Chapter 3A

‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬
Foundation Engineering
Chapter 3
by
by
Prof.
Prof. Adel
Adel Ahmed
Ahmed Dif
Dif
Structural
Structural Eng.
Eng. Dept.
Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Faculty of Engineering
El-Mansoura
El-Mansoura University
University
Pile Installation Methods 3

Pile Installation Methods (Techniques)
• A variety of methods and special equipment have been
used for the installation of piles.
• Installation practices include consideration and utilization

of appropriate field methods for storing, handling, and
accurately driving each pile to the desired final position
within established tolerances.
• The designer should be aware that certain equipment

and methods for pile installation have been known to
reduce axial and lateral resistance or damage the pile in
certain situations.
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Pile Installation Methods (Techniques)
• Piles made from (Wood, steel and concrete) are driven,
drilled or jacked into the ground and connected to pile
caps.
• In order to avoid damages to the piles, during design,
installation methods and installation equipment should be
carefully selected.
• The installation process and method of installations are
equally important factors as of the design process of pile
foundations. There are two main types of pile installation
methods:
A) Pile driving methods (displacement piles)
B) Boring methods ( non-displacement piles)
A) Pile driving methods (displacement piles)

Methods of pile driving can be categorized as
follows:
1. Dropping weight (Impact hammers)

2. Vibration (vibratory hammers)
3. Jacking
4. Jetting
5. Explosion

• Hammers can generally be divided into two groups, impact

and vibratory.
• Impact hammers may be lifted manually or automatically
by steam, air or diesel, and may also be single or double-
acting. These hammers are sized by the maximum "rated
energy" (foot-pounds) theoretically contained as kinetic
energy in the ram just before impact. This rated energy is
not necessarily absorbed by the pile.
• Vibratory hammers are electrically or hydraulically

powered, usually have a variable operating frequency range
(vibrations per minute), and are generally rated by
"eccentric moment" (inch-pounds) and "driving force"
(tons) for a specified frequency.
1. Pile driving by dropping weight


Hammer &
Cushion
Leads
Pile &
Cushion
Template
Pile Driving Equipment


Drop hammers
The drop hammer is the simplest and oldest type of impact
hammer. A hammer with approximately the weight of the
pile is raised a suitable height in a guide and released to
strike the pile head. This is a simple form of hammer used
in conjunction with light frames and test piling, where it
may be uneconomical to bring a steam boiler or compressor
on to a site to drive very limited number of piles.
There are two main types of drop hammers:
· Single-acting steam or compressed-air hammers
· Double-acting pile hammers

Single-acting hammer
• This hammer type utilizes
pressure from steam or
compressed air to raise the
ram, then automatically
releases the pressure allowing
the ram to fall freely and
strike the drive cap (pile
helmet).

Pile Installation Methods
Single-acting diesel hammer

Double-acting hammer
• The steam or compressed air is
also utilized to supply additional
energy to the ram on the downward
part of the stroke. The combination
of pressure on the down stroke and
a short stroke distance results in an
operating rate generally ranging
from 90 to 150 blows per minute.
•Double-acting hammers are used mainly for sheet pile

driving.


Diesel hammers
Also classified as single and double-acting, in operation, the
diesel hammer employs a ram which is raised by explosion
at the base of a cylinder. Alternatively, in the case of double-
acting diesel hammer, a vacuum is created in a separate
annular chamber as the ram moves upward, and assists in
the return of the ram, almost doubling the output of the
hammer over the single-acting type. In favorable ground
conditions, the diesel hammer provide an efficient pile
driving capacity, but they are not effective for all types of
ground.


Diesel Hammers


HAPPY DRIVING
(GPS Positioning for Offshore Pile Locations)

Concrete piles damaged by difficult driving conditions
Concrete piles damaged by difficult driving conditions

Steel tube piles badly damaged by hard driving
Steel H-piles badly damaged by hard driving

Types of damage to timber piles from overdriving

S

2. Pile driving by vibrating
• Vibratory hammers are usually electrically powered or
hydraulically powered and consists of contra-rotating
eccentric masses within a housing attaching to the pile head.
The amplitude of the vibration is sufficient to break down
the skin friction on the sides of the pile. Vibratory methods
are best suited to sandy or gravelly soil.
• Vibratory hammers are available in high, medium, and
low frequency ranges.
• It is important that a rigid connection be maintained
between the hammer and the pile, usually by means of a
mechanical clamp, and a back-up system may be required to
prevent release of the clamp in the event of a power failure.


