URDANETA CITY ELECTRONICS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING

UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta
AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT

TIME RESPONSE ANALYSIS

Time Response:

The response given by the system which is function of the time, to the applied
excitation is called time response of a control system.

Transient Response:

The output variation during the time, it takes to achieve its final value is called as
transient response. The time required to achieve the final value is called the transient period,

Part of the time response which decays to zero after some time as system output
reaches to its final value.

Transient response can be exponential or oscillatory in nature. Symbolically it is

denoted as ct(t).

Systems which transient response dies out after some time are called Stable
Systems.

Steady State Response:

It is that part of the time response which remains after complete transient response
vanishes from the system output.

The response of the system as time approaches infinity from the time at which
transient response completely dies out.

The final value achieved by the system output.

Steady state response indicates the accuracy of the system. The symbol for steady
state output is Css.

The difference between the desired output and the actual output of the system is
called steady state error which is denoted by e ss.

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta
AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT

Standard Test Inputs

Step Input (Position Function):

It is the sudden application of the input at a specified time as shown in the figure

Mathematically,

If A=1, then it is called unit step function

and denoted by u(t).

Laplace transform of such input is

Ramp Input (Velocity Function):

It is the constant rate of change in input, gradual application of input as shown in the figure

Mathematically,

If A=1, it is called unit ramp function and

denoted by r(t).

Its laplace transform is

Parabolic Input (Acceleration Function):

This is the input which is one degree faster than a ramp input as shown in the figure

Mathematically,

If A=1 it is called unit parabolic input.

Its laplace transform is

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta
AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT

Impulse Input:

It is the input applied instantaneously of very high amplitude as shown in the figure

It is the pulse whose magnitude is infinite while

its width tends to zero

Are of the impulse is nothing but its magnitude.

If its area is unity, it is called unit impulse function.
denoted as

Mathematically,

The laplace transform of unit impulse function is 1.

TRANSIENT RESPONSE ANALYSIS

First Order Analysis

Order of the system: Highest power of ‘s’ in the denominator of a closed loop transfer
function.

Consider a simple system shown in the figure, find the TF.

UNIT STEP RESPONSE OF FIRST ORDER SYSTEMS

Let the input applied vi(t) is a unit step voltage.

The transient response is totally dependent on the values of R and C and its rate of
exponential decay will get controlled by ‘-1/RC’ which is the pole of the system. R and C will
not affect the steady state response on the other hand.
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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta
AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT

Now suppose input is changed to step of ‘K’ units. Vi(s)=A/s

The rate of decay is not changed but the steady state value has changed.

Transient Response depends on: Location of Poles

Transient Response is independent on: Magnitude of the input

Closed Loop Poles of First Order System

The value of closed loop pole appears as an exponential index in the transient output

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COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY
Owned and operated by the City Government of Urdaneta
AND ARCHITECTURE
DEPARTMENT

UNIT RAMP RESPONSE OF FIRST ORDER SYSTEMS

c(t) = t – T + Te-t/T

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