Chapter 2.ppt (Compatibility Mode)

‫ﺑﺴﻢ اﷲ اﻟﺮﺣﻤﻦ اﻟﺮﺣﯿﻢ‬
Foundation Engineering
Chapter 2
by
Prof. Adel Ahmed Dif
Structural Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
El-Mansoura University
Deep Foundations 2
n Piles
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Pile Foundations 2
n Pile foundations are the part of a structure

used to carry and transfer the load of the
structure to the bearing ground located at
some depth below ground surface. The main
components of the foundation are the pile
cap and the piles.
n Piles are long and slender members which

transfer the load to deeper soil or rock of
high bearing capacity avoiding shallow soil of
low bearing capacity.
Pile Foundations 2
n A preliminary selection of the pile type may

usually be made from a study of the
foundation investigations. However, the
nature of the structure, type of applied loads,
and technical and economic feasibility must
be considered in the determination of pile
type, length, spacing, batters, etc.
n Piles are slender structural elements installed
in the ground to support a load or compact
the soil. They are made of several materials or
combinations of materials and are installed by
impact driving, jacking, vibrating, jetting,
drilling, grouting, or combinations of these
techniques.

Pile Foundations 2
Design issues
The key design issues in relation to pile foundations
include:
1. Selection of the type of pile and installation method;
2. Estimation of the pile size in order to satisfy the

requirements of an adequate margin of safety against
failure of both the supporting soil and the pile itself,
both in compression and tension;
3. Estimation of the settlement of the foundation, and
the differential settlement between adjacent
foundations;
Pile Foundations 2
4. Consideration of the effects of any lateral loading, and
the design of the piles to produce an adequate margin
of safety against failure of the soil and the pile, and
an acceptable lateral deflection;
5. Consideration of the effects of ground movements
which may occur due to external causes (such as soil
settlement and swelling), and the estimation of the
movements and forces induced in the pile by such
movements;
6. Evaluation of the performance of the pile from
appropriate pile loading tests, and the interpretation
of these tests to evaluate parameters which may be
used to predict more accurately the performance of
the pile foundation.

PILE TYPES 2
• The selection of a pile foundation type for a

structure should be based on the specific soil
conditions as well as the foundation loading
requirements and final performance criteria.
• There are numerous types of foundation piles.

A pile classification system may be based on type
of material, installation technique and
equipment used for installation.
• Foundation piles can also be classified on the

basis of their method of load transfer from the
pile to the surrounding soil mass.
PILE TYPES 2
• Piles are difficult to summarize and classify because there
are many types of piles, and new types are still being
developed.
•Concrete piles can also be classified according to the

condition under which the concrete is cast. Some concrete
piles (precast piles) are cast in a plant before driving, which
allows controlled inspection of all phases of manufacture.
Other piles are cast-in-place (CIP), a term used to
designate piles made of concrete placed into a previously
driven, enclosed container; concrete-filled corrugated shells
and closed-end pipe are examples of CIP piles. Other piles
are cast-in-situ (CIS), a term to designate concrete cast
directly against the earth; drilled piers and auger grout
piles are examples of CIS piles.

PILE TYPES 2
Selection of the type of pile and installation
method :‫ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ‬
‫ ﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻨﻘل‬،‫ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺃﻨﻭﺍﻉ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ‬
‫ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻤﺎﺩﺓ‬،‫ ﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ‬،‫ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻠﻐﺭﺽ ﻤﻥ ﺍﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎﻟﻬﺎ‬،‫ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ ﻭﻋﻤﻭﻤﺎﹰً ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺃﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻔﻜﺭﺓ ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫﻫﺎ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻨﻭﻋﻴﻥ‬
:‫ﺃﺴﺎﺴﻴﻴﻥ‬
(Displacement piles) ‫ ﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺍﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﺨﺘﺭﺍﻕ‬-١
‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻴﺼﻨﻊ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻭﻀﻌﻪ ﻓﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺇﻤﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﺩﻕ ﺃﻭ‬
(Large & Small ) ‫ﺍﻟﻀﻐﻁ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﺒﺭﻡ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻤﻪ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﺴﻤﻴﻥ‬
(Replacement piles) ‫ ﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺘﻔﺭﻴﻎ‬-٢
(Non-Displacement piles)
‫ﻭﻓﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻻ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻋﻤل ﺃﻯ ﺇﺯﺍﺤﺔ ﻟﻠﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﺩﺓ ﺘﺤﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺜﻡ ﻴﺘﻡ‬
.‫ﺘﻨﻔﻴﺫ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﺯﻭﻕ ﺩﺍﺨل ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺤﻔﺭﺓ‬
PILE TYPES 2
Displacement Piles
Piles which are driven are termed ‘Displacement Piles’
because their installation methods displace laterally the
soils through which they are introduced.
Replacement Piles
Piles that are formed by creating a borehole into which the
pile is then cast or placed, are referred to as ‘Replacement
Piles’ because existing material, usually soil, is removed as
part of the process.
There are two principal types of replacement pile. These

are bored-and-cast-in-place piles, and drilled-in tubular
(including caisson) piles.

