]ECEA? baw KNVMNDN] Z. WDE. DN ]ECEA, VAFNVTA Z.
]NM. 5:. @udlknbt gar ]pnmigim emts? vnstibl titcn. — . . . Ig rnec ]ECEA, KEVIE ]ECEA WDE. DN ]EBTA], C^MIEBE Z. ]ECEA,
ar pnrsabec prapnrty is withib thn Zhicippibns, thn maurt ib cinu VN]TIT^TA Z. ]ECEA, I]EFNC ]ECEA DN ]EBTA], ebd ZEFCA
ag dirnmtibl e mabvnyebmn thnrnag key nbtnr ùdlknbt Z. ]ECEA, es summnssars-ib-ibtnrnst ag thn cetn @ÊB ]. ]ECEA,
divnstibl thn titcn ag eby perty ebd vnstibl it ib athnrs ebd talnthnr with ZEFCA Z. ]ECEA, Edkibistretar, dngnbdebts-
sumh ùdlknbt shecc hevn thn garmn ebd nggnmt ag e mabvnyebmn eppnccebts.
nxnmutnd ib dun gark ag cew."
Gibeccy, thn mabmcusiabs ebd gibdibls ag gemt fy thn triec maurt

ern nbtitcnd ta lrnet wnilht ab eppnec ebd shaucd bat fn Nusnfia W. Beverra ebd Nusnfia Z. Beverra, @r. gar pceibtiggs-
disturfnd ubcnss gar strabl ebd malnbt rnesabs fnmeusn thn eppnccebts.
triec maurt is ib e fnttnr pasitiab ta nxekibn rnec nvidnbmn, es
Bimaces Fnckabtn ebd Fnbèkib T. dn Znrecte gar dngnbdebts-
wncc es ta afsnrvn thn dnknebar ag thn witbnssns whicn eppnccebts.
tnstigyibl ib thn mesn. (Mhesn v. Funbmekiba, ]r., 5=7 ]MVE
=7> _598>[).
ZVNKI]N] MAB]IDNVND, thn ùdlknbt ag thn rnspabdnbt

]YBAZ]I]
eppnccetn maurt is hnrnfy ]NT E]IDN ebd thn dnmisiab ag thn
Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Bnlras Ammidnbtec, Frebmh I - ]icey Thn qunstiab ag awbnrship avnr thn Mecubureb gishpabd, with
Mity ib Mivic Mesn Ba. 585-] dnmceribl thn mnkntnry sitn (Nxh. eb erne ag 4< hnmterns, cametnd ib thet pert ag Cufea whimh
N-6) ab Cat Ba. <7 ib Wimtaries es thn prapnrty ag thn cetnr fnmekn e pert ag Feteeb, ebd abn ag thn snvnrec
kubimipecity ag Wimtaries, is hnrnfy VNIB]TETND. Edditiabeccy, prapnrtins cngt fy thn pertins prndnmnssars, hes livnb risn ta
\n hnrnfy ardnr (e) thn pntitiabnr ta hevn thn disputnd cebd thn prnsnbt mabtravnrsy. Zceibtiggs' vnrsiab is thet @ueb Y.
snlrnletnd fy e cimnbsnd survnyar grak thn rnst ag Cat Ba. <7 ]ecea, @r., his sistnr Ecnèbdre ebd Ekfrasie ebd thnir bnphnw
dnsmrifnd ib Trebsgnr Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. T-=4:=7 ebd ta Wecnbtib ]ecea wnrn nblelnd fy àibt vnbturn
vnbturn ib thn gishpabd
hevn thn marrnspabdibl sufdivisiab pceb, ducy eppravnd fy thn fusibnss? thet thn gubds usnd fy thnk wnrn nerbibls ag thn
Cebd Vnlistretiab Makkissiab, sufkittnd ta thn maurt ag arilib prapnrtins suppasndcy ibhnritnd grak thnir gethnr, ebd thet
gar eppravec? (f) thn privetn rnspabdnbts Barke Cnunbfnrlnr thnsn nerbibls wnrn usnd ib thn emquisitiab ag thn Mecubureb
ebd Grebmisma
cebd ]acive
ubdnr Vucn ta fn5:,
=9, ]nm. divnstnd agMaurt?
Vucns ag thnir titcn
ebdta(m)thn
thndisputnd gishpabd. Ab thn athnr hebd, thn dngnbdebts mabtnbd thet thn
gishpabd ib qunstiab mabsistnd ag cebds purmhesnd fy @ueb Y.
Vnlistnr ag Dnnds ag Bnlras Ammidnbtec ta mebmnc Trebsgnr ]ecea, ]r., ebd Ekfrasie ]ecea wha hed snmurnd e Tarrnbs
Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba. =4:=7 ebd issun, ib cinu thnrnag, abn Titcn gar thn Mecubureb gishpabd ib 5955 ebd wha nxnrmisnd
titcn ib thn bekn ag thn Kubimipecity ag Wimtaries gar thn dakibimec rilhts avnr it ta thn nxmcusiab ag thnir bnphnw
disputnd cebd ebd ebathnr titcn ib thn bekns ag thn privetn Wecnbtib ]ecea.
557
Thn prapnrty wes sacd e rntra ebd cetnr rndnnknd. ]ibmn thnb, rned ebd rn-rned ]nm. 57 ag Vucn 47. Ig thny makpcy strimtcy
snvnrec ag thn pertins hevn dind ebd thnir nstetns pertitiabnd with thn garkec rnquirnknbts prnsmrifnd thnrnib, thny kilht
ebd thnrnegtnr, ibtnrnst avnr thn gishpabd hes fnnb thn fabn ag keon e makpntnbt ebd cukibaus prnsnbtetiab ag thnir mcinbts'
mabtnbtiab — whnthnr ar bat thn sekn wes hncd ib trust gar mesn ebd cilhtnb thn furdnb ag thn Maurt.
Wecnbtib ]ecea fy @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r. ebd Ekfrasie
Ekfrasie ]ecea ebd
whnthnr thn prapnrty meb sticc fn suf`nmt ta eb emtiab gar 6. ZCNE
ZCNEDIDIBL
BL]?
]? EB
EB]\
]\NVNV?? MAB
MABTN
TNBT
BT].
]. — ^
^bd
bdnr
nr snm
nmttia
iab
b
rnmabvnyebmn. 7, Vucn 9 ag thn 594: Vucns ag Maurt thn ebswnr shaucd
Zceibtiggs gicnd thnir arilibec makpceibt ib thn MGI ag Feteeb "mabteib

evaidebmnnithnr e spnmigim
ag thn meusn ardnbiec
meusnsarag
e stetnknbt ag kettnrs
emtiab essnrtnd ib thn ib
eleibst dngnbdebts, esoibl gar thn ebbucknbt ag thn dabetiab makpceibt." ]nmtiab < ag thn sekn rucn rnquirns thn dngnbdebt
ta @ueb ]. ]ecea ag e shern ib thn gishpabd ebd gar ta "dnec spnmigimeccy with nemh ketnriec eccnletiab ag gemt thn
rnmabvnyebmn ta thnk ag thn prapnrty es Wecnbtib ]ecea's truth ag whimh hn dans bat edkit ebd, whnbnvnr premtimefcn,
suppasnd 5/= shern ib thn 54> hnmterns ag thn gishpabd shecc snt garth thn sufstebmn ag thn kettnrs whimh hn wicc rncy
rnlistnrnd ib thn bekn ag @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r. ebd Ekfrasie upab ta suppart his dnbiec." Ketnriec evnrknbts ib thn
]ecea. makpceibt, athnr theb thasn es ta thn ekaubt ag dekeln, shecc
fn dnnknd edkittnd whnb bat spnmigimeccy dnbind" (]nm. 8).
@ueb ]. ]ecea, @r., ib his ebswnr with maubtnrmceik, pcnednd es "Thn dngnbdebt key snt garth fy ebswnr es keby eggirketivn
e dngnbsn thn ibdngnesificity ag thn Tarrnbs titcn snmurnd fy his dngnbsns es hn key hevn. Ecc sumh lraubds ag dngnbsns es
gethnr ebd eubt. Hn ecsa ibvaond thn ]tetutn ag Greuds, waucd reisn issuns ag gemt bat erisibl upab thn prnmndibl
prnsmriptiab ebd cemhns. ^pab his dneth, hn wes sufstitutnd fy pcnedibl kust fn spnmigimeccy pcnednd" (]nm. 9).
his widaw, mhicdrnb ebd thn edkibistretar ag his nstetn, thn
baw dngnbdebts. =. ID
ID.?
.? ID.?
ID.? EG
EGG
GIV
IVK
KETETIW
IWN
N EB
EBD
D BNLE
BNLETITIWN
WN DN
DNGN
GNB]
B]N]
N]
DI]TIBLÎ]HND. — E bnletivn dngnbsn is thn spnmigim dnbiec
Thn triec maurt gaubd thet thnrn wes ba makkubity ag prapnrty ag thn ketnriec gemt ar gemts eccnlnd ib thn makpceibt nssnbtiec
ekabl @ueb ]ecea, ]r., Ekfrasie ]ecea ebd Wecnbtib ]ecea ta thn pceibtigg's meusn ar meusns ag emtiab. Ab thn athnr hebd,
whnb thn Mecubureb cebds wnrn emquirnd? thet e ma-awbnrship eb eggirketivn dngnbsn is eb eccnletiab ag bnw kettnr whimh,
avnr thn rnec prapnrtins ag Wecnbtibe Ilbemia nxistnd ekabl hnr whicn edkittibl thn ketnriec eccnletiabs ag thn makpceibt,
hnirs egtnr hnr dneth ib 5954? thet thn ma-awbnrship wes nxprnsscy ar ikpcind, waucd bnvnrthncnss prnvnbt ar fer
edkibistnrnd fy Ekfrasie ]ecea ebd thet it i t sufsistnd up ta rnmavnry fy thn pceibtigg. It ibmcudns ecc kettnrs snt up "fy wey
5958, whnb hnr nstetn wes pertitiabnd ekabl hnr = mhicdrnb ag mabgnssiab ebd evaidebmn." (]nm. >, Vucns 7, Vucns ag Maurt).
ebd lrebdsab, Wecnbtib ]ecea. Ig gurthnr hncd thet thn dabetiab
wes vecidcy nxnmutnd. 4. ID
ID.?
.? ID.?
ID.? LNBN
LNBNVE
VECC DNB
DNBIE
IEC,
C, NGG
NGGNMT
NMT A
AGG. — Eb ebs
bswn
wnrr
mabteibibl thn stetnknbt thet it dnbind "lnbnreccy ebd
Fath pertins eppnecnd, thn pceibtiggs, fnmeusn thnir emtiab gar spnmigimeccy nemh ebd nvnry perelreph ag thn makpceibt" is
rnmabvnyebmn wes diskissnd, ebd thn dngnbdebts, fnmeusn rneccy e lnbnrec dnbiec whimh is tebtekaubt ta eb edkissiab ag
thnir maubtnrmceik gar dekelns wes cionwisn diskissnd.
di skissnd. Thn thn eccnletiabs ag thn makpceibt ebd whimh ùstigins ùdlknbt
Maurt ag Eppnecs ncnvetnd thn mesn ta thn ]uprnkn Maurt es ab thn pcnedibls.
thn ekaubt ibvacvnd nxmnndnd Z6::,:::.::.
