ISSN 10628738, Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Physics, 2011, Vol. 75, No. 7, pp. 925–930.

© Allerton Press, Inc., 2011.

Original Russian Text © O.O. Belyuskina, V.I. Grantsev, V.V. Davidovsky, K.K. Kisurin, S.E. Omelchuk, G.P. Palkin, Yu.S. Roznyuk, B.A. Rudenko, V.S. Semenov, L.I. Slyusarenko,
B.G. Struzhko, V.K. Tartakovsky, 2011, published in Izvestiya Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk. Seriya Fizicheskaya, 2011, Vol. 75, No. 7, pp. 981–986.

QuasiFree Inclusive Processes in the TwoParticle Splitting

of Tritons by Deuterons with an Energy of 37 MeV
O. O. Belyuskina, V. I. Grantsev, V. V. Davidovsky, K. K. Kisurin, S. E. Omelchuk, G. P. Palkin,
Yu. S. Roznyuk, B. A. Rudenko, V. S. Semenov, L. I. Slyusarenko, B. G. Struzhko, and V. K. Tartakovsky†
Institute for Nuclear Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev, 03680 Ukraine
email: beliuskina@gmail.com

Abstract—The d + t → d + d + n reaction was experimentally and theoretically investigated at an incident deu

teron energy of 36.9 MeV. The experiment was performed on the U240 isochronous cyclotron at the Institute
for Nuclear Research, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Inclusive spectra of deuterons and their angu
lar distributions in the range of 15° ≤ θd ≤ 52° were measured. Experimental spectra and angular distributions of
the final deuterons from the d + t → d + d + n reaction are satisfactorily described in a diffraction approximation
that considers interaction in the final state and the correct asymptotic of the wave function of colliding nuclei.
The scattered deuterons are the main contributors to the cross section (up to 70–90%), while the deuterons
from tritons can be seen well only at low and high energies, at the edges of the spectra.
DOI: 10.3103/S1062873811070070

†
INTRODUCTION
The d + t → d + d + n reaction has been studied in
t(d,dd)n correlation experiments, to which relatively
few works have been devoted [1–11]. The experimen
tal data were analyzed in the momentum approxima
tion of plane and distorted waves. The satisfactory
agreement between the calculations and the experi
ments testifies to the dominant role of quasifree pro
cesses in the d + t → d + d + n reaction.
Deuterons can appear in the output channel of the
reaction not only during the scattering of the incident
deuteron on a target nucleus fragment, but during the
breakup reaction and subsequent decay of the
4Н*(d + 2n) and 4Не*(d + d) resonances as well.
Investigation of the inclusive spectra over a wide
range of angles not only allows us to determine the
probability of the above processes (corresponding to
this mechanism) occurring, but also makes it easier
to select the optimum conditions for staging correla
tion experiments.
In this work, the inclusive spectra of deuterons
from the d + t → d + d + n reaction were analyzed using
a microscopic nuclear diffraction model. The collision
of such fewnucleon nuclei as a deuteron and a triton
(where only five nucleons are involved in the interac
tion) can be considered at the microscopic level using
several model approximations. Our problem of a dt
collision accompanied by triton breakup is one exam
ple of an approximate consideration of NNinterac
tion between all five nucleons in the case of a continu
ous spectrum of system energies.
† Deceased.
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE AND RESULTS
The inclusive spectra of deuterons were measured
using tritium–titanium (tTi) and titanium (Ti) targets
in the particle emission angular range of 15° ≤ θd ≤ 52°
at an incident deuteron energy of 36.9 MeV. The t–Ti
target used in the experiments was a titanium film 4.9
mg cm–2 thick, saturated with tritium to an activity of
7.57 Ci. The particle registration threshold was
~5 MeV. The experimental setup and the measure
ment technique were described in [12–14]. The statis
tical error of the reaction product measurements was
within 3–5%, depending on the particle detection
angle.
The spectra of deuterons corresponding to the
d + t → d + d + n reaction were obtained by subtracting
the spectra measured on a Ti target from those mea
sured at a t–Ti target. Since a t–Ti target always has an
admixture of hydrogen, the peaks corresponding to
elastic scattering of deuterons at hydrogen at the
angles θ ≤ 30° were approximated by a Gaussian func
tion and subtracted from the spectra. The obtained
spectra of deuterons inelastically scattered at angles of
15°, 20°, 30°, and 35° are shown in Fig. 1.
The spectrum of deuterons from the d + t → d + d + n
reaction measured at the angle θ = 15° is a narrow
maximum and differs noticeably from spectra mea
sured at large angles. When angle θ ≥ 20° increased,
only wide steep maxima are observed. No structural
peculiarities were revealed in any of the measured
spectra.
Energy calibration was performed on the basis of spec
tra measured on a carbon target [12, 13]. The deuteron

