ACKNOWLEDGENTS

To achieve this research, during the implementation process, in addition

to our own efforts, we have received the enthusiastic helping of Dr. Hoang
Van Sam, other organizations and departments. On this occasion, we would
like to express a gratitude to Dr. Hoang Van Sam who has directly guided us
to complete this Thread. We also would like to thank the teachers in Viet
Nam forestry university have imparted to us the knowledge to perform this
topic. Thank Ba Vi commune People's Committee - Ba Vi district - Hanoi,
forestry plant varieties, the heads of the three villages Hop Son, Hop Nhat and
Yen Son village that belong to Ba Vi commune and all the healers of the
three villages has facilitated to help us complete this Thread.
During the topic implementing process, even though we had a lot of
effort, because of time and professional qualifications is limited, and the
initial unfamiliarity acquainted with the actual work, so our research subject
inevitable shortcomings. We look forward to receive some comments of
teachers for our subject more perfect.
We sincerely thank you!
Ha Noi, March 19, 2013
Implementer
Pham Nhat Tan
Nguyen Van Tuan
Chao Thi Yen
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDIX TABLE AND CHART
INTRODUCTION..................................................................................................1
CHAPTER I: BACKGROUND.............................................................................3
CHAPTER II: OBJECTIVE - CONTENTS – RESEARCH METHODOLOGY......5
2.1 Objectives..........................................................................................................5
2.2 Research contents.............................................................................................5
2.3 Research Methodologies..................................................................................5
2.3.1 Inherited Methods..........................................................................................5
2.3.2 Method of external investigation.................................................................5
2.3.3 Method of investigation about medicinal plants diversity and the origin 6
2.3.4 Determination of the medicinal plant species at risk of extinction
method...................................................................................................................... 6
2.3.5 The method of making a list of high value medicinal plants in Ba Vi
national park............................................................................................................6
2.3.6 Method of investigation to make proposals for conservation and
development of local medicinal plants as well as the knowledge to use them..6
2.3.7 Method of internal handling.........................................................................7
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH AREA.....................................................................8
3.1 Natural conditions.............................................................................................8
3.1.1 Geographic location......................................................................................8
3.1.2 Topography....................................................................................................8
3.1.3 Geology and soil............................................................................................8
3.1.4 Climate............................................................................................................ 8
3.1.5 Hydrology.......................................................................................................9
3.2 Socio-economic conditions..............................................................................9
3.2.1 Economic conditions...................................................................................10
3.2.1.1 Agriculture and forestry productivity.....................................................10
3.2.1.2 Medicinal Cooperative.............................................................................11
3.2.1.3 Population, employment..........................................................................11
3.2.1.4 Traffic........................................................................................................12
3.2.2 Culture and society......................................................................................12
3.2.2.1 Education Ensure schools, maintain order and discipline Teaching and
Learning in schools:..............................................................................................12
3.2.2.2 Health, population and children.............................................................12
3.2.2.3. Culture......................................................................................................12
3.3.3 Some problems.............................................................................................13
CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION...............................................14
4.1 Diversity about medicinal plant.....................................................................14
4.2 The source of medicinal plants......................................................................15
4.3 Different parts of plant treat different diseases............................................16
4.4 Methods of using the medicinal plant...........................................................17
4.5 The knowledge of Dao ethnic........................................................................18
4.6 Life forms of herbaceous medicinal plant....................................................19
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.......................35
5.1 Conclusion.......................................................................................................35
5.2 Recommendation............................................................................................36
 APPENDIX TABLE AND CHART

Table 3.1 Crops areas and crops’ economic value.............................................10

Table 3.2 number of the cattle, poultry and others............................................10
Table 3.3 Total population in Ba Vi commune..................................................11
Table 4.1 List species in red book data...............................................................14
Fig. 4.1 Source:(Wild/Cultivated).......................................................................15
Figure 4.2 Percentage of part used......................................................................17
Fig. 4.3 Percentage of life forms of medicinal plants species was used in Ba
Vi commune...........................................................................................................19
 INTRODUCTION

Vietnam is a tropical country rich in plant genetic resources, with more

than 3948 plant species classified as medicinal plants. It contributed the
biodiversity of Viet Nam. Biodiversity is very important for our life. Since
ancient times, people have used this resource for many different purposes
such as food, vegetables, and medicines...In human needs the treatment is a
necessity that any ethnic or individual may also be interested. Throughout its
history, Vietnamese traditional healers have used medicinal plants to prevent
and cure certain types of diseases through indigenous medical procedures.
Viet Nam with 54 different ethnics, each ethnic has knowledge about their
own traditional medicine. In which the Dao ethnic in Ba Vi is no exception.
Along with the unique culture, traditional medicine of Dao ethnic here
imbued with local knowledge, to make a special appealing to those who love
to explore and discover life. The uniqueness of these remedies are a
combination of endemic medicinal species that can only be found in the Ba Vi
Mountain, of which many species Experts also cannot identify, but
generations of Dao used for medicines. .When they lived on the mountain,
when anybody in the village was sick, they treated themselves with medicinal
plants around them. Knowledge of traditional medicine of Dao ethnic was
transmitted orally from generation to generation and it was only popular in
their community. Until the government moved them down the mountain,
sedentary life in the buffer zone of the Ba Vi National Park, Dao began to
carry their knowledge of medicinal plants to the outside, both treatment to
rescue people and for their livelihood. The current income of Dao Community
in Ba Vi is mainly from herbal medicine drug. However, the documentation
of medicinal plants, remedies are also very rare. Ba Vi Mountain owns more
than 500 species of medicinal herbs, including many precious and endemic
species. This is an advantage of local development and it has the potential to

1
expand production and service as tourism to visit the medicinal village, built
resort and healing.... However, numerous species of medicinal herbs in Ba Vi
are eradicated and it is at risk of extinction. The main reason is that people's
lives are poor and people who go harvesting, exploiting the pharmaceuticals
lack of understanding, lack of awareness about preservation and conservation
of medicinal plants, No method of organization and management to produce
in a scientific way. Therefore, research and investigation the use of medicinal
plants is very important, it contributes to the conservation of medicinal plant
development, data provide information on medicinal plants to serve people’
lives and contribute to the preservation of valuable medicinal knowledge of
local people. .Facing urgent requirement, we have conducted research the
subject "Indigenous knowledge of Dao ethnic on using medicinal plants in Ba
Vi National Park"

