Overall Material Balance

Technological Institute of the Philippines
OVERALL
MATERIAL
BALANCE
LIST OF NOMENCLATURE
Material Balance
Table 7.1 List of Nomenclature for Material Balance

SYMBOL DESCRIPTION CONVENTIONAL
UNIT
m Mass Flow Rate kg/day
n Molar Flow Rate kmol/day
T Temperature K
P Pressure atm
MLS Mother Liquor Solution kg/day
LLS Lithium-Rich Liquor Solution kg/day
779
Table 7.2 Physical Properties of the Components

COMPONENT FORMULA MOLAR MASS
(kg/kmol)
Alpha-Spodumene LiAlSi2O6 186.0860
Beta-Spodumene LiAlSi2O6 186.0860
Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate LiOH-H2O 41.9620
Sulfuric Acid H2SO4 98.0720
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 74.0920
Sodium Hydroxide NaOH 39.9970
Sodium Carbonate Na2CO3 105.9880
Water H2O 18.0150
Lithium Oxide Li2O 29.8790
Quartz SiO2 60.0830
Alumina Al2O3 101.9610
Lithium Sulfate Li2SO4 109.9360
Manganese Oxide MnO 70.9370
Magnesium Oxide MgO 40.3040
Calcium Oxide CaO 56.0770
Sodium Oxide Na2O 61.9790
Manganese Sulfate MnSO4 150.9940
Magnesium Sulfate MgSO4 120.3610
Calcium Sulfate CaSO4 136.1340
Sodium Sulfate Na2SO4 142.0360
Magnesium Hydroxide Mg(OH)2 58.319
Manganese Hydroxide Mn(OH)2 88.952
Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 74.0920
Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 100.0860
Lithium Hydroxide LiOH 23.9470
780
The overall percent loss is calculated by multiplying the percent loss of

material per equipment (0.05%) by the total number of equipment.
Overall Percent Loss

𝛼 = (0.0005)(𝑁)
𝛼 = (0.0005)(39)
𝜶 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟓
The spodumene concentrate feed requirement is 139,344.0413 kg/day in

order to achieve the production rate of 15,730 kg/day which was derived from
the market share.
Therefore, the actual feed rate, considering the line loss, is

𝑘𝑔
𝐹 = (139,344.0413 ) (1 + 0.0195)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑭 = 𝟏𝟒𝟐, 𝟎𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟏 𝒐𝒇 𝑺𝒑𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒏𝒆 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒄𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝒅𝒂𝒚
781
EQUIPMENT SPODUMENE OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME CONCENTRATE TEMPERATUE
TANK
EQUIPMENT ST-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS Spodumene Concentrate Storage Tank
DESCRIPTION
782
Data:
1. Composition of Stream 1 (Dalian Jintuo Mining Co., Ltd)
Component Mass Flowrate

𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 8.52
𝑆𝑖𝑂2 63.60
𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 27.48
Inert 0.4
2. The particle size of the spodumene is 50 mm (Garrett, 2004).
Material Balance:
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡
𝑘𝑔
F = mass in = 139,344.0413 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑷 = 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒖𝒕 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
783
EQUIPMENT PRE-HEATER OPERATING 110 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT HE-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To pre-heat the alpha-spodumene from 30 ˚C to 250 ˚C
DESCRIPTION
From Warehouse 139344.0413

Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
Li2O 0.0852 11872.11232
SiO2 0.636 88622.81027
Al2O3 0.2748 38291.74255
MnO 0.0014 195.0816578
MgO 0.0002 27.86880826
CaO 0.0002 27.86880826
Na2O 0.0022 306.5568909
Total 1 139344.0413
784
Assumptions:
1. Composition of Stream 1 and Stream 2 is similar is no reaction has
occurred in the unit.
Mass Balance:
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 1 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 2
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 1 = 139,344.0413
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
785
EQUIPMENT CALCINER OPERATING 1,080 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT RK-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To convert the α-spodumene form to β-spodumene form
DESCRIPTION
786
Data:
1. Calcination temperature occurs at 1,080 ˚C in order to convert α-
spodumene form to a more reactive β-spodumene form (Hanrahan,
2020).
2. Decrepitation of spodumene reaction:
𝛼 − 𝐿𝑖𝐴𝑙𝑆𝑖2 𝑂6 + ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 → 𝛽 − 𝐿𝑖𝐴𝑙𝑆𝑖2 𝑂6
3. During firing, a change in the crystal lattice of the mineral occurs, and it
becomes possible to attain 99-100% conversion (Plyushchev & Stepin,
2003).
Assumption:
1. Composition from Stream 2 and Stream 3 is similar since what occurred
is only phase transformation and crystal realignment. No reaction is
involved.
Material Balance:
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 2 = 139,344.0413
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
787
EQUIPMENT COOLER OPERATING 32 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To cool the β-spodumene form from 300 ˚C to 80 ˚C.
DESCRIPTION
788
Data:
1. The calcined spodumene from the rotary kiln will be cooled to 80 ˚C
using air as a cooling medium (Granata et.al, 2020).
Assumptions:
1. The composition of the material entering and leaving the equipment is
similar since no reaction is involved.
Material Balance:
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 3 = 139,344.0413
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟑𝟒𝟒. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
789
EQUIPMENT JAW CRUSHER OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT BM-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To reduce the size of the calcined spodumene from 50
DESCRIPTION mm to 10 mm.
To J-101 Recycle 27868.80826

Li2O 0.0852 2374.422464
SiO2 0.636 17724.56205
Al2O3 0.2748 7658.34851
MnO 0.0014 39.01633156
MgO 0.0002 5.573761652
CaO 0.0002 5.573761652
Na2O 0.0022 61.31137817
Total 1 27868.80826
From HE-101 139344.0413 To BM-101 167212.8496

Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
Li2O 0.0852 11872.11232 Li2O 0.0852 14246.53478
SiO2 0.636 88622.81027 SiO2 0.636 106347.3723
Al2O3 0.2748 38291.74255 Al2O3 0.2748 45950.09106
MnO 0.0014 195.0816578 MnO 0.0014 234.0979894
MgO 0.0002 27.86880826 MgO 0.0002 33.44256991
CaO 0.0002 27.86880826 CaO 0.0002 33.44256991
Na2O 0.0022 306.5568909 Na2O 0.0022 367.868269
Total 1 139344.0413 Total 1 167212.8496
790
Data:
1. The size of the rock from the previous process, which is around 50-80
mm is reduced to between 5 and 12 mm (MEKA, 2022).
2. Oversized particles from the screener (V-101) will be recycled back to
the jaw crusher.
3. Recycled stream is 20% of the product from V-101.
Assumptions:
Material Balance:
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑘𝑔
139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083 = 167,212.8496
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚 𝒅𝒂𝒚
Amount of Stream 5
- Since 20% of the product is being recycled to this equipment, then,
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5 = 120% 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4

𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5 = (1.20)(139,344.0413)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0852)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑘𝑔
(0.0852)(139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟒, 𝟐𝟒𝟔. 𝟓𝟑𝟒𝟖 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
791
(0.6360)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5

𝑘𝑔
(0.6360)(139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝟔, 𝟑𝟒𝟕. 𝟑𝟕𝟐𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.2748)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑘𝑔
(0.2748)(139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟓, 𝟗𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟗𝟏𝟏 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0014)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑘𝑔
(0.0014)(139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟑𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟖𝟎 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟔 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟒𝟐𝟔 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
792
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.0022)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑘𝑔
(0.0022)(139,344.0413 + 27,868.8083) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟔𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
793
EQUIPMENT BALL MILL OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT BM-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To reduce the size of the calcined spodumene from 10
DESCRIPTION mm to 0.075 mm.
From J-101 167212.8496 To V-101 167212.8496

Li2O 0.0852 14246.5348 Li2O 0.0852 14246.5348
SiO2 0.636 106347.3723 SiO2 0.636 106347.3723
Al2O3 0.2748 45950.0911 Al2O3 0.2748 45950.0911
MnO 0.0014 234.0980 MnO 0.0014 234.0980
MgO 0.0002 33.4426 MgO 0.0002 33.4426
CaO 0.0002 33.4426 CaO 0.0002 33.4426
Na2O 0.0022 367.8683 Na2O 0.0022 367.8683
Total 1 167212.8496 Total 1 167212.8496
794
Data:
1. The spodumene is fed to a ball mill in order to reduce the size from 10
mm to 0.075 mm (Garrett, 2004).
Assumption:
Material Balance:
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5 = 167,212.8496
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
795
EQUIPMENT VIBRATING OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME SCREENER TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT V-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To separate the undersize and oversize particles by
DESCRIPTION utilizing Mesh No. 200 (Tyler Standard Sieve)
To J-101 Recycle 27868.80826