925
926 BELYUSKINA et al.

Counts dσ/dΩdEd, mb sr–1 MeV–1

6
12 (а) (b)
750
(а) 4 4
8 4
1
500 1
4 2 2 3
(b) 2 3
250
(c) 0 10 20 30 0 10 20 30
3
(d) (c) 2 (d)
0 50 100 150 2
Channel no. 1 3 1 1 4
1
2 2 3
Fig. 1. Inclusive spectra of deuterons from the d + t → d +
d + n reaction measured on a t–Ti target at angles: (a) 15°, 0 8 16 24 0 10 20
(b) 20°, (c) 30°, and (d)35° after subtracting the back
ground from the titanium target and the admixture of deu Ed, MeV
terons elastically scattered on hydrogen.
Fig. 2. Comparison of the theoretical (curves) and experi
mental (dots) spectra for the d + t → d + d + n reaction at
cross sections d σ d Ω dd E d from the d + t → d + d + n an initial deuteron energy of 36.9 MeV for angles (a) 15°,
reaction were determined (with allowance for absolu (b) 20°, (c) 30°, and (d) 35°. Curves 1–3 show the results
from calculations in the diffraction approximation:
tization) with an error of ±15%. The energy distribu (1) energy distribution of scattered (d') deuterons;
tions of deuterons at angles of 15°, 20°, 30°, and 35° are (2) energy distribution of deuterons ( d ) formed during tri
illustrated in Fig. 2, along with the theoretical predic ton splitting; (3) total cross sections of processes 1 and 2;
tions. (4) estimate of cross sections allowing for the correct
asymptotic of wave functions.
The energy spectra are wide bellshaped distribu
tions whose centers are shifted at angles θ = 15° and
FORMALISM
20° toward the range of high energies.
At incident deuteron energy Ed = 36.9 MeV, when
The differential cross section of deuterons d σ d Ω d in the wavelength of the relative motion of colliding deu
the output channel of the d + t → d + d + n reaction was teron and triton divided by 2π is almost one order
determined by integrating the cross sections d σ d Ω dd E d shorter than the radius of their nuclear interaction, the
over the energy in the range of ~5 ≤ Еd ≤ 35 MeV. The motion of a particle in the initial and final states in the
d + t → d + d + n reaction can be considered as quasi
obtained angular distribution of deuterons is shown in classical, and a diffraction approximation can be used
Fig. 3. at small particle emission angles [15].
 
It can be seen from the figure that the cross section
is reduced sharply upon an increase in the deuteron
According to [15], the amplitude C q, f of the ( )
emission angle of up to θd ≈ 30°. As emission angle θd d + t → d' + d + n process (where d' is a scattered deu
continues to grow, the reduction in the cross section teron and d is a deuteron formed in the process of tri
becomes smoother. ton splitting) can be written as

  3  3 
 2      
C ( q, f ) = d ( )ρ1 d ( )r d ( ) s d ( ) R⊥Ψ *χ ( R⊥ ) φ*f (ρ1 ) φ*d ( r ) φ*d ( s ) Ω14Ω15Ω 24Ω 25Ω34Ω35φ t (ρ1r ) φ d ( s ) .
∫ ∫ ∫ ∫
3
(1)
'
     