2
 CHAPTER I: BACKGROUND

In Vietnam, the study of plants began in the twentieth century, when

French botanist H. Lecomte and his colleagues introduced the book “Plant of
Indochina”. Next, Thai Van Trung supplemented, reviewed and published the
book "The forest vegetation of Vietnam", which listed 7004 species,
belonging to 850 genera and 289 families. Le Kha Ke published his book
"The common plants in Vietnam” (1969 – 1976). From 1971 to 1988, the
Institute of Forest Investigation and Planning has published seven episodes of
“forest Trees of Viet Nam" which is quite detailed introduction to the species.
Tran Dinh Ly and his colleagues introduced the book " useful Vegetation of
Vietnam " which introduced 1900 species, including plants such as
vegetables, medicinal ... From 1991 to 1993, Pham Hoang Ho has published
the book "Plants of Vietnam", including six episodes have been published in
Canada and was reprinted in Vietnam, he has conducted the plants specimens
of Vietnam at the Natural History Museum in Paris (France). So the statistical
species are the species of a clear specimens, in addition, the book has
sophisticated classification system. This is an extremely valuable project for
plant researchers and conservationists. In 1997 Nguyen Tien Ban compiled
the book “angiosperms lookup and identification Handbook in Vietnam",
introduced 265 families, about 2,300 genera belong to angiosperms order of
Vietnam. Nguyen Nghia Thin (1997) has synthesized and modified based on
the classification theorem of Brummitt and he has the statistics that Vietnam
has about 11 178 species belonging to 395 families and 2,582 genera. Then in
1997, Nguyen Nghia Thin published “Handbook of biodiversity research",
this is a great significance for the investigator of plants. These are the basic
research on plants in general, including medicinal plants.
Vietnam's traditional medicine appeared very early from the XIV
century. .including two famous physician are Tue Tinh and Hai Thuong Lan
Ong. Here are two people who have a very important impact on the traditional
medicine of Vietnam. In 1977, Vo Van Chi has published the book
3
“Medicinal plants Dictionary of Vietnam”. Typically the most famous
pharmacologist of Vietnam, Professor Do Tat Loi, he compiled the book
“The medicinal plants and herbs of Vietnam" (1962 - 1965), in this book,
he has presented about 450 species different plants belonging to 116 families
and until 2006, he supplemented, completed and released the “bow and
arrow” work, which presented the full scientific name, characteristics,
morphology, chemical composition, the use of 670 species belonging to 172
families. It can be said that this is the most complete work of Vietnamese
medicinal plants until nowadays, it has gathered valuable experience from a
variety of sources inside and outside the country. It has important meaning to
the healers, the researchers, botanists, organism’s conservationists. Then in
1998, Quy Nguu and Tran Nhu Đuc published the book "Medicinal Plants
around Us", in which the statistics are about 400 species and more than 100
different remedies for healing. In 2004, Nguyen Van Tap had discussion
document on “Medicinal plants development issues in Vietnam today",
which has proposed a new direction for the future, attached between
conservation and development. At the early of April / 2004, the young
publishing house has published the book "Plants herbs in Vietnam" of Pham
Hoang Ho, in which Pham Hoang Ho made more than 2010 different species
of medicinal plants. Pu Huong Nature Conservation (2006) has carried out the
project "Investigation, survey and evaluation of medicinal plant resources in
Pu Huong Nature Reserve", the subject was given 374 species of medicinal
plants belong to 5 order, 124 families, 286 genera. In 2007, Hanoi publishing
house published the book "Medicinal Plants” and “The medicinal
ingredients”, “The remedies of Vietnam " of two pharmacists Cao Duy Can
and Tran Sy Vien, which have listed 380 species of medicinal plants and 161
remedies can cure different disease groups.
That were the previous studies, they have great significance in terms of
medicine. They provide us species composition, the morphological
characteristics, the therapeutic use of the species and some common remedies
often used.

4
 CHAPTER II: OBJECTIVE - CONTENTS

– RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
2.1 Objectives
Understanding the status and indigenous knowledge on using medicinal
plants of the Dao ethnic in Ba Vi national park in order to propose solution
for conservation and development of indigenous knowledge and medicinal
plant resources in the research area.
2.2 Research contents
 To study diversity of medicinal plant using by Dao ethnic minority
group in Ba Vi National Park.
 To study experience on using and processing of medicinal plants by
Dao ethnic in the research area.
 To identify medicinal plants with high economic and conservation
value in Ba Vi National Park.
 To propose solution for conservation and development of medicinal
plants and indigenous knowledge on medicinal plant use of Dao ethnic in the
research area.
2.3 Research Methodologies
2.3.1 Inherited Methods
- The data on natural conditions, climate, hydrology, soil, topography,
forest resources.
- Information and data on economic conditions, social conditions:
population, labor, ethnic composition, and farming habits.
- The results of the study, the relevant text medicinal plants in Ba Vi
national park, statistics about medicinal plants in here.
2.3.2 Method of external investigation.
Investigation Methods of medicinal plants resources and medicinal
plants used in the study area. The method used here is mainly the interview
local people about the local medicinal plants in the processing, use parts of

5
them. In addition, we also combined with field surveys some medicinal plant
locations. Then statistics and collected, took photo of some medicinal plants
that we have met.
2.3.3 Method of investigation about medicinal plants diversity and the
origin
There are two methods used here are:
- Method of interviews the healers and people who grow and harvest the
medicine plant in questions like this one: Is this species planted or grow
naturally? Where does it concentrate?...
- Combined with interviews, field surveys in areas where medicinal
plants planted and grown naturally.
2.3.4 Determination of the medicinal plant species at risk of extinction
method.
Statistics, recorded medicinal plants that we met, assess their abundance,
combined with interviews local people to compare numbers of medicinal
species now to before.
2.3.5 The method of making a list of high value medicinal plants in Ba Vi
national park.
- Survey in markets around Ba Vi national park and interview people on
the price of wholesale and retail in the village market.
- Determination of the abundance of medicinal plants based on actual
survey results and interview people.
2.3.6 Method of investigation to make proposals for conservation and
development of local medicinal plants as well as the knowledge to use
them.
- Interview with extension staff, forestry extension of Ba Vi commune
interviewing local people and assessing the status of medicinal plants.
- Interviews to learn about the aspirations of the people, contribute to the
preservation of indigenous knowledge on medicinal plant use of local people.

6
2.3.7 Method of internal handling.
- Collect all documents, templates, images obtained during the
investigation to determine the scientific name of medicinal plants species,
making list of medicinal plants, including local name, scientific name,
purpose, used parts, origin and processing.
- From the results of collected document and the results of interviews,
based on the Red Book (2007), Decree No. 32, Red List of medicinal plants
(2006) to determine and classify the medicinal plant species at risk of
extinction.
- From the results of field surveys of medicinal plants know the growth
of medicinal plants. Along with the investigation in the markets and
interviews of local people and commune forestry extension workers, perform
aggregate to identify the most suitable plants that capable cultivation.