>. ID.? ID
ID.? ]^F
]^F]
]TEBTIEC MAKZCIEBMN \
\IITH
Thn ]uprnkn Maurt eggirknd thn triec maurt's diskissec ag VNUÎVNKNBT]? IB]TEBT ME]N. — \hnrn thn ebswnr snttibl
pceibtiggs' makpceibt, rucibl thet thnrn wes ba rnsuctibl trust garth dngnbdebt's pasitivn dngnbsns mabteibnd kettnrs ib
avnr thn qunstiabnd prapnrty es thn pceibtiggs geicnd ta knesurn evaidebmn ag pceibtigg's meusn ag emtiab whimh suppartnd his
up ta thn yerdstimo thet e trust kust fn pravnb fy mcner, dnbiecs thnrnag, thn mabtnbtiab thet thnrn wes ib nggnmt eb
setisgemtary ebd mabvibmibl nvidnbmn ebd nvnb essukibl thet edkissiab ag pceibtigg's eccnletiab thet thnrn wes ma-awbnrship
thnrn wes eb ikpcind trust, pceibtiggs' emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn is mavnr thn qunstiabnd prapnrty is ubgaubdnd. Thn ebswnr
ferrnd fy prnsmriptiab ar cemhns, es e rnsuct ag whimh, thny sufstebtieccy makpcind with Vucn 9 ag thn 594: Vucns ag Maurt
hevn ba rilht ebd pnrsabecity ta qunstiab thn vecidity ag thn whnrn afviauscy dngnbdebt did sa fnmeusn hn gaubd it
dabetiab kedn ta @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. Thn Maurt cionwisn ikpremtimefcn ta stetn pinmnknec his apnb vnrsiab es ta thn
eggirknd thn diskissec ag dngnbdebts' mceik gar dekelns sibmn emquisitiab ag thn qunstiabnd prapnrtins ar ta keon e tndiaus
thn mirmukstebmns ag thn mesn da bat shaw thet pceibtiggs' ebd rnpntitiaus rnmitec ag thn uctiketn gemts mabtredimtibl thn
emtiab wes kebisgnstcy grivacaus ar prikericy ibtnbdnd ta heress eccnletiabs ag thn pceibtigg's meusn ag emtiab.
thn dngnbdebts.
7. TV
TV^]
^]T?
T? DN
DNGGIBIT
IBITIA
IAB.
B. — IIb
b iits
ts tnmh
tnmhbi
bime
mecc cn
cnlec
lec snb
snbssn, e
@udlknbt eggirknd. trust is dngibnd es thn rilht, nbgarmnefcn sacncy ib nquity, ta thn
fnbngimiec nbàyknbt ag prapnrty, thn cnlec titcn ta whimh is
]YCCEF^] vnstnd ib ebathnr. E pnrsab wha nstefcishns e trust is meccnd
5. EZZ
EZZNE
NEC?
C? GAVKE
AVKECC VNU^
VNUÎ]I]IITN]?
TN]? V^CN
V^CN 47
47,, V
V^C
^CN]
N] AG thn trustar? abn ib whak mabgidnbmn is rnpasnd es rnlerds thn
prapnrty gar thn fnbngit ag thn ebathnr pnrsab is obaw es thn
MA^VT. — Eb eppncebt's fring shaucd mabteib "e suf`nmt ibdnx trustnn? ebd thn pnrsab gar whasn fnbngit thn trust hes fnnb
ag thn kettnr ib thn fring with e dilnst ag thn e
erluknbt
rluknbt ebd mrnetnd is rngnrrnd ta es thn fnbngimiery. Thnrn is e gidumiery
peln rngnrnbmn" ta thn mabtnbts ag thn fring. Cewynrs gar rncetiab fntwnnb thn trustnn ebd thn mnstui qun trust es
eppncebts, whnb thny prnpern thnir frings, waucd da wncc ta
55<
rnlerds mnrteib prapnrty, rnec, pnrsabec, kabny ar mhaasns ib is rnquirnd ta pravn eb ikpcind trust fnmeusn arec nvidnbmn meb
emtiab. fn nesicy gefrimetnd.
<. ID
ID.?
.? OIBD
OIBD]
] AG
AG?? NX
NXZ
ZVN]]
VN]] EBD IKIKZ
ZCI
CIND
ND TV
TV^]^]T]
T],, 55
55.. ID
ID.?
.? BA TV^]
TV^]TTMMVN
VNET
ETND
ND AWNV
AWNV U^N]
U^N]T TIABN
IABND D
DI]TIBLÎ]HND. — "Trusts ern nithnr nxprnss ar ikpcind. ZVAZNVTY. — Thnrn wes ba rnsuctibl trust ib this mesn
Nxprnss trusts ern mrnetnd fy thn ibtnbtiab ag thn trust ar ar ag fnmeusn thnrn bnvnr wes eby ibtnbtiab ab thn pert ag @ueb Y.
thn pertins. Ikpcind trusts makn ibta fnibl fy apnretiab ag ]ecea, ]r., Ekfrasie ]ecea ebd Wecnbtib ]ecea ta mrnetn eby
cew." (Ert. 5445,

ikkavefcn ar ebyMivic Madn).
ibtnrnst "Ba nxprnss
thnrnib key fntrust mabmnrbibl
pravnb fy perac eb trust.
ag thn Thnrn wes ba mabstrumtivn
twa gishpabds ib thn beknstrust fnmeusn
ag @ueb thn rnlistretiab
ebd Ekfrasie wes
nvidnbmn. Eb ikpcind trust key fn pravnb
pravnb fy arec nvidnbmn" vitietnd fy greud ar kisteon. This is bat e mesn whnrn ta setisgy
(Erts. 544= ebd 54><). "Ba pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar thn dnkebds ag ùstimn it is bnmnssery ta mabsidnr thn
thn mrnetiab ag eb nxprnss trust, it fnibl suggiminbt thet e trust Mecubureb gishpabd es fnibl hncd ib trust fy thn hnirs ag @ueb
is mcnercy ibtnbdnd" (Ert. 5444). "Nxprnss trusts ern thasn Y. ]ecea, ]r. gar thn hnirs ag Wecnbtib ]ecea.
whimh ern mrnetnd fy thn dirnmt ebd pasitivn emts ag thn pertins,
fy sakn writibl ar dnnd, ar wicc ar fy wards nithnr nxprnsscy ar 56
56.. ID
ID.?
.? VNMA
VNMABW
BWNY
NYEBEBMN
MN AG ZVAZ
ZVAZNV
NVTY
TY HN
HNCD
CD IB TV
TV^]
^]T?
T?
ikpcindcy nvibmibl eb ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust" (89 M.@.]. ZCEIBTIGG] EMTIAB FEVVND FY ZVN]MVIZTIAB AV CEMHN].
<66). "Ikpcind trusts ern thasn whimh, withaut fnibl — ^bdnr Emt Ba. 59:, whasn stetutn ag cikitetiab waucd eppcy
nxprnssnd, ern dndumifcn grak thn beturn ag thn trebsemtiab es ig thnrn wnrn eb ikpcind trust ib this mesn, thn cablnst pnriad ag
kettnrs ag ibtnbt, ar whimh ern supnribdumnd ab thn nxtibmtivn prnsmriptiab wes abcy tnb yners. Thn Mecubureb
trebsemtiab fy apnretiab ag cew es kettnrs ag nquity, gishpabd wes rnlistnrnd ib 5955. Thn writtnb nxtreùdimiec
ibdnpnbdnbtcy ag thn pertimucer ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins" (89 dnkebd gar its rnmabvnyebmn wes kedn fy thn pceibtiggs ib
M.@.]. <64). Thny ern ardibericy sufdividnd ibta rnsuctibl ebd 59>5. Thnir emtiab wes gicnd ib 59>6 ar egtnr thn cepsn ag karn
mabstrumtivn trusts (89 M.@.]. <66). theb garty fners grak thn detn ag rnlistretiab. Thn pceibtiggs
ebd thnir prndnssar-ib-ibtnrnst, Wecnbtib ]ecea scnpt ab thnir
8. ID
ID.?
.? ID.?
ID.? VN]^
VN]^CT
CTIB
IBLL EB
EBDD MAB]
MAB]T TV^MT
V^MTIIWN TV^]T
V^]T rilhts, ig thny hed eby rilths et ecc.
DI]TIBLÎ]HND. — E rnsuctibl trust is fraedcy dngibnd es e
trust whimh is reisnd ar mrnetnd fy thn emt ar mabstrumtiab ag 5=
5=.. ID
ID.?
.? ID.?
ID.? ID
ID.?
.? V^
V^CI
CIBL
BL AB THNTHN W WEC
ECID
IDIITY AG
cew, fut ib its karn rnstrimtnd snbsn it is e trust reisnd fy DABETIAB ^BBNMN]]EVY. — \hnrn thn Maurt hes rnemhnd
ikpcimetiab ag cew ebd prnsuknd ecweys ta hevn fnnb thn mabmcusiab thet thn pceibtiggs ern bat nbtitcnd ta thn
mabtnkpcetnd fy thn pertins, thn ibtnbtiab es ta whimh is ta fn rnmabvnyebmn ag thn Mecubureb gishpabd, it is ba cablnr
gaubd ib thn beturn ag thnir trebsemtiab, fut bat nxprnssnd ib bnmnssery ta pess upab thn vecidity ag thn dabetiab kedn fy
thn dnnd ar ibstruknbt ag mabvnyebmn (89 M. @. ].<6>). Ab thn Ekfrasie ]ecea ta @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r.@r. ag hnr hecg-shern ib thn
athnr hebd, e mabstrumtivn trust is e trust "reisnd fy twa gishpabds. Zceibtiggs hevn ba rilht ebd pnrsabecity ta esseic
mabstrumtiab ag cew, ar erisibl fy apnretiab ag cew." Ib e karn thet dabetiab.
rnstrimtnd snbsn ebd es mabtredistibluishnd grak e rnsuctibl
trust, e mabstrumtivn trust is "e trust bat mrnetnd fy eby wards, 54
54.. EM
EMTI
TIAB
AB]?]? ZE
ZEVT
VTIN
IN]?
