13.

The possibility of a brittle fracture is more in the case of

compared to bolted/riveted joints. welded Joln
14. The inspection of welded joints is difficult and expensive, whereas
riveted joints can be inspected
boltea
simply by tapping the joint with a
hammer
15. A more skilled person is required to make a welded joint as compared to
a bolted/riveted joint.

6.20 WORKING STRESS DESIGN

The provisions of limit state design also npply to the design of welds by working
stress design method as follows.
1. Actual compressive or tensile or shear stress of a weld f should be less
than or equal to permissible stress of the weld,

Saw 0.6 fwn

where.
fwn nominal shear capacity of the weld
=
,N3).
2. Actual stress in the throat of fillet weld should be less than or equal to
permissible shear stress of the weld,
Jaw = 0.4 f,
3. Actual stress in the butt weld should be less than the permissible stress as
governed by the parent metal welded together.

6.21 SELECTION OF FASTENERSs

After being conversant with various types of fasteners, a designer may choose a
particular type based on the following considerations:
Nature of the Connections First, it should be ascertained whether the
connection is for a permanent structure or for a temporary one. For permanent
structures welds and high strength bolts are recommended, whereas for temporary
structures ordinary bolts and pins may be used. Rivets are generally not being
used nowadays.
Strength and Efficiency Required For high strength and efficiency, welding
and HSFG bolts are preferred.
Availability of Skilled Persons lf the joint is a welded or made with
HSFG bolts, highly skilled people are required, whereas riveting, bolting or pin
connections can be made by ordinary technicians.
Cost The cost of connection influence the overall cost of the structure, e.g..
if the connections are to be made in the field, ordinary or high strength bolted
connections may be economical as compared to welded joints. AIso, welding
the site may not be feasible due to of power supply. Some other
at lack ot the
factors which should be given due consideration are loading conditions, equipments
available and skilled fabricators.
Ordinary bolts, being economical, can be provided for structures subjected to
small static loads and temporary structures. The bolting process is rapid and less
skilled labour can be employed. High strength friction bolts are costly but are good
for fatigue loads. Welding has the biggest advantage of giving rigid (fully moment
resisting) joints. Also, it gives a better appearance and uses metal economically.
 Steel Structures
Limit State Design of
248
are preferrod
limitations. These
when a simple connection withdue
obsolete to their
a small moment-resistance is desired, in theNshop nly
and
Rivets are becoming
c o n n e c t i o n s in the shoy
welded
to use bolts or
economical
t has been found
bolted connection in
the ficld.

Solved Examples
Note
not specified.
Fe 410, if
Assume grade of steel
and 14 mm thickness are to be joined
16 mm
Example 6.1 Two plates of is subjected factoOred to a
Ex. 6.1. The joint
shown in Fig. of the weld
by a groove weld kN. Due to some r e a s o n s the effective length
as

tensile force of 430

Check the safety of the joint if
was 175 mm only.
that could be provided
weld is provided
(a) Single-V groove
weld is provided.
(b) Double-V groove
welded.
Assume the plates to be shop
MPa.
grade steel, f, 250
=

Solution For Fe 410

of weld takes place
In case of single-V groove
weld, incomplete penetration
(a)
therefore as per the specifications,
14 8.75 mm
Throat thickness, = x =

1.25
For shop weld: partial safety
factor for material 7,
175 mm
Effective length of the weld, 1
=

Jy175 103
Strength of the weld, 7dw= w'e x 8.75 x
125
x

Tmw
= 306.25 kN < 430 kN

which is inadequate.
(b) In the case of double-V groove weld,
complete penetration of the weld 16 4
takes place; therefore as per the mm
mm

specifications, throat thickness,

= thickness of thinner plate = 14
mm
14
16
Strength of the weld, Thw = l e mm
mm
Tmw
= 175 x 14 x x 10 =490 kN
1.25 Fig. Ex. 6.1
430 kN
which is adequate and safe.