PILE TYPES 2
A) classification of piles based on installation

technique :
These categories may be subdivided into:
1. Large Displacement :
• Preformed :driven into the ground and left in position
a) Solid : Timber/Concrete
( Precast concrete piles Non prestressed, prestressed )
b) Hollow with a closed end : Steel or concrete tubes
• Formed in-situ : closed-ended tubular driven then
.
withdrawn filling void with concrete. ( Driven cast –
in-place piles such as Franki, Raymond, Montube etc )
•The British Standard Code of Practice for Foundations

2
(BS 8004) places piles in three categories.
•Large displacement piles comprise solid-section piles or
hollow-section piles with a closed end, which are driven or
jacked into the ground and thus displace the soil. All types
of driven and cast-in-place piles come into this category.
•Small-displacement piles are also driven or jacked into the
ground but have a relatively small cross-sectional area. They
include rolled steel H- or I-sections, and pipe or box sections
driven with an open end such that the soil enters the hollow
section. Where these pile types plug with soil during driving
they become large displacement types.
•Replacement piles are formed by first removing the soil by
boring using a wide range of drilling techniques. Concrete
may be placed into an unlined or lined hole, or the lining may
be withdrawn as the concrete is placed. Preformed elements
of timber, concrete, or steel may be placed in drilled holes.

PILE TYPES 2
• Types of piles in each of these categories can be listed as

follows.
1-a- Large displacement piles (driven types)
1. Timber (round or square section, jointed or continuous).

2. Precast concrete (solid or tubular section in continuous
or jointed units).
3. Prestressed concrete (solid or tubular section).
4. Steel tube (driven with closed end).
5. Steel box (driven with closed end).
6. Fluted and tapered steel tube.
7. Jacked-down steel tube with closed end.
8. Jacked-down solid concrete cylinder.
PILE TYPES 2
1-b- Large displacement piles (driven and cast-in-place
types)
1. Steel tube driven and withdrawn after placing concrete.
2. Precast concrete shell filled with concrete.
3. Thin-walled steel shell driven by withdrawable mandrel
and then filled with concrete.
2- Small-displacement piles
1. Precast concrete (tubular section driven with open end).
2. Prestressed concrete (tubular section driven with open end).
3. Steel H-section.
4. Steel tube section (driven with open end and soil removed as
required).
5. Steel box section (driven with open end and soil removed as
required).

PILE TYPES 2
3- Replacement piles
1. Concrete placed in hole drilled by rotary auger, baling,
grabbing, airlift or reverse-circulation methods (bored
and cast-in- place).
2. Tubes placed in hole drilled as above and filled with
concrete as necessary.
3. Precast concrete units placed in drilled hole.
4. Cement mortar or concrete injected into drilled hole.
5. Steel sections placed in drilled hole.
6. Steel tube drilled down.
Composite piles
•Numerous types of piles of composite construction may be
formed by combining units in each of the above categories, or
by adopting combinations of piles in more than one category.
PILE TYPES 2
2. Small displacement :
- Screw piles
- Steel H piles
- Box piles
- Steel tube piles – open ended (Tube sections
may plug and become large displacement).
3. Non-displacement (Replacement) :
Void formed by boring or excavation then filled
with concrete. During construction the hole
may need to be supported for which there are
two main options : (Bored Piles – cased or uncased)
- steel casing
- drilling mud

PILE TYPES 2
Displacement or Low-Displacement ?
Displacement piles are piles that

actually displace the material they
are driven into.
Low (Non) Displacement piles are

piles that displace very little of the
material they are driven into.
PILE TYPES 2

PILE TYPES 2
• For all pile types a further distinction is

required based on their method of
installation.
a. Driven piles:
These piles are generally pre-formed before
being driven, jacked, screwed or hammered
into the ground.
b. Bored piles:
For these piles a hole is first bored in the
ground, and the pile is then usually formed in
the hole.
PILE TYPES 2
Types of Displacement Piles

Displacement
Large Small
Hollow tube, or
Preformed Formed in-situ H-section Screw
Steel
Hollow tube Tube former

Solid Closed end withdrawn
Concrete,
or Timber Steel or Concrete void filled with
concrete
١٠

PILE TYPES 2
Types of Non-displacement Piles
Bored Piles
Unsupported Supported
during during
Construction Construction
Steel Casing Drilling Mud
Void filled with

Reinforced Concrete
PILE TYPES 2
What is a Driven Pile?

A Driven Pile is a deep foundation
that is constructed by driving a
concrete, steel or timber pile to
support the anticipated loads in
competent subsurface material.
Prefabricated concrete piles are driven

using a pile driver equipped with a
hydraulic free fall hammer.
Prefabricated concrete piles are
primarily used in loose soils.
١١

PILE TYPES 2
What is a Bored Pile?