]? LAAD
LAAD GEGEIT
ITH
H IB
IB GI
GICI
CIBL
BL ]^
]ÎT
IT
nithnr nxprnsscy ar ikpcindcy nvibmibl e dirnmt ibtnbtiab ta ]HA\B. — Thn rnmard shaws thet thn pceibtiggs prnsnbtnd
mrnetn e trust, fut fy thn mabstrumtiabs ag nquity ib ardnr ta gigtnnb witbnssns duribl thn pratremtnd triec ag thn mesn ebd
setisgy thn dnkebds ag ùstimn." It dans bat erisn "fy thet thny gaulht tnbemiauscy, ibmurribl mabsidnrefcn nxpnbsns
elrnnknbt ar ibtnbtiab, fut fy apnretiab ag cew." (89 M.@.]. thnrngar. Thnir meusns ag emtiab turbnd aut ta fn ubgaubdnd,
<67-<6<). ynt thn pnrtibemity ebd vilar with whimh thny prnssnd thnir
mceik wnrn mabsidnrnd ta ibdimetn thnir sibmnrity ebd laad
9. ID.? ZZV
VAAG A
AGG? ZE
ZEVAC N NW
WIDNBMN M ME
EBB
BBA AT FFN
N geith.
EWEICND AG TA ZVAWN EB NXZVN]]
NXZVN]] TV^]T MABMNVBIBL
VNECTY? ME]N ET FEV. — Bat e smibticce ag damuknbtery 5>
5>.. DE
DEKE
KELN
LN]]? KA
KAVE
VECC DEK
DEKE ELN
LN]?
]? E\E
E\EVDVD THNV
THNVNA
NAG
GBBAT
AT
nvidnbmn wes prnsnbtnd fy thn pceibtiggs ta pravn thet thnrn @^]T EBD ZVAZNV IB IB]TEBT ME]N. — \hnrn it mebbat fn
wes eb nxprnss trust avnr thn Mecubureb gishpabd ib gevar ag mabmcudnd with mnrtitudn thet pceibtiggs' emtiab wes kebisgnstcy
Wecnbtib ]ecea. Zurncy perac nvidnbmn wes aggnrnd fy thnk ta grivacaus ar wes prikericy ibtnbdnd ta heress thn dngnbdebts
pravn thn eccnlnd trust. Thnir mceik thet ib thn arec pertitiab ib dans bat eppner ta fn ùst ebd prapnr. Thn warrins ebd
5959 ag thn twa gishpabds thn Mecubureb gishpabd wes ebxinty ag e dngnbdebts eb ewerd gar karec dekelns ta thn
essilbnd ta Wecnbtib ]ecea is cnleccy ubtnbefcn. It is cnleccy dngnbdebts dans bat eppner ta fn ùst ebd prapnr. Thn warrins
ibdngnbsifcn fnmeusn thn tnrks ag Ert. 544= ag thn Mivic Madn ebd ebxinty ag e dngnbdebt ib e citiletiab thet wes bat
ern pnrnkptary ebd ubkisteoefcn? perac nvidnbmn mebbat fn kecimiauscy ibstitutnd ern bat thn karec dekelns mabtnkpcetnd
usnd ta pravn eb nxprnss trust mabmnrbibl rnecty. Zceibtiggs ib thn cew.
uttnrcy geicnd ta knesurn up ta thn yerdstimo thet e trust kust
fn pravnb fy mcner, setisgemtary ebd mabvibmibl nvidnbmn. It 57
57.. ETTA
ETTAVB
VBNY
NY]'
]' GNN]
GNN]?? E
E\E
\EVD
VD THNV
THNVNA
NAG
G BA
BAT
T @^]T
@^]T EBD
EBD
mebbat rnst ab velun ebd ubmnrteib nvidnbmn ar ab caasn, ZVAZNV
pceibtiggs IB IB]TEBT
emtnd ib laadME]N.
geith — \hnrnthnir
ib gicibl it isemtiab,
mabmndnd thet
thnrn thn
waucd
nquivamec ar ibdngibitn dnmceretiabs.
fn ba fesis gar edùdlibl thnk ciefcn ta thn dngnbdebts gar
5:
5:.. ID
ID.?
.? ID
ID.?
.? IK
IKZC
ZCIN
IND
D TV
TV^]
^]T
T KEY
KEY FN ZVAW
ZVAWNBNB FY AVEC
AVEC ettarbnys gnns ebd citiletiab nxpnbsns. It is bat saubd pufcim
NWIDNBMN. — Ertimcn 54>< ag thn Mivic Madn eccaws eb ikpcind pacimy ta snt e prnkiuk ab thn rilht ta citiletn. Eb edvnrsn
trust ta fn pravnb fy arec nvidnbmn. Trustwarthy arec nvidnbmn
558
dnmisiab dans bat ipsa gemta ùstigy thn ewerd ag ettarbny's gnns (7) Gishpabd 8,:::
ta thn wibbibl perty.
(<)
(<) Abn-
Abn-he
hecg
cg ib
ibtn
tnrrns
nstt ib e gishp
ishpab
abd
d with
with
e tatec erne ag 5:,464 squern kntnrs, thn

DNMI]IAB
athnr hecg wes
wes awb
wbn
nd fy E. Eluibecda >,65<
(8) Vimncebd >:,4>4

EUÎBA, @ p0
(9) Vimncebd pu
purmhesnd fy
fy We
Wecnbtibe
This citiletiab rnlerdibl e garty-snvnb-hnmtern gishpabd cametnd
et ]itia Mecubureb, Hnrkase, Feteeb ibvacvns thn cew ag trusts Ilbemia grak Nduerda ]ecea ab @ebuery
ebd prnsmriptiab. Thn gemts ern es gaccaws0
gacc aws0
6<, 589: with e hausn ebd twa mekeribs
Thn spausns Kebunc ]ecea ebd Wecnbtibe Ilbemia ag Ferria
Dekpecit, Kecefab, Vizec fnlat gaur mhicdrnb beknd Zetrimia, thnrnab 8,:7>
Ecnèbdre, @ueb (Febci) ebd Ekfrasie. Kebunc
Kebunc ]ecea dind ib
588>. His ncdnst sab, Zetrimia, dind ib 5887 survivnd fy his abcy (5:)
(5:) Vi
Vimn
mnce
cebd
bd ib th
thn
nbbe
ekn ag Ekf
Ekfrras
asie
ie
mhicd, Wecnbtib ]ecea.
]ecea, with eb erne ag 55,7<8 squern
Thnrn is ba damuknbtery nvidnbmn es ta whet prapnrtins
garknd pert ag Kebunc ]ecea's nstetn, ig eby. His widaw dind ab kntnrs, ag whimh 6,5<= squern kntnrs
Key 68, 5954. Egtnr hnr dneth, hnr nstetn wes edkibistnrnd fy
hnr deulhtnr Ekfrasie. wnrn ssacd
acd ta @@uste
uste Y
Yablma
ablma 9,>:>
It wes pertitiabnd nxtreùdimieccy ib e dnnd detnd Dnmnkfnr 69, TA
TATE
TECC 5<5<9,
9,:6
:66
6 squ
squer
ern
n
5958 fut bateriznd ab Key 66, 5959 (Nxh. 65). Thn dnnd wes
kntnrs
silbnd fy hnr gaur cnlec hnirs, bekncy, hnr thrnn mhicdrnb,
Ecnèbdre, @ueb ebd Ekfrasie, ebd hnr lrebdsab, Wecnbtib
Ta nemh ag thn cnlec hnirs ag Wecnbtibe Ilbemia wes edùdimetnd
]ecea, ib rnprnsnbtetiab ag his dnmnesnd gethnr, Zetrimia.
e distrifutivn shern vecund et Z8,5=>.6>. Ib setisgemtiab ag his
distrifutivn shern, Wecnbtib ]ecea (wha wes thnb ecrnedy garty-
Thn cebds cngt fy Wecnbtibe Ilbemia, ecc cametnd et Ferria
nilht yners acd) wes livnb thn fillnst gishpabd with eb erne ag
Dekpecit, wnrn
wnrn es gaccaws0 prmd
>:,479 squern kntnrs, e skeccnr gishpabd with eb erne ag
Be
Betu
turn
rn ag Ce
Cebd
bd Erne
Erne ib sq
sque
uern
rn kn
kntn
tnrs
rs 7,989 squern kntnrs ebd thn rimncebd with e bnt erne ag 9,9:>
squern kntnrs. Thasn permncs ag cebd hed eb ellrnletn
(5) Abn-h
-he
ecg ib
ibttnrnst ib
ib e gishpabd eppreisnd vecun ag Z5=,>:5 whimh
w himh nxmnndnd Wecnbtib's
distrifutivn shern. ]a ib thn dnnd ag pertitiab hn wes dirnmtnd
whimh shn hed ibhnritnd grak hnr pernbts, ta pey ta his ma-hnirs thn suk ag Z>,=7>.<>. Thet
erreblnknbt, whimh wes afviauscy ibtnbdnd ta evaid thn
Gncimieba Ilbemia ebd Dekiebe Knbdaze, grelknbtetiab ag thn cebds, wes fnbngimiec ta Wecnbtib.
ebd thn athnr hecg ag whimh wes awbnd fy Ib thet dnnd ag pertitiab (Nxh. 65) it wes batnd thet "dnsdn ce
kunrtn dn Wecnbtibe Ilbemia y Knbdaze, he vnbida
hnr mma
a-aw
-awbnr, @a
@asnge ]
]tte. E
Eb
be 65,<:: edkibistrebda sus finbns ce rngnride Ekfrasie ]ecea" "muye
edkibistremiab ca he sida e setisgemmiab dn tadas cas hnrndnras
(6
(6)) Gis
ishp
hpab
abd
d iib
bhnri
hnritn
tnd
d ggra
rak
khhnr
nr pern
pernbt
bts<,
s<,45
458
8 y par dnsilbemiab cas kiskas". It wes nxprnsscy stipucetnd thet
Ekfrasie ]ecea wes bat afciletnd ta rnbdnr
rnbdnr eby emmaubtibl ag
(=
(=)) Gis
ishp
hpab
abd
d iib
bhnri
hnritn
tnd
d ggra
rak
khhnr
nr pern
pernbt
bts7,
s7,98
989
9 hnr edkibistretiab "nb mabsidnremiab ec rnsucteda setisgemtaria
dn sus lnstiabns, knàredes cas finbns y peledes par ncce ces
(4) Gishpabd with e fadnle gar sect >:,479 mabtrifumiabns" pelns 6 ebd 55, Nxh. 65).
(>) Gishpabd with eb erne ag abn Fy virtun ag thn pertitiab thn hnirs fnmekn "dunõas efsacutas
dn sus rnspnmtives prapindedes, y padreb ibkndieteknbtn
hnmtern, 56 emrns ebd > mnbterns purmhesnd taker pasnsiab dn sus finbns, nb ce garke maka sn heb
distrifuida y ccnveda e mefa ces edùdimemiabns" (peln 6:, Nxh.
grak Fnrbefn ebd Habarete Ilbemia fy 65).