Li2O 0.0852 2374.422464
SiO2 0.636 17724.56205
Al2O3 0.2748 7658.34851
MnO 0.0014 39.01633156
MgO 0.0002 5.573761652
CaO 0.0002 5.573761652
Na2O 0.0022 61.31137817
Total 1 27868.80826
796
Data:
1. Particle size of the fine particles should be 0.075 mm (Garrett, 2004).
2. Standard sieve sizes and mesh number for 0.075 mm particle size is
Mesh number 200 (Industrial Specialties, 2022)
3. Oversized particles will be recycled back to the ball mill.
4. 80% passing a particular sieve is accepted as a standard (Mineral
Processing Design and Operations, 2016).
5. 20% of the product in the equipment is recycled.
Assumptions:
Material Balance:
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
167,212.8496 = 27,868.80826 + 139,344.0413
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟕, 𝟐𝟏𝟐. 𝟖𝟒𝟗𝟔
Amount of the Recycle Stream (Stream 7)

𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 20% 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑡 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚
𝑘𝑔
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7 = (0.20)(139,344.0413)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟕 = 𝟐𝟕, 𝟖𝟔𝟖. 𝟖𝟎𝟖𝟐𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.0852)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.0852)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
797
(0.6360)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.6360)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟏𝟎𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.2748)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.2748)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟓𝟐𝟔 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.0014)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.0014)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
798
(0.0022)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 6 − 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑘𝑔
(0.0022)(167,212.8496 − 27,868.80826) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
799
EQUIPMENT MIXER OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT M-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To mix the concentrated solution of sulfuric acid with the
DESCRIPTION calcined and milled β-spodumene.
From ST-101 45286.81342

H2SO4 0.96 43475.34089
H2O 0.04 1811.472537
Total 1 45286.81342
800
Data:
1. The amount of sulfuric added to the stream is 250 kilogram per ton of
feed (Florian & Peters, 2020).
2. 96% sulfuric acid will be utilized, with 30% excess (mole basis)
(Florian & Peters, 2020).
Assumption:
similar since no reaction is involved. Mixing of the commodity
happened.
Material Balance:
139,344.0413 + 45,286.81342 = 184,630.8547
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟖𝟒, 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟕 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒, 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟕
Amount of Sulfuric added
- 250 kg/ton of feed with 30% excess is added, therefore,
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑔 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 1 𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = (250 ) (139,344.0413 )( ) (1.3)
𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑎𝑦 1000 𝑘𝑔
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒂𝒅𝒅𝒆𝒅 = 𝟒𝟓, 𝟐𝟖𝟔. 𝟖𝟏𝟑𝟒𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.0852)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.0852)(139,344.0413) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟏, 𝟖𝟕𝟐. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟑 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.6360)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
801
𝑘𝑔
(0.6360)(139,344.0413) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.2748)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.2748)(139,344.0413) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.0014)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.0014)(139,344.0413) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟎𝟖𝟏𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(139,344.0413) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.0002)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.0002)(139,344.0413) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(0.0022)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 8) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
802
𝑘𝑔
(0.0022)(139,344.0413) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟎𝟔. 𝟓𝟓𝟔𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 9) = 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.96)(45,286.81342) = 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟑, 𝟒𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟒𝟎𝟗 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
(0.04)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 9) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(45,286.81342) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟖𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟐𝟓 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
803
EQUIPMENT ROTARY KILN OPERATING 250 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT RK-102 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To react the mixture of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 and 𝛽 − 𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑒 at
DESCRIPTION elevated temperatures.
804
Data:
1. The roasting was performed at a rotary kiln at 250 ˚C for 30 min (Fosu
et. al., 2020).
2. In sulfation process, β – spodumene, alumina, and other solid contents
of the mixture are converted into their respective sulfates (Luo et.al,
2015).
3. 97% conversion from β-spodumene to Lithium sulfate, the rest
accumulated for a 96% conversion (Fosu et.al., 2020).
4. Reaction involved:
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑴𝒏𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑴𝒈𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑪𝒂𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 → 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Material Balance:
184,630.8547 = 8908.4593 + 175,722.3954
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟖𝟒, 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟕 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒, 𝟔𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟓𝟒𝟕
(1 − 0.97)(𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.03) (11,872.1123 ) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
805
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆:
(𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(1 − 0.96)(𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(195.0817) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(1 − 0.96)(𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(27.8688) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(1 − 0.96)(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(27.8688) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(1 − 0.96)(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔
(0.04)(306.5569) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
806
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

(0.97)(𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 109.9360 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
(0.97) (11,872.1123 )( )( )( ) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑑𝑎𝑦 29.8790 𝑘𝑔 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 150.9940 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
(0.96) (195.0817 )( )( )( ) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 120.3610 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
(0.96) (27.8688 )( )( )( ) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 136.1340 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
(0.96) (27.8688 )( )( )( ) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(0.96)(𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 10) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 142.0360 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
(0.96) (306.5569 )( )( )( ) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅
807
42,371.4771 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 109.9360 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
= 𝟑𝟕, 𝟕𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝟔𝟎𝟑 𝒅𝒂𝒚
398.6342 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 150.9940 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 𝟐𝟓𝟖. 𝟗𝟏𝟔𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
79.8964 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 120.3610 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 𝟔𝟓. 𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
64.9489 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 136.1340 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 𝟒𝟔. 𝟕𝟖𝟗𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
674.4289𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 142.0360 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 𝟒𝟔𝟓. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 37,798.8603 + 258.9167 + 65.1008 + 46.7896 + 465.6748
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑪𝒐𝒏𝒔𝒖𝒎𝒆𝒅 = 𝟑𝟖, 𝟔𝟑𝟓. 𝟑𝟒𝟐𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 43,475.3409 − 38,635.3422
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑬𝒙𝒄𝒆𝒔𝒔 = 𝟒, 𝟖𝟑𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟖𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 Evaporated
42,371.4770𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 109.9360 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝒌𝒈 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
= 𝟔, 𝟗𝟒𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟐𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
808
398.6343 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝟒𝟕. 𝟓𝟔𝟎𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
79.8964 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝟏𝟏. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
64.9488 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
= 𝟖. 𝟓𝟗𝟒𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
674.4284 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 142.0360 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 𝟖𝟓. 𝟓𝟒𝟎𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐻2 𝑂 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑
= 6,943.3321 + 47.5608 + 11.9585 + 8.5949 + 85.5405
+ 1,811.4725
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟖, 𝟗𝟎𝟖. 𝟒𝟓𝟗𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
809
EQUIPMENT HEAT OPERATING 32 ˚C

NAME EXCHANGER TEMPERATUE
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To cool the sulfated spodumene from 150 ˚C to 95 ˚C.
DESCRIPTION
810
Data:
1. The sulfated spodumene from the rotary kiln will be cooled to 95 ˚C
using air as a cooling medium (Galaxy Lithium Industry International,
2013).
Assumptions:
Material Balance:
𝑘𝑔
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 12 = 175,722.3954
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟑 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓, 𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
811
EQUIPMENT SLAKING OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME TANK TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT SK-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To water leach the sulfated spodumene concentrate.
DESCRIPTION
From ST-102 175722.39539

H20 1 175722.3954
Total 1 175722.3954
812
Data:
1. The water leach was conducted at near room temperature with a liquid
to solid ratio of 1:1 (Guo et.al., 2017).
2. The conditions in the leaching section are set in order to reduce the
reverse reaction from occurring as shown by the reaction:
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒔 → 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝒂𝒒
3. Lithium sulfate is soluble in water, though it does not follow the usual
trend of solubility vs. temperature – thus, its solubility decreases at
increasing temperature, as its dissolution is an endothermic process.
4. Solubility at 30˚C:
Table 7.3 Solubility Table
Inorganic Solubility (in 100 parts water) at Temperature (˚C)
Compound
T1 T2 30
Li2O Soluble
SiO2 Insoluble
Al2O3 Insoluble
MnO Insoluble
MgO Insoluble
CaO Slightly Soluble
Na2O Soluble
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 33.708
0˚
MnSO4 53 7350˚ 65
0˚ 100˚
MgSO4 26.9 68.3 39.32
20˚ 100˚
CaSO4 0.298 0.1619 0.2810
Na2SO4 48.840˚ 42.5100˚ 49.85
(Source: Table 2-1 Physical Properties of the Elements and Inorganic
Compounds, Perry’s 9th Ed.)
Assumptions:
1. The leach make-up is just the mixture of lithium sulfate and water, no
reaction is involved.
813
Material Balance:
175,722.3954 + 175,722.3954 = 351,444.79077
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟏, 𝟒𝟒𝟒. 𝟕𝟗𝟎𝟕𝟕
Maximum Amount of 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:

33.708 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 175,722.3954 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 59,232.5050 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
65 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 175,722.3954 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 114,219.5570 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
39.32 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 175,722.3954 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 69,094.0459𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
49.85 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 175,722.3954 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 87,597.6141 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
0.2810 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 175,722.3954 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 493.7799 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
814
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟔 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
815
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟒. 𝟗𝟒𝟖𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟒 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐻2 𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 13) = 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟖𝟒𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟓𝟒 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 14) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟕𝟓, 𝟕𝟐𝟐. 𝟑𝟗𝟓𝟒 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
816
EQUIPMENT NEUTRALIZATION OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME VESSEL TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT R-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To neutralize the sulfuric acid from the mixture with
DESCRIPTION calcium hydroxide.
From ST-103 4014.7789

