SIKPIL Lecture Notes (Oct.
18, 2022) - Gamanage sa hininga ng tao na
 Ethnographic – research method used in
Filipino Psychology
 Kamalayan – Theories of Personality of
Filipinos
 Kaluluwa = ginhawa
- bahaging hindi namamatay
- may elementong moral
*If you have a soul then you have peace.
Nganong dili siya ma-differentiate karun ang
KULULUWA ug GINHAWA?
1. Kristiyanismo
- Sacred ang kululuwa sa Kristiyanismo
- Kaluluwa is separate from the body and
will either go to heaven or hell after death
- Ginhawa can only be achieved in heaven
*If the soul is still connected to our body, then
we will not have ginhawa
Concepts of Soul in Different Cultures:
1. Negritos
Two-types of Soul:
a. Pumupunta sa libingan kasama ng
katawan
b. Soul that will go to the bayan ng mga
patay. It has different names on diff.
places:
1. Kaladua – katagalugan
2. Hadadua – kapampangan
3. Kag – kalag in Bikolano
4. Samangat = sumangat. Malay at
Indones
5. Karag – Mindanao. From the word
Karagha or karagan, meaning may
kaluluwa and embodies bravery and
goodness
Other variations of katagalugan:
1. Karanua – Ilokanos
2. Araok – Maranaws
3. Umalagad – Sulug
- Alagad means to serve
- Kaluluwang tagataguyod
- Larawang usok na katawan, body-like-
smoke
nagbibigay ng init ng buhay, related to
ginhawa
Concepts of Ginhawa in Different Cultures:
*Ginhawa in tagalog means magaan or gumanda
1. Subanon – ginhawa means hininga/ginhawa
 Ang hininga o ginhawa ay nawawala sa tao
kung ang manamat ay kinakain ng asuwang
 Manamat – gimud. Kaluluwa sa
kasukasuan/joints
2. Tagbanua sa Palawan
 Kiyarulwa - given to people at birth and
leaves when the body dies
 Payyu – soul of paa and kamay
3. Bagobo in Mindanao
 Ginawa – pag-ibig, pintig ng puso sa pulso
(laginawa) because of:
1. Gimokod takanawan – kaluluwa-sa-
kanan. soul of kanang bahagi na
nagbibigaw buhay sa katawan
2. Gimood tebang – kaluluwa-sa-kaliwa.
kaliwang bahagi. Laging gumagala na
lagging naliligaw na kung hinidi makabalik
ay nagbibigay ng sakit
4. Dayak (Borneo)
 Sumangat – doesn’t leave your body even
death
 Nyawa – nanatili until death . mula sa N’ava
“Kung may buhay, may ginhawa.”
5. Polynesia – group of islands in south pacific, ubos
sa Philippines
 N’ava
= manava
 Hininga at tiyan
 Ginhawa – tiyan(stomach, anatomical) at
sikmura (gut/gut feeling = intuition, also
refers to a behavior, “Hindi ko
masikmura”
 Vaerua – kaluluwang maaring umalis sa
katawan but it will completely leave when
the body dies
Rua – dua means dalawa
Vae – wai maens magsama
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Pangalawang kasama
Kaluluwa is ikalawang kasama
An-abik-ik – kaluluwa ng mga Igorote ng
Sagada. Abik-ik o tukayo.

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