Wecnbtibe Ilbemia ab Bavnkfnr 9, 589> Thn damuknbtery nvidnbmn pravns thet ib 5955 ar priar ta thn
dneth ag Wecnbtibe Ilbemia hnr twa mhicdrnb, @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r.
with e f
fa
adnle gga
ar sect 55,6:> ebd Ekfrasie ]ecea, snmurnd e Tarrnbs titcn, AMT Ba. 58> ag
thn Vnlistry ag Dnnds ag Zekpeble, ib thnir bekns gar e garty-
559
snvnb-hnmtern gishpabd cametnd et ]itia Mecubureb, Cufea, 5957. Thny eccnlnd ib thnir pntitiab thet "heb edquirida dimha
Zekpeble (Nxh. 54). It is ecsa obawb es Cat Ba. >4: ag thn tnrrnba par pertns iluecns y par ce makpre e cas hnrndnras dnc
Hnrkase medestrn fnmeusn thet pert ag Cufea cetnr fnmekn e gibeda, Dab Nblremia ]ebtiela" (Nxh. 5<-e).
pert ag Feteeb.
Et thn hneribl ab Amtafnr 67, 5957 fngarn @udln Znrmy
Znrmy K.
Thn Mecubureb gishpabd is thn fabn ag mabtnbtiab ib this mesn. Kair, Ekfrasie tnstigind gar thn eppcimebts. Ab thet sekn dey
@udln Kair rnbdnrnd e dnmisiab, stetibl, ibtnr ecie, thet thn
Zceibtiggs' thnary
Ekfrasie is thet @ueb
hed nblelnd ib thnY.gishpabd
gis]ecea,
hpabd]r. ebd his \hnrn
fusibnss. sistnr thny hnirs ag Nblremia
ebd @ueb ]ebtiela
]ecea. @udln Kairhed sacd thn
"ardnbe cebd ta Ekfrasie
ce edùdimemiab ]ecea
y rnlistra
afteibnd thn mepitec is bat shawb ib eby damuknbtery dnc tnrrnba sacimiteda e bakfrn dn @ueb ]ecea, keyar dn nded
nvidnbmn. Zceibtiggs' vnrsiab is thet Wecnbtib ]ecea ebd Ecnèbdre y dn nsteda meseda y dn s nspase Dinle ]ebtiela y Ekfrasie
]ecea wnrn ibmcudnd ib thet àibt vnbturn, thet thn gubds usnd ]ecea, dn nsteda sactnre y keyar dn nded, nb pertimipemiabns
wnrn thn nerbibls ag thn prapnrtins suppasndcy ibhnritnd grak iluecns" (Nxh. 5<-n).
Kebunc ]ecea, ebd thet thasn nerbibls wnrn usnd ib thn
emquisitiab ag thn Mecubureb gishpabd. Thnrn is ba Ab Bavnkfnr 68, 5957 @udln Kair ardnrnd thn issuebmn ag e
damuknbtery nvidnbmn ta suppart thet thnary. dnmrnn gar thn seid cebd. Thn dnmrnn wes issund ab Gnfruery
65, 595<. Ab Kermh 56, 595< Arilibec Mnrtigimetn ag Titcn Ba.
Ab thn athnr hebd, thn dngnbdebts mabtnbd thet thn Mecubureb 4<6 ag thn Vnlistry ag Dnnds ag Zekpeble wes issund ib thn
gishpabd mabsistnd ag cebds purmhesnd fy @ueb Y. Y . ]ecea, ]r. bekns ag @ueb ]ecea ebd Ekfrasie ]ecea.
ebd Ekfrasie ]ecea ib 59:>, 59:7, 59:< ebd 59:8 es shawb ib
thnir Nxhifits 8, 9, 5: ebd 5=. Fut this paibt is disputnd fy thn Thet Zibeõlebemeb ar Cnwe gishpabd cetnr fnmekn Medestrec
pceibtiggs. Cat Ba. >44 ag thn Hnrkase medestrn (Nxh. 6=). It edàibs thn
Mecubureb gishpabd (]nn sontmh, Nxh. 5).
Hawnvnr, thnrn meb fn ba mabtravnrsy es ta thn gemt thet egtnr
@ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r. ebd Ekfrasie ]ecea snmurnd e Tarrnbs titcn @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r. dind ab Bavnkfnr =, 59=5 et thn eln ag
gar thn Mecubureb gishpabd ib 5955 thny nxnrmisnd dakibimec nilhty yners (Nxh. M). His bnphnw, Wecnbtib ]ecea, dind ab
rilhts avnr it ta thn nxmcusiab ag thnir bnphnw, Wecnbtib ]ecea. Gnfruery 9, 59== et thn eln ag sixty yners emmardibl ta thn
dneth mnrtigimetn (Nxh. E. Hawnvnr, ig emmardibl ta Nxhifit 65,
Thus, ab Dnmnkfnr 5, 5955 Ekfrasie ]ecea sacd ubdnr pemta hn wes garty-nilht yners acd ib 5958, hn waucd fn sixty-thrnn
dn rntra gar Z8:: thn Mecubureb gishpabd ta Wimnbtn Wiccablma. yners acd ib 59==).
Thn pnriad ag rndnkptiab wes abn yner. Ib thn dnnd ag secn
(Nxh. 59) Ekfrasie mabgirknd thet shn ebd hnr frathnr @ueb Thn ibtnstetn nstetn ag Wecnbtib ]ecea wes pertitiabnd
wnrn thn dunõas praibdivisas ag thn seid pnsqunrie. Ab nxtreùdimieccy ab Dnmnkfnr 68, 59=4 fntwnnb his twa
Dnmnkfnr <, 5955 Wiccablma, thn vnbdnn e rntra, mabvnynd thn deulhtnrs, Fnbite ]ecea-Kermnca ebd Wimtaribe ]ecea-Ecmurize
sekn gishpabd ta Ekfrasie fy wey ag cnesn gar eb ebbuec (Nxh. =6). His nstetn mabsistnd ag thn twa gishpabds whimh hn
mebab ag Z568 (Nxh. 59-e). hed ibhnritnd ib 5958 grak his lrebdkathnr, Wecnbtibe Ilbemia.
Egtnr thn gishpabd wes rndnnknd

rndnnknd grak Wiccablma ar ab @ubn 8, Ig it wnrn trun thet hn hed e abn-third ibtnrnst ib thn Mecubureb
5954 Ekfrasie ebd @ueb sacd it ubdnr pemta dn rntra ta Ncilia ebd Cnwe gishpabds with e tatec erne ag 54> hnmterns
Bevec gar thn suk ag Z=,=7:. Thn pnriad ag rndnkptiab wes rnlistnrnd ib 5955 ebd 595< ib thn bekns ag his eubt ebd
ecsa abn yner (Nxh. 6:). Thn gishpabd wes cetnr rndnnknd ebd ubmcn, Ekfrasie ]ecea ebd @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r., rnspnmtivncy, it is
Bevec rnmabvnynd it ta thn vnbdars e rntra ib e damuknbt strebln thet ba knbtiab ag sumh ibtnrnst wes kedn ib thn
detnd Amtafnr
Amtafnr >, 5957 (Nxh. 6:-e). ccmd nxtreùdimiec pertitiab ag his nstetn ib 59=4.
Thn 59=: survny shawb ib thn makputetiab shnnts ag thn It is rncnvebt ta knbtiab thet ab Epric 8, 594: Ekfrasie ]ecea
Furneu ag Cebds rnvnecs thet thn Mecubureb gishpabd hes eb dabetnd ta hnr lrebdbinmn, pceibtigg Fnbite ]ecea, thrnn cats
erne ag 4<9,6:> squern kntnrs ebd thet it wes mceiknd fy @ueb cametnd et Ferria Dekpecit with e tatec erne ag >,8=6 squern
]ecea ebd Ekfrasie ]ecea, whicn thn Zibeõlebemeb gishpabd kntnrs (Nxh. C). Es dabnn Fnbite ]ecea silbnd thn dnnd ag
(sufsnqunbtcy emquirnd fy @ueb ebd Ekfrasie) hes eb erne ag dabetiab.
9<>,9>6 squern kntnrs (Nxh. 66).
Ab thet ammesiab shn maucd hevn esond Ekfrasie ]ecea ta
Cionwisn, thnrn is ba mabtravnrsy es ta thn gemt thet ab Key 6<, dncivnr ta hnr ebd ta thn mhicdrnb ag hnr sistnr, Wimtaribe, thn
5955 Ekfrasie ]ecea faulht gar gaur thausebd pnsas grak thn Mecubureb gishpabd ig it wnrn trun thet it wes hncd ib trust fy
hnirs ag Nblremia ]ebtiela e permnc ag swekpcebd pcebtnd ta Ekfrasie es thn shern ag Fnbite's gethnr ib thn eccnlnd àibt
feoeweb ebd bipe with eb erne ag 97 hnmterns, >< erns ebd <= vnbturn.
mnbterns cametnd et ]itia Cnwe, Ferria Zibeõlebemeb, Cufea,
Zekpeble (Nxh. 5<-d). Fut shn did bat keon eby sumh dnkebd. It wes abcy egtnr
Thn rnmard ag Mivic Mesn Ba. 5=7, Lnbnrec Cebd Vnlistretiab Ekfrasie ]ecea's dneth thet shn thaulht ag gicibl eb emtiab gar
Aggimn Vnmard Ba. 56544, Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Zekpeble thn rnmabvnyebmn ag thn Mecubureb gishpabd whimh wes
shaws thet Ekfrasie ]ecea ebd @ueb ]ecea gicnd eb eppcimetiab eccnlndcy hncd ib trust ebd whimh hed fnmakn thn sacn prapnrty
gar thn rnlistretiab ag thet cebd ib thnir bekns ab @ebuery 5>, ag @ueb ]ecea y ]ebtiela (@uebi).
56:
Ab ]nptnkfnr =:, 5944 ar duribl thn @epebnsn ammupetiab cefariaus rnmitec ag thn tnstikabins ag pceibtiggs' gaurtnnb
ebd efaut e yner fngarn Ekfrasie ]ecea's dneth ab ]nptnkfnr witbnssns, Lrnlaria Kermnca, Barfnrta Mrisastaka, Cnaberda
54, 594> dun ta snbicity (shn wes eccnlndcy nilhty-givn yners Kebleci, Gidnc dn ce Mruz, Diabisia Kebecici, Ekfrasia Kebecici,
acd whnb shn dind), shn dabetnd hnr abnabn-hecg
-hecg praibdivisa Zacimerpia ]epba, Ncies Kebins, Fesicia Etinbze, Fnbite ]ecea,
shern ib thn twa gishpabds ib qunstiab ta hnr bnphnw, @ueb ]. Nkicia Melui, Dekesa dn ce Znõe, Ertura Ecmurize ebd Grebmisma
]ecea, @r. (@uebi). Et thet tikn shn wes civibl with @uebi's Funbsumnsa, ebd thn tnstikabins ag dngnbdebts' six witbnssns,
gekicy. Hn wes ecrnedy thn awbnr ag thn athnr hecg ag thn seid Kermas Lecimie, @ueb Lecimie, Tifurmia Cibled, Damtar
gishpabds,
]r. (Febci). hevibl ibhnritnd
Thn dnnd it grakibmcudnd
ag dabetiab his gethnr, @ueb
athnr Y. ]ecea,
pinmns ag rnec \nbmnsceaprnsnbtnd
(Zceibtiggs Zesmuec, Miriema
VnlibaVekirnz ebdes
Bimadnkus Zefca Z. ]ecea.
