MOTHERBOARD

INTRODUCTION
A motherboard, also known as the primary circuit inside the computer, and
where the central processing unit(CPU), Memory slots, drives and other
peripherals.

A motherboard provides the electrical connections by which the other components

of the system communicate. it also connects the central processing unit and hosts
other subsystems and devices.

An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's

supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the CPU
and the various buses and external components. This chipset determines, to an
extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.
 FORM FACTOR

 An important component of a motherboard is the microprocessor's

supporting chipset, which provides the supporting interfaces between the
CPU and the various buses and external components. This chipset
determines, to an extent, the features and capabilities of the motherboard.
 Motherboard form factor
Determines the size of the board
Drives selection of power supply, case, CPU, cards
 ATX: most popular motherboard form factor
 BTX: the latest motherboard form factor
 Three types of motherboards you can select:
• A board providing the most room for expansion
• A board suiting the computer’s current configuration
• A board falling in between current and future needs
ATX MOTHERBOARD PARTS
 MICRO ATX MOTHERBOARD

• Laptop computers generally use

highly integrated, miniaturized and
customized motherboards. This is
one of the reasons that laptop
computers are difficult to upgrade
and expensive to repair.

• Often the failure of one laptop

component requires the
replacement of the entire
motherboard, which is usually
more expensive than a desktop
motherboard due to the large
number of integrated components.
MOTHERBOARD COMPONENTS
CPU socket
Memory socket ( DIMM )

Floppy Disk
connector
IO port Main power
Connector

Chipset Standard IDE

North bridge ports

AGP port
Chipset Battery
South Clock g enerator
bridge
ROM BIOS

Expansion slot Red IDE ports

Front panel
connec ti ng pins
Seri at ATA ports USB ports
 NORTH AND SOUTHBRIDGE

The difference between northbridge and southbridge is

that northbridge is a chip in the chipset of a
motherboard that directly connects to the CPU while
Southbridge is a chip in the chipset of a motherboard
that does not directly connect to the CPU.
NORTH AND SOUTHBRIDGE
North bridge is directly connected
to the CPU. South bridge is
connected via North bridge to the
CPU. 3. It manages the
communications between the CPU
and other parts of the motherboard. It
manages the Input and Output
functions

Northbridge communicates with the

processor using the frontside bus
(FSB). Northbridge is one part of a
two-part chipset called
Northbridge/Southbridge. Southbridge
handles the input/output (I/O) functions
of the chipset.
 CHIPSET

• Chip set is a set of IC.

• The combination of
the North and Southbridge
in a computer is Called
the chipset.
 MEMORY SOCKET( DIMM
SOCKET
• There are 3 types of memory that currently popular used in the PC,

1. RD RAM
2. DDR RAM
3. SD RAM
CONTINUE….
RDRAM Memory
-Used in Pentium 4 motherboard
- 2 Notches
-highest performance and is
most expensive.

DDR ram
-128 MB, 256 MB, 512 MB.
-medium high performance and
medium price.

SDRAM
-lowest performance and lowest
price.
 CPU SOCKET

• A CPU socket or slot is an electrical component that attaches to a printed

circuit board (PCB) and is designed to house a CPU (also called a
microprocessor).
• It is a special type of integrated circuit socket designed for very high pin
counts.
• CPU sockets on the motherboard can most often be found in most
desktop and server computers (laptops typically use surface mount CPUs),
particularly those based on the Intelx86 architecture.
 CPU AND ITS TYPES
The component of a computer system that
controls the interpretation and execution of
instructions. The CPU of a PC consists of a
single microprocessor, while the CPU of a
more powerful mainframe consists of
multiple processing devices, and in some
cases, hundreds of them.
 CPU AND ITS TYPES

