Math 1225B – lesson 2

Section 573 January 8, 2014 Section 573 (King’s) Times/locations:

Mondays 9:30 - 11:10 AM, W166
Dr. Joseph Turnbull
Wednesdays 10:30 - 11:20 AM, W166
Email: jturnbu7@uwo.ca

Test 1: Friday, February 7, 2014.

7:00 – 8:30 PM.

Check OWL Test 2: Friday, March 14, 2014.

•Lesson notes, announcements, links, sample tests. 7:00 – 8:30 PM.
 Reminders:
• You need the course textbook:
Math 1225A/B Methods of Calculus (Excerpts from Tan et al)
Custom Edition, published by Nelson. Custom package with text
and Student Solution Manual ISBN: 017653704X
• Regularly check the OWL page (open to 570,
571, 572, 573)
• It is expected that you will attend all classes.

• Full calculus review notes are available on OWL!

 Week 1
Chapter 5
Exponential functions
Log functions

Review of Derivatives

(the notes today are partly based on my math 0110 notes)

 Agenda (for the week)
1. Sections 5.1 and 5.2: Exponential and log functions (mostly review)
– Exponents
– Properties of exponential and log functions
– Graphs of exponential and log functions
– Exponent laws and log laws
– Solving for x inside log and exponential functions
– The natural exponential function and natural log function
– Transformations of log and exponential functions (translations, mirroring)

2. Sections 5.3: Rules for taking derivatives (mostly review)

– Derivatives of natural exponential functions
– General derivative rules
• Power rule, product rule, chain rule, quotient rule
• New chain rule notation
– Exponential derivative examples
– Derivatives of exponential functions with base b
 Relating Exponential to Logarithmic Functions

• We can switch between exponential and logarithmic

functions using the following relationships:

e ln( x )
=x for x > 0
ln( e ) = x
x
for any x
These can be extremely useful for solving log and
exponential problems!
 Examples
Solve the equation:
7e x +5 = 3
3 Divide both sides by 7
e x +5 =
7
ln (e x +5 ) = ln 
 3 Take ln of both sides
7

(x + 5)ln(e) = ln 3  logb(Mn)= nlogb(M) ln(Mn)= n ln(M)

Here, n=(x+5)
7
 3
x + 5 = ln  Use ln(e)=1
7
 3 Isolate for x We can stop here
x = ln  − 5
7
x = ln(3) − ln(7) − ln( e5 )
 3  Possible
x = ln 5  “simplification”
 7e 
 Example
Solve the equation:

2 ln( x ) + 2 = 8
2 ln( x ) = 6 Eliminate +2 from LHS

ln( x ) = 3 Divide both sides by 2

eln( x ) = e3 Raise both sides to the e

x = e3 Use the fact that

eln(x)=x
 Really tricky example!
Solve the equation:
log5 ( x + 1) + log5 ( x − 3) = 1
log5 [( x + 1)( x − 3)] = 1 Use log(A)+log(B)=log(AB)

5log5 [( x +1)( x −3)] = 51 Raise both sides to the 5

(x + 1)(x − 3) = 5 Use blogb(x) = x

x 2 − 3x + x − 3 = 5 Factor brackets
x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0 Simplify NOTE: for the function to be

(x − 4 )(x + 2 ) = 0
defined, x+1>0 and x-3>0 inside
the log. So, x>3 is the
Factor restriction on our domain!
so x = 4 or x = −2 ? Two solutions? We need to eliminate the
Nope, only x = 4 solution x=-2, as it is not in
the domain of the function.
 Transformations of Functions
• This is pre-calculus material (“advanced functions”)
• Assigned reading: pages 11-18 in online notes from
V. Olds.
• We will just have an overview of how basic
transformations are applied to exponential and log
functions
 Transformations of Functions
• Vertical translation – add to or subtract a constant from f(x)
(“shifting the whole function up or down”)
 Transformations of Functions
• Horizontal translation – add to or subtract a constant from x
(“shifting the whole function left or right”)
 Transformations of Functions
• Vertical Reflection: if g(x) = – f(x)
(“up-down reflection, about the x-axis”)
 Transformations of Functions
• Horizontal Reflection: if g(x) = f(–x)
(“left-right reflection, about the y-axis”)
 Sections 5.3 and 5.4

Derivatives of log and exponential

functions
 Derivatives of exponential functions
We will start by working with the nicest
exponential function, ex.
d x
dx
(e ) = ex Recall:

Use 4-step process to find

alternative notation derivative of f(x)=ex.

if f ( x) = e x (on board)

f ' ( x) = e x Limit approaches 1

(can show with more advanced
calculus, or with a calculator)
 Let’s pick it up a notch in difficulty
Find the derivative of the following functions:

f ( x ) = 5 x 5e x

f ' ( x ) = (5 x ) (e ) + e
5 d x x d Product Rule
(5 x 5 )
dx dx
= 5 x e + e ( 25 x )
5 x x 4

= 5 x 5e x + 25 x 4e x
= 5 x 4 e x ( x + 5) Textbook
simplification
thing
 Let’s pick it up a notch in difficulty
Find the derivative of the following functions:

f ( x ) = 5 x 5e x

f ' ( x ) = (5 x ) (e ) + e
5 d x x d Product Rule
(5 x 5 )
dx dx
= 5 x e + e ( 25 x )
5 x x 4

OK, 5 xlet’s review

= 5 x e + 25 x e4 x the power rule,
product rule,
= 5 x e ( x + 5)
4 x and quotient rule!
Textbook
simplification
thing
 Recall: Basic differentiation

• Power Rule: if h(x) = xn, for some number n,

then h’(x) = nxn-1

• Product Rule: if h(x) = f(x)g(x)

then h’(x) = f(x)g’(x) +g(x)f’(x)

𝑓𝑓(𝑥𝑥) 𝑇𝑇 (top)
• Quotient Rule: if ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = = (bottom)
𝑔𝑔(𝑥𝑥) 𝐵𝐵
𝐵𝐵𝑇𝑇 ′ −𝑇𝑇𝐵𝐵′ How to remember
then ℎ′ 𝑥𝑥 = the order of the top:
𝐵𝐵2
Tuberculosis (TB) is
bad, so we definitely
want to subtract it.
 Other basic derivative rules
• Multiplication by a constant:
if h(x) = cf(x), for a constant c, then
h’(x) = cf’(x)

• Addition Rule (subtraction rule is the same):

if h(x) = f(x) + g(x), then
h’(x) = f’(x) + g’(x)
 Let’s pick it up a notch in difficulty
Find the derivative of the following functions:

f ( x ) = 5 x 5e x

f ' ( x ) = (5 x ) (e ) + e
5 d x x d Product Rule
(5 x 5 )
dx dx
= 5 x e + e ( 25 x )
5 x x 4

= 5 x 5e x + 25 x 4e x
= 5 x 4 e x ( x + 5) Textbook
simplification
thing
 Now for tougher examples
Find the derivative of the following function:
• Handing e x back the test… Quotient rule:
h( x ) = x T = ex B = e x + e− x
• Rules:e + e− x T
h( x ) = T ' = ex B' = e x − e − x
– BTRead
' − over
TB ' the test, and check to make Bsure you understand the places
h' ( x ) = you 2went wrong h' ( x ) =
BT '−TB'
Since dx (e ) = − e
d −x −x

– If you
B are certain a mistake was made with B grading, bring the test to
2

( x with
eme )( ) ( )(
+ e − x aewritten/scribbled
x
=– I will keep xyour −note, and use it Sub
to help
)
− e x e x − e − x note describing the problem
in me figure out where to look at
( )2
+ e question,
your test e(page, x
comment about what is wrong)
– Your
x x test x will
− x bexre-returned
Multiply through brackets
x − x when the issue has been resolved (often
eno + e e will− be
e action x
e etaken+ e with
e the grading)…I am ALWAYS happy to check
=
in the hopese +e
x
( that )
− x 2a mistake was made so you can get a higher grade!!!
– Multiple Choice solutions will be posted online at 11:30 AM or so.
2x
+ e x −check
ePlease x
− e 2your
x x− x
+ echoices againstSimplify,
the listusing
(for your codelaws:
exponent 111,222,333)
axay=ax+y
= (NOTE:x I will− xnot 2 be handing the scantrons back, so hopefully you
madeesome ( )
+ e notes on your test itself to indicate your choices!)
– You0 can0 always see your scantron during office hours.
e +e 1+1 2 Since a0=1
= = =
(e x
+ e− x )
2
(e x
+ e− x )
2
(e x
+ e− x )
2
 Let’s pick it up a notch in difficulty
Find the derivative of the following functions:
g ( x) = e x + 5
solution
g (t ) = (e + 5)
t 1/ 2
Rewrite root as power