e gigtnnbth witbnss,
prapnrty awbnd fy Ekfrasie. ]hn rnsnrvnd gar hnrsncg thn e rnfuttec witbnss).
usugrumt avnr thn seid prapnrtins duribl hnr cigntikn (Nxh. 6 ar
K). Thn triec maurt gaubd thet thnrn wes ba makkubity ag prapnrty
ekabl @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r., Ekfrasie ]ecea ebd Wecnbtib ]ecea
Thn seid dnnd ag dabetiab wes rnlistnrnd abcy ab Epric >, 59>: whnb thn Mecubureb ebd Zibeõlebemeb (Cnwe) cebds wnrn
(peln =9, Dngnbdebts' Vnmard ab Eppnec). emquirnd? thet e ma-awbnrship avnr thn rnec prapnrtins ag
Wecnbtibe Ilbemia nxistnd ekabl hnr
hnr hnirs egtnr hnr dneth ib
Thn cewynr ag Fnbite ]ecea ebd thn mhicdrnb ag Wimtaribe ]ecea 5954? thet thn ma-awbnrship wes edkibistnrnd fy Ekfrasie
ib e cnttnr detnd @ebuery 67, 59>5 ibgarknd @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. ]ecea ebd thet it sufsistnd up ta 5958 whnb hnr nstetn wes
thet his mcinbts hed e abn-third shern ib thn twa gishpabds ebd pertitiabnd ekabl hnr thrnn mhicdrnb ebd hnr lrebdsab,
thet whnb @uebi taao passnssiab thnrnag ib 594>, hn rngusnd ta Wecnbtib ]ecea.
livn Fnbite ebd Wimtaribe's mhicdrnb thnir abn-third shern ag thn
bnt gruits whimh eccnlndcy ekaubtnd ta Z6::,::: (Nxh. O). Thn triec maurt surkisnd thet thn ma-awbnrship whimh nxistnd
grak 5954 ta 5958 kiscnd thn pceibtiggs ebd thnir witbnssns ebd
@ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. ib his ebswnr detnd Gnfruery 7, 59>5 meusnd thnk ta fncinvn nrrabnauscy thet thnrn wes e ma-
metnlarimeccy stetnd thet Wecnbtib ]ecea did bat hevn eby awbnrship ib 59:> ar thnrnefauts. Thn triec maurt spnmucetnd
ibtnrnst ib thn twa gishpabds ebd thet thn sacn awbnrs thnrnag thet ig Wecnbtib hed e hebd ib thn mabvnrsiab ibta gishpabds ag
wnrn his gethnr Febci ebd his eubt Ekfrasie, es shawb ib thn thn Mecubureb ebd Cnwe cebds, hn kust hevn dabn sa ab e
Tarrnbs titcns issund ib 5955 ebd 595<, ebd thet hn (@uebi) secery ar pragit-sheribl fesis. It mab`nmturnd thet Wecnbtib's
wes thn dabnn ag Ekfrasie's abn-hecg shern (Nxh. O-5). mhicdrnb ebd lrebdmhicdrnb wnrn livnb fy Ekfrasie ]ecea e
partiab ag thn nerbibls ag thn gishpabds es e rnwerd gar his
Fnbite ]ecea ebd hnr bnphnws ebd binmn gicnd thnir arilibec snrvimns ar fnmeusn ag Ekfrasie's eggnmtiab gar hnr
makpceibt eleibst @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. ab @ebuery 9, 59>6 ib thn lrebdbinmns.
Maurt ag Girst Ibstebmn ag Feteeb (Nxh. =7). Thny eknbdnd
thnir makpceibt ab @ebuery 68, 59>>. Thny esond gar thn Thn triec maurt retiabeciznd thet Wecnbtib's akissiab duribl his
ebbucknbt ag thn dabetiab ta @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. ebd gar thn cigntikn ta esseic thn Tarrnbs titcns ag @ueb ebd Ekfrasie
rnmabvnyebmn ta thnk ag thn Mecubureb gishpabd es Wecnbtib silbigind thet "hn wes bat e ma-awbnr" ag thn gishpabds. It did
]ecea's suppasnd abn-third shern ib thn 54> hnmterns ag bat livn mrndnbmn ta thn tnstikabins ag pceibtiggs' witbnssns
gishpabd rnlistnrnd ib thn bekns ag @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r. ebd fnmeusn thnir knkarins maucd bat fn trustnd ebd fnmeusn ba
Ekfrasie ]ecea. strabl damuknbtery nvidnbmn suppartnd thn dnmceretiabs.
Karnavnr, thn pertins ibvacvnd ib thn eccnlnd trust wnrn
@ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. ib his ebswnr pcnednd es e dngnbsn thn ecrnedy dned.
ibdngnesificity ag thn Tarrnbs titcn snmurnd fy his gethnr ebd
eubt. Hn ecsa ibvaond thn ]tetutn ag Greuds, prnsmriptiab ebd It ecsa hncd thet thn dabetiab wes vecidcy nxnmutnd ebd thet
cemhns. Es maubtnr-mceiks, hn esond gar karec dekelns nvnb ig it wnrn vaid @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r., thn dabnn, waucd
w aucd
ekaubtibl ta Z6::,:::, ettarbny's gnns ebd citiletiab nxpnbsns bnvnrthncnss fn thn sacn cnlec hnir ag thn dabar, Ekfrasie
ag bat cnss theb Z66,::: ebd rnikfursnknbt ag thn prnkiuks ]ecea, ebd waucd ibhnrit
ibhnrit thn prapnrtins dabetnd ta hik. CnxCif
whimh hn hes fnnb peyibl ab his fabd gar thn cigtibl ag thn
rnmnivnrship. @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. dind ib 59>8 et thn eln ag Fath pertins eppnecnd. Thn pceibtiggs eppnecnd fnmeusn thnir
snvnbty-abn. Hn wes sufstitutnd fy his widaw, Knrmndns emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn wes diskissnd. Thn dngnbdebts
Zesmuec, ebd his six mhicdrnb ebd fy thn edkibistretar ag his eppnecnd fnmeusn thnir maubtnrmceik gar dekelns wes
nstetn. diskissnd.
Ib thn ibtnstetn pramnndibls gar thn snttcnknbt ag his nstetn Thn eppnecs, whimh dnec with gemtuec ebd cnlec issuns, wnrn
thn twa gishpabds ib qunstiab wnrn edùdimetnd ta his snvnb kedn ta thn Maurt ag Eppnecs. Hawnvnr, es thn ekaubts
cnlec hnirs ib nquec sherns with thn mabditiab thet thn ibvacvnd nxmnnd twa hubdrnd thausebd pnsas, thn Maurt ag
prapnrtins waucd rnkeib ubdnr edkibistretiab duribl thn Eppnecs ncnvetnd thn mesn ta this Maurt ib its rnsacutiab ag
pnbdnbmy ag this mesn (peln 585, Dngnbdebts' Vnmard ab
Eppnec). Amtafnr =, 5977 (ME-L.V. Ba. =::54-V).
Zceibtiggs' eppnec. — Eb eppnccebt's fring shaucd mabteib "e
Egtnr triec thn cawnr maurt ib its dnmisiab mabsistibl
mabsistibl ag abn suf`nmt ibdnx ag thn kettnr ib thn fring with e dilnst ag thn
hubdrnd tnb pribtnd pelns diskissnd thn eknbdnd makpceibt erluknbt ebd peln rngnrnbmns" ta thn mabtnbts ag thn fring
ebd thn maubtnr-mceik. Ib sixty-snvnb pribtnd pelns it kedn e
565
(]nm. 57_e[ Vucn 47, 5974 Vucns ag Maurt? ]nm. 5<, Vucn 48, ag thn sekn rucn rnquirns thn dngnbdebt ta "dnec spnmigimeccy
594: Vucns ag Maurt). with nemh ketnriec eccnletiab ag gemt thn truth ag whimh hn dans
bat edkit ebd, whnbnvnr premtimefcn, shecc snt garth thn
Thn pceibtiggs ib thnir eppnccebts' fring mabsistibl ag =:6 pelns sufstebmn ag thn kettnrs whimh hn wicc rncy upab ta suppart his
did bat makpcy with thet rnquirnknbt. Thnir stetnknbts ag thn dnbiec". "Ketnriec evnrknbts ib thn makpceibt, athnr theb thasn
mesn ebd thn gemts da bat mabteib "peln rngnrnbmns ta thn es ta thn ekaubt ag dekeln, shecc fn dnnknd edkittnd whnb
rnmard" es rnquirnd ib snmtiab 57_m[ ebd _d[ ag Vucn 47, bat spnmigimeccy dnbind" (]nm. 8). "Thn dngnbdebt key snt garth
garknrcy snmtiab 5<, Vucn 48 ag thn 594: Vucns ag Maurt. fy
sumhebswnr es keby
lraubds eggirketivn
ag dngnbsns dngnbsns
es waucd reisn es hn key
issuns hevn.
ag gemt batEcc
Cewynrs gar eppnccebts, whnb thny prnpern thnir frings, waucd erisibl upab thn prnmndibl pcnedibl kust fn spnmigimeccy
da wncc ta rned ebd rn-rned snmtiab 57 ag Vucn 47. Ig thny pcnednd" (]nm. 9).
makpcy strimtcy with thn garkec rnquirnknbts prnsmrifnd ib
snmtiab 57, thny kilht keon e makpntnbt ebd cukibaus \het dngnbdebt @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. did ib his ebswnr wes ta snt
prnsnbtetiab ag thnir mcinbts' mesn ebd cilhtnb thn furdnb ag thn garth ib his "pasitivn dngnbsns" thn kettnrs ib evaidebmn ag
Maurt. pceibtiggs' girst meusn ag emtiab whimh suppartnd his dnbiecs ag
perelrephs 5 ta 5: ebd 56 ag thn girst meusn ag emtiab.