Ca(OH)2 1 4014.7789
Total 1 4014.7789
817
Data:
1. The sulfuric acid mixture will be neutralized with calcium hydroxide
according to the reaction provided below (Florian & Peters, 2020).
𝑯𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 → 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐𝑯𝟐 𝑶
2. 79 kilograms of 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 is required for every 100 kilograms of 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
waste acid (Kogel et.al., 2006)
3. When hydrated lime 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 is employed to neutralized 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
wastes, formation of insoluble calcium sulfate may happen (Kogel et.al.,
2006)
4. Strong acids and strong bases always dissociate completely (100%
reaction) at aqueous solutions (Key, 2014).
Material Balance:
35,144.7908 + 4,014.7789 = 355,459.5697
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟕
Amount of Calcium Hydroxide added
- 79 kg of Calcium Hydroxide is required for every 100 kg of Sulfuric
Acid
- 5% excess is incorporated
79 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = ( ) (4,840.0254 ) (1.05)
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 = 𝟒, 𝟎𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟕𝟖𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
818
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟖, 𝟔𝟐𝟐. 𝟖𝟎𝟏𝟑 = 𝑺𝒊𝑶𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟐𝟗𝟏. 𝟕𝟒𝟐𝟓 = 𝑨𝒍𝟐 𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑀𝑛𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟖𝟎𝟑𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑀𝑔𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟏 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
819
(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟐 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑜4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) + (𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑) = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 136.1340 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
= 4,840.0254 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔
= 6,718.4519
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑌𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17 = 64.9488 + 6,718.4519
𝒌𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟔, 𝟕𝟖𝟑. 𝟒𝟎𝟎𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑) − (𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 74.0920 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
= 6,718.4149 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑘𝑔
= 3656.5501
𝑑𝑎𝑦
820
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17 = 4,014.7789 − 3656.5501

𝒌𝒈
𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟖. 𝟐𝟐𝟖𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 15) + (𝐻2 𝑂 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 2𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
= 4,839.9987 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔
= 1,778.1340
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2𝑂 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17 = 175,722.3954 + 1,778.1340
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟕 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕, 𝟓𝟎𝟎. 𝟓𝟐𝟗𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
821
EQUIPMENT CENTRIFUGE OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT C-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To separate the lithium-containing pregnant liquor
DESCRIPTION solution (PLS) from the residue solids.
822
Data:
1. The centrifuge will be used to remove the suspended and precipitated
solids such – unreacted spodumene, aluminum silicate, and the
generated 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 (Florian & Peters, 2020).
2. All of the lithium sulfate will remain in the solution because of its high
solubility in water (Florian & Peters, 2020).
3. Calcium Sulfate is insoluble for water has a weak dipole strength to
separate the anions and cations of 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 (Richards, 2020).
4. The lithium sulfate did have an excellent water solubility (Europeans
Chemical Industry).
5. Solubility 30˚C:
Compound
T1 T2 30
Li2O Soluble
SiO2 Insoluble
Al2O3 Insoluble
MnO Insoluble
MgO Insoluble
Na2O Soluble
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 33.708
0˚
MnSO4 53 7350˚ 65
0˚ 100˚
MgSO4 26.9 68.3 39.32
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.2810
Na2SO4 48.840˚ 42.5100˚ 49.85
0˚ 100˚
Ca(OH)2 0.185 0.077 0.1526
Material Balance:
355,459.5697 = 151,045.4740 + 204,414.0957
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟕 = 𝟑𝟓𝟓, 𝟒𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟔𝟗𝟕
823

33.708 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 177,500.5402 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 59,831.8821 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥177,500.5402 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 115,375.3511 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 177,500.5402 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 69,793.2124 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
49.85 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 177,500.5402 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 88,848.0193 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 177,500.5402 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 498.7765 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
0.1526 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑥 177,500.5402 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 270.8658 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Total Mass of Precipitated Solids in the Solution:
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑) + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑂
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 (𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑)
+ 10% 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
= 88,622.8013 + 38,291.7426 + (6,783.4007 − 498.7765)
+ 7.8033 + 1.1148 + (358.2086 − 270.8658)
+ (0.10)(177,500.5402)
𝒌𝒈 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒄𝒊𝒑𝒊𝒕𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟖 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏, 𝟎𝟒𝟓. 𝟒𝟖𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Total Mass of Pregnant Liquor Solution (PLS):
824
𝑃𝐿𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4

+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
+ 90% 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑
𝑃𝐿𝑆 = 356.1634 + 42,371.4770 + 398.6343 + 79.8964 + 674.4284
+ 498.7765 + 1.1148 + 12.2623 + 270.8658
+ (0.90)(177,500.5402)
𝒌𝒈 𝑷𝑳𝑺
𝑷𝒓𝒆𝒈𝒏𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝑳𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟏𝟗 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟏𝟎𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
825
EQUIPMENT WASHER OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT W-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To wash the solid residues prior to entering the filter.
DESCRIPTION
Solids Removed 149288.5500

SiO2 0.5936 88622.8103
From ST-102 2218757.8616 Al2O3 0.2565 38291.7425
Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate MnO 0.0001 7.8033
MgO 0.0000 1.1148
H20 1.0000 2218757.8616 H20 0.1498 22365.0791
Total 1 2218757.8616 Total 1 149288.5500
To Make-Up Pond 2220514.7856

Ca(OH)2 0.0000 87.3630
CaSO4 0.0028 6284.5872
H20 0.9971 2214142.8354
Total 1 2220514.7856
826
Basis:
1. For proper washing with the use of rotary washer, it could take about 5
liters of water per kg of dry solids for each washing cycle, which could
possibly take about 10 minutes (Queiroz, 2016).
2. Washing could be considered completed after 3 cycles (Queiroz, 2016).
3.
Compound
T1 T2 30
20˚ 100˚
CaSO4 0.298 0.1619 0.2810
Ca(OH)2 0.1850˚ 0.077100˚ 0.1526
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 18 + Stream 19= Stream 21 + Stream 22
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
151,045.483 + 2,218,757.8616
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
= 2,220,514.7856 + 149,288.5500
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐, 𝟑𝟔𝟗, 𝟖𝟎𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟔 = 𝟐, 𝟑𝟔𝟗, 𝟖𝟎𝟑. 𝟑𝟑𝟓𝟔

𝑥 2,236,507.9150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 6284.5872 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
0.1526 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑥 2,236,507.9150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 3,412.9111 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
827
Total Mass of Undissolved Solids in the Solution:

𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐴𝑙2 𝑂3 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑂
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑂 + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠
= 88,622.8103 + 38,291.7425 + 7.8033 + 1.1148
+ 22,365.0791
𝑼𝒏𝒅𝒔𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒𝟗, 𝟐𝟖𝟖. 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Total Mass of Liquid Solution with Impurities

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
= 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 = 2,214,142.8354 + 6,284.5872 + 87.3630
𝒌𝒈 𝒍𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒅
𝑾𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 + 𝑰𝒎𝒑𝒖𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟏 = 𝟐, 𝟐𝟐𝟎, 𝟓𝟏𝟒. 𝟕𝟖𝟓𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
828
EQUIPMENT IMPURITY OPERATING 90 ˚C

NAME REMOVAL TEMPERATUE
REACTOR
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To remove the magnesium and manganese as hydroxides
DESCRIPTION by adding Ca (OH)2.
From ST-103 252.3416

Ca(OH)2 1.0 252.3416
Total 1 252.3416
829
Data:
1. Ettringite precipitation method can effectively obtain sulfates with an
efficiency of more than 98% (Fang et.al., 2017)
2. Magnesium and manganese are precipitated as hydroxides (Florian &
Peters, 2020).
3. When salts are dissolved in water, their respective molecules are pulled
apart by water, breaking the ionic bond that held them together (USGS)
4. About 1.25 grams of Calcium Hydroxide is needed to raise the pH of a
reduced slurry containing 1 g of Manganese (Weller & Kelley, 1964)
5. It was possible to remove magnesium in a stream with 1:1 calcium
hydroxide to magnesium ratio (Elsevier Ltd, 2017).
6. Excess Calcium Hydroxide suspension will improve sulfate conversion
(Elsevier Ltd, 2017).
7. Involved reaction:
𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 → 𝑴𝒏(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 + 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒
𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 → 𝑴𝒈(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 + 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 22 + Stream 23 = Stream 24
204,414.0957 + 252.3416 = 204,666.4373
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟕 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟗𝟓𝟕
Amount of Calcium Hydroxide added