A Bored Pile is a deep foundation that
is constructed by removing the soil in
the pile location by an excavating tool
(bucket- auger – core barrel- etc..) to
correct depth.
When the drill has arrived at the

correct depth, the pile is concreted
using a tremmie pipe or pumped
through the end of the centre pipe
(CFA).
PILE TYPES 2
B) Classification of piles with respect to load
transmission :
• Piles are used to transmit foundation loads
through soil strata of low bearing capacity to
deeper soil or rock having a higher bearing
capacity. The method by which this occurs is
the basis of the simplest pile type classification.
• Three main pile types:

1. End bearing piles (point bearing piles)
2. Friction piles (cohesion piles )
3. Combination of friction and end bearing piles
١٢

PILE TYPES 2
• Piles are used under structures to transmit the

foundation load to a deeper soil stratum which
has a higher load carrying capability.
• Piles that transmit their load to the soil by
friction between the pile surface and the soil are
called friction piles. Those that transmit their
load to a particular soil stratum at the end of the
pile are called end bearing piles.
•The vast majority of piles transmit the load to the

soil by a combination of both actions ( friction and
end bearing piles ).
PILE TYPES 2
: ‫ﺏ( ﺘﻘﺴﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺒﺎﻟﻨﺴﺒﺔ ﻟﻁﺭﻴﻘﺔ ﻨﻘل ﺍﻷﺤﻤﺎل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ‬
‫ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻴﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺇﻟﻰ‬،End-Bearing Piles ‫ ﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺎﺯ‬-١
.(Qb) ‫ﺍﻟﺘﺭﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻭﻟﺩﺓ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻨﻘﻁﺔ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺎﺯﻩ ﺃﻭ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ‬
‫ ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻴﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺃﺴﺎﺴﺎ‬،Friction piles ‫ ﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬-٢
.(Qs) ‫ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺤﻪ‬
‫ ﺍﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ‬/‫ ﺨﻭﺍﺯﻴﻕ ﺍﺭﺘﻜﺎﺯ‬-٣
،End-bearing-Friction Piles
‫ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻨﻭﻉ ﻴﻨﻘل ﺍﻟﺤﻤل ﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎ ﺒﻭﺍﺴﻁﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺤﺘﻜﺎﻙ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺴﻁﺤﻪ ﻭﺠﺯﺌﻴﺎ ﺒﻤﻘﺎﻭﻤﺔ‬
.( Qb+Qs) ‫ﺍﻻﺭﺘﻜﺎﺯ ﻋﻨﺩ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺘﻪ‬
١٣

PILE TYPES 2
End bearing piles
Friction piles
PILE TYPES 2
END BEARING PILE FRICTION PILE
LOAD LOAD
SAND SAND
L SANDS
L L
O O
O
A A
D A
SOFT D
D CLAYS
CLAY
CLAY
ROCK SAND
١٤

PILE TYPES 2
Qu End bearing - Friction pile
∆z1 RS1 Layer 1

∆z2 RS2 Layer 2
∆z3 RS3 Layer 3 Qu = RSN + RT
∆z4 RS4 Layer 4
RT
PILE TYPES 2
C) Classification of piles with respect to pile
materials :
.‫ﺗﺼﻨﻊ اﻟﺨﻮازﯾﻖ ﻣﻦ اﻟﺨﺮﺳﺎﻧﺔ أو اﻟﺤﺪﯾﺪ أو اﻟﺨﺸﺐ أو أﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﻣﺎدة ﻣﻦ ھﺬه اﻟﻤﻮاد‬
The main types of materials used for piles are wood, steel and
concrete.
١٥

PILE TYPES 2
Materials used for piles
PILE TYPES 2
Concrete Piles
١٦

PRESTRESS Piles 2
PILE TYPES 2
١٧

PILE TYPES 2
Steel Pile – H piles :
Similar to I-beam except that
cross-section is generally
heavier and the flange width
and distance from flange face
to flange face is nearly the
same.
H - Piles
PILE TYPES 2
Steel Pile – H piles :
١٨

PILE TYPES 2
Steel Pipe Pile

(Tube piles)
Spin Fin Pile
PILE TYPES 2
Steel Pipe Pile
١٩

PILE TYPES 2
Steel Pipe Pile
PILE TYPES 2
Steel Pipe Pile
٢٠

PILE TYPES 2
Wood piles :
(Timber piles)
PILE TYPES 2
Timber
piles
Corrosion of steel H piles
٢١

PILE TYPES 2
Fiber-reinforced polymer piles
Fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composite piles.
SEAPILE composite marine piles

consist of an extruded recycled
plastic material reinforced by
fiberglass bars.
SEAPILE pile sample after

axial compression test.
PILE TYPES 2
PPI manufactures
recycled plastic piles
reinforced by steel bars
PPI pile.
Trimax structural plastic

lumber material consists of
recycled plastic, fiberglass,
and selected additives Trimax pile.
٢٢

PILE TYPES 2
(FRP) piles (FRP) Fender piles
PILE TYPES 2
Composite Pile
• Concrete – H-Pile
• Pipe – H-Pile
• Pipe – concrete Pile
• Corrugated Shell –
Timber Pile
٢٣