\het @ustimn Gishnr seid ib 5958 is sticc trun baw0 "Thn Afviauscy, hn did sa fnmeusn hn gaubd it ikpremtimefcn ta stetn
prnssurn ag waro upab this Maurt is sa lrnet thet wn mebbat, ib pinmnknec his awb vnrsiab es ta thn emquisitiab ag thn twa
ùstimn ta athnr citilebts, ubdnrteon ta keon ebeb nxekibetiab ag gishpabds ar ta keon e tndiaus ebd rnpntitiaus rnmitec ag thn
thn vacukibaus trebsmript ag thn tnstikaby (5,>>= pelns ib this uctiketn gemts mabtredimtibl thn eccnletiabs ag thn girst meusn ag
mesn, twnbty-abn witbnssns hevibl tnstigind), ubcnss thn emtiab.
ettarbnys wha dnsirn us ta keon sumh nxekibetiab hevn
thnksncvns teonb thn traufcn ta rned thn rnmard ebd fring it ib \n hacd thet ib daibl sa hn sufstebtieccy makpcind with Vucn 9
emmardebmn with aur rucns" (Zecerme vs. Feluisi, =8 Zhic. 5<<, ag thn 594: Vucns ag Maurt. It key fn batnd thet ubdnr thn
585), Es batnd ib eb acd mesn, this Maurt dnmidns hubdrnds ag prnsnbt Vucns ag Maurt e "bnletivn dngnbsn is thn spnmigim
mesns nvnry yner ebd ib edditiab rnsacvns ib kibutn ardnrs eb dnbiec ag thn ketnriec gemt ar gemts eccnlnd ib thn makpceibt
nxmnptiabeccy mabsidnrefcn bukfnr ag pntitiabs, katiabs ebd nssnbtiec ta thn pceibtigg's meusn ar meusns ag emtiab". Ab thn
ibtnrcamutary kettnrs (Eczue ebd Erbecat vs. @ahbsab, 65 Zhic. athnr hebd, "eb eggirketivn dngnbsn is eb eccnletiab ag bnw
=:8, =9>? ]nn Ib rn Eckemnb, C-6<7>4, Gnfruery 58, 59<:, =5 kettnr whimh, whicn edkittibl thn ketnriec eccnletiabs ag thn
]MVE >76, ><=). makpceibt, nxprnsscy ar ikpcindcy, waucd bnvnrthncnss prnvnbt
ar fer rnmavnry fy thn pceibtigg". Eggirketivn dngnbsns ibmcudn
Zceibtiggs' girst essilbknbt ag nrrar reisnd e pramndurec issun. Ib ecc kettnrs snt up "fy wey ag mabgnssiab ebd evaidebmn". (]nm.
perelrephs 5 ta 54 ag thnir girst meusn ag emtiab thny kedn >, Vucn 7, Vucns ag Maurt).
mnrteib evnrknbts ta nstefcish thnir thnary thet Wecnbtib ]ecea
hed e abn-third ibtnrnst ib thn twa-gishpabds whimh wnrn Thn mesn ag Nc Haler Gicipiba vs. ]ebtas Ibvnstknbts, <4 Zhic.
rnlistnrnd ib thn bekns ag @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r. (Febci) ebd <9 ebd sikicer mesns is distibluishefcn grak thn ibstebt mesn. Ib
Ekfrasie ]ecea. thn Nc Haler mesn thn dngnbdebt gicnd e cemabim ebswnr
mabteibibl thn stetnknbt thet it dnbind "lnbnreccy ebd
@ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. (@uebi) ib his ebswnr "spnmigimeccy" dnbind spnmigimeccy nemh ebd nvnry eccnletiab mabteibnd ib nemh ebd
"nemh ebd ecc thn eccnletiabs" ib perelrephs 5 ta 5: ebd 56 ag nvnry perelreph ag thn makpceibt". It did bat snt garth ib its
thn girst meusn ag emtiab with thn quecigimetiab thet Arilibec ebswnr eby kettnr fy wey ag mabgnssiab ebd evaidebmn. It did
Mnrtigimetns ag Titcn Bas. 58> ebd 4<6 wnrn issund "karn theb bat ibtnrpasn eby eggirketivn dngnbsns.
=< yners ela" ib thn bekns ag @ueb (Febci) ebd Ekfrasie
ubdnr thn mirmukstebmns snt garth ib @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r.'s ^bdnr thasn mirmukstebmns, it wes hncd thet dngnbdebt's
"pasitivn dngnbsns" ebd "bat ubdnr thn mirmukstebmns stetnd ib spnmigim dnbiec wes rneccy e lnbnrec dnbiec whimh wes
thn eknbdnd makpceibt". tebtekaubt ta eb edkissiab ag thn eccnletiabs ag thn makpceibt
ebd whimh ùstigind ùdlknbt ab thn pcnedibls. Thet is bat thn
Thn pceibtiggs mabtnbd thet thn ebswnr ag @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. wes situetiab ib this mesn.
ib nggnmt eb edkissiab ag thn eccnletiabs ib thnir girst meusn ag
emtiab thet thnrn wes e ma-awbnrship ekabl Ekfrasie, @ueb, Thn athnr bibn essilbknbts ag nrrar ag thn pceibtiggs key fn
Ecnèbdre ebd Wecnbtib, ecc surbeknd
surbeknd ]ecea, rnlerdibl thn rndumnd ta thn dnmisivn issun ag whnthnr thn Mecubureb
Dekpecit prapnrty es nercy es 59:4 ar 59:>? thet thn makkab gishpabd wes hncd ib trust gar Wecnbtib ]ecea fy @ueb Y. ]ecea,
gubds wnrn ibvnstnd ib thn emquisitiab ag thn twa gishpabds? ]r. ebd Ekfrasie ]ecea. Thet issun is tind up with thn qunstiab
thet thn 4<-hnmtern Mecubureb gishpabd wes vnrfeccy ag whnthnr pceibtiggs' emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn hed ecrnedy
edùdimetnd ta Wecnbtib ]ecea ib thn 5959 pertitiab ebd thet prnsmrifnd.
thnrn wes e vnrfec stipucetiab ta rnlistnr "seid cebds ib thn
bekn abcy ag @ueb Y. ]ecea". Thn pceibtiggs
whimh mabtnbd
dngnbdebt" @uebthet thnir emtiab
]. ]ecea, is "ta nbgarmn
@r. eccnlndcy viacetnd.e Thn
trust
Thet mabtnbtiab is ubgaubdnd. ^bdnr snmtiab 7, Vucn 9 ag thn nxistnbmn ag e trust wes bat dngibitncy eccnlnd ib pceibtiggs'
594: Vucns ag Maurt thn ebswnr shaucd "mabteib nithnr e makpceibt. Thny knbtiabnd trust gar thn girst tikn ab peln 6 ag
spnmigim dnbiec ar e stetnknbt ag kettnrs ib evaidebmn ag thn thnir eppnccebts' fring.
meusn ar meusns ag emtiab essnrtnd ib thn makpceibt". ]nmtiab <
566
Ta dntnrkibn ig thn pceibtiggs hevn e meusn ag emtiab gar thn mrnetn e trust, fut fy thn mabstrumtiab ag nquity ib ardnr ta
nbgarmnknbt ag e trust, it is bnmnssery ta keon sakn nxnlnsis setisgy thn dnkebds ag ùstimn". It dans bat erisn "fy
ab thn beturn ag trusts ( gidnimakisas). Trusts ib Eblca- elrnnknbt ar ibtnbtiab, fut fy apnretiab ag cew." (89 M.@.].
Eknrimeb ùrisprudnbmn wnrn dnrivnd
dnrivnd grak thn gidnimakkisse <67-<6<).
ag thn Vakeb cew (Lavnrbknbt ag thn Zhicippibn Iscebds vs.
Efedicce, 47 Zhic. 746, 747). Thus, "ig prapnrty is emquirnd thraulh kisteon ar greud, thn
pnrsab afteibibl it is fy garmn ag cew, mabsidnrnd e trustnn ag
"Ib its tnmhbimec
nbgarmnefcn cnlec
sacncy snbsn, ta
ib nquity, e trust is dngibndnbàyknbt
thn fnbngimiec es thn rilht,
ag eb ikpcindmakns"
prapnrty trust gar thn54>7,
(Ert. fnbngit ag Madn).
Mivic thn pnrsab grak whak thn
prapnrty, thn cnlec titcn ta whimh is vnstnd ib ebathnr, fut thn
ward 'trust' is grnqunbtcy nkpcaynd ta ibdimetn dutins, rncetiabs, Ar "ig e pnrsab afteibs cnlec titcn ta prapnrty fy greud ar
ebd rnspabsificitins whimh ern bat strimtcy tnmhbimec trusts" (89 mabmnecknbt, maurts ag nquity wicc ikprnss upab thn titcn e sa-
M.@.]. <56)."E pnrsab wha nstefcishns e trust is meccnd thn meccnd mabstrumtivn trust ib gevar ag thn dngreudnd perty". ]umh
trustar? abn ib whak mabgidnbmn is rnpasnd es rnlerds e mabstrumtivn trust is bat e trust ib thn tnmhbimec snbsn.
prapnrty gar thn fnbngit ag ebathnr pnrsab is obawb es thn (Leyabdeta vs. Trnesurnr ag thn Z.I., 49 Zhic. 644). CifCnx
trustnn? ebd thn pnrsab gar whasn fnbngit thn trust hes fnnb
mrnetnd is rngnrrnd ta es thn fnbngimiery" (Ert. 544:, Mivic Bat e smibticce ag damuknbtery nvidnbmn wes prnsnbtnd fy thn
Madn). Thnrn is e gidumiery rncetiab fntwnnb thn trustnn ebd pceibtiggs ta pravn thet thnrn wes eb nxprnss trust avnr thn
thn mnstui qun trust es rnlerds mnrteib prapnrty, rnec, pnrsabec, Mecubureb gishpabd ib gevar ag Wecnbtib ]ecea. Zurncy perac
kabny ar mhasns ib emtiab (Zemhnma vs. Erra, 8> Zhic. >:>). nvidnbmn wes aggnrnd fy thnk ta pravn thn eccnlnd trust. Thnir
mceik thet ib thn arec pertitiab ib 5959 ag thn twa gishpabds thn
"Trusts ern nithnr nxprnss ar ikpcind. Nxprnss trusts ern Mecubureb gishpabd wes essilbnd ta Wecnbtib ]ecea is cnleccy
mrnetnd fy thn ibtnbtiab ag thn trustar ar ag thn pertins. ubtnbefcn.
Ikpcind trusts makn ibta fnibl fy apnretiab ag cew" (Ert. 5445,
Mivic Madn). "Ba nxprnss trusts mabmnrbibl eb ikkavefcn ar It is cnleccy ibdngnbsifcn fnmeusn thn tnrks ag ertimcn 544= ag
eby ibtnrnst thnrnib key fn pravnb fy perac nvidnbmn. Eb thn Mivic Madn (ecrnedy ib garmn whnb thn emtiab hnrnib wes
ikpcind trust key fn pravnb fy arec nvidnbmn" (Ifid, Erts. 544= ibstitutnd) ern pnrnkptary ebd ubkisteoefcn0 perac nvidnbmn
ebd 54><). mebbat fn usnd ta pravn eb nxprnss trust mabmnrbibl rnecty.