Example 6.2 A groove weld is to connect two plates 180 mmx 18 mm

each. Determine the design bending strength of the joint, if it is subjected to

moment of 13 kNm. Also, determine the adequacy of the joint if the

a
snca
force at the joint is 200 kN. Assume the welds to be of double-U
shop weluco
 Simple Welded Connection
249
Solution For Fe 410 steel;
410 MPa, f, = 250
For
shop weld: partial safety MPa, syw =
250 MPa
factor for matrial,
Partial safety factor Y 1.25
against yielding. Ym 1.1
The section modulus of the 18
groove weld, 2, O6 =
=
97.2 x 10 mm3
Factored moment 1.5 x 13 x 10=19,500
=

Effective throat thickness of kNmm

weld, 1,= 18 mm

Design bending strength, F =1.2 Z,

=1.2 x 97.2 x 250
10'x Z 103
x 10
which is safe. 26,509.09kNmm> 19,500 kNmm
Factored shear force =
1.5 x 200 =
300 kN
Design shear strength, Vaw Jyw
e
=

3 Ymw
300x 10 =l x 18 x 250
125
3x1.25
which is all right. 144.33 mm< 180 mm
Notes
1. Groove welds
subjected at shear
bending moment are treated as the parent
or
metal with the stresses not
2. For the formulae used for exceeding those permitted in the
parent metal.
the calculation of
and shear, reference design strength the weld in bending
of
may be made to 9. Chapter
Example 6.3 A tie member in
girder is a truss
250 mm x 14 mm in size. It is welded to a 300
10-mm thick
gusset plate by a fillet weld. The overlap of the
300 mm and the weld size is 6 member is
mm. Determine the 250
strength of the design
joint, if the welding is done as shown in
Fig. Ex. 6.3. What is the increase in
strength of the joint,
if
welding is done all around. Assume shop welding. Fig. Ex. 6.3
Solution For Fe 410 grade steel: S = 410 MPa and f, = 250 MPa
For shop weld: partial
safety factor for material, Ymw= 1.25
Effective length of the weld, = 2 x 300+ 250 850 mm =

Effective throat thickness, t, KS 0.7 6

= = x
=4.2 mm

Design strength of the weld, Paw = Ju

N3 YmW
= 850 x 4.2 x
410
x 10 = 676.05 kN
When the welding is done all around, 3x1.25
Effective length of the weld, = 2 x (300 + 250) = l100 mm

Design strength of the weld, Pawi = Ju

3 Ymw
 Structures
Limit State Design of Steel
250

410 x 10 = 874.89 kN
= 1100 x 4.2 x
3x1.25 874.89 676.05 = 198.84 kN.
strength of the joint
=

Increase in the

mm tie member is to transmit a factored load

Example 6.4 A 75 mm x 8 for
the cases shown
and necessary overlaps
of 145 kN. Design fillet welds Assume gusset plate to he
Fe 410.
Fig. Ex. 6.4. The steel used is of grade
12-mm thick.
410 MPa, f, 250 MPa =

Solution For Fe 410grade steel: /,= 1.25

factor for material, 7mw =

For shop welding: partial safety

factor for material ,mw 1.50
Forfield welding: partial safety 145 kN 145 10 N =
of the weld 2 factored
Design strength
load x
=
mm thick gusset plate
= 5 mmn
Minimum size of weld for 12
mm thick section =8
1.5 = 6.5 mm
Maximum size of weld for 8
-

Let us provide a weld size of 5

mm.

0.70 5 = 3.5 mm
Effective throat thickness = KS
= x

Case (a): Design strength of the weld, Pdw = w L 3Ym

145x 10= x 3.5 x
410
x 1.25
V3x 125
218.77 mm 220 mm

each side 220/2 110 mm * 75 mm

Length of weld on =

Provide 5 mm size fillet weld of length 110 mm on the two sides as shown in

Fig. Ex. 6.4(a). Also provide end returns of 10 mm (2 x 5 =

10) as shown.
The overlap required = 110 mm.
The total length of weld required = 2 x (110+2 x 10) = 260 mm
Case (b): Total weld length required as found above is 220 mm.
The weld length accommodated on the transverse side = 75 mm. The required
overlap can be found from the relation
:0 = 2 x overlap + 75

Overlap = 220-75 - 72.5 mm 73 mm

2
Provide an overlap of 73 mm.
Provide a 5 mm size fillet weld as placed in Fig. Ex. 6.4 (b). Provide end
returns each of length 10 (2
mm x 5) asshown in the figure. The total lengtn
the weld required 2 (73
= x + 10) + 75 241 mm.
=