7
 CHAPTER III: RESEARCH AREA

3.1 Natural conditions.

3.1.1 Geographic location.

Ba Vi commune belong to Ba Vi district, Hanoi city. Its area is 25.35

km2 and nearly located Ba Vi national park.

3.1.2 Topography.

Ba Vi commune is the midlands and low mountains and hills adjacent to

the Mountainous but this area looks like a mountain range rise above the plain
only the Da River and Red River, 20km to the south.

3.1.3 Geology and soil

Feralit yellowish brown soil develops on clay schist rock, sandstone

widespread focus on 500m-1000m height, soils from thin to average, there are
many rocks and rocky places. Feralit bright red soil developed on clay schist
stone, sandstone, mica schist and sedimentary rocks, distributed in the
foothills and slopes at height less than 500 m, soil humus is thick but low
rates.

Ancient alluvial soil distribution in a long narrow strip along Da River

3.1.4 Climate

General characteristics of Ba Vi is dominated by the latitude north

factors, monsoon mechanism, a combination of monsoon and latitude creates
humid tropical climate with cold and dry winters. Average annual temperature
in the area is 23.4oC. In the low, temperature can down to 2.7 oC and higher
temperature can be up to 42oC. At 400m high average temperature of 20.6oC;
of elevation above 1000m temperature is only 16oC. Absolute temperature can
lower down 0.2oC. The higher absolute temperature 33.1oC. Average annual
rainfall is 2,500, unevenly distributed during the year, concentrated in July,
August. 86.1% air humidity. Lowland is usually dry in December and
8
January. From height above 400m no dry season. North winds in the winters
with a frequency greater than 40%.

Southeast winds in summer with 25% frequency and the southwest

direction. With these features, this is an ideal location for potential tourists
but untapped.

3.1.5 Hydrology

River systems in the region are largely derived from the upstream
mountainous Ba Vi and South Vien nam mountains. The major streams and
tributaries flowing north, northeast are tributaries of the Red River. In the
west of the region, the short and steeper streams than streams in the north and
east, which are tributaries of the Da River. These streams are often caused of
flooding and rainy. During the dry season the small streams are often
exhausted. The major streams in the area included: Suoi Cai, Mit, Ninh, Yen
Cu, Bon... 

Da River flows to south Ba Vi Mountain, Wide River with dense

streams. At the same time, making the space is beautiful landscape, serving
the needs rest for sightseeing tourists. Groundwater in the area is relatively
abundant in the eastern side and western side of the more abundant rainfall
larger and steeper.

3.2 Socio-economic conditions.

Economics of society in recent years has tended to develop in a positive

direction. Although in many difficult conditions affecting the socio-economic,
the interest of the district, the leadership focus, communal People's
Committee Economic growth continues to be stable, national security is
maintained.

9
3.2.1 Economic conditions
3.2.1.1 Agriculture and forestry productivity
* Agriculture
Table 3.1 Crops areas and crops’ economic value
Crops Total of
Crops Money
No. Area (ha) productivity yields
types (million VNĐ)
(tons/ha) (tons)
1 Rice 18 5.2 187 1310
2 Corn 18 4.5 81 607
3 cassava 40 20.0 720 648
4 arrowroot 50 20.0 1000 1700
5 Tea 48 3.0 114 288
6 bamboo 95 5.0 475 2850
total 6 types 269 57.7 2577 7403
From the table we can see that the total main crops type in Ba Vi
commune are 6 types. The total area of crop is 269 hectare. Total crops
productivity got 57.7 tons per hectare. The yield total is 2577 tons with the
total of money is 7403 million vnd.
* Breeding
Table 3.2 number of the cattle, poultry and others
No. Types Number of each (individuals)
1 buffalo 316
2 Cow 279
3 Pig 1135
4 goat 115
5 poultry 4500
6 bee 150 (beehive)
total 6 6495

10
 From the table above we obtained that total number of cattle and
poultry is 6495 individuals
* Forestry
Work closely with Ba Vi National Park in protection of forest, there are
some trainings of security forces of fire prevention. Good propaganda
implementation for the people so the people raise their awareness of fire
prevention and forest protection.
3.2.1.2 Medicinal Cooperative
- Medicinal Cooperative was established in December 2008 and has
been operating in January 2009. In 2011, the cooperative business could
not be held due to lack of funds, lack of infrastructure, raw materials for
production. So now, this cooperatives stop business operations, just only
social activities.
3.2.1.3 Population, employment
- Population
Table 3.3 Total population in Ba Vi commune
No. Population Male(people) Female(people) Total(people)
1 Population total 1032 1006 2038
2 Population of
1002 996 1998
minority
Base on the above table we know that the total population in Ba Vi
commune are 2038 people. In which total population of male is 1032
accounted for 50.64% and the total number of female is 1006 accounted for
49.36%.
- Employment
The total of rural Employee is 810 people.
+ Agriculture: 82.9%
+ Industry, sub- industry and services: 5%
+ Others: 12.1%

11
3.2.1.4 Traffic
- Regularly direct renovation implementation of rural roads, the
heads of villages actively motivates people repairing the village alleys.
3.2.2 Culture and society
3.2.2.1 Education
Ensure schools, maintain order and discipline Teaching and Learning in
schools:
- Preschool: there is one school with 97 students
- Secondary school: there are two schools in Ba Vi commune. The total
numbers of students (including primary and secondary) is 264 students with
56 teachers.
3.2.2.2 Health, population and children
- Community Health Center promotes propagandas such as health
education, malaria prevention and national health program.
- Clinic also participates physical examination for high school and pre-
school kindergarten in Ba Vi commune.
- Join recruits for military service, health care institutions for the elderly
regularly.
- 2011 CHC was undergoing consolidation and building national
standards of health care.
3.2.2.3. Culture
- Participate in the sports movement of Ba Vi district and Ha Noi capital
such as sports contest of Ethnics in mountainous communes, ethnic boarding
schools Hanoi in 2011 and participate in tournaments of badminton champion
in Ba Vi district.
- Mobilize people to participate actively in the cultural life movement in
the wedding, funerals, festivals and longevity parties.

12
 - Commune has invested, supported to build the radio system. Until now
the Ba Vi commune has developed, organized extensive propaganda policies
of the Party and State to all of the people in the commune.
3.3.3 Some problems
- Economic life, social and cultural progress but there are still serious
about customs and habits, ethnic identities.
- Cooperatives are not operational due to lack of funds, just mainly
private households so performance and income are low.
- The structure crops and breeding varieties have not yet converted
thereby not promote local internal forces, led to value growth of per capita
income was still low.
- The spirit of work and responsibilities of some staff is not high, the
proposal advisory is limited.
- Environmental pollution is also a problem of this commune.