Here, q = kd − kd (where kd and kd are the momenta teron formed with momentum kd , while
' '  
of the incident and scattered deuterons) is the trans χ = −q (  = c = 1) .
ferred momentum (in our diffraction approximation,
 The matrix Ω ij of the jth deuteron nucleon (j = 4, 5)
q is a twodimensional vector perpendicular to 
 with vector radius r j scattering on the ith triton
momentum kd, in whose direction we select the Z 
  
nucleon (i = 1, 2, 3) with vector radius ri was chosen as
 
axis); f = 2 kn − 1 k d = 2 q − kd is the relative momen follows [16, 17]:
3 3 3  2 2
tum of a neutron formed with momentum k n and a deu Ωij ≡ 1 − ωij = 1 − a exp −b ρij , ( ) (2)

BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS Vol. 75 No. 7 2011

 QUASIFREE INCLUSIVE PROCESSES IN THE TWOPARTICLE SPLITTING 927

where ωij is the profile interaction function of the jth dσ/dΩ, mb sr–1
nucleon of the incident deuteron and the ith nucleon 225

of the target triton, while ρ ij is a component of the vec
   
tor rij = ri − r j perpendicular to kd . 150
1
Amplitude (1) is expressed through internal wave
 
functions of triton φ t (ρ1,r ) and incident and scattered 75
 
deuterons φd ( s ) and φd ( s ) formed during the splitting
' 2
of a deuteron triton φ d ( r ) and the relative motion of the
 0 20 40 60
latter and a triton neutron φ f (ρ1 ) . The wave functions θ° (c.m.), deg
depend on the relative vector radii (Jacoby variables):
  r + r      
ρ1 = r 1 − 2 3 , r = r2 − r3, s = r4 − r5, (3) Fig. 3. Comparison of theoretical (curves) and experimen
 2
tal (dots) angular distributions of deuterons from for the
 d + t → d + d + n reaction at an initial deuteron tempera
and R⊥ is the kdperpendicular component of the vec ture of 36.9 MeV. For designations, see Fig. 2.
tor connecting the centers of gravity of colliding
nuclei. The wave function of their relative motion in
   
the plane perpendicular to kd depends on R⊥ [15]: functions φ d ( r ) and φd ( s ) in (1) have the same form
'
    as in (6). In addition, since the particle emission
Ψχ ( R⊥ ) = exp (iχR⊥ ) , χ = −q. (4) angles in our experiment were relatively narrow
The amplitude of reaction (1) is characterized by a (which also justifies our use of the diffraction approx
very high integration folding; to simplify its calcula imation), we calculate below the amplitude (1) and
tion, we used simple Gaussian dependences for the cross section of the d + t → d + d + n reaction using a
wave functions in Eq. (1) [16]: momentum approximation sufficiently accurate to

( )
describe our experiment.
 
φ t (ρ1, r ) = 3 3α2 exp ⎡−α 2 ρ12 + 3 r 2 ⎤ ,
34 3

π ⎣⎢ 4 ⎦⎥ (5)
−1 An Inclusive Process with the Detection
α = 0.375 фм ,
34
of a KnockedOut Deuteron d
 ⎛ 2⎞
φ d ( s ) = ⎜ 2λ ⎟ ( ) −1
exp −λ s , λ = 0.267 fm , (6)
2 2
In our experiment, the energy distribution of not
⎝ π ⎠

separated scattered d' and deuterons d ejected from a
 ⎛ f2 ⎞
φ f (ρ1 ) = e if ρ1 − 8 exp ⎜ − 2 − α 2ρ12 ⎟ . (7) triton was measured for a number of emission angles.
⎝ 4α ⎠ The equation for the inclusive cross section of the
Functions (5) and (6) are normalized by unity, and d + t → d + d' + n process accompanied by formation
 
functions (5) and φ f (ρ1 ) φ d ( r ) are orthogonal (the and fixation of d only takes the form