- 1.25 grams of Calcium Hydroxide is needed to raise the pH of a reduced
slurry containing 1 g of Manganese
- 5% excess is incorporated to improve sulfate conversion
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑛𝑒𝑒𝑑𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒
= (1.25 ) (398.6343 ) (1.05)
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 = 𝟓𝟐𝟑. 𝟐𝟎𝟕𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = 523.2075 − 270.8658 = 252.3413
830
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟐𝟖𝟒 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟗𝟖. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟑 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22) = 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟗𝟔𝟒 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
831
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟓𝟗, 𝟕𝟓𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟔𝟒 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒏(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2
= (398.6342 )( )( ) (88.952 ) (0.98)
𝑘𝑔
= 230.1424
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑴𝒏(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟐𝟑𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑴𝒈(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2
= (79.8964 )( )( ) (58.319 ) (0.98)
𝑘𝑔
= 37.9383
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑴𝒈(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒 = 𝟑𝟕. 𝟗𝟑𝟖𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 + 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 22 = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
= (398.6342 )( )( ) (136.1340 ) (0.98)
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
+ (79.8964 )( )( ) (136.1340 ) (0.98)
𝑘𝑔
= 440.7740
𝑑𝑎𝑦
832
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 25 = 440.7740 + 498.7765

𝒌𝒈
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟓 = 𝟗𝟑𝟗. 𝟓𝟓𝟎𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 − 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 270.8658 + 252.3416
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
= 523.2074
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
= (230.1424 )( )( ) (74.0920 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 88.952 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
+ (37.9383 )( )( ) (74.0920 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 58.319 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
= 239.8948
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
523.2074 − 239.8948 = 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24
𝒌𝒈 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐
𝟐𝟖𝟑. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟓 = = 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
833
EQUIPMENT ROTARY OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME DRUM FILTER TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT F-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To separate the precipitates from the process liquor.
DESCRIPTION
834
Data:
Compound
T1 T2 30
Li2O Soluble
Na2O Soluble
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 33.708
0˚ 50˚
MnSO4 53 73 65
MgSO4 26.90˚ 68.3100˚ 39.32
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.2810
40˚
Na2SO4 48.8 42.5100˚ 49.85
0˚ 100˚
Ca(OH)2 0.185 0.077 0.1526
Mg(OH)2 0.00122
Mn(OH)2 0.00034
1. For rotary drum filters with a capacity of 14-18 tons/hour, the amount of
moisture retained in the filter cake is between 8-11% (911 Metallurgist
Process Equipment).
Assumptions:
1. 10% of moisture content of the feed adhered to the filter cake.
2. 90% of water is removed in the system.
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 24 = Stream 25 + Stream 26
204,666.43733 = 875.3510 + 203,791.0862
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟑 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟔𝟔𝟔. 𝟒𝟑𝟕𝟑𝟑

33.708 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 159,750.4764 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 53,848.69 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
835

𝑥 159,750.4764 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 103,837.8 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 159,750.4764 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 62,813.89 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
49.85 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 159,750.4764 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 79,635.61 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥159,750.4764 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 448.8988 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
0.1526 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑥 159,750.4764 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 243.7792 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑴𝒈(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
0.00122 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑥 159,750.4764 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 1.9490 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑴𝒏(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
0.00034 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑥 159,750.4764 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.5432 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆

𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑛(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑀𝑔(𝑂𝐻)2
= 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26
159,670.8990 + 356.1634 + 42,371.4881 + 7.9727 + 1.5979 + 674.4289

+ 448.8988 + 1.1148 + 12.2623 + 243.7792 + 1.9490
+ 0.5432 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26
836
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑, 𝟕𝟗𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟐

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅:
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 24 + (0.10)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝐴𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 25
(283.3126 − 243.7792) + (37.9383 − 1.9490) + (230.1424 − 0.5432 )
+ (939.5505 − 448.8988 ) + 79.5774 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 25
𝒌𝒈
𝟖𝟕𝟓. 𝟑𝟓𝟏𝟎 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
837
EQUIPMENT IMPURITY OPERATING 70 ˚C

NAME REMOVAL TEMPERATUE
REACTOR
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To remove calcium as calcium carbonate by adding soda
DESCRIPTION ash.
From ST-104 1414.0313

Na2CO3 1.0 1414.0313
Total 1 1414.0313
838
Data:
1. 98% conversion (Florian & Peters, 2020).
2. Calcium sulfate is converted as Calcium carbonate (Florian & Peters,
2020).
3. The pH of calcium carbonate utilized fall between 8.3 and 9 (Pujiastuti
et.al., 2018)
4. At pH level of 8.3, the volume rate of Sodium Carbonate and Salts is 3:1
(Pujiastuti et.al., 2018).
5. Involved reaction:
𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 → 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
203,791.0862 + 1,414.0313 = 205,205.1176
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕
Amount of Soda Ash added
- the volume rate of Sodium Carbonate and Salts is 3:1
- 5% excess is incorporated
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑒𝑑 = (3 ) (448.8988 ) (1.05)
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 = 𝟏𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟑𝟏𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
839
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟐, 𝟑𝟕𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝟕𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟗 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟓𝟗, 𝟔𝟕𝟎. 𝟖𝟗𝟗𝟎 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 26 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
= (448.8988 )( )( ) (142.0360 ) (0.98)
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
= 458.9933
𝑑𝑎𝑦
840
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
674.4289 + 458.9933 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟐𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
= (448.8988 )( )( ) (100.0860 ) (0.98)
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝐶𝑂3
= 323.4307
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟐𝟑. 𝟒𝟑𝟎𝟕 = 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 27 − 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑜3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 29
𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
= ( 323.4307 )( )( ) (105.9880 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 100.0860 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
= 342.5032
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
1414.0313 − 342.5032 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝟕𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟏 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑢𝑛𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 448.8988 (1 − 0.98)
𝑑𝑎𝑦
841
𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
= 8.9780
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
842

CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To separate the precipitates from the process liquor.
DESCRIPTION
From R-103 205205.1176

Li2O 0.0017 356.1634
Li2SO4 0.2065 42371.4771
Mn(SO4) 0.0000 7.9727
Mg(SO4) 0.0000 1.5979
Na2SO4 0.0055 1133.4223
CaSO4 0.0000 8.9780
CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaCO3 0.0016 323.4307
Na2CO3 0.0052 1071.5281
Na2O 0.0001 12.2623
Ca(OH)2 0.0012 243.7792
Mg(OH)2 0.0000 1.9490
Mn(OH)2 0.0000 0.5432
H2O 0.7781 159670.8990
Total 1 205205.1176
843
Data:
Compound
T1 T2 60
Li2O Reacts violently in Water
CaO Reacts violently in Water
Na2O Reacts violently in Water
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 32.076
0˚
MnSO4 53 7350˚ 77
0˚ 100˚
MgSO4 26.9 68.3 51.74
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.2300
Na2SO4 48.840˚ 42.5100˚ 46.7
0˚ 100˚
Ca(OH)2 0.185 0.077 0.1202
CaCO3 0.00120˚ 0.0002100˚ 6x10-4
Na2CO3 7.10˚ 48.5104˚ 30.98
Mg(OH)2 Insoluble
Mn(OH)2 Insoluble
Process Equipment).
Assumptions:
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
205,205.1176 = 414.5016 + 204,790.6160
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎𝟓, 𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟓, 𝟐𝟎𝟓. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟔
844

32.076 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 159,670.8990 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 51,216.04 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 159,670.8990 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 122,946.60 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 159,670.8990 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 82,613.72 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
46.7 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 159,670.8990 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 74,566.31 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 159,670.8990 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 367.2431 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
0.1202 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑥 159,670.8990 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 191.9244 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
6𝑥10−4 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑥 159,670.8990 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.9580 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
30.98 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
𝑥 159,670.8990 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 49,466.04 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑂
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30
845
159,633.2171 + 356.1634 + 42,371.4771 + 7.9727 + 1.5979

+ 1,133.4223 + 8.9780 + 1.1148 + 0.9580 + 1,071.5281
+ 12.2623 + 191.9244 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30
𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟎 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒, 𝟕𝟗𝟎. 𝟔𝟏𝟔𝟎
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅:
𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 28 + 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝐴𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 29
(243.7792 − 191.9244) + 1.9490 + 05432 + (323.4307 − 0.9580) + 37.6820
= 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30
𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟏𝟒. 𝟓𝟎𝟏𝟔 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
846
EQUIPMENT LIOH OPERATING 85 ˚C

NAME REACTOR TEMPERATUE
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To produce lithium hydroxide by adding sodium
DESCRIPTION hydroxide.
From ST-105 43006.0294

NAOH 0.5 21503.01468
H2O 0.5 21503.01468
Total 1 43006.0294
From F-102 204790.6160