13
 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Diversity about medicinal plant
A total of 206 species of plants was cited, belonging to 76 families and
subfamilies. In this case, the families just have the one species was used are
31, equivalent 15.05% of total family population. And 4 families in whole
have more than or equal to 10 species were used. Total species of the top 4
highly are 47, alike 22.82% overall species. Euphorbiaceae is the biggest
family with 15 plant species was used. The position of next is Rubiaceae,
Asteraceae family. The Menispermaceae family has 10 species were used.
According to the study, Bavi national park has high biodiversity and
many rare genes of species (table 4.1).
Table 4.1 List species in red book data
Threat Threat
Family and category in category in
Scientific name
Subfamily Vietnam Red Red list of
book data IUCN 2012
1 Rauvolfia verticillata
Apocynaceae VU
(Lour.) Baill.
2 Aristolochiaceae Asarum maximum Hemsl. E VU
3 Caesalpiniaceae Caesalpinia sappan L.* T CR
4 Coscinium fenestratum
Menispermaceae VU
(Gaertn.) Colebr. *
5 Menispermaceae Fibraurea recisa Pierre* VU
6 Stephania dielsiana Y.C.
Menispermaceae VU R
Wu
7 Myrsinaceae Ardisia silvestris Pit.* VU
8 Polypodiaceae Drynaria fortunei (Mett.) E
J. Sm. *
9 Rubiaceae Morinda officinalis K
Haw.*
10 Smilacaceae Smilax elegantissima R
Gagnep.
11 Smilacaceae Smilax glabra Wall. * VU

14
 VU: Vulnerable
T: Threatened
E: Endangered
Vietnam’s data red book:
K: Insufficiently known
T: threatened
R: rare
VU: Vulnerable
Red list in IUCN CR: Critically Endangered
R: rare
4.2 The source of medicinal plants
Comparative with citation research about “Indigenous knowledge of
Muong and Dao ethnic minority groups in Ba Vi national park, Viet Nam”
by Dr. Sam (2010), the medicinal plants were collected from wild, which
were used by Dao ethnic in this research, is 88.83%, more than 14.84% of
citation. Equivalent about percentage of plants were collected from forest and
grown in home’s garden, approximate 11%. However, 45 species were
collected in backyard areas. At nowadays, small number persons of Dao
minority in Yen Son still go to collect medicinal plant from forest. And at the
2 villages, the healer autochthons keep tradition of using and collecting.
However, interview processing, just Mrs. Thanh in Hop Nhat cultivates
sapling to sell as a source of seed medicinal plant in Ba Vi commune.

Fig. 4.1 Source: (Wild/Cultivated)

15
 Almost households cultivated medicinal plant at the yard. In other hands,
they are not the main source if the healer can buys or exploit from the nature.
During the interview process, in fact, they try to harvest as much as possible.
According to report of recent investigates, 12 species do not exist in Ba Vi
national park, 120 species are rare. Event it takes two or three to find those
species.
Due to the degradation of the medicinal plant resource, local Dao herbal
healers recently have had to go further for medicinal plant collection. They
visit not only to Ba Vi National Park, but also to other parks and forest as well
such as Tam Bao National Park in Vinh Phuc and Thai Nguyen province or to
the forest in Hoa Binh province where they can find their expected plants.
Since medicinal plant collectors and herbal healers have to go farther to
another area outside Ba Vi National Park to collect medicinal plants, their
knowledge within the area where they go harvesting medicinal plants has
been broadened. They now not only understand the ecology of Ba Vi national
park area but also the ecology of the new areas. They, moreover, can apply
the knowledge they already have about the ecology of the area where the
expected medicinal plants grow in finding that plants in the new area.
4.3 Different parts of plant treat different diseases
Many medicinal plant species are used in curing one disease. And they
are still an important resource used for health maintenance of families within
the Dao community at Ba Vi. Public health clinics do attend to the
communities but the using of plants to treat less severe health problems are
very common. According to interview households, the elderly is still
distrusting of industrialized medication, and they often switch from
commercial medication to medicinal plants to treat chronic health problems.
Leaves are the most used plant parts with 54.37%, thus plant reproduction is
not endangered due to the gathering methods and plant parts used.

16
 Figure 4.2 Percentage of part used

Proportion of bulb, seed, and tuber is the smallest in this survey. Total
percentage of these parts equal 5.82%
Many medicinal plant species are used in curing more than one disease.
Some medicinal plant species have only one component that can be used,
while for other species several components or the whole plant can be used for
disease's treatment. In Ba Vi community, Dao used 14 whose species with the
complete plant for disease's treatment, while the parts of plants treat diseases.
Local Dao herbal healers can classify and recognize which part of the plant is
the most effective when they use them for disease treatment. It is estimated
that the leaves of plants are used the most, and then the trunks of the plants or
the whole plants.
During interview, statistics shows that 53 types of disease were treated
by traditional medicines. 27 species used for tonic medicine, stomachache and
rheumatism used 13 species.
4.4 Methods of using the medicinal plant
In Ba Vi commune, Dao groups have three main ways to use the plant:
decoction, soak, glue. Decoction is the extraction by boiling of water soluble
drug substance. Soakage is the process of becoming softened and saturated as
a consequence of being immersed in water or other liquid. A gelatin derived

17
by boiling animal or plant parts in water; it is hard and brittle when cooled but
when heated and diluted it becomes a viscous liquid adhesive. A result from
the interview process is 100% household using decoction method. Soaking in
wine has 35% (14 interviewees). And last one is glue methods with 17.5%
include 5 household in Hop Nhat, Hop Son hamlet and 2 healers in Yen Son.
4.5 The knowledge of Dao ethnic
Several factors influence knowledge and use of medicinal plants in the
Dao’s group in Ba Vi’s commune. Among the interviewees, medicinal plant
knowledge was dominant distributed for women and people over 60 years old
attain more knowledge about medicinal plants, due to the lack of interest on
men and younger members. And, some of the interviewees said that women
were more effective than men. The result is showed on table 4.2
Table 4.2: Percentage of gender and age level of Dao
minority in Ba Vi National harvesting medicinal plants
Percentage of individuals collecting
Age Gender
medicinal plants (%)
Male 10
>55
Female 42.5
male 5
40 - 55
Female 30
Male 2.5
18 - 40
Female 10
% male 17.5
% female 82.5
However, major cause: It is a tradition that the traditional family
treatments/ remedies, including remedies with magic or incantations, which
are handed down from generations to generations within a family will be only
transferred to the son from his mother as the inheritance and from mother-in-
law to daughters-in-law through practice activities. The daughter-in-law also
gets the knowledge of medicinal plant from her husband as well. Thus,