3. Pile driving by jacking
Jacked pile :
Pile driven into the ground by applying force between the
top of the pile and a stable object above.
Jacking :
1. A means of imposing a static driving force on a pile by
using jacks. Used extensively to install piles in
underpinning of structures. (A jacked pile).
2. The means of precisely transferring load from another
source (either dead weight or a reaction platform) in the
performance of a pile load test.




4. Pile driving by jetting

• Jetting is the use of a water or air jet to facilitate the
placing or driving of a pile by means of hydraulic
displacement of parts of the soil. In some cases, a high-
pressure air jet may be used, either alone or with water. Also
called Water Jet.
• Jetting is used to aid the penetration of piles in to sand or
sandy gravel, water jetting may be employed. However, the
method has very limited effect in firm to stiff clays or any
soil containing much coarse gravel, cobbles, or boulders.
• Jetting is normally used when displacement-type piles are
required to penetrate strata of dense, cohesionless soils.
Exceptions are very coarse or loose gravel where
experience shows jetting to be ineffective.


• Piles, in some cases, have been successfully jetted in
cohesive soils but clay particles tend to plug the jets.
• Jetting aids in preventing structural damage to the pile

from overdriving. Water is pumped under high pressure
through pipes internally or externally attached to the pile,
although air may be used in combination with the water to
increase the effectiveness in certain cases.
• Jetting adjacent to existing structures or piles should be
avoided if possible. Although driving vibrations are
reduced, extreme caution must be exercised, since jetting
causes disturbance of soil material.

Jet grouting is a ground improvement
method ideal for use in sensitive areas,
such as excavation work near existing
buildings where there is risk for
settlement and where disturbances
from a site must be kept to a minimum.
Another suitable application is ground
reinforcement in tunnel construction
where there is no overlying bedrock.
Jet grouting can also be used as an

alternative to sheet piling, near
watercourses, dams or landfills.


Jet-grouting technique step by step

Micro piles
Installation equipment for micro piles usually consists of
self-contained drill units, similar to those used for tieback
anchor installation.
Micro piles are installed mainly by two methods – drilling
and grouting, or displacement.
Jet grouting and post grouting have recently been used to
produce high- capacity piles.
Micro piles are manufactured with a coupling sleeve and
are either hot dip galvanised or left untreated.
A pile shoe is fitted when the piles are installed.
The piles are installed using special machines equipped
with a light hydraulic or pneumatic ram.
Micro piles

Micro piles
Micro piles

Micro piles
Micro piles


Bored piles (Replacement piles) are generally considered
to be non-displacement piles a void is formed by boring or
excavation before piles is produced. Piles can be produced
by casting concrete in the void.
Some soils such as stiff clays are particularly amenable to
the formation of piles in this way, since the bore hole walls
do not requires temporary support. In unstable ground,
such as gravel the ground requires temporary support from
casing or bentonite slurry. Alternatively the casing may be
permanent, but driven into a hole which is bored as casing
is advanced. A different technique, which is still essentially
non-displacement, is to intrude, a grout or a concrete from
an auger which is rotated into the granular soil, and hence
produced a grouted column of soil.

There are three non-displacement methods:
bored cast- in - place piles, particularly pre-formed piles
and grout or concrete intruded piles.
The following are replacement piles:

•Augured
•Cable percussion drilling
•Large-diameter under-reamed
•Types incorporating pre caste concrete unite
•Drilled-in tubes
•Mini piles

Drilled Piles (Caissons)

A drilled pier is a deep foundation system that is constructed
by placing fresh concrete and reinforcing steel into a drilled
shaft.
The shaft is constructed by rotary methods using either a
self-contained drill unit or a crane mounted drill unit. The
hole is advanced through soil or rock to the desired bearing
stratum. Temporary or permanent steel casings may be used
to maintain the sides of the drilled excavation if caving soils
or water infiltration becomes a problem.
Drilled shafts can be used to sustain high axial and lateral

loads. Typical shaft diameters range from 18 to 144 inches
( 0.45 to 3.65 m ).
Shaft support methods available include:

* Vibrated temporary casing.
* Drilled temporary casing.
* Oscillated temporary casing.
* Permanent liners.
* Drilling under water.
* Drilling under bentonite.
* Drilling under polymer fluids.
•The load capacity of bored piles is a function of the geotechnical capacity
of the pile, the installation technique chosen, and the structural capacity of
the pile shaft.
•The capacity of piles socketed into good quality rock is often limited by
settlement considerations.
•Bored piles are particularly suited to providing resistance to high lateral
loads such as those induced by wind loading and earth quake loading.