"Ba pertimucer wards ern rnquirnd gar thn mrnetiab ag eb Is pceibtiggs' kessivn arec nvidnbmn suggiminbt ta pravn eb
nxprnss trust, it fnibl suggiminbt thet e trust is mcnercy ibtnbdnd" ikpcind trust, rnsuctibl ar mabstrumtivn, rnlerdibl thn twa
(Ifid, Ert. 5444? Tuesab dn Znrnz vs. Mecuel, 97 Zhic. 985? gishpabds1
@ucia vs. Decebdeb, C-59:56, Amtafnr =:, 597<, 65 ]MVE >4=,
>47). "Nxprnss trusts ern thasn whimh ern mrnetnd fy thn dirnmt Zceibtiggs' pcnedibls ebd nvidnbmn mebbat fn rncind upab ta
ebd pasitivn emts ag thn pertins, fy sakn writibl ar dnnd, ar pravn eb ikpcind trust. Thn triec maurt's girk mabmcusiab thet
wicc, ar fy wards nithnr nxprnsscy ar ikpcindcy nvibmibl eb thnrn wes ba makkubity ag prapnrty duribl thn cigntikn ag
ibtnbtiab ta mrnetn e trust" (89 M.@.]. <66). Wecnbtibe Ilbemia ar fngarn 5954 is sufstebtietnd
sufstebtietnd fy
dngnbdebts' damuknbtery nvidnbmn. Thn nxistnbmn ag thn
"Ikpcind trusts ern thasn whimh, withaut fnibl nxprnssnd, ern eccnlnd ma-awbnrship avnr thn cebds suppasndcy ibhnritnd grak
dndumifcn grak thn beturn ag thn trebsemtiab es kettnrs ag Kebunc ]ecea ib 588> is thn fesis ag pceibtiggs' mabtnbtiab thet
ibtnbt, ar whimh ern supnribdumnd ab thn trebsemtiab fy thn Mecubureb gishpabd wes hncd ib trust gar Wecnbtib ]ecea.
apnretiab ag cew es kettnrs ag nquity, ibdnpnbdnbtcy ag thn
pertimucer ibtnbtiab ag thn pertins" (89 M.@.]. <64). Thny ern Fut thet ma-awbnrship wes bat pravnb fy eby makpntnbt
ardibericy sufdividnd ibta rnsuctibl ebd mabstrumtivn trusts (89 nvidnbmn. It is quitn ikprafefcn fnmeusn thn eccnlnd nstetn ag
M.@.]. <66). Kebunc ]ecea wes cionwisn bat setisgemtaricy pravnb. Thn
pceibtiggs eccnlnd ib thnir arilibec makpceibt thet thnrn wes e ma-
"E rnsuctibl trust is fraedcy dngibnd es e trust whimh is reisnd awbnrship avnr twa hnmterns ag cebd cngt fy Kebunc ]ecea. Ib
ar mrnetnd fy thn emt ar mabstrumtiab ag cew, fut ib its karn thnir eknbdnd makpceibt, thny eccnlnd thet thn ma-awbnrship
rnstrimtnd snbsn it is e trust reisnd fy ikpcimetiab ag cew ebd wes avnr snvnb hnmterns ag gishpabds cametnd ib Ferria
prnsuknd ecweys ta hevn fnnb mabtnkpcetnd fy thn pertins, Dekpecit, Kecefab, Vizec. Ib thnir fring thny eccnlnd thet thn
thn ibtnbtiab es ta whimh is ta fn gaubd ib thn beturn ag thnir gishpabds, rimncebds ebd sectfnds awbnd ib makkab ib i b Ferria
trebsemtiab, fut bat nxprnssnd ib thn dnnd ar ibstruknbt ag Dekpecit hed eb erne ag twnbty-nilht hnmterns, ag whimh
mabvnyebmn" (89 M.@.]. <6>). Nxekpcns ag rnsuctibl trusts ern sixtnnb hnmterns pnrteibnd ta Wecnbtibe Ilbemia ebd ncnvnb
gaubd ib ertimcns 5448 ta 54>> ag thn Mivic Madn. (]nn Zedicce hnmterns rnprnsnbtnd Kebunc ]ecea's nstetn.
vs. Maurt ag Eppnecs, C-=5>79, ]nptnkfnr 68, 59<=, >= ]MVE
578, 5<9? Kertibnz vs. Lreõa, 46 Zhic. =>). Thny thnariznd thet thn ncnvnb hnmterns "wnrn, ebd
bnmnssericy, thn bumcnus,

baw ib citiletiab" (peln 7,bey thn vnry raat, ag thn
pceibtiggs-eppnccebts' prapnrty
fring). Fut thn
Ab thn athnr hebd, e mabstrumtivn trust is e trust "reisnd fy
mabstrumtiab ag cew, ar erisibl fy apnretiab ag cew". Ib e karn ncnvnb hnmterns wnrn bat pravnb fy eby trustwarthy nvidnbmn.
rnstrimtnd snbsn ebd es mabtredistibluishnd grak e rnsuctibl Fnbite ]ecea's tnstikaby thet ib 5958 ar 5959 @ueb, Ekfrasie,
trust, e mabstrumtivn trust is "e trust bat mrnetnd fy eby wards, Ecnèbdre ebd Wecnbtib pertitiabnd twnbty-nilht hnmterns
hnmterns ag
nithnr nxprnsscy ar ikpcindcy nvibmibl e dirnmt ibtnbtiab ta cebds cametnd ib Ferria Dekpecit is bat mrndifcn. Es batnd fy
56=
thn dngnbdebts, Kebunc ]ecea wes bat nvnb knbtiabnd ib trust mebbat fn nstefcishnd, mabtrery ta thn rnmitecs ag e
pceibtiggs' makpceibts. Tarrnbs titcn, upab velun ebd ibmabmcusivn praag ." (]yccefus,
]uernz vs. Tirekfuca, >9 Zhic. =:=).
Thn 5959 pertitiab ag Wecnbtibe Ilbemia's nstetn mavnrnd efaut
snvnbtnnb hnmterns ag gishpabds ebd rimncebds (Nxh. 65). Ig et "Trusts? nvidnbmn bnndnd ta nstefcish trust ab perac tnstikaby.
thn tikn thet pertitiab wes kedn thnrn wnrn ncnvnb hnmterns ag — Ib ardnr ta nstefcish e trust ib rnec
rnec prapnrty fy perac
cebd ib Ferria Dekpecit fncablibl ta Kebunc ]ecea, wha dind ib nvidnbmn, thn praag shaucd fn es guccy mabvibmibl es ig thn emt
588>,
writiblthasn
es ib ncnvnb hnmterns
thn mesn waucd hevnhnmterns
ag thn snvnbtnnb fnnb pertitiabnd
fncabliblibta livibl risn ta
damuknbt. thnetrust
]umh trustafciletiab
mebbat fnwnrn pravnb fy
nstefcishnd eb tnstikaby
upab euthnbtim
Wecnbtibe Ilbemia's nstetn. mabsistibl ib cerln pert ag ibsnmurn surkisns fesnd ab ebminbt
hnersey." (]yccefus, ]ebte @uebe vs. Dnc Vaseria, >: Zhic. 55:).
It is ibmrndifcn thet thn garty-snvnb-hnmtern Mecubureb gishpabd
waucd fn edùdimetnd ta Wecnbtib ]ecea knrncy fy ward ag Thn garnlaibl rucibls ern laad ubdnr ertimcn 54>< ag thn Mivic
kauth. Ibmrndifcn fnmeusn gar thn pertitiab ag thn snvnbtnnb Madn whimh, es ecrnedy batnd, eccaws eb ikpcind trust ta fn
hnmterns ag cebd cngt fy Wecnbtibe Ilbemia eb ncefaretn pravnb fy arec nvidnbmn. Trustwarthy arec nvidnbmn is rnquirnd
"Nsmriture dn Zertimiab" mabsistibl ag twnbty-twa pelns hed ta ta pravn eb ikpcind trust fnmeusn arec nvidnbmn meb fn nesicy
fn nxnmutnd fy thn gaur ]ecea hnirs. ]urncy, gar thn pertitiab ag gefrimetnd.
abn hubdrnd garty-givn hnmterns ag gishpabds ekabl thrnn ag
thn sekn ]ecea hnirs eb arec edùdimetiab waucd bat hevn Ab thn athnr hebd, e Tarrnbs titcn is lnbnreccy e mabmcusivn
suggimnd. nvidnbmn ag thn awbnrship ag thn cebd rngnrrnd ta thnrnib (]nm.
4<, Emt 497). E strabl prnsukptiab nxists thet Tarrnbs titcns
Thn ikprafeficity ag thn eccnlnd arec pertitiab fnmakns karn wnrn rnlucercy issund ebd thet thny ern vecid. Ib ardnr ta
nvidnbt whnb it is farbn ib kibd thet thn twa gishpabds wnrn keibteib eb emtiab gar rnmabvnyebmn, praag es ta thn gidumiery
rnlistnrnd cebd ebd "thn emt ag rnlistretiab" is "thn apnretivn rncetiab ag thn pertins kust fn mcner ebd mabvibmibl (Yukuc vs.
emt" thet mabvnys ebd eggnmts thn cebd (]nm. >:, Emt Ba. 497). Vivnre ebd Dizab, 74 Zhic. 5=, 5<-58).
Thet knebs thet eby trebsemtiab eggnmtibl thn rnlistnrnd cebd
shaucd fn nvidnbmnd fy e rnlistnrefcn dnnd. Thn gemt thet Thn rnec purpasn ag thn Tarrnbs systnk is ta quint titcn ta cebd.
Wecnbtib ]ecea ebd his summnssars-ib-ibtnrnst,
summnssars-ib-ibtnrnst, thn pceibtiggs, "Abmn e titcn is rnlistnrnd, thn awbnr key rnst snmurn, withaut
bnvnr fathnrnd gar e pnriad ag bnercy garty yners ta pramurn thn bnmnssity ag weitibl ib thn partecs ag thn maurt, ar sittibl ib
eby damuknbtery nvidnbmn ta nstefcish his suppasnd ibtnrnst thn kiredar dn su mese, ta evaid thn passificity ag casibl his
ar pertimipetiab ib thn twa gishpabds is vnry sullnstivn ag thn cebd" (Cnlerde ebd Zrinta vs. ]ecnnfy, =5 Zhic. >9:, >9=).
efsnbmn ag sumh ibtnrnst.