18
women can acquire knowledge of medicinal plants from their mother and
their mother-in-law. As time goes by, women’s knowledge has become
wealthier and wealthier since they not only learn but also practice and do
experiments. In this case, the knowledge is not only transferred through
lineage, but specifically, it is also transferred as property from mother to son
and as practice from mother to daughter-in-law.
Conversely, because information on the use of plant species for
therapeutic purpose has been passed from one generation to the next through
oral tradition, this knowledge of therapeutic plants has started to decline and
become obsolete through the lack of recognition by younger generations as a
result of a shift in attitude and ongoing socio-economic changes.
4.6 Life forms of herbaceous medicinal plant

Fig. 4.3 Percentage of life forms of medicinal plants species was used in Ba
Vi commune.
The highest percentage about life form of medicinal plants in Ba Vi
commune is herb plants with 29% of the total. A high number of herb plant
belonged to the Araceae (5 species), Asteraceae (11 species), Poaceae (3
species)… No much distance between secondary and thirdly. Number species
of shrub and wood plants in order is 51 and 50 species. The lowest percentage
is 22% of liana species. Similar findings were also reported in the earlier
works in Ba Vi national park (Sam, H.V 2010).
19
 APPENDIX
W: Wood
S: Shrub
Life form
H: Herb
L: Liana
W: Wild
Wild/Cultivated:
C: Cultivated
Name Wild/
Life
Vietnamese Cultivate parts used Prescriptions
Scientific name forms
name d
Acanthaceae Họ Ô rô        
Rhinacanthus Leaves, Herpes, itches,
Bạch hạc S W
nasutus (L.) Kurz stem wounds
Strobilanthes
Chuỳ hoa H W Leaves Bone fractures
cystolithiger Lind.
Agavaceae Họ Huyết dụ        
Cordyline terminalis Root,
Huyết dụ H W,C Haemostatic
Kunth* leaves
Alliaceae Họ Hành        
Leaves,
Allium fistulosum L.* Hành H C Cold
stem,
Leaves,
Allium odorum L.* Hẹ H C Cold
seed
Dysentery,
Allium sativum L.* Tỏi H C Bulb
coughs, flu
Amaranthaceae Họ Dền        
Amaranthus viridis Leaves,
Đơn đỏ H W Snakebite, cold
L. root
Amaranthus spinosus
Dền cơm H C Root Fever, cold
L.
Whole
Celosia cristata L. Mào gà H C Diarrhea
plant
Annonaceae Họ Na        
Annona squamosa L. Na W C Leaves Sores

20
Desmos
cochinchinensis Hoa giẻ L W Stem Constipation
Lour.

Fissistigma villosum Leaves,

Cánh hoa L W Stomach ache
Ast. & Merr. bark

Xylopia vielana
Dền W W Root Malaria
Pierre
Apiaceae Họ Hoa tán        
Centella asiatica (L.) Whole, Detoxificatio,
Rau má H W
Urb. * plant tonic
Apocynaceae Họ Trúc đào        
Alstonia scholaris L. Sữa W W,C Bark Irregular menses
Leaves,
Plumeria rubra L. Đại W C Diarrhea
flower
Rauvolfia verticillata
Ba gạc S W Leaves Sores, itches
(Lour.) Baill.
Strophanthus
Whole, High blood
caudatus (Burm. F.) Sừng Châu L W
plant pressure
Kurz
Catharanthus roseus Root, High blood
Dừa cạn H W
(L) G.Don stem pressure
Wrightia annamensis
Mức trung bộ S W Leaves Dysentery
Eberh. & Dub.
Araceae Họ Ráy        
Acorus gramineus Thạnh xương Leaves,
H W Stomach ache
Aiton et Soland* bồ stem
Aglaonema Vạn niên Leaves,
H W,C Bone fractures
modestum Schott * thanh tuber
Amorphophallus
paeoniifolius Khoai nưa H W,C Leaves Detoxification
(Dennst.) Nicol.
Homalomena occulta Thiên niên
H W,C Tuber Tonic, coughs
(Lour.) Schott* kiện
Pothos repens Whole
Chân rết H W Food poisoning
(Lour.) Druce plant
Araliacea Họ Ngũ ra bì        
Acanthopanax Ngũ gia bì gai L W Root Rheumatism

21
aculeatus Seem*
Đơn châu
Aralia armata Seem. W W Root Sore throat
chấu
Aralia touranensis
Cuồng L W Leaves Rheumatism
Ha
Polyscias fruticosa Leaves, Tonic,
Đinh lăng H C
Harms * root Indigestion

Schefflera octophylla Leaves,

Chân chim W W Itches
(Lour.) Harms bark

Arecaceae Họ Cau dừa        

Caryota mitis Lour. Đùng đình W W Root Stomach ache
Họ Mộc
Aristolochiaceae        
hương
Asarum maximum wound, tonic,
hoa tiên H W Whole
Hemsl. rheumatism
Asclepiadaceae Họ Bông tai        
Gymnema inodorum
Rau mơ L C Root Indigestion
Decne
Cryptolepis
buchanani Roem. et Dây càng cua L W Leaves Allergies
Schult.
Streptocaulon
Hà thủ ô L W Root Tonic
griffithii Hook.f. *
Steptocaulon
Hà thủ ô L W Root Tonic
juventas Merr.*
Telosma cordata
Hoa lý L C Flower Tonic, cold
(Burm.f.) Merr.*
Asparagaceae Họ Tóc Tiên        
Asparagus
cochinchinensis Tóc tiên H W,C Leaves Snakebite
(Lour.) Merr.
Asteraceae Họ Cúc        

Artemisia vulgaris Leaves, Head ache, Risk

Ngải cứu H C
L.* stem, of miscarriage

22
Blumea balsamifera leaves,
Đại bi H W Flu
(L.) DC.* stem
Blumea lacrea
Cải dai H W Stem Detoxification
(Brm.f.) DC
Eclipta excavate L. Nhọ nồi H W Root Wounds
Elephantopus scaber
Cúc chỉ thiên H W Root Dysentery
L.
Emilia sonchifolia Rau má lá rau Leaves,
H W Dysentery
(L.) DC. muống root
Eupatorium
staechadosmum Mần tưới H W Stem Indigestion
Hance
Gynura crepidioides Leaves, Snakebite,
Rau tàu bay H W
Benth. stem Haemostatic
Gynura japonica Leaves, Infection ,
Cúc Tam Thất H W
(Thunb.) Juel root Haemostatic
Stem,
Laufuca indica L. Bồ công anh H W, C Stomach ache
leaves
Xanthium strumarium Stem,
Ké đầu ngựa H W Dysentery
L. leaves
Bignoniaceae Họ Đinh        
Oroxylum indicum
Núc Nác W W Bark Allergies
(L.) Vent.
Bombacaceae Họ Bông Gạo        
Leaves,
Bombax ceiba Merr. Gạo W W,C Bone fractures
bark
Boraginaceae Họ Vòi voi        
Heliotropium Leaves,
Vòi voi S W Oedema
indicum L. bark
Caesalpiniaceae Họ Vang        

Caesalpinia digyna
Móc mèo S W Stem Fever , Tonic
Rottler

Caesalpinia sappan Leaves,

Tô mộc W W Diarrhea
L.* root
Cassia occidentalis
Muồng W W Seed Tonic
L.