PILE TYPES 2
PILE TYPES 2
TYPES OF BEARING PILE
DISPLACEMENT NON-DISPLACEMENT
Grout intruded Concrete intruded

TOTALLY PREFORMED DRIVEN CAST- IN-PLACE
the soil (unless deliberately isolated by
In these piles concrete is cast against
A bore is formed by A bore is formed with

A section, tubular or otherwise A tube is driven into means of a hollow - a hollow -stemmed
is driven into the ground . the ground to form centered flight auger. flight auger. Concrete
The sections is : a void. The tube is Grout is intruded is pumped through
and either displaces the stem as the auger is
or is mixed with bore extracted
spoil
A void is formed by
a membrane)
boring or excavation
Hollow Solid Concrete Steel
Partially preformed piles

Steel Concrete Concrete Steel Timber
The close-ended tube The tube is
is filled with concrete Preformed units are
and left in position grouted in place
The void is
Precast reinforced Precast prestressed
Closed - ended Open -ended
Percussion bored Rotary bored
Drilled
Tube is left in position The basic system

and filled with concrete involves driving a Small diameter
Joined by Joined using
the tube is retrievable tube and
splicing proprietary
1) of constant section forming a pile with Large diameter
system Small diameter
2) tapered or without an Straight-shafted
Underreamed
enlarged base
Classification of bearing pile types. After Weltman and Little (1977)
٢٤

PILE TYPES 2
Other special pile types
• Underreamed (Belled) Shaft

• Tangent Pile Wall ( Secant Pile)
• Micro Piles
• Barrettes
PILE TYPES 2
Underreamed (Belled) Shaft
A special feature of auger bored piles which is sometimes
used to enable to exploit the bearing capacity of suitable
strata by providing an enlarged base. The soil has to be
capable of standing open unsupported to employ this
technique. Stiff and to hard clays, such as the London clay,
are ideal.
٢٥

PILE TYPES 2
Bottom hinge Top hinge
Under-reaming tools
PILE TYPES 2
Bell pile technique is able to increase the end-bearing capacity
of the pile by enlarging its bottom sectional area.
٢٦

PILE TYPES 2
PILE TYPES 2
Tangent Pile or Secant Pile Wall
٢٧

PILE TYPES 2
Tangent Pile or Secant Pile Wall
PILE TYPES 2
Tangent Pile Wall
ANCHORS
Un-reinforced Primary Pile
Reinforced Primary Piles ELEVATION
٢٨

PILE TYPES 2
Tangent Pile Wall
PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
Micro piles are relatively small diameter, usually 3 to 12 inch
diameter, high capacity deep foundation elements.
These drilled and grouted reinforced piles are typically used

for structural support where conventional deep foundation
elements cannot be installed due to project constraints such
as limited work space or where heavy machinery cannot be
used.
Micro piles are manufactured with a coupling sleeve and are
either hot dip galvanised or left untreated.
A pile shoe is fitted when the piles are installed.
The piles are installed using special machines equipped with
a light hydraulic or pneumatic ram.
٢٩

PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
• A micropile is a small-diameter (typically less than
300 mm), drilled and grouted replacement pile that is
typically reinforced. A micropile is constructed by
drilling a borehole, placing reinforcement, and
grouting the hole.
• Micropiles are installed by methods that cause
minimal disturbance to adjacent structures, soil, and
the environment. They can be installed in access-
restrictive environments and in all soil types and
ground conditions. Micropiles can be installed at any
angle below the horizontal using the same type of
equipment used for ground anchor and grouting
projects.
PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
٣٠

PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
Fundamentals are similar to traditional pile design
♦ However, due to the small structural section,
structural design and stiffness can often control
Construction Techniques
“Drill Rig”
Micropile Materials :
- Permanent Steel Pipe
- Steel Reinforcement
- Cement Grout
PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
Micropile Design Steps
♦ Internal - Structural
♦ External - Geotechnical
♦ Connection of Pile to Structure
Micropiles through existing New pile cap attached to existing

footing footing
Two Common Options for Connecting Micropiles
to an Existing Structure
٣١

PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
1. Structural Design
♦ Components
– Cased length
– Uncased length
– Grout to steel bond
– Transitions between reinforcement types
– Strain compatibility
– Casing or bar splice and connection
– Footing connection
PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
2- Geotechnical Design
♦ Evaluate Load Transfer Parameters

– grout to ground average bond values
– identify variations throughout profile and
across the site
– define the required minimum bond length
♦Evaluate pile spacing

– impact from group effects
٣٢

PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
Figure 2- 1
PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
• Micropiles are made of 50 to 80 ksi steel casing and
4,000 to 5,000 psi grout. The casing is drilled down to a
pre-determined depth or socketed into rock, then
tremie-filled with grout.
• The most popular micropile sizes, assuming allowable
steel stress of 18 ksi and 4,000 psi grout:
٣٣

PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
٣٤

PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
٣٥

PILE TYPES 2
Micro Piles
PILE TYPES 2
Barrettes
ONE PILE ONE COLUMN Approach
(PILED COLUMN)
The pile type and capacity shall be governed by column
load characteristics :
- only pile caps connect pile to column - no large fat raft
- less excavation - less dewatering
- less temporary earth support
- less risk to the neighboring buildings
- technical uncertainties are minimal
- maximizing the potential of pile material strength
- suitable for all types of soil unlike piled raft, which is only
suitable for some soil conditions (Poulos 2001)
However, comprehensive quality control is needed.
٣٦

PILE TYPES 2
ONE PILE ONE COLUMN Approach

(PILED COLUMN)
Barrettes ( Multiform strip piles )
Barrettes are very large bored piles.