Power Source
Pile Installation Methods (diesel engine)
Basic elements of
a drilled shaft rig Rotary Table
Kelly Bar
Drilling Tool
Drilling Tools

Drilling Tools









Forming bored-pile using drilling fluid (slurry)
Slurry can also be used during drilling to keep the sidewalls

from falling. Basically, two types of slurry are used.
• Polymer-based fluids
• Bentonite-based fluids
Polymer drilling fluids tend to increase the viscosity of the
grout. Some polymers can lubricate the bored pile walls,
causing less skin friction.

• When piles (usually 600mm or above) are bored through
unstable soil, the ground may be supported by the use of
drilling fluid/mud. This fluid consists of bentonite (a kind of
fine clay) suspension which restrains the particles of soil and
form a membrane over the sides of the borehole. The
membrane is kept in place by the hydrostatic pressure
created by filling the hole with the fluid.
• The first stage of the borehole is bored by rotary drill and
lined with a temporary steel casing. This short length of
casing prevents the collapse of loose surface soil and the
overflowing of the drilling mud. On completion of this stage
of boring, the hole is filled with bentonite slurry from the
storage tanks.


• The boring continues through the bentonite, which
should be fed into the hole to the right level as boring
proceeds in order to maintain the required counter
pressure.
• On reaching the required depth, reinforcement is

lowered through the bentonite slurry and concrete is
placed using a tremie pipe. The concrete displaces the
mud, which is pumped back into the storage tank as it
rises up the borehole. The short temporary casing is
withdrawn as the concrete reaches the top of the hole.

Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)
An equipment comprises of a mobile base carrier fitted with a hollow-
stemmed flight auger which is rotated into the ground to required
depth of pilling. To form the pile, concrete is placed through the
flight auger as it is withdrawn from the ground. The auger is fitted
with protective cap on the outlet at the base of the central tube and is
rotated into the ground by the top mounted rotary hydraulic motor
which runs on a carrier attached to the mast. On reaching the
required depth, highly workable concrete is pumped through the
hollow stem of the auger, and under the pressure of the concrete the
protective cap is detached. While rotating the auger in the same
direction as during the boring stage, the spoil is expelled vertically as
the auger is withdrawn and the pile is formed by filling with
concrete. In this process, it is important that rotation of the auger
and flow of concrete is matched that collapse of sides of the hole
above concrete on lower flight of auger is avoided. This may lead to
voids in filled with soil in concrete.

The method is especially effective on soft ground and
enables to install a variety of bored piles of various
diameters that are able to penetrate a multitude of soil
conditions. Still, for successful operation of rotary auger
the soil must be reasonably free of tree roots, cobbles, and
boulders, and it must be self-supporting.
During operation little soil is brought upwards by the
auger that lateral stresses is maintained in the soil and
voiding or excessive loosening of the soil minimize.
However, if the rotation of the auger and the advance of
the auger is not matched, resulting in removal of soil
during drilling-possibly leading to collapse of the side of
the hole.

Auger cast piles are installed using a continuous flight
auger, advanced into the soil by means of a hydraulic drill.
This drill can be a self-contained unit or mounted in a
prefabricated set of leads.
The auger is drilled to the desired tip elevation or refusal
where the grouting process begins. Grout is injected
through the bottom port of the hollow stem auger,
replacing the soil removed by the drilling operation.
The pile is then grouted to grade and set to the correct cut-
off elevation. Reinforcing may be placed into the fluid
grout. These piles range in diameter from 12 to 36 inches.
Soil conditions and structural components of the pile
dictate capacities.
Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Process

Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Process

The CFA Pile is a non-displacement pile used where fast

vibration free installation is required in difficult ground
conditions. The drilling process is suitable for penetrating
dense layers and is unaffected by ground water or
collapsing soil conditions.


Continuous Flight
Auger (CFA)

Continuous Flight
Auger (CFA)
Advantages of CFA piles are:

• No vibration,
• Low noise levels,
• No temporary casing required,
• Speed of installation, and
• Lower unit cost.
Disadvantages of CFA piles are:

• Temperature limits on installation, and
• Difficultly penetrating very hard bearing layers.

CFA Pile Materials - Concrete
Typical Mix Design Proportions:

• 25 to 35 Mpa Compressive Strength @28 days
• Slump 200 mm +/- 25
• W/C = 0.45 Typical
• Course Aggregate (14mm)
• 2 to 4 hour workability
• Hydration Stabilizer
• Mid/High range water reducer
Continuous
Flight Auger
(CFA)

1- Drilling with an auger drill to correct depth.

The auger is shaped to remove only the same
amount of soil as the volume of the drill.
2- When the drill has arrived at the correct

depth, concrete is pumped through the end of
the centre pipe as the drill is extracted.
3- To strengthen the upper pile a

reinforcement cage can be inserted after
installation.