23
Gleditsia australis Lost voice,
Bồ kết W W,C Fruit
Hemsl. Tooth ache
Tamarindus indica
Me W W,C Fruit Indigestion
L.*
Capparaceae Họ Bún thiêu        
Stem, Head ache,
Cleome viscosa L. Bún thiêu W W
leaves rheumatism

Caprifoliaceae Họ Kim ngân        

Lonicera macrantha
Kim ngân L W Leaves Dysentery
(Don D.) Spreng.
Sambucus hookeri Leaves,
Cơm cháy W W Leprosy
Rehder stem
Caricaceae Họ Đu đủ        

Trevesia palmata rheumatism,

Đu đủ rừng W W Fruit
(Roxb.) tonic

Clusiaceae Họ Bứa        
Garcinia oblongifolia
Bứa W W Bark Stomach ache
Champ. Ex Benth.
Combretaceae Họ Bàng        

Leaves, Itches,
Quisqualis indica L. Dây giun W W
stem Tooth ache

Commelinaceae Họ Thài Lài        

Commelina Stem,
Thài lài H W,C Dysentery
communis L. leaves
Connaraceae Họ Khế        
Cnestis palala Merr. Dây khế L W Leaves Wounds
Họ Rau
Convolvulaceae        
muống
Stem,
Argyreia acuta
Bạc thau L W leaves, Menorrhagia
Lour.*
root
Merremia boisiana
Bìm bịp L W Leaves Indigestion
(Gagnep.) V. Ooststr.
Họ Thuốc
Crassulaceae        
bỏng

24
Kalanchoe pinnata Stem,
Thuốc bỏng H W,C Detoxification
(Lam.) Pers. leaves
Cucurbitaceae Họ Bầu bí        
Trichosanthes
Leaves,
cucumeroides (Ser.) Dưa núi L W Fever
stem
Maxim.
Cyperaceae Họ Cói        
Cyperus rotundus L. Cỏ gấu H W Tuber Diarrhea
Kyllinga Leaves,
Cỏ bạc đầu H W Skin diseases
monocephala Rottb. stem
Dicksoniaceae Họ Lông cu li        
Cibotium barometz
Lông cu li S W Root Haemostatic
(L.) J. Sm.*
Dilleniaceae Họ Sổ        

Tetracera scandens
Chặc chìu L W Root Rheumatism
(L.) Merr.

Tetracera asiatica Leaves,

Chặc chìu L W Enteritis
(Lour.) Hoogl. stem
Elaeagnaceae Họ Nhót        
Elaeagnus bonii
Nhót S C Stem Dysentery
Lecomte
Elaeagnus
Nhót bắc bộ S W Root Stomach ache
tonkinensis Serv.

Euphorbiaceae Họ Thầu dầu        

Aporosa mycrocalyx
Thẩu tấu W W Root Tooth ache
Hassk
Aleurites moluccana diarrhea,
Lai W W Fruit
(L.) Willd. dysentery

Antidesma Leaves, Coughs,

Chòi mòi W W
ghaesembilla Gaertn. bark rheumatism

Baccaurea ramiflora
Dâu da đất W W,C Leaves Indigestion
Lour.*
Breynia fleuryi Beille Bồ cu vẽ S W Root Snake bite
Euphorbia
Xương rồng H W,C Stem Tooth ache
antiquorum L.

25
 Whole,
Euphorbia hirta L.* Cỏ sữa H W Dysentery
plant
Euphorbia thymifolia Whole,
Cỏ sữa lá nhỏ H W Dysentery
Burm plant
Glochidion velutinum
Bọt ếch S W Root Tooth ache
Wight
Homonoia riparia Flu,
Rù rì S W Root
Lour. detoxification
Jatropha curcas L. Dầu mè W   Stem Kidney failure
Mallotus barbatus Leaves,
Bùm bụp S W liver
(Wall.) Muell. – Arg. root
Phyllanthus
Phèn đen S W Leaves Tooth ache
xcavatees Poir.
Phyllanthus urinaria Whole,
Chó đẻ S W Sores
L. plant
Ricinus communis L. Thầu dầu S C Stem, bark Tonic
Fabaceae Họ Đậu        
Abrus precatorius Whole,
Cam thảo S W Coughs, flu,
L.* plant

Bowringia callicarpa Dây bánh

S W Leaves Rheumatism
Champ. Ex Benth. nem

Desmodium
caudatum (Murray) Thóc lép H W Root Edema
DC.
Tooth ache,
Erythrina fusca Lour. Vông đồng W W,C Bark, stem
hemorrhage
Mucuna pruriens (L.)
Mắc mèo L W Stem Tonic
DC.
Pueraria
phaseoloides (Roxb.) Sắn dây L C Tuber Tonic
Benth.
Sophora japonica L. Seed, High blood
Hoa hoè W W,C
f.* flower pressure, tonic
Gnetaceae Họ Dây Gắm        
Gnetum montanum
Gắm L W Fruit Detoxification
Markgraf

26
Icacinaceae Họ thụ đào        
Gomphandra
Béo trắng W W Root Tonic
tonkinensis Gagnep
Illiciaceae Họ hồi        

Illicium griffithii
Hồi núi W W Root, stem Rheumatism
Hook.f. et. Thoms*

Họ Sâm Đại
Iridaceae        
Hành
Eleutherine bulbosa Tonic,
Sâm đại hành H W Bulb
(Mill.) Gagnep.* Indigestion
Lamiaceae Họ Hoa môi        
Hyptis suaveolens Root, High blood
Tía tô dại H W
(L.) Poit. leaves pressure, tonic
Leaves,
Leonurus sibiricus L. Ích mẫu H W,C Tonic
stem
Ocimum basilicum L. Húng chó H C Leaves Kidney failure
Lauraceae Họ Long nảo        
Litsea cubeba (Lour.) Leaves, Back pain,
Màng tang W W
Pers.* stem nervous debility
Litsea glutinosa
Bời lời nhớt W W Bark, root Dysentery
(Lour.) C.B. Rob.
Leeaceae Họ Gối hạc        
Leea rubra Blume Gối hạc S W Root Stomach ache

Leea indica (Burm.f.)