* If the correct equipment is used they
are faster to construct and less cost/ton
than conventional bored piles.
* Can the same design methods apply?
Spacing – end bearing – shaft resistance?
French Code: 15% reduction
PILE TYPES 2
Barrettes ( Multiform strip piles )
٣٧

PILE TYPES 2
Barrettes
PILED COLUMNS
PILED RAFT ONE PILE ONE COLUMN
GROUND SURFACE
GROUNDWATER TABLE
SIDE SUPPORTING & DEWATERING DEPTH

R.C RAFT R.C Slab R.C Pile Cap
12 00
5000
PLAIN CONCRETE TH=200 MM
ONE PILE
350
GROUP OF PILES
PILE TYPES 2
Barrettes
Typical barrette layout for a transmission tower
Cruciform barrette for a monopole type tower
٣٨

PILE TYPES 2
Barrettes
Barrette construction sequences (schematic)
PILE TYPES 2
Barrettes
Guide wall for

a cruciform barrette
Reinforcement being
installed in the trench
٣٩

PILE TYPES 2
Barrettes
It concerns a type of drilled and cast-in-place pile, the
distinctive characters of which are the shape and way of
drilling. Grab-bucket or Hydrofraise type drilling tools
are used. The size of these tools determines that of the
piles. The simplest piles are made with one stroke of a
standard size grab-bucket (or Hydrofraise cutting
drums). The sizes are :
• width : 0.52, 0.62, 0.82, 1.02, 1.22, 1.52 m
• length : 1.80, 2.20, 2.70, 3.0 m
The methods of calculation and

measurement are the same as those for
drilled and cast-in-place circular piles.
PILE TYPES 2
٤٠

PILE TYPES 2
SAN STEFANO COMPLEX
PILE TYPES 2
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
MECHANICAL FLOOR MECHANICAL FLOOR

FLOOR 29 FLOOR 29
FLOOR 28 FLOOR 28
FLOOR 27
FLOOR 26
FLOOR 25
RESIDENTIAL FLOOR
FLOOR
FLOOR
27
26
25
FLOOR 24 FLOOR 24
FLOOR 23 FLOOR 23
FLOOR 22 FLOOR 22
FLOOR 21 FLOOR 21
FLOOR 20 FLOOR 20
FLOOR 19 FLOOR 19
FLOOR 18 FLOOR 18
FLOOR 17 FLOOR 17
FLOOR 16 FLOOR 16
FLOOR 15 FLOOR 15
FLOOR 14 FLOOR 14
FLOOR 13 FLOOR 13
FLOOR 12 FLOOR 12
FLOOR 11 HOTEL FLOOR 11
FLOOR 10 FLOOR 10
FLOOR 09 FLOOR 09
FLOOR 08 FLOOR 08
FLOOR 07 FLOOR 07
FLOOR 06 FLOOR 06
FLOOR 05 FLOOR 05
FLOOR 04 FLOOR 04
FLOOR 03 FLOOR 03
FLOOR 02 FLOOR 02
FLOOR 01
GROUND FLOOR
HOTEL FLOOR 01
GROUND FLOOR
UPPE R UPP ER
GROUND FLOOR GROUND FLOOR

GROUND FLOOR
LOWER
LOWER
BASEMENT 1 BASEMENT 1
Y1 Y2 Y3 Y4 Y5 Y6 Y7
SAN STEFANO COMPLEX

NUMBER OF FLOORS = 36 TOTAL LOAD = 826,000 TON
32 ABOVE GROUND SURFACE + 4 BELOW GROUND SURFACE
٤١

PILE TYPES 2
SAN STEFANO COMPLEX
SAN STEFANO COMPLEX (Deep Foundation Summary) 2

Type Shape Capacity (t) No. Length
(m)
Comp. Tens.
Pile D=1.20m 650 110 360 20
Pile D=1.50m 900 160 36 20
Barrette (1.0X2.80m) 1450 250 31 20
Barrette (1.20X2.80m) 1670 300 38 20
Barrette (1.50X2.80m) 2000 340 128 20
Barrette (1.20X4.0m) 2300 400 44 20
T – Barrette (1.20m) 3000 500 6 20
T – Barrette (1.20m) 3000 500 2 20
T – Barrette (1.50m) 4000 575 12 22
٤٢