E π 2π
d σ = M 2 ME E dE ' E ' d θ' sin θ' d φ' C q, f 2 δ T ,
d

d Ω ddE d 2π5
d d d d ∫ d d ∫ d ( ) Δ( )∫ (8)
0 0 0

⎛ 2⎞
δ Δ (T ) = 1 exp ⎜ − T 2 ⎟ , lim δ Δ (T ) = δ (T ) , Δ → 0, (9)
Δ π ⎝ Δ ⎠

( )
T = E d + ε dn + 3E d' + 3E d − 4 E d E d' cos θ'd − 4 E d E d cos θd + 4 E d E d' cos θd cos θ'd + sin θd sin θ'd cos φ'd , (10)

where εdn = 6.3 MeV is the energy of neutron sepa
ration from a deuteron in a triton. Here, θ'd , θd are
 
the angles between momenta kd , kd , and kd; and ϕ'd
' 
is the azimuth angle between vectors kd⊥ and kd ⊥,
 '
which are perpendicular to the kd component of
 
vectors kd⊥ and kd ⊥. In our experiment, the numer
'
ical value of energy ambiguity Δ in Eq. (10) was
 approximately 1 MeV.
 In the diffraction approximation, the amplitude
 
(i.e., C ( q, f ) ,) can be obtained in explicit form by
using Eqs. (1)–(3) and wave functions (4)–(7):

BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS Vol. 75 No. 7 2011

928 BELYUSKINA et al.

( )
34
  16π7 4 6λ 2 a ⎡ q2 ⎛ 1 1 ⎞⎤ exp ⎛ − f z ⎞
2
C ( q, f ) = − exp − ⎜
⎢ 4⎝ 2 + ⎟⎥ ⎜ 2⎟
( ) b 8λ 2 ⎠⎦ ⎝ 4α ⎠
32
b 2 4λ 2 + 3α 2 ⎣
⎧
(
⎛  2  2⎞
⎜ f⊥ − 3 q ⎟ ) ⎫

( )
⎪ ⎛ q2 ⎞⎪
⎡⎛ 1 1 2 1 2 ⎞⎤
⎪exp ⎜ − ⎟ − exp ⎢⎜ − 2 f ⊥ + q ⎟⎥ + 2 exp ⎜ − ⎟⎪
⎪ ⎜⎜ 4α 2
⎟⎟ ⎣⎝ 2α 2 9 ⎠⎦ ⎜ 4 4λ + 3α 2
⎝
2
( ) ⎟⎪
⎠
(11)
⎪ ⎝ ⎠ ⎪
×⎨ ⎬.
⎪
⎪
⎡
⎢
× ⎢exp ⎜ −
(
⎛  1  2⎞
⎜ f⊥ + 3 q ⎟ )
⎛ 1 1
⎟ − exp ⎜ − 2 f ⊥ + q ⎟⎥
2 2
⎤
⎞⎥
( )
⎪
⎪
⎪ 4α 2
⎝ 4α 18 ⎠⎥ ⎪
⎪ ⎢ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎪
⎩ ⎢
⎣ ⎝ ⎠ ⎥⎦ ⎭