Gối hạc đen S W Stem, root Malaria
Merr

Loranthaceae Họ Tầm gửi        

Scurrula ferruginea Whole
Tầm gửi S W Arthritis
(Jack) Danser plant
Malvaceae Họ Bông        
Abutilon indicum (L.) Leaves,
Cối xay S W Flu
Sweet fruit
Hibiscus rosa – Leaves,
Dâm bụt S W,C Sores
sinensis L. stem
Leaves,
Sida acuta Burm.f. Ké S W Malaria
stem

Sida rhombifolia L.* Ké hoa vàng S W Root, stem Malaria

27
Urena lobata L. Ké hoa đào S W Root, stem Malaria

Melastomataceae Họ Mua        

Medinilla assamica Leaves,

Mua leo L W Back pain
(Clarke) C.Chen stem, root

Melastoma normale Leaves,

Mua S W Wound
D. Don stem
Melastoma
Mua bà S W Sore throat
sanguineum Sims. Leaves
Menispermaceae Họ Tiết dê        
Cocculus trilobus Dây xanh L W Root Detoxification
Coscinium usitatum Lá vàng H W Root Diarrhea
Cissampelos pareira Leaves,
Tiết dê L W Rheumatism
L.* stem, root
Coscinium
fenestratum (Gaertn.) Vằng đắng L W Root, stem Dysentery, flu
Colebr. *
Wounds,
Fibraurea recisa
Hoàng đằng L W Stem Rheumatism,
Pierre*
tonic
Pericampylus
Leaves,
glaucus (Lam.) Lõi tiền L W Snakebite
stem
Merr.*
Pycnarrhena poilanei Leaves,
Phi đằng L W Eye sores
(Gagnep.) Forman* root

Stephania japonica
Cam thảo L W Stem, root Diarrhea
(Thunb.) Miers*

Stephania longa
Lõi tiền L W Root Stomach ache
Lour.*
Stephania rotunda Stomach ache,
Củ bình vôi L W Tuber
Lour.* cold
Mimosaceae Họ Trinh nữ        
Entada phaseoloides Bark,
Bằm Bằm L W Itches
(L.) Merr. leaves
Leucaena Keo dậu W W,C Seed Hookworm

28
leucocephala (Lam.)
De Wit
Mimosa pudica L. Cây xấu hổ L W Root Anodyne
Moraceae Họ Dâu tằm        
Artocarpus
Tooth ache,
tonkinensis A. Chev. Chay W W,C Bark, latex
Itches
Ex Gagnep.*
Ficus vasculosa Leaves,
Da bông W W Cancer
Wall. ex Miq. root
Streblus asper Lour. Duối W W,C Leaves Flu, wound
Myrsinaceae Họ Đơn nem        
Ardisia silvestris Fruit,
Lá khôi H W Stomach ache
Pit.* leaves

Embelia ribes Leaves, Hookworm,

Chua ngút L W
Burm.f. fruit, bark Snakebite

Maesa balansae Mez Đơn nem núi S W Leaves Hiccups

Maesa sinensis DC. Leaves,
Đơn nem S W Edema
A. stem
Myrtaceae Họ Sim        
Eucalyptus exserta Colds, flu, head
Bạch đàn W C Leaves
F.Muell. ache
Diarrhea,
Psidium guajava L. Ổi W C Leaves
dysentery
Rhodomyrtus
tomentosa (Aiton) Sim S W Stem, Diarrhea
Hassk.
Nyctaginaceae Họ hoa phấn        
Boerhaaceia repens* Sâm nam H W Root Liver
Oleaceae Họ Hoa nhài        
Jasminum scandens Root, stem,
Lài leo L W Back pain
Vahl leaves

Jasminum Leaves,
Vằng L W Itches, tonic
subtriplinerve DC. A. root,

Onagraceae Họ Rau dừa        

29
 nước
Ludwidgia Rau Dừa Whole
H W Flu, Colitis
adscendens (L.) Hara nước plan
Họ Phong
Orchidaceae        
Lan
Anoectochilus
Whole
roxburghii (Wall.) Kim Tuyến H W Tonic
plant
Lindl*
Corymborchis
Leaves,
veratrifolia (Reinw.) Lan H W Tonic
stem
Blume
Oxalidaceae Họ Chua me        
Stem,
Oxalis corniculata L. Chua me đất H W leaves, Malaria
root
Pandanaceae Họ Dứa        
Pandanus tectorius Hemorrhage,
Dứa dại S W Leaves
Parkinson* Sunburn,
Pandanus tonkinensis Fruit, Sunburn,
Dứa S W
Mart. ex Stone* Root Oedema
Passifloraceae Họ Lạc tiên        
Root,
Heart tonic,
Passiflora foetida L. Lạc tiên L W leaves,
anodyne
stem
Piperaceae Họ Tiêu        
Piper betle L. Trầu không L C Leaves Wounds
Tooth ache,
Piper lolot C.DC.* Lá lốt H C Leaves
tonic
Plantaginaceae Họ Mã đề        
Leaves,
Plantago asiatica L* Mã đề H W,C Kidney failure
stem
Poaceae Họ Cỏ        

Chrysopogon Leaves,
Cỏ may H W Stomach ache
aciculatus Trin. root,

Cymbopogon citratus Whole

Sả H C Bone fractures
(DC.) Stapf.* plant
Eleusinine indica (L.) Cỏ Mần trầu H W Root Urinating

30
Gaertn. problems
Polygonaceae Họ Rau răm        
Polygonum chinensis Leaves,
Mía giò H W Dysentery
L. stem
Polygonum odoratum
Rau răm H C Leaves Malaria
Lour.
Polypodiaceae Họ Dương xĩ        
Drynaria fortunei
Cốt toái bổ H W Stem, root Tonic
(Mett.) J. Sm. *
Portulacaceae Họ Rau sam        
Portulaca oleracea Stem,
Rau sam H W Tonic
L. leaves
Rosaceae Họ Hoa Hồng        

Duchesnea indica Leaves,

Dâu núi H W Stomach ache
(Andr.) Focke root,

Rubus
Leaves, Indigestion,
cochichinnensis Ngấy S W
fruit oedema
Tratt.
Rubiaceae Họ Cà Phê        
Aidia
Leaves,
cochinchinensis Đuôi lươn W W Malaria
stem
(Lour.) Merr.
Aidia oxydrala Orake Leaves,
Đuôi lươn W W Malaria
Jam stem
Canthium horridum Dyspnoea,
Găng gai S W Root
Blume wounds
Hedyotis capitellata Leaves,
Dạ cẩm S W Bone fractures
Wall. Ex G.Don stem