4 TYTPES of CPU

1. LGA Sockets
2. PGA Sockets
3. ZIF sockets
4. BGA Sockets
 CPU AND ITS TYPES
LGA Sockets
The LGA (Land Grid
Array) is a socket whose
assembly is in packaging
for integrated circuits. In
these types of sockets, the
needles are located in the
CPU socket, and there are
metallic points of contact
in the lower area of the
processor. The LGA can
be electrically connected
to a motherboard through
a connector or by
soldering the board
directly.
 CPU AND ITS TYPES
PGA Sockets
The PGA (Pin Grid Array)
is an integrated circuit
packaging identified by
being rectangular or
square, whose pins are
aligned in a regular
matrix. Here, the pins
may not cover the entire
surface but leave gaps
between them, with the
standard spacing of
2.54mm.
 CPU AND ITS TYPES
ZIF Sockets
ZIF (Zero Insertion Force):
This is an evolution of the
PGA, where the pins are
carried by the
microprocessor and
inserted into the socket
connectors. This
mechanism is defined by
not exerting any
pressure (Zero Insertion
Force) when installing or
removing the processor
from the socket.
 CPU AND ITS TYPES
BGA Sockets
Not as famous as other types of
sockets, the BGA (Ball Grid
Array) socket is not technically a
socket because its main
characteristic is that the
microprocessors
are permanently mounted in
this socket.

In this case, instead of pins,

some copper balls are soldered
directly to the
motherboard. Eliminate any
possibility of upgrading or
replacing the
microprocessor.
The CPU and RAM Communication

The RAM
contains data The CPU
and programs. processes data.

The data bus transports the

processed data to the RAM so
it can be stored, displayed, or
output.
 ROM Bios
Read-Only Memory can
be read but not changed.
It is non-volatile storage: it remembers its contents
even when the power is turned off.

ROM chips are used to store the instructions a

computer needs during start-up, called firmware.
Some kinds of ROM are PROM, EPROM, EEPROM,
and CD-ROM.
 CMOS BATTERY

o This is a 3 volt battery, this

battery supplies the power
to CMOS ram for CMOS
ram to retain the
information during system
powered off, the battery
may be last for 5 or 6 years.
• ITS MAIN WORK TO
SET DATE AND TIME
 EXPANSION SLOT ( PCI )
• Expansion slot or Expansion bus is the slot that enable the user to add
the adapter card for additional function to the system

Example.
 Sound card or Multimedia
 LAN card.
 SCSI controller card.
 Internal Modem card.
 TV tuner card.
 Additional hard disc controller card.
 (AGP PORT)
AGP ( Accelerated Graphic Port ) port is a high speed data
transfer port, this port is used by the display adapter card that
demands so much data with in short period of time.
IO CONNECTOR / USB
PORTS
 SATA AND PATA

Parallel Advanced Technology Attachment

Parallel ATA (Parallel Advanced Technology

Attachment or PATA) is a standard for
connecting hard drives into computer systems.
As its name implies, PATA is based on parallel
signaling technology, unlike serial ATA (SATA)
devices that use serial signaling technology.
 SATA AND PATA

Serial Advanced Technology Attachment

Serial ATA (Serial Advanced Technology

Attachment or SATA) is a command and
transport protocol that defines how data is
transferred between a computer's motherboard
and mass storage devices, such as hard disk
drives (HDDs), optical drives and solid-state
drives (SSDs).
 SATA AND PATA
Difference
SATA is a newer and more advanced form of
technology. PATA is basically a connector of 40-
pin type. SATA is a connector of a 7-pin type. It is
more expensive, thus less cost-efficient.

PATA is capable of data transfers speeds of

66/100/133 MBs/second, whereas SATA is
capable of 150/300/600 MBs/second. The speed
differences are due to the various flavors of PATA
and SATA, with the fastest speeds being the latest
version of each currently available.
SATA AND PATA CONNECTORS

Integrated Device
Electronic
 Selecting a Motherboard
• Some questions to ask when picking a motherboard
– What form factor does the motherboard use?
– Does the motherboard provide proper CPU support?
– What type of BIOS does the motherboard use?
– Does the board fit the case you plan to use?
– What is the warranty on the board?
• Embedded (on-board) component
– Component located on the board
– Avoid board with too many embedded components
• Such boards do not easily accept add-on devices