PILE TYPES 2
SAUDI EMBASSY -
TOP OF PARAPET 181.8
LIFT MACHINE RM. 178.0
CAIRO
PLANT RM.-II 175.0
PLANT RM.-I 171.4
18th FLOOR
AMBASSADOR'S SUITE 167.8
17th FLOOR - DEPUTY AMBASSADOR 164.2
16th FLOOR - ECONOMIC AFFAIRS 160.6

COMMUNICATIONS
15th FLOOR - ADMIN./FINANCIAL AFFAIRS 157.0

ROOF LEVEL (T.O.S.) +156.60 BUILDING ADMIN.
14th FLOOR - ADMIN./FINANCIAL AFFAIRS 153.4

TERRACE FLOOR (T.O.S.) +153.20
13th FLOOR - ARAB LEAUGE DELEGATION 149.8

14th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +149.80
(TYPE-A, UPPER LVL.)
12th FLOOR - MILITARY ATTACHE 146.20
13th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +146.40
(TYPE-A, LOWER LVL.)
12th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +143.00 11th FLOOR - MILITARY ATTACHE 142.6
11th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +139.60 10th FLOOR - NATIONAL GUARDS 139.0
10th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +136.20 9th FLOOR - EDUCATIONAL ATTACHE 135.4
9th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +132.80 8th FLOOR - EDUCATION ATTACHE 131.8
8th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +129.40 7th FLOOR - HEALTH ATTACHE 128.2
7th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +126.00

6th FLOOR - COMMERCIAL ATTACHE 124.6
6th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +122.60

5th FLOOR - SAUDI RECRUITMENT OFFICE 121.0
5th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +119.20

4th FLOOR - SAUDI NEWS AGENCY 117.4
INFORMATION AFFAIRS
4th FLOOR (T.O.S.) +115.80
STEP TRANSFER DECK 113.8
3RD FLOOR (T.O.S.) +112.00 3RD FLOOR 112.0
2ND FLOOR 108.200

2ND FLOOR (T.O.S.) +108.20
1ST FLOOR 104.400

1ST FLOOR (T.O.S.) +104.40
GROUND FLOOR (T.O.S.)+100.60

GROUND FLOOR (T.O.S.) +100.60
BASEMENT FLOOR (T.O.S.)+97.00

BASEMENT FLOOR (T.O.S.) +97.00

PILE TYPES 2
SAUDI EMBASSY - CAIRO
A B C D E F G H I J K
MATCH LINE
67500
7500 6900 6100 5500 5500 5500 7500 5500 7500 7500 2500
2750 2750 2750
7 1000
7
800
2500
2500
310
DB1 DB3 DB2 DB1 50

1015
P3
8 8
270
270
100
100
100
235
P1 P2 P2
200 P5 200
P5 P3
200
P5
3500
3500
9 1200 250
250 1600
50
9
1155
1155
1155
100 P3 P3 P3
1000
1000
750
300
425
425
425
25
25
25
25
10 P1 B1
P5
B1 P3 B1 P3
10
4500
4500
450 6100 450

B1 DB4
F OR CONTINUATION REFER TO DWG. NO. S -S-G-01 -11
1400
1400
1250
1075 50
11 11
600
100
100
100
100
100
100
P1 B1 P1 B1
B1 P3
1625
P3 P2 P4
DB4
4500
4500
3275
100 50 100
750 50
DB4
12 DB4
12
32000
32000
DB4
100
100
P1 P2 B1 P2 P3 P2
P1 P2 P2
DB4
4500
4500
1075
1625
50
700
13 B1
13
100
100
100
100
100
600
P1 B1 P1 B1 P4 P3
1400
1400
P3 P2
250
450 DB4 450
4500
4500
2625
1200 250
250 1600
13 B1
13
375
375
B1 B1 B1 50 50 100 100
1050
1050
P1
1150
1150
P3
P5
P3 P3 P3 P3
4500
4500
650
B1 200 50 50
1195
925
300
14 14
500
250 P2
100
100
50
P2
860
1015
P1 P3
P5
2500
2500
DB4
P5 B1 P3
15 15
MATCH LINE
1000 2250
7500 6900 6100 5500 5500 5500 7500 5500 7500 7500 2500
67500
A B C D E F G H I J K
٤٣

PILE TYPES 2
SAUDI EMBASSY (Deep Foundation Summary)

Type Shape Capacity (t) No. Grout Length
Length (m)
Comp. Tens.
Pile D=0.60m 95 24 3 11
Pile D=0.80m 160 89 3 11
Pile D=0.80m 290 34 9 22
Pile D=1.0m 450 18 9 22
Pile D=1.20m 580 22 9 22
Barrette (0.80X2.80m) 1150 17 10 22
T - Barrette (1.0X2.80m) 3300 2 18 30
PILE TYPES 2
NILE CITY