The values of the interaction parameters a and b in where partial angular distributions are defined in the
Eqs. (2) and (11) were taken to be almost identical to usual manner:
those in [14, 16, 17]. Ed Ed
dσ = dσ ,
d σ = dE ' d σ . (15)
dΩd ∫ dE d
d Ω ddE d
d Ω 'd 0
d ∫
d Ω 'ddE d'
0
An Inclusive Process with the Detection We shall consider the details when we analyze the
of a d' Deuteron and Total Cross Sections obtained experimental data.
As is the case of Eq. (10), the equation for the
inclusive cross section of the d + t → d + d' + n process RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
when a triton is split but scattered deuteron d' is fixed Figure 2 shows the energy spectra of deuterons from
has the form the d + t → d + d + n reaction at energy Еd = 36.9 MeV
for four emission angles (θd = 15°(a), 20° (b), 30° (c),
and 35° (d)) and the corresponding results from their
d σ = M ME E '
2
d d theoretical interpretation in the form of our curves cal
d Ω'ddE d' 2π
5
culated using the equations given in Section 2.
Ed π 2π (12) Let us consider in detail the results from our exper
  2 iments (Section 1) and the theoretical interpretation
∫ ∫
× dE d E d d θd sin θd ∫ d φd C ( q, f ) δ Δ (T ) .
for the d + t → d' + d + n process.
0 0 0
The obtained energy spectra in the d + t → d + d + n
Separate measurement of cross sections (8) and reaction are generally described well within a wide
(12) involves a number of experimental problems and range of variation in energy Ed of fixed deuterons, both
the total cross section was thus measured (with a in shape and in absolute value using only one diffrac
higher degree of reliability): tion approximation (the bold solid curves in Fig. 2).
This figure also shows the individually calculated con
dσ = dσ + dσ , (13)
tributions from scattered deuterons d' (curves 1 calcu
d Ω ddE d d Ω ddE d d Ω' dE ' lated on the basis of Eqs. (12) and (11)) and deuterons
d d
d formed during the splitting of tritons (curves 2 cal
where the detectors did not distinguish between d and culated on the basis of Eqs. (8)–(11)).
d' deuterons. In this case, the kinematic variables It can be seen from Fig. 2 that the main process
leading to the formation of deuterons in the output
Ed, θd in Eqs. (8)–(10) and Ed' , θ'd in Eq. (12) (over channel of the d + t → d + d + n reaction at the consid
which integration was not performed) were replaced ered energy is the diffraction splitting of a triton by an
by E d and θd , respectively. incident deuteron. In this case, the main contribution
to the cross section (as much as 70–90%) comes from
The total angular distribution of final deuterons in scattered deuterons d', while d deuterons from a triton
the d + t → d + d' + n reaction was determined in a can be observed well only at the spectra edges, at rather
similar manner: low and high energies.
Figure 3 shows the experimental (dots) and calcu
dσ = dσ + dσ , (14) lated (curves) angular distributions of the final deuter
d Ω d d Ω d d Ω' ons from the d + t → d' + d + n reaction, obtained by
d

BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS Vol. 75 No. 7 2011

 QUASIFREE INCLUSIVE PROCESSES IN THE TWOPARTICLE SPLITTING
integrating the corresponding deuteron spectra over
energy in the 15° ≤ θd ≤ 52° angular range. The absolute
values of the theoretical cross sections calculated in
the diffraction approximation are in agreement with
the experimental values. The angular distributions are
great at narrow deuteron emission angles, and the cor
responding cross sections are reduced sharply upon an
increase in emission angle θd (both theoretical and
experimental) being characteristic for direct nuclear
processes.
The diffraction microscopic model we used gener
ally allowed successful interpretation, and enabled us
to show that the quasifree scattering of incident deu
terons (in the final state, d' deuterons) and a quasifree
process leading to the formation of d deuterons during
the splitting of target tritons are in this case predomi
nant [2, 7]. The contribution of intermediate reso
nance formation probably is small.
 