Morinda officinalis High blood

Ba Kích L w Root,
Haw.* pressure

Ixora diversifolia
Mẫu đơn S W Leaves Wounds
Wall.
Morinda citrifolia
Mặt quỉ S W Root Aphrodisiacs
L.*
Psychotria montana Bone fracturess,
Lấu núi S W Leaves
Blume rheumatism

31
Psychotria rubra Leaves,
Lấu S W Kidney failure
(Lour.) Poit. root

Psychotria silvestris Leaves,

Lấu rừng S W Colds
Pit. root,

Randia spinosa
Găng trâu W W Fruit Wounds
(Thunb.) Poir.
Rutaceae Họ Cam        
Glycosmis Leaves,
Cơm rượu S W Colds
pentaphylla Spreng. root
Murraya glabrata
Nguyệt quế W W Leaves Infection
Guillaumin
Micromelum
Mắt trâu W W Leaves Itches
hirsutum Oliv.
Zanthoxylum nitidum Leaves,
Xuyên tiêu W W Itches
(Lamk.) DC. bark
Zanthoxylum Root,
Xẻn W W Aphasia
avicenae (Lamk) DC. leaves
Sapindaceae Họ Bồ Hòn        
Allophylus
Ngoại mộc W W Bark Malaria
macrodontus Merr.
Allophylus viridis Ngoại mộc
W W Bark Arthritis
Radlk. xanh
Crossonephelis
Leaves,
philippinensis Chua khét W W Dysentery
bark
(Radlk.) Leenh.
Họ Thường
Saxifragaceae        
Sơn

Dichroa febrifuga Leaves,

Thường Sơn S W Tonic
Lour. stem, root

Họ Thanh
Simaroubaceae        
Thất

Eurycoma longifolia Leaves,

Bách bệnh S W Diarrhea
W. Jack* bark, root

Smilacaceae Họ Cầm        

32
 Cang

Smilax corbularia Leaves,

Kim cang bạc L W Indigestion
Kunth root, stem

Smilax elegantissima
Kim cang L W Root, stem Splenitis
Gagnep.

Smilax glabra Wall. Arthritis, Bone

Thổ phục linh L W Root,
* fractures

Solanaceae Họ Cà        
Leaves,
Daruta metel L. Cà độc dược S W Tooth ache
root
Solanum procumbens
Cà leo L W Root Rheumatism
Lour.
Sterculiaceae Họ Chôm        
Helicteres angustifolia L. Thầu kén đực S W Leaves Snakebite
Sterculia lanceolata Leaves,
Sảng nhung W W Snakebite
Cav. bark
Styracaceae Họ Bồ đề        
Styrax tonkinensis
Bồ đề W W Leaves Pneumonia
(Pierre) Craib
Ulmaceae Họ Du        
Trema angustifolia Leaves,
Hu đay W W Burns, wounds
(Planch.) Blume bark
Trema orientalis (L.) Leaves,
Hu Đay W W Diarrhea
Blume bark
Urticaceae Họ Gai        
Boehmeria nivea (L.) Risk of
Gai S C Root
Gaudich. miscarriage
Debregaesia
Gai rừng S W Root Styptic
squamata King
Pouzolzia zeylanica
Bọ mắn S W Leaves Infection
(L.) Benn.
Verbenaceae Họ Tếch        
Clerodendrum Leaves,
Mò trắng S W Haemostatic
paniculatum L. root

Clerodendrum Xích đồng S W Root Metritis,

33
japonicum (Thunb.)
nam Irregular menses
Sweet*
Irregular
Clerodendrum
Ngọc nữ S W Root menses,
fragrans Vent.*
Haemostatic,
Stachytarpheta Cây đuôi Whole
H W Arthritis, Cold
jamaicensis (L.) Vahl chuột plant
Leaves,
Verbena officinalis L. Cỏ roi ngựa H W Dysentery
root
Vitex quinata (Lour.) Fruit,
Đẻn W W Indigestion
Williams F.N. leaves
Vitex trifolia L. Đẻn 3 lá W W Leaves Arthritis
Vitaceae Họ Nho        
Cayratia japonica
Nho rừng L C Leaves Bone fractures
(Thunb.) Gagnep.*

Cissus modeccoides
Chìa vôi L W Root, stem Arthritis
Planch.

Tetrastigma
Dây quai bị L W Leaves Bone fractures
strumarium Gagnep.

34
 CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Conclusion
A total of 206 medicinal plant species, belonging to 76 families was use
by Dao ethnic minority group in Ba Vi National Park for disease treatment.
Herbal medicine knowledge was dominant distributed for women, and
people over 60 years old attain more knowledge of medicinal plants, due to
the lack of interest on men and younger members. The knowledge is not only
transferred through lineage but specifically it is also transferred as property
from mother to son and as practice from mother to daughter-in-law.
Medicinal plants not only useful for diseases treatment and health care,
but can be a good source of income for households.
The local people here live mainly on agricultural and forestry
productions and they are often facing many difficulties as food shortage,
poverty, poor infrastructures, low educational level, poor production facilities
and exhausted natural resources because of over exploitation.
Dao housewives traditionally grow a range of herbs essential for the
health care of their families in pots around their houses.
Most medicinal plants are still collected from the wild; as human
populations increase, as forests decline and as areas of remaining wild
habitats become locked into parks and reserves, people in some areas can no
longer collect the plant materials they need.
The knowledge in using medicinal plants have mostly been kept and
maintained by women in the households in the uplands.
The use of conventional medication tends to increase and medicinal
plant knowledge will lose its functional value and be forgotten, especially by
the younger members of these communities.

35
5.2 Recommendation
 Training planting, breeding skills for Dao people and improving
livelihood of Dao people base on agricultural sustainable development.
 Compile and publish a book on: medicinal herbs in Ba Vi national park
and Remedies of the Dao ethnic minority people in the area for improved
awareness on the need of preservation and sustainable utilization.
 Sharing workshop on preservation and development of medicinal herb
preservation and development.
 Detailed population monitoring of rare species and species with unclear
conservation status by scientific and expert studies;
 Enhancing research, survey about biodiversity of medicinal plant
species.

36
Sun-dry plant ingredients The plant ointments

Ardisia sylvestris Pitard.

Interviewing local people
at nursery of Mrs. Thanh

Celosia cristata L. Processing medicinal plants

37
 Preservation medicine Celastrus hindsii Benth

Asarum maximum Hemsl. A Herb doctor

Botanic garden

38
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