Li2O 0.0017 356.1634
Li2SO4 0.2069 42371.4771
Mn(SO4) 0.0000 7.9727
Mg(SO4) 0.0000 1.5979
Na2SO4 0.0055 1133.4223
CaSO4 0.0000 8.9780
CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaCO3 0.0000 0.9580
Na2CO3 0.0052 1071.5281
Na2O 0.0001 12.2623
Ca(OH)2 0.0009 191.9244
H2O 0.7795 159633.2171
Total 1 204790.6160
847
Data:
1. Sodium Hydroxide to Feed Ratio is 1:5 (Bishimbayeva et. al, 2018).
2. 50% caustic soda is added to the reactor in 5% stoichiometric excess
(Florian & Peters, 2020).
3. The conversion rate is close to 100%, specifically, 98.32%
(Bishimbayeva et. al, 2018).
4. Reaction Involved:
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝟐𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
204,790.6160 + 43,006.0294 = 247,796.6453
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒𝟕, 𝟕𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕, 𝟕𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟑
Amount of NaOH required
- Sodium Hydroxide to Feed Ratio is 1:5, with 5% mole excess therefore,
𝑘𝑔
(204,790.6160 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = (1.05)
5
𝒌𝒈
𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟒𝟑, 𝟎𝟎𝟔. 𝟎𝟐𝟗𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
848
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟗 = 𝑴𝒈𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟎𝟕𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟏 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30) = 𝐶𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟗𝟏. 𝟗𝟐𝟒𝟒 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
849
𝑼𝒏𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯
(1 − 0.9834)(𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 31) = 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟐𝟓𝟎𝟔 = 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝐿𝐼𝑂𝐻 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
= (43,066.0294(0.50) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 23.9470 ) (0.9832)
𝑑𝑎𝑦 39.9970 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
= 12,657.9949
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝟏𝟐, 𝟔𝟓𝟕. 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30 + 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32

𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
= (43,066.0294(0.50) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 142.0360 ) (0.9832)
= 37,538.9604
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
1,133.4223 + 37,538.9604 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟔𝟕𝟐. 𝟑𝟖𝟐𝟔 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30 − 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
= (12,657.9949 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 109.9360 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 23.9470 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 2 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
850
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
= 29,055.1912
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
42,371.4771 − 29,055.1912 = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟖 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 30 + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 31 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
159,633.2171 + 21,503.0147 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟖𝟏, 𝟏𝟑𝟔. 𝟐𝟑𝟏𝟖 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
851
EQUIPMENT GLAUBER’S OPERATING 32.4 ˚C

NAME SALT TEMPERATUE
CRYSTALLIZER
EQUIPMENT CR-101 OPERATING 0.50 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To produce Glauber’s Salt by cooling the solution to 0˚C
DESCRIPTION and evaporating 60% of the water.
852
Stream 36 to C-
139114.9063
102
Na2SO4-10H2O 0.2592 36064.4318
Li2O 0.0026 356.1634
Li2SO4 0.0957 13316.2858
LiOH 0.0910 12657.9949
Mn(SO4) 0.0001 7.9727
Mg(SO4) 0.0000 1.5979
Na2SO4 0.0187 2607.9509
CaSO4 0.0001 8.9780
CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaCO3 0.0000 0.9580
Na2CO3 0.0077 1071.5281
Na2O 0.0001 12.2623
Ca(OH)2 0.0014 191.9244
Na(OH) 0.0026 361.2506
H2O 0.5208 72454.4927
Total 1 139114.9063
853
Data:
1. The Lithium Hydroxide solution is fed to an evaporative crystallizer
where water is evaporated and the solution is cooled to 0˚C in order to
facilitate the crystallization of Glauber’s Salt (Florian & Peters, 2020).
4.7 𝑔 𝑁𝑎 𝑆𝑂
2. Solubility of Sodium Sulfate at 0˚C is 100 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 4 (Sanna & Valer,
2
2014).
142.0360 𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
3. Solubility of Glauber’s Salt is 322.1860 𝑔 𝑁𝑎 .
2 𝑆𝑂4 −10 𝐻2 𝑂
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
247,796.6453 = 108,681.7391 + 139,114.9063
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒𝟕, 𝟕𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟑 = 𝟐𝟒𝟕, 𝟕𝟗𝟔. 𝟔𝟒𝟓𝟑
Amount of water evaporated
- 60% of water entering the unit is evaporated
𝐻2 𝑂 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = (0.60)(181,136.2318)
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖, 𝟔𝟖𝟏. 𝟕𝟑𝟗𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Calculations to determine the amount of crystals and mother liquor
formed
Overall Material Balance
Stream 32 = Stream 33 + Stream 34 + Stream 35
247,796.6453 − 108,681.7391 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
139,114.9062 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒

(𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 Stream 32) = (0.4409) (Stream 34) +(0.0445) (Stream 35)
38,672.3826 = (0.4409) (𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34) + (0.0445) (𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35)
854
Stream 34 =81,797.3050 kg crystals/day

Stream 35 =57,317.6013 kg mother liquor /day
Composition of Stream 34 (Crystals Formed)

(0.4409) (Stream 34) = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡
(0.4409)(81,797.3050) = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑙𝑎𝑢𝑏𝑒𝑟 ′ 𝑠 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑡
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟔, 𝟎𝟔𝟒. 𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟖 = 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑮𝒍𝒂𝒖𝒃𝒆𝒓′ 𝒔 𝑺𝒂𝒍𝒕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(1-0.4409) (Stream 34) = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂
(1 − 0.4409)(81,797.3050 ) = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂
𝟒𝟓, 𝟕𝟑𝟐. 𝟖𝟕𝟑𝟐 = 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Composition of Stream 35 (Mother Liquor Formed)

𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32) = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐, 𝟔𝟓𝟕. 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
855
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟗 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟎𝟕𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟏 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟖 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32 − 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
856
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
38,672.3826 − 36,064.4318 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟐, 𝟔𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 32 − 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 33 − 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
181,136.2318 − 108,681.7391 − 45,732.8732 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟔, 𝟕𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟓 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Overall Composition of the Exit Stream (Stream 36)

𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟓𝟔. 𝟏𝟔𝟑𝟒 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35) = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐, 𝟔𝟓𝟕. 𝟗𝟗𝟒𝟗 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟕. 𝟗𝟕𝟐𝟕 = 𝑴𝒏𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟓𝟗𝟕𝟗 = 𝑴𝒈𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
857
𝒌𝒈
𝟏. 𝟏𝟏𝟒𝟖 = 𝑪𝒂𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟖. 𝟗𝟕𝟖𝟎 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟐. 𝟐𝟔𝟐𝟑 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟎. 𝟗𝟓𝟖𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟎𝟕𝟏. 𝟓𝟐𝟖𝟏 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟑𝟏𝟔. 𝟐𝟖𝟓𝟖 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 35 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟐, 𝟔𝟎𝟕. 𝟗𝟓𝟎𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
858
𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 − 10𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 34 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 − 10𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟔, 𝟎𝟔𝟒. 𝟒𝟑𝟏𝟖 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 − 𝟏𝟎𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
45,732.8732 + 26,721.6195 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 36
𝒌𝒈
𝟕𝟐, 𝟒𝟓𝟒. 𝟒𝟗𝟐𝟕 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
859

NAME TEMPERATUE
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To separate the Glauber’s Salt and Solids from the
DESCRIPTION Lithium-Rich Liquor
860
Data:
1. The salt is transferred to the centrifugation stage, wherein the crystals is
directed to the Melter reactor, while the filtrate is sent to the crude
lithium hydroxide evaporator area (Kidman Resources Limited, 2018).
2.
Compound
T1 T2 90
Li2O Soluble
Na2O Soluble
0˚
Li2SO4 35.34 29.9100˚ 30.444
0˚ 50˚
MnSO4 53 73 89
MgSO4 26.90˚ 68.3100˚ 64.16
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.2300
40˚
Na2SO4 48.8 42.5100˚ 43.55
0˚ 100˚
Ca(OH)2 0.185 0.077 0.0878
CaCO3 0.00120˚ 0.0002100˚ 3x10-4
Na2CO3 7.10˚ 48.5104˚ 42.93
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
139,114.9063 = 100,313.4736 + 38,801.4327
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟑 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗, 𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟔𝟑
Total Mass of Solids in the Solution:

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 − 10𝐻2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 2,607.9509 + 36,064.4318 + 128.3094 + 0.7407
861
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟕 = 𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Total Mass of Lithium-Rich Liquor Solution (LLS):

𝐿𝐿𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑜4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂
𝐿𝐿𝑆 = 356.1634 + 13,316.2858 + 12,657.9949 + 7.9727 + 1.5979
+ 8.9780 + 1.1148 + 0.2174 + 1,071.5281 + 12.2623
+ 63.6150 + 361.2506 + 72,454.4927
𝒌𝒈 𝑳𝑳𝑺
𝑳𝒊𝒕𝒉𝒊𝒖𝒎 − 𝑹𝒊𝒄𝒉 𝑳𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟖 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
862
EQUIPMENT MELTER OPERATING 32 ˚C