Case (c): Design strength of the Ju

weld, Paw =
'
3 Ymw
145x 10'=x 410
3.5 x
33xx 1.50
Now, 262.52 mm
or,
262.52 2 x overlap +2 x 75
overlap = 56.26 mm = 57 mm
Provide an
overlap of 57 mm.
Total weld length provided = 2 x (75 + 57) =
264 mm
Note

Sincethe
arlap provided is small the
block shear
check (see strength of the section may be
a n d
herefore requires
Chapter 7). criua

75 mm
75 mm 75 mm

57 mm
+110 mm -73 mm
(a) Shop welding (b) Shop welding (c) Site welding
Fig. Ex. 6.4
Erample
Example 6.5
6.3 A circular plate, 150 mm
in diameter is welded to another
plate by means
by means of 6 mm fillet weld as shown in
Fig. Ex. 6.5. Calculate the
altimate
ultimate twisting
twisting moment that can be resisted by the weld use steel of
410 and shop welding. grade Fe
Solution For Fe 410 grade steel: f= 410 MPa
For shop welding: partial
safety factor for material /m =
l.25
Size of weld: S = 6 mm
Effective throat thickness KS =0.7 x 6 4.2 mm
=

Strength of weld per mm

length =1 xt, x =
1x 4.2 x-
410

3Ymw 3 x 1.255
795.36 N/mm
Totallength of the weld
provided nd= 150
= Tx = 471.24 mm

Greatest twisting moment 795.36 I50

= x 471.24 x 2
28110408.48 Nmm =28.11 kNm
150 mm 6 mm fillet
weld

150
mm

Fig. Ex. 6.5

CXample 6.6 A circular penstock of mild steel, 1.2 m in diameter, is fab-

Ccated in
workshop with 12 thick
plates. The plates are secured by 8 mm
mm
Tillet welds, provided on the inside and outside of the lapped ends as shown
ig. Ex. 6.6. Determine the safe internal pressure that can be allowed in the
penstock.
 Structures
Limit State Design of Steel
252

steel: , = 410 MPa

Solution For Fe 410 grade Fillet
factor for
For shop welding: partial safety weld
material m = 1.25
Size of the weld: S 8 mm
x8 5.6 mnm
KS =0.7
=

Effective throat thickness

=

Internal force causing bursting of the penstock =

- 2

where = ultimate internal pressure Fig. Ex. 6.6

P,
d =diameter of the penstock
= 1.2 m =1200 mm

Resistance offered by the weld per unit length =2 x ,

Ju
Hence P24 31m
4 1u 4.0 x 5.6 x 410
or Pu d 3 x 1.25 x 1200
-
3.545 N/mm

Safe internal pressure 3.5452.36

5 N/mmn 2

Example 6.7 A tie member consisting of an ISA 80 mm x 50 mm x 8 mm

(Fe 410 grade steel) is welded to a 12 mm thick gusset plate at site. Design
welds to transmit load equal to the design strength of the member.

Solution Refer to Fig. Ex. 6.7.

For Fe 410 grade steel: f, = 410 MPa, f, = 250 MPa
Partial safety factor against yielding, Vno = 1.10
For site welding: partial safety factor for material, Yw = 1.5
From IS Handbook No. 1, the relevant properties of ISA 80 mm x 50 mm
x 8 mm are,

A = 978 mm, C = 27.3 mm

The design strength of the member governed by yielding of gross section,

TA = 978 x 250 x 10 222.27 kN (See Chapter 7)

Ymo 1.1
Therefore, the weld will be designed to transmit a force equal to 222.27 kN.
The force to be resisted
by the weld at the lower side of the angle,
222.27x (80 27.3)
P = 146.42 kN
80
The force to be resisted by the weld at the upper side of the
angle,
222.27 x
80 27.375.849 kN =75.85 KN
Let us assume the size of weld, S 6
=
mm (> 3 mm)
Effective throat thickness of the weld, KS 0.7
t, = =
x 6 =
4.2 mm