٤٤

PILE TYPES 2
005
8.10
010
8.10
1.1800
3.5670
015
8.10
020
8.10
025
8.10
030
8.10
035
8.10
040
NILE CITY
8.10
045
8.10
050
8.10
055
8.10
060
8.10
DIAPHRAGM WALL
065
8.10
070
8.10
075
8.10
080
8.10
085
8.10
090
8.10
095
8.10
100
8.10
105
8.10
110
8.10
115
8.10
120
8.10
125
X=329049.3350
Y=3327980.9000
1.1800
M
3.68
3.68
0.33
2.26
X=329091.0020
8.10
8.10
4.1000
Y=3328153.6120 INNER WALL
4.42
4.42
4.42
4.42
4.42
4.42
0.983
1.3 1.3 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.6 1.3 1.3
1.8 1.8
1.8 1.8
0.40
0.40
1.3 1.3
1.3 1.3
1.8 0.9
1.8 0.9
1.600
1.600
L L
3.11
2.35 2.86
4.05 2.86
8.10
8.10
1.400 T T T T 1.400 T
4.05 4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
1.600
4.0500
3.28 1.075 1.075 1.600 0.975 0.975 5.60
0.975
0.975
0.975
0.975
0.600
T T
0.600
K K
2.79
1.72
1.72
1.72
1.72
4.05
4.05
2.79
4.05
2.80 2.80 2.80 2.80
3.65 3.65 3.65 3.65
8.10
8.10
0.50
T T T
4.73
3.52 1.47 3.52
1.33
4.0500
0.39 2.41
2.41
4.67 4.87 4.87
4.67 3.74
1.07
2.50
2.50
1.07
0.39
J
2.58
J
1.43
1.43
1.43
2.58
1.43
1.33 1.47 1.47 1.33 1.47 1.33
2.58
2.50
2.50
3.9600
3.10
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05 2.82
5.3825
8.10
8.10
T T T T T T T
2.23 4.05
4.05
0.30 4.05
4.05
3.60
4.0500
4.05
4.05
3.655
6.24 4.87 4.72 3.55 4.73 4.05 4.05 3.52 4.48 5.12
L
4.05
R WAL
1.7 1.7
1.7 1.7
0.7
0.7
T T T
0.975
0.975
I
0.7
I
0.7
4.05
3.7260
L
INNE
0.7
GM WAL
1.12 1.075 0.7 4.05 1.02

1.7 1.7
8.10
8.10
L
T T T T T T T
R WAL
4.05
HRA
4.05
4.05
1.60 2.40
1.60 2.40
2.40 1.60
2.40 1.60
INNE
2.50
2.50
2.40
2.40
DIAP
1.7 1.7
1.7 1.7
0.7
0.7
T
L
H
0.7
0.7
H
M WAL
2.40
2.40
2.50
2.50
0.36 0.7 0.7
8.10
8.10
HRAG
1.7 1.7
81
2.25 2.25 2.25
4.
2.25
4.
1.60 1.60 1.60 1.30 1.60 1.30
81
4.05
4.05 2.34
DIAP
2.523
2.35
03
2.35
29
3.99 1.83
0.71
8
2.523
V
0.
2.339
0.35
4.05
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.175
1.30
1.30
0.36
0.64
T
50
0.64
T
.225
G T
1.
G
1.625
1.625
1.625
1.50
1.50
1.625
1.625
1.625
1.
3.52
4.0500
1.40
50
3.5250
43
2.10 2.10 3.90

1.
T T
4.20
50
4.20
1.82
8.10
8.10
1.
T T
2.49 1.50
2.49 1.50
T
1. 50
3.90
1.
0.89
4.05
4.05
07
4.05
8
2.
T
4.05
2.57
2.07
4.
1.
4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 1.625 4.05 4.40
1.38
1.37
1.625 3.00 1.50 1.50
58
58
0.
4.
T T T T T T T T T
45
F
2.66
F
20
T
3.09
2.60 T
4.05
2.66
4.05
4.05
4.
3.09
3.00 0.15 2.85
4.05 4.05 4.05 2.85 3.00 1.951.05 3.00 4.05 4.20 4.05 2.25 0.75 4.05 3.47
3.32
3.75
1.
0
1.
3.30
1.77
3.00 3.00
29
29
8.10
8.10
02 1.
20
1.
0
3.
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
0.60
4.58
4.
4.58
75
77
4.
4.
2.17 2.13 2.13 2.17
40
20
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
0.15
2.93
T T
20
1.
4.07
0
1.29
29
2.
20
4.20
4.
93
00
4.
4.
1.40
0
T T T T T T 1.05 T T T
20
40
E E
81
1.
0
0.
4.05
1.95
0.
72
T T
20
81
4.20
1.
1.61
4.
4.
4.81
1.
20
72
8.10
8.10
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T 0.50
1.
0
4.58
4.58
29
29
60
4.05
4.05
4.05
1.
00
4.20
1.
1.5734 5.55 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05
0.
Y=3328185.6190
T T T T T
X=329018.9070
T T T T T T
60
D
2.50
D
4.05
4.05
4.05
70
68
2.25 3.00 0.15 3.00
0.42
3.00
1.
2.10
4.05 2.40 2.40
1.
1.80 3.14 3.30 4.05 4.05 1.95 3.00 0.15 3.00 2.25 0.75 3.30 3.82
1.60
1.05
1.
0.
1.70
8.10
8.10
2.10
68
42
10
T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T T
5
2.
T T
0.
2.10
65
50
27
4.05
4.05
1.
2.
1.50
0.30
65
1.50
4.05 1.17
2.2293
4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05 4.05
2.03
0.
0.
2.27
0.23
18
0.
77
T T T T T T T T
10
1.50
18
T
2.24
2.25
2.50
C
2.67
2.67
2.
0.
C
2.87
2.10
4.05
4.05
4.05
4.05
1.
10
50
0.08 T
2.
0.15 0.15 4.05 T T
1.50
T T T T T
2.
T T 3.27 2.10
0.87
10
1.50
8.10
8.10
1.50
20
0.
T T T T 2.83 1.34 2.64 2.64 2.83 T T T T
43
87
4.
0.18
1.42 2.90
4.
3.
T T
4.05
4.05
20
T T T T T T
2.77
3.43
1.34 T
3.10
2.77
2.77
18
2.49
T T 2.05 2.15 1.75 2.45
0.
1.42
2.45 1.75 2.15 2.05 5.08