Low Headroom CFA Pile Rig

with Segmental Augers

CAP (Cased Augured Piles)
&
CSP (Cased Secant Piles)
•CAP/CSP technology was conceived
for lined piles with the continuous
flight auger method. An ideal
technology for projects in urban
centers, in that it eliminates vibration
and disturbances to adjacent
structures, reduces noise emissions
and avoids the use of bentonite mud
for drilling. This greatly simplifies
disposal of waste material. A
particularly efficient method of
building secant piles for the formation
of continuous structural and/or sealed
bulkheads.


CFA CAP
(Continuous Flight Auger) (Cased Augured Piles)

CSP (Cased Secant Piles)
With CSP technology it is

possible to operate in
adherence with existing
foundations by avoiding
decompression of the soil
and ensuring absolute
precision: use of casing
ensures a high degree of
drilling verticality, with
less than 0.7% deviation
from the vertical position.

In the operating phases piles are dug
with simultaneous driving of the casing
and the augers into the soil. When casing
is completely driven the pile’s digging
may continue only with the blades.
Once the digging phase is finished, the blades and lining

are extracted; at the same time the concrete is poured
through the internal passage in the core of the blades. Once
pouring is done, the cage is inserted into the still wet
concrete. The continuous diaphragm is constructed with
secant primary and secondary piles, properly overlapped;
with this application it is necessary to construct guiding
walls to ensure correct plan metric positioning of the piles
and to guide the lining pipe on the surface.
Under reaming
A special feature of auger bored piles which
is sometimes used to enable to exploit the
bearing capacity of suitable strata by
providing an enlarged base. The soil has to
be capable of standing open unsupported to
employ this technique. Stiff and to hard
clays, such as the London clay, are ideal.
In its closed position, the underreaming tool is fitted inside

the straight section of a pile shaft, and then expanded at the
bottom of the pile to produce the underream shown in fig. 8-
3.Normally, after installation and before concrete is casted,
a man carrying cage is lowered and the shaft and the
underream of the pile is inspected.


Underreamed (Belled) Shaft

Franki Pile

Franki Pile
Franki Pile

Continuous helical displacement piles (C.H.D.P ):

a short, hollow tapered steel former complete with a larger
diameter helical flange, the bullet head is fixed to a hallow drill
pipe which is connected to a high torque rotary head running up
and down the mast of a special rig. A hollow cylindrical steel shaft
sealed at the lower end by a one-way valve and fitted with
triangular steel fins is pressed into the ground by a hydraulic
ram. There are no vibrations.
Displaced soil is compacted in front and around the shaft. Once it
reaches the a suitably resistant stratum the shaft is rotated. The
triangular fins either side of its leading edge carve out a conical
base cavity. At the same time concrete is pumped down the center
of the shaft and through the one-way valve. Rotation of the fins is
calculated so that as soil is pushed away from the pile base it is
simultaneously replaced by in-flowing concrete.

• Rates of push, rotation and concrete injection are all
controlled by an onboard computer. Torque on the shaft is also
measured by the computer. When torque levels reach a
constant low value the base in formed. The inventors claim
that the system can install a typical pile in 12 minute. A typical
6m long pile with an 800mm diameter base and 350mm shaft
founded on moderately dense gravel beneath soft overlaying
soils can achieve an ultimate capacity of over 200t.
• The pile is suitable
for embankments,
hard standing
supports and floor
slabs, where you
have a soft silty
layer over a gravel
strata.



Large-Diameter Piles
Large diameter bored piles are non displacement piles
which are commonly used where large vertical loads or
bending moments must be carried by a single unit.
Large-diameter pipe piles are widely used as foundations
for large bridges. The advantage of this type of foundation
is manifold. Large-diameter pipe piles can be built over
water from a barge, a trestle, or a temporary island. They
can be used in almost all ground conditions and penetrate
to a great depth to reach bedrock. Length of the pile can be
adjusted by welding.
Large-diameter pipe piles can also be used as casings to
support soil above bedrock from caving in; rock sockets or
rock anchors can then be constructed below the tip of the
pipe.

Concrete or reinforced concrete can be placed inside the
pipe after it is cleaned. Another advantage is that no
workers are required to work below water or the ground
surface. Construction is usually safer and faster than other
types of foundations, such as caissons or cofferdam
construction.

Large-diameter pipe piles can be installed by methods of
driving, vibrating, or torque. Driven piles usually have higher
capacity than piles installed through vibration or torque.
However, driven piles are hard to control in terms of location
and inclination of the piles. Moreover, once a pile is out of
location or installed with unwanted inclination, no corrective
measures can be applied. Piles installed with vibration or
torque, on the other hand, can be controlled more easily. If a
pile is out of position or inclination, the pile can even be lifted
up and reinstalled.