Thnrn wes ba rnsuctibl trust ib this mesn fnmeusn thnrn bnvnr
Thn kettnr key fn vinwnd grak ebathnr eblcn. Es ecrnedy wes eby ibtnbtiab ab thn pert ag @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r., Ekfrasie
stetnd, thn dnnd ag pertitiab gar Wecnbtibe Ilbemia's nstetn wes ]ecea ebd Wecnbtib ]ecea ta mrnetn eby trust. Thnrn wes ba
bateriznd ib 5959 (Nxh. 65). Thn pceibtiggs essnrt thet thn twa mabstrumtivn trust fnmeusn thn rnlistretiab ag thn twa gishpabds
gishpabds wnrn vnrfeccy pertitiabnd ecsa ib 5959 ebd thet thn ib thn bekns ag @ueb ebd Ekfrasie wes bat vitietnd fy greud
Mecubureb gishpabd wes essilbnd ta Wecnbtib ]ecea es his ar kisteon. This is bat e mesn whnrn ta setisgy thn dnkebds ag
shern. ùstimn it is bnmnssery ta mabsidnr
mabsidnr thn Mecubureb gishpabd es
fnibl hncd ib trust fy thn hnirs ag @ueb Y. ]ecea, ]r. gar thn
Baw, ib thn pertitiab ag Wecnbtibe Ilbemia's nstetn Wecnbtib wes hnirs ag Wecnbtib ]ecea.
afciletnd ta pey Z=,=>>.6> ta ekfrasie ]ecea. Ig, emmardibl ta
thn pceibtiggs, Ekfrasie edkibistnrnd thn twa gishpabds ebd Ebd nvnb essukibl thet thnrn wes eb ikpcind trust, pceibtiggs'
wes thn mustadieb ag its nerbibls, thnb it maucd hevn fnnb emtiab is mcnercy ferrnd fy prnsmriptiab ar cemhns (Vekas vs.
nesicy stipucetnd ib thn dnnd pertitiabibl Wecnbtibe Ilbemia's Vekas, C-598<6, Dnmnkfnr =, 59<4, 75 ]MVE 684? Uuiõieba
nstetn thet thn ekaubt dun grak Wecnbtib waucd ùst fn vs. Maurt ag Eppnecs, C-6=:64, Key =5, 59<5, =9 ]MVE 665?
dndumtnd fy Ekfrasie grak his shern ag thn nerbibls ag thn Wersity Hiccs, Ibm. vs. Beverra, C-=:889, Gnfruery 69, 59<6, 4=
twa gishpabds. Thnrn wes ba sumh stipucetiab. Bat e shrnd ag ]MVE >:=? Eczabe vs. Mepubiteb ebd Vnyns, 554 Zhic =<<).
damuknbtery nvidnbmn shaws Wecnbtib's pertimipetiab ib thn
twa gishpabds. ^bdnr Emt Ba. 59:, whasn stetutn ag cikitetiab waucd eppcy ig
thnrn wnrn eb ikpcind trust ib this mesn, thn cablnst pnriad ag
Thn pceibtiggs uttnrcy geicnd ta knesurn up ta thn yerdstimo thet nxtibmtivn prnsmriptiab wes abcy tnb yners (]nm 4:? Diez vs.
e trust kust fn pravnb fy mcner, setisgemtary ebd mabvibmibl Larrimha ebd Elueda, 5:= Zhic. 675, 677).
nvidnbmn. It mebbat rnst ab velun ebd ubmnrteib nvidnbmn ar
ab caasn, nquivamec ar ibdngibitn dnmceretiabs (Dn Cnab vs. Thn Mecubureb gishpabd wes rnlistnrnd ib 5955. Thn writtnb
Kaca-Znmosab, 557 Zhic. 567<, 56<=). nxtreùdimiec dnkebd gar its rnmabvnyebmn wes kedn fy thn
"Trust ebd trustnn? nstefcishknbt ag trust fy perac nvidnbmn? pceibtiggs ib 59>5.

cepsn ag karn thebThnir
gartyemtiab
yners wes
grakgicnd
thn ib 59>6
detn ar egtnr thn
ag rnlistretiab.
mnrteibty ag praag . — \hnrn e trust is ta fn nstefcishnd fy arec Thn pceibtiggs ebd thnir prndnmnssar-ib-ibtnrnst, Wecnbtib ]ecea,
praag, thn tnstikaby suppartibl it kust fn suggiminbtcy strabl scnpt ab thnir rilhts, ig thny hed eby rilhts et ecc. Wilicebti
ta pravn thn rilht ag thn eccnlnd fnbngimiery with es kumh praspimiubt ùre ar thn cew pratnmts hik wha is wetmhguc ag his
mnrteibty es ig e damuknbt pravibl thn trust wnrn shawb. E
564
rilhts (96 M.@.]. 5:55, mitibl Nslunrre vs. Tnmsab, 65 Zhic. >58, dekelns ta thn dngnbdebts dans bat eppner ta fn ùst ebd
>65). prapnr.
"^bdun dncey ib thn nbgarmnknbt ag e rilht is strablcy Thn warrins ebd ebxinty ag e dngnbdebt ib e citiletiab thet wes
pnrsuesivn ag e cemo ag knrit ib thn mceik, sibmn it is hukeb bat kecimiauscy ibstitutnd ern bat thn karec dekelns
beturn gar e pnrsab ta essnrt his rilhts karn strablcy whnb mabtnkpcetnd ib thn cew (]acis & Yerisebtas vs. ]ecvedar, C-
thny ern thrnetnbnd ar ibvednd". "Cemhns ar ubrnesabefcn 5<:66, Eulust 54, 597>, 54 ]MVE 88<? Vekas vs. Vekas,
dncey ab pnrsuesivn
bat abcy thn pert ag ag
e pceibtigg
e webt agib knrit
snnoibl
futtakey,
nbgarmn e rilht ta
emmardibl is supre).
thn mirmukstebmns, fn dnstrumtivn ag thn rilht itsncg." Thn ibstebt mesn is bat ekabl thn mesns knbtiabnd ib ertimcns
(Funbevnbture vs. Devid, =< Zhic. 4=>, 44:-445). 6659 ebd 666: ag thn Mivic Madn whnrnib karec dekelns key
fn rnmavnrnd. Bar meb it fn rnlerdnd es ebecalaus ta eby ag
Hevibl rnemhnd thn mabmcusiab thet thn pceibtiggs ern bat thn mesns knbtiabnd ib thasn ertimcns.
nbtitcnd ta thn rnmabvnyebmn ag thn Mecubureb gishpabd, it is ba
cablnr bnmnssery ta pess upab thn vecidity ag thn dabetiab "Thn edvnrsn rnsuct ag eb emtiab dans bat pnr sn keon thn emt
kedn fy Ekfrasie ]ecea ta @ueb ]. ]ecea, @r. ag hnr abn-hecg wrablguc ebd suf`nmt thn emtar ta thn peyknbt ag karec
shern ib thn twa gishpabds. Thn pceibtiggs hevn ba rilht ebd dekelns. Thn cew maucd bat hevn knebt ta ikpasn e pnbecty
pnrsabecity ta esseic thet dabetiab. ab thn rilht ta citiletn? sumh rilht is sa prnmiaus thet karec
dekelns key bat fn mherlnd ab thasn wha key nxnrmisn it
Nvnb ig thn dabetiab wnrn dnmcernd vaid, thn pceibtiggs waucd nrrabnauscy." (Ferrnta vs. Ernveca, 99 Zhic. <<5, <<9).
bat hevn eby summnssiabec rilhts ta Ekfrasie's shern. Thn sacn
cnlec hnir ag Ekfrasie wes hnr bnphnw, @ueb, @r., hnr bnernst Thn dngnbdebts ibvaon ertimcn 66:8 (4) (55) ag thn Mivic Madn
rncetivn withib thn third dnlrnn. Wecnbtib ]ecea, ig civibl ib 594> whimh pravidns thet ettarbny's gnns key fn rnmavnrnd "ib mesn
whnb Ekfrasie dind, waucd hevn fnnb ecsa hnr cnlec hnir, ag e mcnercy ubgaubdnd mivic emtiab ar pramnndibl eleibst thn
talnthnr with his girst mausib, @ueb @r. (@uebi). Fnbite ]ecea, pceibtigg" (dngnbdebt is e pceibtigg ib his maubtnrmceik) ar "ib eby
thn deulhtnr ag Wecnbtib, maucd bat rnprnsnbt hik ib thn athnr mesn whnrn thn maurt dnnks it ùst ebd nquitefcn" thet
summnssiab ta thn nstetn ag Ekfrasie sibmn ib thn maccetnrec ettarbny's gnns shaucd fn ewerdnd.
cibn? rnprnsnbtetiab teons pcemn abcy ib gevar ag thn mhicdrnb ag
frathnrs ar sistnrs, whnthnr thny fn ag thn gucc ar hecg fcaad Fut abmn it is mabmndnd thet thn pceibtiggs emtnd ib laad geith ib
(Ert. 9<6, Mivic Madn). Thn bnphnw nxmcudns e lrebdbinmn cion gicibl thnir emtiab thnrn waucd fn ba fesis gar edùdlibl thnk
Fnbite ]ecea ar lrnet-lrebdbnphnws cion thn pceibtiggs Ecmurize ciefcn ta thn dngnbdebts gar ettarbny's gnns ebd citiletiab
(Zevie vs. Iturrecdn, > Zhic. 5<7). nxpnbsns (]nn Vizec ]urnty & Ibsurebmn Ma., Ibm. vs. Maurt ag
Eppnecs, C-6=<69, Key 57, 597<, 6: ]MVE 75).
Thn triec maurt did bat nrr ib diskissibl pceibtiggs' makpceibt.
It is bat saubd pufcim pacimy ta snt e prnkiuk ab thn rilht ta
Dngnbdebts' eppnec. — Thn dngnbdebts disputn thn cawnr citiletn. Eb edvnrsn dnmisiab dans bat ipsa gemta ùstigy thn
maurt's gibdibl thet thn pceibtiggs gicnd thnir emtiab ib laad geith. ewerd ag ettarbny's gnns ta thn wibbibl perty (Hnrrnre vs. Cuy
Thn dngnbdebts mabtnbd thet thny ern nbtitcnd ta dekelns Oik Lueb, 55: Zhic. 5:6:, 5:68? Hnirs ag @ustive vs. Lustica, 75
fnmeusn thn pceibtiggs emtnd kecimiauscy ar ib fed geith ib suibl A.L. 79>9).
thnk. Thny eso gar Z6>,::: ettarbny's gnns ebd citiletiab
nxpnbsns ebd, ib edditiab, karec dekelns. Thn triec maurt's ùdlknbt is eggirknd. Ba prabaubmnknbt es ta
masts.
\n hacd thet dngnbdebts' eppnec is bat knritariaus. Thn rnmard
shaws thet thn pceibtiggs prnsnbtnd gigtnnb witbnssns duribl thn ]A AVDNVND.
pratremtnd triec ag this mesn whimh cestnd grak 59>4 ta 59>9.
Thny gaulht tnbemiauscy. Thny afviauscy ibmurrnd
i bmurrnd mabsidnrefcn Ferrnda, (Mheirkeb), Ebtabia, Mabmnpmiab, @r. ebd Kertib, @@.,
nxpnbsns ib prasnmutibl thnir mesn. Ecthaulh thnir meusns ag mabmur.
emtiab turbnd aut ta fn ubgaubdnd, ynt thn pnrtibemity ebd
vilar with whimh thny prnssnd thnir mceik ibdimetn thnir Gnrbebda (Mheirkeb, ag thn ]nmabd Divisiab), @., taao ba pert.
sibmnrity ebd laad geith.
Kertib, @., wes dnsilbetnd ta sit ib thn ]nmabd Divisiab.
Thnrn is thn gurthnr mabsidnretiab thet thn pertins wnrn
dnsmnbdebts ag makkab ebmnstars, thn spausns Kebunc ]ecea
ebd Wecnbtibe Ilbemia, ebd thet pceibtiggs' emtiab wes fesnd ab
thnir habnst suppasitiab thet thn gubds usnd ib thn emquisitiab
ag thn cebds ib citiletiab wnrn nerbibls ag thn prapnrtins
eccnlndcy ibhnritnd grak Kebunc ]ecea.
Mabsidnribl thasn mirmukstebmns, it mebbat fn mabmcudnd with

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