It can be seen from Eq. (11) that amplitude C ( q, f )
obtained in explicit form for the d + t → d + d + n pro
cess depends strongly on the triton structure. In our
approach to investigating the d + t → d + d + n process,
we considered the structure of both colliding nuclei
and the interaction in the final state; this allowed us in
turn to explain (to a considerable degree) the spectra
and angular distribution of deuterons within one
microscopic diffraction model (Figs. 2 and 3).
The slight excess in the experimental values (rela
tive to the theoretical values) observed at angles θ =
15°, 20°, and 35° far from the diffraction maximum
was eliminated by using the internal wave functions of
colliding nuclei with the correct asymptotic.
We calculated the inclusive cross section d σ d Ω ddE d
(accurate up to the multiplier) of the d + t → 2d + n pro
cess in a number of approximations.
The cross sections d σ d Ω ddE d (accurate up to the
multiplier) were calculated in an approximation of the
quasifree scattering of a deuteron on a deuteron in a tri
ton, in which the neutron in the triton was considered as
an observer, as well as scattering of deuterons on neutron
in a triton in which deuteron was considered as an
observer. Curves 4 and 5 in Fig. 4 illustrate the results of
these calculations for the deuteron emission angle θ =
15°. In this case, we used the Hulten wave function of a
triton as a twocluster nucleus (n + d), and the cross sec
tion was written as the product of the squared Fourier
component modulus of this function, the kinematic fac
tor of the phase space for a deuteron ρd , and the cross
section of deuteron scattering on one of the clusters (d or
n) of a triton, the latter cross section being considered as
a constant. The theoretical energy distributions of deu
terons from the d + t → d + d + n reaction, obtained by
considering the correct asymptotic of the wave func
tions, are shown in Fig. 2 by dashed lines 4. Considering
the correct asymptotic of the triton wave functions
yielded a ~10–15% increase in the cross section at Ed >
15 MeV for angles θd = 15° (Fig. 2a) and 20° (Fig. 2b),
BULLETIN OF THE RUSSIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES. PHYSICS
929
dσ/dΩdE, mb sr–1 MeV–1
12
8
4
3 5
4
1
2
0 10 20 30
Ed, MeV
Fig. 4. Energy distribution of deuterons from the d + t →
d + d + n reaction for angle θ = 15°, calculated in approx
imations accurate to the multiplier. (1) phase space multi
plier; (2, 3) successive breakup through resonance 4Не* →
d + d; (4, 5) quasifree scattering of a deuteron on a deu
teron (neutron) in a triton.
and for the angle θd = 35° (Fig. 2d) at Ed > 10 MeV. It
allowed for a satisfactory agreement between theory and
experiment in a wide range of variations of energy Ed of
fixed deuterons.
We also calculated the cross sections corresponding
to the phase space multiplier (curve 1 in Fig. 4) and the
resonance cross section d σ R d Ω ddE d , accompanied
by the generation of two intermediate 4Не* reso
nances, each of which was broken down into two deu
terons (curves 2 and 3 in Fig, 4). Excitation energy E1*
for the first such resonance above the ground state of
the 4He nucleus was 24.25 MeV [18, 19] with the
parameters Er = 0.403 MeV and Γ = 0.150 MeV; the sec
ond resonance E *2 = 27.42 MeV, Er = 3.573 MeV, and
Γ = 8.210 MeV [19, 20]. A noticeable (though not very
large) contribution to the cross section is likely made
only by the second resonance.
Our calculations in the above approximate
approaches were qualitatively confirmed by more con
sistent calculations of the cross sections of a quasifree
d + t → d' + d + n process performed here in the dif
fraction approximation.
Based on the above analysis, we may conclude that the
contributions from the intermediate resonances (4Не*)
and fourparticle processes (d + t → d' + d + n → d' +
p + 2n and d + t → d' + d + n → d + p + 2n ) ignored
in the experimental cross sections were relatively small.
CONCLUSIONS
(1) We measured the inclusive spectra of deuterons
from the d + t → d + d + n reaction over a wide range
of emission energies at an initial deuteron energy of
36.9MeV. Differential cross sections (angular distribu
tions) of deuterons in the 15° ≤ θd ≤ 52° range of their
emission angles were determined.
Vol. 75 No. 7 2011
930 BELYUSKINA et al.
(2) The experimental spectra and the angular dis
tribution of deuterons from the d + t → d + d + n reac
tion are satisfactorily described in the diffraction
approximation, if we allow for interaction in the final
state and the correct asymptotic of the wave functions
of colliding nuclei.
(3) The main process leading to the appearance of
deuterons in the output channel of the d + t → d + d +
n reaction at the considered energy is the diffraction
splitting of a triton by an incident deuteron, where the
main contribution to the cross section (as much as 70–
90%) comes from scattered deuterons, while d' deu
terons from a triton can be seen clearly only at the
spectra edges, at very low and very high energies.
(4) Consideration of other mechanisms of deu
teron interaction with tritons accompanied by the
appearance of deuterons in the output channel of the
reaction shows that the contribution of these mecha
nisms to the corresponding cross section is negligible.
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