Large - Diameter Bored Piles
Reverse Circulation
Drilling

Large-Diameter
Piles
Drilled Shaft Casing
Drill bit



Displacement
screw piles
Atlas screw pile

Secant pile walls and Tangent pile wall
Secant pile walls are formed by constructing intersecting
reinforced concrete piles. The piles are reinforced with
either steel rebar or with steel beams and are constructed
by either drilling under mud or augering.
Primary piles are installed first with secondary piles
constructed in between primary piles once the latter gain
sufficient strength. Pile overlap is typically in the order of 3
inches (8 cm). In a tangent pile wall, there is no pile overlap
as the piles are constructed flush to each other.
The main advantages of secant or tangent pile walls are:

1- Increased construction alignment flexibility.
2- Increased wall stiffness compared to sheet piles.
3- Can be installed in difficult ground (cobbles/boulders).
4- Less noisy construction.
The main disadvantages of secant pile walls are:
1- Verticality tolerances may be hard to achieve for deep piles.

2- Total waterproofing is very difficult to obtain in joints.
3- Increased cost compared to sheet pile walls.

‫ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﺘﺠﺎورة‬Contiguous piles
‫اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﻤﺘﻘﺎﻃﻌﺔ‬ Secant piles
Contiguous bored pile wall - Tangent Pile Wall

Construction Sequence

Secant Pile Wall

Construction Sequence
Secant Pile Wall
Un-reinforced Primary Pile
Reinforced Primary Piles

Secant Pile Wall
Secant Pile Wall Secant Pile Wall

hard/soft or hard/firm hard/ hard
Similar to the contiguous bored pile wall but the gap

between piles is filled with an unreinforced cement/bentonite
mix (1 to 2 N/mm2) for the hard/soft wall and weak concrete
(in the order of 10 N/mm2) for the hard/firm wall.
Construction is carried out by installing the primary piles
(A) and then the secondary piles (B) are formed in
reinforced concrete, cutting into the primary piles.

Secant Pile Wall

Secant piles can be constructed
either with conventional
drilling methods or through the
use of CFA techniques.
Secant pile walls typically
include both reinforced
secondary and unreinforced
primary piles. The secondary
piles overlap the primary piles,
with the primary piles essentially
acting as concrete lagging. The
reinforcement in the secondary
piles generally consists of rebar
cages or steel beams.

Barrettes ( Multiform strip piles )
‫اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ اﻟﺸﺮﯾﻄﯿﺔ‬
Classically, it includes 3 stages:

1. drilling,
2. putting the reinforcements in place,
3. concreting.
The drilling is generally done under a bentonitic slurry,
like a classical diaphragm wall.

Barrettes

Barrettes

Barrettes
Barrettes

Hand signals
for pile driving
operations

Parts of pile foundation

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‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬

Pile Installation Methods 3

• Installation practices include consideration and utilization

• The designer should be aware that certain equipment

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Pile Installation Methods 3

A) Pile driving methods (displacement piles)

1. Dropping weight (Impact hammers)

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• Hammers can generally be divided into two groups, impact

• Vibratory hammers are electrically or hydraulically

Pile Installation Methods 3

1. Pile driving by dropping weight

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1. Pile driving by dropping weight

Pile Installation Methods 3

1. Pile driving by dropping weight

Pile Driving Equipment

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1. Pile driving by dropping weight

Pile Installation Methods 3

1. Pile driving by dropping weight

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Single-acting diesel hammer

Pile Installation Methods 3

•Double-acting hammers are used mainly for sheet pile

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1. Pile driving by dropping weight

Pile Installation Methods 3

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Pile Installation Methods 3

1. Pile driving by dropping weight

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1. Pile driving by dropping weight

Pile Installation Methods 3

1. Pile driving by dropping weight

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Pile Installation Methods 3

1. Pile driving by dropping weight

(GPS Positioning for Offshore Pile Locations)

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Concrete piles damaged by difficult driving conditions

Pile Installation Methods

Concrete piles damaged by difficult driving conditions

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Steel tube piles badly damaged by hard driving

Pile Installation Methods

Steel H-piles badly damaged by hard driving

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Types of damage to timber piles from overdriving

Pile Installation Methods 3

1. Pile driving by dropping weight

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Pile Installation Methods 3

2. Pile driving by vibrating

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2. Pile driving by vibrating

Pile Installation Methods 3

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3. Pile driving by jacking

Pile Installation Methods 3

3. Pile driving by jacking

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3. Pile driving by jacking