0.75
0.75
0.89
T T T T T
1.47
1.47
T T T
1.78
1.78
2.41
B 1.05 1.27 B
3.00
3.00
2.90
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.00
3.53
3.53
3.69
3.42 2.41 1.37 2.96 T T 3.06 2.99 1.37 2.43 3.42 4.39
INNER WALL X=328963.5530
8.10
8.10
1.22
2.95 0.42 2.28 1.22 2.28 0.42 2.95 Y=3328023.5810
1.36
4.70
4.40
4.40
4.40
4.40
4.40
4.40
16
1.36
2.6207
9.
1.1728
6.48
DIAPHRAGM WALL
7.20
A A
00
40
4.
8.
X
00
8.40
4.
4.
00
4.
W
00
1.92
83
4.
6.75
6.75
U
03
40
1.91
6.48
1
9.16
8.
8.
40
03
090
03
03
9
4
Q
2
03
7.20
6
P
06
1
PILE LAYOUT
N
4.
06
1 : 200
83
S
3
03
03
3
O
7
06
2
03
8
PILE TYPES 2
NILE CITY (Deep Foundation Summary)
Type Shape Capacity (t) No. Length

(m)
Comp. Tens.
Pile D=1.20m 700 100 240 20
Pile D=1.0m 500 60 189 20
Barrette (1.0X2.80m) 1600 24 27
Barrette (1.20X2.80m) 2000 30 27
Barrette (1.50X2.80m) 2600 36 27
T – Barrette (1.20m) 4000 16 27
٤٥

PILE TYPES 2
Burj Khalifa, Dubai
- World’s tallest building (828m)
- Founded on a piled raft
- Tower foundation –196 No. 1.5m bored piles, 45-50m long
- Raft 3.7m thick
- Podium foundation -750 No. 0.9m bored piles, 30m long
- A total of over 900 piles
- Piles constructed using polymer
PILE TYPES 2
Burj Khalifa, Dubai
٤٦

PILE TYPES 2
Burj Khalifa, Dubai
PILE TYPES 2
Trench cutters capable of excavating

barrettes down to 120m
below ground level. The
Reverse Circulation Drilling
method can be used to build
piles over 3m in diameter to
depths of more than 100m.
International Commerce Centre,

Hong Kong
٤٧

THANK YOU 2
Pile Foundations
by
Prof. Adel Ahmed Dif
Structural Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering, El-Mansoura University
٤٨

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n Pile foundations are the part of a structure

n Piles are long and slender members which

n A preliminary selection of the pile type may

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1. Selection of the type of pile and installation method;

2. Estimation of the pile size in order to satisfy the

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• The selection of a pile foundation type for a

• There are numerous types of foundation piles.

• Foundation piles can also be classified on the

•Concrete piles can also be classified according to the

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There are two principal types of replacement pile. These

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A) classification of piles based on installation

•The British Standard Code of Practice for Foundations

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• Types of piles in each of these categories can be listed as

1-a- Large displacement piles (driven types)

1. Timber (round or square section, jointed or continuous).

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Displacement piles are piles that

Low (Non) Displacement piles are

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• For all pile types a further distinction is

Types of Displacement Piles

Hollow tube Tube former

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Types of Non-displacement Piles

Steel Casing Drilling Mud

Void filled with

What is a Driven Pile?

Prefabricated concrete piles are driven

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What is a Bored Pile?

When the drill has arrived at the

• Three main pile types:

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• Piles are used under structures to transmit the

•The vast majority of piles transmit the load to the

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End bearing piles

END BEARING PILE FRICTION PILE

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∆z1 RS1 Layer 1

∆z3 RS3 Layer 3 Qu = RSN + RT

∆z4 RS4 Layer 4

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Materials used for piles

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Steel Pipe Pile

Spin Fin Pile

Steel Pipe Pile

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Steel Pipe Pile

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Corrosion of steel H piles

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