The design strength of the weld, Pau =,

Ymw
P P = 14642 x 10' = x 4.2 x -
410
3x 1.5
 Simple Welded Connection 253

220.91 mm 221 mm
410
Pdw2P2 =75.85 x 10= x 4.2x
and
3x 1.5
114.44 mm 115 mm

.. 115
mm

80
27.3
mm
mm
6 mm
weld
221 mm
Fig. Ex. 6.7

angle section of Ex. 6.7, if the

Example 6.8 Design the fillet weld for the

to be done on its three sides as shown in Fig. Ex. 6.8.

weld is
For steel for grade Fe 410: f, 410 MPa =

Solution
For site weld: partial safety factor for material mw= 1.5

Total weld length =

+w2 + 80 mm 75 mn
The strength of the weld required
the design strength of the tie member
80 mm
222.27 kN

Design strength ofthe weld, Ta» =

3 m 181 mm

(t, 0.7 6 4.2 mm)

Design strength of 6 x
= =
mm
Fig. Ex. 6.8
weld per mm length
410 662.79 kN
1 x 4.2 x 3 x 1.5

Equating the strength of weld to the load,

+2 + 80) x 662.79 =222.27 x 10

+w2 = 255.355 mm =256 mm

Now, taking moment about top edge of angle section,

27.3)
662.79 x 80 x + 662.79 x x
80 = 222.27 x 10 x
(80
180.91 = 181 mm
w
181 75 mm
Hence. w2 256 - =

consists of double angle section, each

Example 6.9 A tie member of a truss
side of a 12 mm thick gusset
80 mm x 80 mm x 8 mm welded on the opposite
a fillet weld for making
the connection
plate as shown in Fig. Ex. 6.9. Design
member is 300 kN.
In the factored tensile force in the
workshop. The
 Steel Structures
Limit State Design of
254

w
57.3 mm
300 KN
22.7 mm

Fig. Ex. 6.9

Solution Refer to Fig. Ex. 6.9

steel: , 410 MPa
=

For Fe 410 grade 125 =

safety factor for material, mw

For shop weld partial
and bottom of the angle section be
welds at the top
Let the lengths of the
each angle.
and . respectively for
Total length of weld
= 2 x (,,1 + w2)
(for 12 mm thick plate
Minimum size of weld
= 5 mm

Maximum size of weld = 8 -

1.5 = 6.5 mm ( 4 x 8)
weld size.
Let us provide 5 mm
3.5
0.7 x 5 = mm
,= KS
=
Effective throat thickness,

Design strength of weld, Paww3w weld

Design strength of weld per
mm length of
410 662.79 N/mm
= 1x 3. x
1 x 3.5 =
=

x1.25
thedesign strength of the weld to the factored tensile force,
Equating
662.79 x 2 ( + 2 ) = 300 x 10
226.31
w +w2 mm

Taking mnoment about line xx,

662.79 x 2 x 80 = 300 x 10' x 22.7
w 64.21 mm - 65 mm
w2 226.31 - 64.21 =162.10 165 mm

Example 6.10 (Fe 410 grade of steel) is to

An ISLC 300 @ 324.7 N/m
carry a factored tensile force of 900 kN. The channel section is to be weldeu
at the site to a gusset plate 12 mm thick. Design a fillet weld, if the overlap 1s

limited to 350 mm.

Solution For Fe 410 grade of steel: S, = 410 MPa

For site weld:
partial safety factor for material Ymw1.5
From I.S. Handbook No. 1, the relevant properties of ISLC 300@ 324.7
N
are,

A 4211l mms, t, l1.6 mm, t, = 6.7 mm

Maximum size of weld =6.7 -

1.5 =
5.2 mm
Minimum size of weld 5
=
mm (for 12 mm thick plate)
 Simple Welded Connection 255

Let u sprovide
5 mm siz fillet weld
KS
Effective throat thickness= 07 5 3.5
=

x m

Design strength of weld. P

410
Ix 3.55x 552.33 N/mm
ceength
St
of weld per mm length V3x1.5
350mm

25 mm
300mm
25 mm

158 mm

Fig. Ex. 6.10

900x101629.46
1629.46 mm
mm =
= 1630
1634 mm
Length of the weld required, ,, =

552.33 2
the length of weld that can be
Because of the restriction of 350
mm overlap
provided in the usual way is
1000 mm < 1630 mm
2 x 350 +300
Hence, let us provide slot welds also as shown in Fig. Ex. 6.10
Provide width of slot = 25 mnm