EQUIPMENT MELT-101 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To remelt the Glauber’s Salt Crystals using waste steam
DESCRIPTION before entering the evaporator.
Waste Steam
863
Data:
1. The Glauber’s Salt exiting the centrifuge are transferred to the Glauber’s
Salt remelt feed, wherein the crystals are remelted using waste steam
before entering the sodium sulfate evaporator (Kidman Resources
Limited, 2018).
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 37 = Stream 39
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 39
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 − 10𝐻2 𝑂 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 10 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
= 36,064.4318 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑎𝑦 322.1860 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 − 10 𝐻2 𝑂 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
= 20,165.3932
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟎, 𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟑𝟗𝟑𝟐 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟑𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
864
EQUIPMENT EVAPORATOR OPERATING 70 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT E-101 OPERATING 0.3134 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To super saturate the mother liquor by evaporating the
DESCRIPTION water.
To F-103 30735.2754
Na2SO4 0.6021 18506.989400
H2O 0.3937 12099.235940
Ca(OH)2 0.0042 128.309376
CaCO3 0.0000 0.740662
Total 1 30735.2754
865
Data:
1. Water from the mother liquor is evaporated in order to super saturate the
product (Kidman Resources Limited, 2018).
2. The steam condition of the evaporator is maintained at above 100 ˚C in
order to produce anhydrous sodium sulfate (Kidman Resources Limited,
2018).
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
38,801.4327 = 8066.1573 + 30,735.2754
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟑𝟖, 𝟖𝟎𝟏. 𝟒𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝐻2 𝑂 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = (0.40)(20,165.3932)
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟖, 𝟎𝟔𝟔. 𝟏𝟓𝟕𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Total Mass of Solids and Water remained in the Solution
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 18,506.9894 + 128.3094 + 0.7407
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖, 𝟔𝟑𝟔. 𝟎𝟑𝟗𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = (0.60)(20,165.3932)
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 = 𝟏𝟐, 𝟎𝟗𝟗. 𝟐𝟑𝟓𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
866

CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To separate the anhydrous sodium sulfate and inert solids
DESCRIPTION from the saturated liquor.
867
Data:
Process Equipment).

Compound
T1 T2 60
40˚ 100˚
Na2SO4 48.8 42.5 46.7
Ca(OH)2 0.1850˚ 0.077100˚ 0.1202
CaCO3 0.00120˚ 0.0002100˚ 6x10-4
Assumptions:
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
30,735.2754 = 14,181.0040 + 16,554.2714
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟎, 𝟕𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟒 = 𝟑𝟎, 𝟕𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟕𝟓𝟒

46.7 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 12,099.235940𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 5,650.3432 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
868
0.1202 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑥 12,099.235940 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 14.5433 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 12,099.235940 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.0726 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅
(0.90)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 41) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 42
(0.90)(12,099.235940) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 42
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟎, 𝟖𝟖𝟗. 𝟑𝟏𝟐𝟒 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 41 + (0.10)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝐴𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 43
12,856.6462 + 113.7661 + 0.6681 + (0.10)(12,099.2359) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 43
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
869
EQUIPMENT DRYER OPERATING 80 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT D-101 OPERATING 0.4751 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To dry the produce anhydrous sodium sulfate in
DESCRIPTION preparation for bagging or transport to customers.
From F-103 14181.0040 By-Product 13619.6344

Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate Na2SO4 0.9440 12856.646216
Na2SO4 0.9066 12856.646216 H2O 0.0476 648.554019
H2O 0.0853 1209.923594 Ca(OH)2 0.0084 113.766094
Ca(OH)2 0.0080 113.766094 CaCO3 0.0000 0.668067
CaCO3 0.0000 0.668067 Total 1 13619.6344
Total 1 14181.0040
870
Assumptions:
1. 100% solid removal.
2. Assume 5% water adherence.
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out

14,181.0040 = 561.3696 + 13,619.6344
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟎𝟎𝟒𝟎
𝟓𝟔𝟏. 𝟑𝟔𝟗𝟔 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒𝟒
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 𝒓𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒗𝒆𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎𝒆𝒅 𝑩𝒚 − 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 43 + (𝐻2 𝑂 𝐴𝑑ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 45
113
12,856.6462 + 648.5540 + + 0.6681 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 45
7661
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟔𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟑𝟒𝟒 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒𝟓
𝒅𝒂𝒚
871
EQUIPMENT EVAPORATOR OPERATING 60 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT E-102 OPERATING 0.2009 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To concentrate the lithium-rich mother liquor by
DESCRIPTION evaporating the water.
H2O Removed 50718.1449

H2O 1.0000 50718.1449
Total 1 50718.1449
From C-102 100313.4736 To C-103 64086.2273

Li2O 0.0072 356.1634
Li2O 0.0036 356.1634
Li2SO4 0.2685 13316.2858
Li2SO4 0.1327 13316.2858
LiOH 0.2552 12657.9949
LiOH 0.1262 12657.9949
Mn(SO4) 0.0002 7.9727
Mn(SO4) 0.0001 7.9727 Mg(SO4) 0.0000 1.5979
Mg(SO4) 0.0000 1.5979 CaSO4 0.0002 8.9780
CaSO4 0.0001 8.9780 CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaO 0.0000 1.1148 CaCO3 0.0000 0.2174
CaCO3 0.0000 0.2174 Na2CO3 0.0216 1071.5281
Na2CO3 0.0107 1071.5281 Na2O 0.0002 12.2623
Na2O 0.0001 12.2623 Ca(OH)2 0.0013 63.6150
Ca(OH)2 0.0006 63.6150 Na(OH) 0.0073 361.2506
Na(OH) 0.0036 361.2506 H2O 0.4383 21736.3478
H2O 0.7223 72454.4927 Total 1 49595.3287
Total 1 100313.4736
872
Data:
1. The lithium-rich liquor solution has low concentration of lithium
hydroxide, and can be increase by using an evaporator (Kidman
Resources Limited, 2018).
2. 70% of the water content of the mother liquor is evaporated (Kidman
Resources Limited, 2018).
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
100,313.4736 = 50,718.1449 + 49,595.3287
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎, 𝟑𝟏𝟑. 𝟒𝟕𝟑𝟔
𝐻2 𝑂 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 = (0.70)(72,454.4927)
𝒌𝒈
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 = 𝟓𝟎, 𝟕𝟏𝟖. 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Total Mass of Solute and Water remained in the Solution
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑂
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 = 356.1634 + 13,316.2858 + 12,657.9949 + 7.9727 + 1.5979 + 8.9780
+ 1.1148 + 0.2174 + 1,071.5281 + 12.2623 + 63.6150
+ 361.2506
𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝟐𝟕, 𝟖𝟓𝟖. 𝟗𝟖𝟎𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 = (0.30)(72,454.4927)
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐𝟏, 𝟕𝟑𝟔. 𝟑𝟒𝟕𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
873

NAME TEMPERATUE
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To separate the LiOH solids from the mother liquor
DESCRIPTION solution.
To F-104 39784.2157
Li2O 0.0090 356.1634
Li2SO4 0.3347 13316.2858
Mn(SO4) 0.0002 7.9727
Mg(SO4) 0.0000 1.5979
CaSO4 0.0002 8.9780
CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaCO3 0.0000 0.2174
Na2CO3 0.0269 1071.5281
Na2O 0.0003 12.2623
Na(OH) 0.0091 361.2506
H2O 0.5464 21736.3478
LiOH 0.0732 2910.4970
Total 1 39784.2157
874
Data:
1. The solution is transferred to the centrifugation stage to separate the cake
and the filtrate (Kidman Resources Limited, 2018).
Compound
T1 T2 30
Li2O Soluble
Na2O Soluble
Li2SO4 35.340˚ 29.9100˚ 33.708
0˚ 50˚
MnSO4 53 73 60
0˚ 100˚
MgSO4 26.9 68.3 39.32
CaSO4 0.29820˚ 0.1619100˚ 0.281
40˚ 100˚
Na2SO4 48.8 42.5 43.44
Ca(OH)2 0.1850˚ 0.077100˚ 0.1526
CaCO3 0.00120˚ 0.0002100˚ 9x10-4
0˚ 104˚
Na2CO3 7.1 48.5 19.04
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
49,595.3287 = 39,784.2157 + 9,811.1130
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟒𝟗, 𝟓𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟕 = 𝟒𝟗, 𝟓𝟗𝟓. 𝟑𝟐𝟖𝟕
33.078 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 7,326.89 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
13.39 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 2910.5 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
875

𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 13,041.8087 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 8,546.7320 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
43.44 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 9,442.2695 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 61.0791 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
0.1526 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 33.1697 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 0.1956 𝑘𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Maximum Amount of 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑪𝑶𝟑 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:
19.04 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
𝑥 21,736.3478 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 = 4,138.6006𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
100 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
Total Mass of Solids in the Solution:

𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑈𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 = 9,747.4980 + 63.6150

𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒊𝒅𝒔 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒𝟗 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Total Mass of Mother Liquor Solution (MLS):
876
𝑀𝐿𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻(𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒𝑑) + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4

