Ralph Allen M.
Rayos
Philosophy 2 B 2
Logic Lecture 1: Lecture on
Essence
• Logic as Branch of
Philosophy
• Logic as the art and
science of correct
thinking
• Humans are naturally
endowed with rationality
• The moral obligation of
humanity is based on the
natural law of reason
• The mental operation
• Idealism vs
Conceptualism
• Senses vs Mind
• Summary
Cornell Notes on Logic Lectures
Mrs. Milagros Catherine Rivera November 01, 2021
-Logic is related to other divisions of philosophy particularly on the
question of metaphysics, which is in general questions about being.
-Under the umbrella we also search into the relation of being, in terms
of man as a rational being or a being that can reason
-The question on the value of knowledge, called Epistemology
-A search or an inquiry into what procedures are behind the
attainment of knowledge of man. The relation of mind and being.
-When it comes to procedures or thought then that conforms to Logic.
-the implications of logic on science and art of correct thinking not
just ordinary thinking.
-Be reminded of the theory coming from Aristotle which says that
humans are naturally endowed with rationality.
-Animate beings are endowed with life.
-Specific beings are classified according to the functions of the soul
or the anima, the life behind animate beings.
-In the Aristotelian context, morality arises out of this givenness in
human nature because we are endowed with reason then we are
expected to act in accordance with our nature which to do good.
(Natural law of Reason)
-What does it mean to know? And how do we understand?
-Aristotle on: The eyes are the windows of our soul
-Plato on the divided line and the world of forms.
-For Plato (idealist), the goal is to reach or transcend the world of
appearances to the world of ideas/forms.
-Thus, the universals
-For Aristotle (conceptualist), The telos is the good, virtue, universals
but, sense-experience is affirmed.
-A distinction between operations from the human faculty or
reasoning,
-Our senses give us perception, i.e., the result of observation
-On contrary, the result of the processing of our mind is called
concepts.
-In perception we perceive images (pictures of what we see) and
phantasms but in conception we conceive ideas and concepts.
-Our senses are like lenses of the camera and whatever it captures
from the actual reality it produces images. In the working of the
minds however, the mind abstracts.
-Abstraction results to ideas and concepts.
-Our senses do not think for us, the product of it however are
foundations of our beliefs.
To answer the prominent questions of Logical thinking such as what
it means to know and the latter, which is, how do we understand a
thing we have to go back to the ancient philosophies of Plato and
Aristotle. There is a huge difference on the Aristotelian
conceptualism and Plato’s idealism when associated to the branch of
philosophy, Logic. Conceptualism is more of a sense-experience
 correlation and Idealism is more of a mind work that enables the
transcendence of the world of appearances to the world of forms.

Logic Lecture 2: Universals and Mrs. Milagros Catherine Rivera November 02, 2021
Predicable
• In every being: Qualities -For everything that we see (an object) it has qualities and quantities.
and Quantities These are elements that is found on a thing.
-Quality an example is, a blue car. Blue is the quality since it is a
feature or characteristic found in a thing. But quality is not the thing-
in-itself.
-Qualities are characteristics found in every being.
-The “blueness” of the car is a quality. But the “bagness” of the bag is
also a quality because it may be made of leather or plastic.
-A being is made of different kinds of qualities and quantities. For
every being that exist there must be a set of qualities and an amount
of quantity on it.
-Quantities are the matter, the mass of the being. They are
measurable.
• Beings are whole, they HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND BEINGS?
are considered -Through simple apprehension by abstraction. This is when my mind
“substance” will process or abstract images (products of sense-perception).
-When the mind abstracts it is going to separate the qualities that are
associated of that thing and choose which qualities of that thing that
may be found on all other things of the same kind.
-For instance, a chicken. What makes a chicken a chicken? Is it its
feather? Its beak? It makes noise like toktogaok? Let’s say your
manok has a dented or crooked beak, does that mean that a dented
beak will always be an identifier of all manok? Not necessarily, that is
only a particular quality that is found in your manok but not all the
manok in the world. So, that is how the mind process by doing the
abstraction. That is how we understand the essence of a particular
being.
• Essence -is the whatness of a thing
-the quiddity of a thing
-it is that, without which, the thing ceases to be that thing.
-If you remove that particular quality of a thing will that thing, still be
that thing?
-Kung kuhaon panalitan ang quality sa manok nga dili na siya maka
togtogaok, then manok pa ba siya? If no, then ang pagtoktogaok is not
the very essence of the manok.
-Once the mind abstracts the essences of the known things, the mental
operation results to the following product; CONCEPTS or IDEAS.
-Not all the processing of the mind is correct and that is when Logic
comes in.
• Sight to insight -Sight are results of the senses so images are perceived.
-Senses give us sight.
-Mind gives us insights. Mind gives us the essences not the senses
since it will only give us images and sharpen our imaginations.
• Summary -In Logic we do insights, we do not rely on what we immediately
hear, see, taste, touch, or hear. We process the images so that we
could have a thorough understanding of the reality that in front of us.
So, we conceive ideas and that is what we should be doing in Logic.
-The contents of our minds would be essences; these are the universal
qualities.