g ' (t ) = (e + 5) (et + 5)
1 t 1 / 2 −1 d
Chain rule
Now 2 we need dt to review the chain rule
= (e + 5) (e ) in a newTake
1 t (probably
−1 / 2 t
way)
derivative of inside bracket
2
et
= “Simplify”
2 e +5
t
 The Chain Rule
• The chain rule applies to derivatives of composite
functions, which have the form:
h(x) = f(g(x)), for functions f(x) and g(x).
– We say that h(x) is a function of a function of x
• Recall (probably the way you learned it):
If h(x) = f(g(x)),
then h’(x) = f’(g(x))g’(x)

which means we find f’(x), find g’(x), and evaluate

f’(x) at g(x), and multiply the result by g’(x)
 Basic Chain Rule Example
Find the derivative of ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 9

Solution:

ℎ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 9 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 )
Where 𝑓𝑓 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 9 and 𝑔𝑔 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥
So, 𝑓𝑓′ 𝑥𝑥 = 9𝒙𝒙8 and 𝒈𝒈𝒈 𝒙𝒙 = 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
And, 𝑓𝑓𝑓 𝒈𝒈(𝒙𝒙) = 9 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 8

Thus ℎ′ 𝑥𝑥 = 𝑓𝑓 ′ 𝒈𝒈 𝒙𝒙 𝒈𝒈′ 𝒙𝒙
𝟑𝟑 𝒙𝒙 8
= 9 𝒙𝒙 + 𝒆𝒆 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 + 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
 The Chain Rule
• New notation (useful for this course):
Instead of h(x) = f(g(x)), for functions f(x) and g(x)
we will use y = f(u), where u = g(x)

If y = f(u), NOTICE:
then y’ = f’(u)u’ 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
= �
OR 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒅𝒅𝒖𝒖

= �
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

This new notation is worth learning – it becomes

extremely helpful for this course!
 Basic Chain Rule Example
Find the derivative of 𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 9

Solution, using the new notation:

𝑦𝑦 = 𝑥𝑥 3 + 𝑒𝑒 𝑥𝑥 9 = 𝑓𝑓(𝑢𝑢)
Where 𝑓𝑓 𝑢𝑢 = 𝑢𝑢9 and 𝒖𝒖 = 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 8 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅
So, = 9𝒖𝒖 and = 𝟑𝟑𝒙𝒙𝟐𝟐 + 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝒅𝒅𝒅𝒅

𝑑𝑑𝑦𝑦 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢

Thus = = 9𝒖𝒖8 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 + 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
𝑑𝑑𝑥𝑥 𝑑𝑑𝑢𝑢 𝑑𝑑𝑑𝑑
8
=9 𝒙𝒙𝟑𝟑 + 𝒆𝒆 𝒙𝒙 𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟐 + 𝒆𝒆𝒙𝒙
 Using the new notation
Find the derivative of the following functions:
g ( x) = e x + 5
solution
g = (e + 5) = u1 / 2 where u = e x + 5
x 1/ 2
Rewrite root as power

dg 1 −1 / 2 du
= u and = ex + 0 = ex Find dg/du and du/dx
du 2 dx
dg dg du
= Chain rule
dx du dx
1 −1 / 2 x Sub in
= u e
2
= (e + 5) e
1 x −1 / 2 x Write u in
terms of x
2
 Next time…
• Section 5.3:
Derivatives of log functions
Solving limit puzzles
Mixed problems with derivatives of logs and
exponential functions.

• Start Section 6.2: Trigonometric functions

 Announcements
Review notes for introductory calculus (math 0110, or MCV4U / high school calculus)
can be found on the course website.

Homework: * means do odd numbers only

• Section 5.1 homework – 1-35*, 43-46.
• Section 5.2 homework – 1-20, 21-59*, 68, 69, 77-80
• Section 5.3 homework – 1-27*, 28-40, 41-47*, 48, 49, 71, 73

Math help center is available (see OWL for details) Check Owl
(free tutoring for math 1225, 1228, 1600 & stats 1024)

Office hours: BH 110. Wednesdays, 11:30 – 2:30

Test 1: Friday, February 7, 2014. 7:00 – 8:30 PM.

Test 2: Friday, March 14, 2014. 7:00 – 8:30 PM.