6.7 20.1 mm or 25 mm whichever is greater)

(3t 3 x =

Let us provide two slots and let the length of slot beh.
1630 2 x 350 + 300 4
or = 157.5 158 mm
shown in Fig. Ex. 6.10.
Provide 158 mm x 25 mm slots, two in numbers as

400 mm-
suitable fillet
Example 6.11 Design a
375 mm-
weld to connect web plate to flange plate
of 16mm
flange plate to flange cover plate forL
a
and
20mm
Ex. 6.11,
built-upgirder shown in Fig.
the following data.
Web plate: 1000 mm x 12 mm
Flange plate: 400 mm x 20 mm 1000500
2
mm
x l6 mm
Flange cover plate: 375 mm
Factored moment: 750 kNmm Centroidal
1500 kN axis
Maximum factored shear force:
Fillet weld: shop Fig. Ex. 6.11
 of Steel Structures
Limit State Design
256

f= 410MPa
Solution For Fe 410 steel: 1.25
safety factor
for material Yw
For shop weld: partial
410 189.37N/mm
Permissible shear stress= V3x1.25

Connection of web plate to flange plate:

5 mm (for 20 mm thick plate)
Minimumn size of weld =

1.5 10.5 mm
Maximum size of weld = 12 - =

size of fillet weld.

Let us provide 7 mm

thickness of weld KS
, =
=0.7 x 7 =4.9 mm.

Effective throat
2 x 4.9 = 9.8 mm
t, =

375 x l6 x (500 + 20 + 8)
10) +
AT=400 x 20 x (500
+

724.8 x 10" mm
400x 20+ 20x 51:
400xx 20x
+ 400
= 375 12x16 +375 x 16 x 528?+ * 510
12
12 x 1000
12
= 8.507: 10 mm
VA 1500x 10x724.8 X0-130.40 N/mm*< 189.37
Shear stress: N/mm
8.507 x 10 x 9.8
which is all right.
Connection of flange plate to flange cover plate:
Let us provide 6 mm size fillet weld.
Effective throat thickness, t, = KS = 0.7 x 6 = 4.2 mm

1, = 2 x 4.2 = 8.4 mm

Ay 375 x 16 x (500 + 20 + 8) = 316.8 x 10* mm

Shear stress = Ay1500x10x316.8 x 10 66.49 N/mm< 189.37 NImm"
Shear stress - =

8.507 x 10 x 8.4
which is all right.
Example 6.12 A 120 mm diameter and 6 mm thick pipe is fillet welded
14 mm plate. It is
to a
subjected to a vertical factored load of 4.5 kN at 1.0 m
from the welded end and a factored twisting moment of 1.8 kNm. Design tne
joint assuming shop welding and steel of grade Fe 410.
Solution For Fe 410 grade steel:
S 410 MPa =

For shop welding:

partial safety factor for Y 1.25
Permissible shear stress = Ju 410
= 189.37 N/mm*
3 Ymw 3x1.25
Factored direct load =
4.5 x 10'N

Bending moment =
4.5 x 10° x Ix
10 =
4.5 x 10° Nmm
Twisting moment = 1.8 kNm = 1800 x
10 Nmm
Polar moment of inertia, , =
27r 1,= 27 x
60 1, =
1357168 t, mm
 Simple elded Connection 257

, 1357168,
2
=
678584 1, mm"

stress due
to direct load q, = 4.5 x 10* 11.936
2Tx 60 x t,
N/mm

Shear
stress due to twisting moment q = 1800 10 60 x 79.57
N/mm 2
1357168t,

Resultant
shear stress q =

V
11.936(79.57804 N/mm2

Normal stress due to bending moment f = 4.5x 10° x 60

397.93 N/mm2
Combined
67.85x 10"
t, x
Combined stress due to normal and shear
stresses, i.e., the
Eq. 11) is equivalent stress

S=+34s3 Ymw
397.932 +3x 80.46
189.37
, = 2.226 mm
Therefore, size of the weld
Provide 4 mm fillet required =2.226/0.7 3.18 4 mm
weld for making the
connection.
Summary
Welded connections tha
arr