+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑔𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑎𝐶𝑂3 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
+ 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂
𝑀𝐿𝑆 = 356.1634 + 13,316.2858 + 7.9727 + 1.5979 + 8.9780 + 1.1148

+ 0.2174 + 1,071.5281 + 12.2623 + 361.2506 + 21,736.3478
+ 2,910.4970
𝒌𝒈 𝑴𝑳𝑺
𝑴𝒐𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒓 𝑳𝒊𝒒𝒖𝒐𝒓 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟒𝟖 = 𝟑𝟗, 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
877
EQUIPMENT FILTER OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To separate the inert solids from the saturated liquor.
DESCRIPTION
WasteWater 27623.8689
Li2O 0.0129 356.1634
Li2SO4 0.2652 7326.8881
Mn(SO4) 0.0003 7.9727
Mg(SO4) 0.0001 1.5979
CaSO4 0.0003 8.9780
CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaCO3 0.0000 0.2174
Na2CO3 0.0388 1071.5281
Na2O 0.0004 12.2623
Na(OH) 0.0131 361.2506
H2O 0.6688 18475.8956
Total 1 27623.8689
From C-103 39784.2157 To R-105 12160.3468

Li2SO4 0.4925 5989.3977
Li2O 0.0090 356.1634
LiOH 0.2393 2910.4970
Li2SO4 0.3347 13316.2858 H2O 0.2681 3260.4522
Mn(SO4) 0.0002 7.9727 Total 1 12160.3468
Mg(SO4) 0.0000 1.5979
CaSO4 0.0002 8.9780
CaO 0.0000 1.1148
CaCO3 0.0000 0.2174
Na2CO3 0.0269 1071.5281
Na2O 0.0003 12.2623
Na(OH) 0.0091 361.2506
H2O 0.5464 21736.3478
LiOH 0.0732 2910.4970
Total 1 39784.2157
878
Data:
Process Equipment).
Assumptions:
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
39,784.2157 = 27,623.8689 + 12,160.3468
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟑𝟗, 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟕 = 𝟑𝟗, 𝟕𝟖𝟒. 𝟐𝟏𝟓𝟕
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅
(0.15)(21,736.3478) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 53
𝒌𝒈
𝟑, 𝟐𝟔𝟎. 𝟒𝟓𝟐𝟐 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟑
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑾𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 48 + (0.75)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 52
= 356.1634 + 7,326.881 + 7.9727 + 1.5979 + 8.9780 + 1.1148 + 0.2174
+ 1,071.5281 + 12.2623 + 361.2506
+ (0.75)(21,736.3478) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 52
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟕, 𝟔𝟐𝟑. 𝟖𝟔𝟖𝟗 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟐
𝒅𝒂𝒚
879
EQUIPMENT LIOH OPERATING 85 ˚C

CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To produce lithium hydroxide by adding sodium
DESCRIPTION hydroxide.
From ST-105 2553.6728

NaOH 0.5 1276.836417
H2O 0.5 1276.836417
Total 1 2553.6728
From F-104 12160.3468 To M-102 14714.0197

Li2SO4 0.2898 4264.1174
Li2SO4 0.3347 5989.3977
LiOH 0.2489 3662.1213
H2O 0.5464 3260.4522
Na2SO4 0.1515 2229.0415
LiOH 0.0732 2910.4970
Na(OH) 0.0015 21.4509
Total 1 12160.3468
H2O 0.3084 4537.2886
Total 1 14714.0197
880
Data:
1. Sodium Hydroxide to Feed Ratio is 1:5 (Bishimbayeva et. al, 2018).
2. 50% caustic soda is added to the reactor in 5% stoichiometric excess
(Wave International Pty Ltd, 2020).
3. The conversion rate is close to 100%, specifically, 98.32%
(Bishimbayeva et. al, 2018).
4. Reaction Involved:
𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 + 𝟐 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 → 𝟐𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 + 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
12,160.3468 + 2,553.6728 = 14,714.0197
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟕 = 𝟏𝟒, 𝟕𝟏𝟒. 𝟎𝟏𝟗𝟕
Amount of NaOH required
- Sodium Hydroxide to Feed Ratio is 1:5, with 5% mole excess therefore,
𝑘𝑔
(12,160.3468 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 = (1.05)
5
𝒌𝒈
𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝒓𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒊𝒓𝒆𝒅 = 𝟐, 𝟓𝟓𝟑. 𝟔𝟕𝟐𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 + 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51
𝐿𝐼𝑂𝐻 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑
𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
= (2,553.6728(0.50) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 23.9470 ) (0.9832)
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
= 751.6243
𝑑𝑎𝑦
751.6243 + 2910.4970 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51
𝒌𝒈
𝟑, 𝟔𝟔𝟐. 𝟏𝟐𝟏𝟑 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
881

𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51

𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4
= (2,553.6728(0.50) 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 142.0360 ) (0.9832)
= 2,229.0415
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟓 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 53 − 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51
𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
= ( 751.6243 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 109.9360 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦 23.9470 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 2 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
= 1,725.2802
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4
5,989.3977 − 1,725.2802 = 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟓 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
3,260.4522 + 1,276.8364 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟔 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
882
EQUIPMENT MIXER OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT M-102 OPERATING 1 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To mix the lithium hydroxide solids with the converted
DESCRIPTION lithium hydroxide from the reactor.
From R-105 14714.0197

Li2SO4 0.2898 4264.1174
LiOH 0.2489 3662.1213
Na2SO4 0.1515 2229.0415
Na(OH) 0.0015 21.4509
H2O 0.3084 4537.2886
Total 1 14714.0197
To CR-102 24525.1327
Li2SO4 0.1739 4264.1174
LiOH 0.5468 13409.6193
Na2SO4 0.0909 2229.0415
Na(OH) 0.0009 21.4509
Ca(OH)2 0.0026 63.6150
H2O 0.1850 4537.2886
Total 1 24525.1327
883
Assumption:
similar since no reaction is involved. Mixing of the commodity
happened.
Material Balance:
9,811.1130 + 14,714.0197 = 24,525.1327
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 49 + 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
9,747.4980 + 3,662.1213 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟒𝟎𝟗. 𝟔𝟏𝟗𝟑 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
(𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 49) = 𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
(𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 49) = 𝑁𝑎𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
884

𝒌𝒈
𝟐, 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟓 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 51 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟔 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟒
𝒅𝒂𝒚
885
EQUIPMENT LIOH-H2O OPERATING 47 ˚C

NAME CRYSTALLIZER TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT CR-102 OPERATING 0.0888 atm

CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To facilitate the crystallization of Lithium Hydroxide
DESCRIPTION Monohydrate at 47 ˚C.
Mother
1319.1143
Liquor
Li2SO4 3.2326 4264.1174
LiOH 0.1258 165.9446
Na2SO4 1.6898 2229.0415
Na(OH) 0.0163 21.4509
Ca(OH)2 0.0482 63.6150
H2O -4.1126 -5425.0551
Total 1 1319.1143
From M-102 24525.1327

Li2SO4 0.1739 4264.1174
LiOH 0.5468 13409.6193
Na2SO4 0.0909 2229.0415
Na(OH) 0.0009 21.4509
Ca(OH)2 0.0026 63.6150
H2O 0.1850 4537.2886
Total 1 24525.1327
886
Stream 57 to
24525.1327
F-105
LIOH-H2O 0.5400 13243.6747
Li2SO4 0.1739 4264.1174
LiOH 0.0068 165.9446
Na2SO4 0.0909 2229.0415
Na(OH) 0.0009 21.4509
Ca(OH)2 0.0026 63.6150
H2O 0.1850 4537.2886
Total 1 24525.1327
887
Data:
1. The Lithium Hydroxide solution is fed to a crystallizer to facilitate the
crystallization of Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate (Wave International
Pty Ltd, 2020).
14.39 𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
2. Solubility of Lithium Hydroxide at 47˚C is (Stephen & Miller,
100 𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂
nd).
23.947𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻
3. Solubility of Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate is 41.9620 .
𝑔 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻−𝐻2 𝑂
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
Stream 55 = Stream 57
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕
Calculations to determine the amount of crystals and mother liquor
formed
Overall Material Balance
24,525.1327 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 55 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 56
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒
(𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54) = (0.5707) (Stream 55) +(0.1258) (Stream 56)
13,409.6193 = (0.5707) (𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 55) + (0.1258) (𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 56)
Stream 55 =23,206.0184 kg crystals/day
Stream 56 =1,319.1143 kg mother liquor/day
Composition of Stream 55 (Crystals Formed)

(0.5707) (Stream 55) = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 − 𝐻2 𝑂
(0.5707)(23,206.0184) = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 − 𝐻2 𝑂
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟕 = 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 − 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
𝒅𝒂𝒚
888
(1-0.5707) (Stream 55) = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂

(1 − 0.5707)(23,206.0184) = 𝐴𝑚𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐻2 𝑂
𝟗, 𝟗𝟔𝟐. 𝟑𝟒𝟑𝟕 = 𝑨𝒎𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝑯𝟐 𝑶
Composition of Stream 56 (Mother Liquor Formed)

𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54 − 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 55 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 56
𝑘𝑔 𝑘𝑔
13,409.6193 − 13,243.6747 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 56
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟗𝟒𝟒𝟔 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟐, 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟓 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
889
𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 54 − 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 55 = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 56

𝒌𝒈
−𝟓, 𝟒𝟐𝟓. 𝟎𝟓𝟓𝟏 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟔
𝒅𝒂𝒚
Overall Composition of the Exit Stream (Stream 57)

𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 − 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 − 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 55 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 57
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟑, 𝟐𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟕𝟒𝟕 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 56 = 𝐿𝑖𝑂𝐻 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 57
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟔𝟓. 𝟗𝟒𝟒𝟔 = 𝑳𝒊𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟔𝟑. 𝟔𝟏𝟓𝟎 = 𝑪𝒂(𝑶𝑯)𝟐 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟏. 𝟒𝟓𝟎𝟗 = 𝑵𝒂𝑶𝑯 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟐𝟔𝟒. 𝟏𝟏𝟕𝟒 = 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝒌𝒈
𝟐, 𝟐𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟒𝟏𝟓 = 𝑵𝒂𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
890
𝒌𝒈
𝟒, 𝟓𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟖𝟖𝟔 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟕
𝒅𝒂𝒚
891
EQUIPMENT FILTER OPERATING 30 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To separate the lithium hydroxide monohydrate and inert
DESCRIPTION solids from the saturated liquor.
Waste Water 8250.1724

LiOH-H2O 0.1290 1064.589173
Li2SO4 0.1854 1529.4292
LiOH 0.0201 165.9446
Na2SO4 0.2702 2229.0415
Na(OH) 0.0026 21.4509
Ca(OH)2 0.0077 63.6150
H2O 0.3850 3176.1020
Total 1 8250.1724
From CR-102 24525.1327

To D-102 16274.9603
LIOH-H2O 0.5400 13243.6747 LIOH-H2O 0.7483 12179.0855
Li2SO4 0.1739 4264.1174 H2O 0.0836 1361.1866
LiOH 0.0068 165.9446 LiSO4 0.1680 2734.6882
Na2SO4 0.0909 2229.0415 Total 1 16274.9603
Na(OH) 0.0009 21.4509
Ca(OH)2 0.0026 63.6150
H2O 0.1850 4537.2886
Total 1 24525.1327
892
Data:
Process Equipment).
Assumptions:
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out
24,525.1327 = 8,250.1724 + 16,274.9603
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕 = 𝟐𝟒, 𝟓𝟐𝟓. 𝟏𝟑𝟐𝟕
𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝒂𝒅𝒉𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒅
(0.30)(4,537.2886) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 59
𝒌𝒈
𝟏, 𝟑𝟔𝟏. 𝟏𝟖𝟔𝟔 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟗
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑾𝒂𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒘𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒓𝒆𝒎𝒐𝒗𝒆𝒅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 57 + (0.70)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 58
= 1,064.5892 + 1,529.4292 + 165.9446 + 2,229.0415 + 21.4509
+ 63.6150 + (0.70)(4,537.2886) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 58
𝒌𝒈
𝟖, 𝟐𝟓𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝟐𝟒 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟓𝟖
𝒅𝒂𝒚
893
EQUIPMENT DRYER OPERATING 70 ˚C

NAME TEMPERATUE
EQUIPMENT D-102 OPERATING 0.3134 atm
CODE PRESSURE
PROCESS To dry the produce lithium hydroxide monohydrate in
DESCRIPTION preparation for bagging or transport to customers.
Water
544.4746
Removed
H2O 1.0000 544.4746
Total 1 544.4746
From F-105 16274.9603 Product

15730.4857
Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate Produced
LIOH-H2O 0.7483 12179.0855 Component Mass Fraction Mass Flowrate
H2O 0.0836 1361.1866 LIOH-H2O 0.7742 12179.0855
LiSO4 0.1680 2734.6882 H2O 0.0519 816.7119
Total 1 16274.9603 LiSO4 0.1738 2734.6882
Total 1 15730.4857
894
Assumptions:
1. 100% solid removal.
2. Assume 5% water adherence.
Material Balance:
mass in = mass out

Stream 59= Stream 60 + Stream 61
16,274.9603 = 544.4746 + 15,730.4857
𝒌𝒈 𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟑 = 𝟏𝟔, 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟗𝟔𝟎𝟑
(0.95)(1,361.1866) = 𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 60
𝒌𝒈
𝟓𝟒𝟒. 𝟒𝟕𝟒𝟔 = 𝑯𝟐 𝑶 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟔𝟎
𝒅𝒂𝒚
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒕 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒅𝒖𝒄𝒆𝒅
𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 59 + (0.05)(𝐻2 𝑂 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 59) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 61
12,179.0855 + 2,734.6882 + (0.05)(1,361.1866) = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 61
𝒌𝒈
𝟏𝟓, 𝟕𝟑𝟎. 𝟒𝟖𝟓𝟕 = 𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟔𝟏
𝒅𝒂𝒚
895

Overall Material Balance

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Technological Institute of the Philippines

Table 7.1 List of Nomenclature for Material Balance

Table 7.2 Physical Properties of the Components

The overall percent loss is calculated by multiplying the percent loss of

Overall Percent Loss

The spodumene concentrate feed requirement is 139,344.0413 kg/day in

Therefore, the actual feed rate, considering the line loss, is

EQUIPMENT SPODUMENE OPERATING 30 ˚C

Component Mass Flowrate

2. The particle size of the spodumene is 50 mm (Garrett, 2004).

EQUIPMENT PRE-HEATER OPERATING 110 ˚C

From Warehouse 139344.0413

EQUIPMENT CALCINER OPERATING 1,080 ˚C

EQUIPMENT COOLER OPERATING 32 ˚C

EQUIPMENT JAW CRUSHER OPERATING 30 ˚C

To J-101 Recycle 27868.80826

From HE-101 139344.0413 To BM-101 167212.8496

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5 = 120% 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4

(0.6360)(𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 4 + 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 7) = 𝑆𝑖𝑂2 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 5

EQUIPMENT BALL MILL OPERATING 30 ˚C

From J-101 167212.8496 To V-101 167212.8496

EQUIPMENT VIBRATING OPERATING 30 ˚C

To J-101 Recycle 27868.80826

Amount of the Recycle Stream (Stream 7)

EQUIPMENT MIXER OPERATING 30 ˚C

From ST-101 45286.81342

EQUIPMENT ROTARY KILN OPERATING 250 ˚C

𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 𝑩𝒂𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒄𝒆

42,371.4771 𝑘𝑔 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

398.6342 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 98.0720 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4

398.6343 𝑘𝑔 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 1 𝑘𝑚𝑜𝑙 18.0150 𝑘𝑔 𝐻2 𝑂

EQUIPMENT HEAT OPERATING 32 ˚C

EQUIPMENT SLAKING OPERATING 30 ˚C

From ST-102 175722.39539

Maximum Amount of 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:

EQUIPMENT NEUTRALIZATION OPERATING 30 ˚C

From ST-103 4014.7789

𝐶𝑎(𝑂𝐻)2 𝐸𝑥𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 17 = 4,014.7789 − 3656.5501

EQUIPMENT CENTRIFUGE OPERATING 30 ˚C

Maximum Amount of 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:

𝑃𝐿𝑆 = 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑂 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝐿𝑖2 𝑆𝑂4 + 𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑀𝑛𝑆𝑂4

EQUIPMENT WASHER OPERATING 30 ˚C

Solids Removed 149288.5500

To Make-Up Pond 2220514.7856

Maximum Amount of 𝑪𝒂𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:

Total Mass of Undissolved Solids in the Solution:

Total Mass of Liquid Solution with Impurities

EQUIPMENT IMPURITY OPERATING 90 ˚C

From ST-103 252.3416

Amount of Calcium Hydroxide added

𝐶𝑎𝑆𝑂4 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 25 = 440.7740 + 498.7765

EQUIPMENT ROTARY OPERATING 30 ˚C

Maximum Amount of 𝑳𝒊𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:

Maximum Amount of 𝑴𝒏𝑺𝑶𝟒 Dissolved in the Given Amount of Water:

𝑻𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝑴𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑭𝒊𝒍𝒕𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆

159,670.8990 + 356.1634 + 42,371.4881 + 7.9727 + 1.5979 + 674.4289

𝑺𝒕𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒎 𝟐𝟔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟑, 𝟕𝟗𝟏. 𝟎𝟖𝟔𝟐

EQUIPMENT IMPURITY OPERATING 70 ˚C

From ST-104 1414.0313

𝑁𝑎2 𝑆𝑂4 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑒𝑑

𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑

EQUIPMENT ROTARY OPERATING 60 ˚C