Spectacle of Power

Hispanic Period Reviewer (Part 2) p. 149 195

Architecture for Colonial Administration (p.149 - 151)

National Offices
Building Name Ayuntamiento (Casa del Ayuntamiento, Casa del Cabildo, Casa Consistorial, Casa Real) Function Seat of colonial governance Description/ Details Prominent Features: 1. Escalera staircase of the bahay na bato 2. Portal entrance, doorway or gateway 3. Hall large and spacious, where state banquets and dances are held Across the Ayuntamiento Palacio del Gobernador General (Palacio Real) Real Audiencia (Tribunal) Aduana Hacienda Pblica Residence of the highest official of the land Destroyed by the earthquake of 1863, leading to the transfer to the Malacaang Palace (formerly a vacation home of the governor) Had three principal entrances, two courtyards and two principal staircases

Administrative offices and archives

Trial Court Customs House Treasury

Town/Hacienda Offices
Building Name Municipio (Casa de Municipal, Casa Real) Function Smaller version of the Ayuntamiento Secular power of the colonial state Description/ Details Found at the end of the town plaza, opposite the church, signifying governmental power Building form was analogous, did not represent a special type of architecture (a rule)

Casa Hacienda

Administration of the hacienda or landed estate Housing spaces for administrators and workers

Included a kitchen, a storage room, a carpentry atelier, a stable and a chapel

Educational and Scientific Facilities (p.152 155)

Spanish Missionary Tasks 1. Education 2. Health Care 3. Social Welfare Annual Report of the General Superintendent of Education (1904) - inventory by Americans - listed 534 school houses built by Spaniards Two Types of School Buildings 1. Colegio or Universidad in urban areas 2. Escuela Primaria in pueblos Female students taught by nuns Male students taught by priests Schools within Intramuros 1. Universidad de Santo Tomas - oldest established university in Asia - founded by Dominicans, 1611 - titled Royal and Pontifical University (1680) 2. Colegio de San Juan de Letran - created to take in orphans and indigents of Manila 3. Jesuit Colegio de Manila 4. Colegio de San Jose - founded by Jesuits, 1571 5. Colegio de Santa Rita 6. Colegio de Santa Potenciana - founded by Franciscans, 1594 Other Schools 1. Colegio de Santa Isabel - created to take in orphans and indigents of Manila 2. Colegio de Santa Catalina de Sena - founded by Dominicans 3. Ateneo de Manila - founded by Jesuits 4. Colegio de San Ildefonso - in Cebu - precursor of the present University of San Carlos Orphanages 1. Hospicio de San Jose 2. Asilo de San Vicente de Paul Atrial Scheme - structure or cluster of buildings in a rectangular configuration - with a central courtyard - with a church/chapel - atrium a garden with a well - two to three storey structures lower floor = instructional facilities upper floors = dormitory facilities Educational Decree of 1863 - at least one escuela primaria or primary school for boys and one for girls were to be established in every village or town - primary education:

Education

1. catechetical 2. read and write 3. learn prayers and teachings of Catholic doctrine

Hospitals

1.Hospital Real - first hospital - founded by Franciscans, 1564 - one of the first buildings to be erected in Manila - catered only to Spaniards 2.Hospital de San Gabriel - founded by Dominicans, 1587 - in Tondo - catered to Chinese in Binondo 3.Hospital de Santa Ana - oldest hospital in the Orient - founded by Franciscan Juan Clemente, 1596 - later became Hospital de San Juan de Dios and Hospital de San Lazaro - catered to lepers

Observatorio Astronomico y Meteorologico de Manila (Manila Observatory) - founded by Jesuits, 1865 - located at tower of San Ignacio Church in Intramuros - Father Juan Vidal (Superior of the Jesuit Mission in the Philippines) ordered Father Francisco Colina (Professor of Math at Ateneo Escuela Municipal) to set up an observatory to assist in forecasting typhoons - Father Angelo Secchi Italian Jesuit who designed the meteorograph - Father Federico Faura Director of the Manila Observatory (1878) - 1945 observatory was burned to the ground

Scientific Facilities

Obras Publicas and Colonial Building Regulation (p. 157 158)

Obras publicas = public works Corps of Engineers - 1705, Manila - military engineers - to build defense structures and government edifices - took charge of all constructions - Juan de Ciscara y Ramirez first military engineer Architects or maestros de obras (master builders) - many were priests - presupuesto: a proposal detailing the drawings, plans and cost estimates friar architects who wish to build or repair a church were required to pass this to bishops - in charge of construction of hospitals, schools and government constructions - 19 architects on record Builders Chinese paquio (pakyaw) contractual system - polo y servicio: tax system compelled every able bodied male to render labor service for public construction for a period of forty days annually (reduced to 15 days in 1884) exemptions: sickly military servicemen principalia

or anyone who could afford to pay the monetary equivalent 1837 Decree - forbids any construction without blueprints to begin - must be duly submitted and approved by the proper agency of the colonial state Royal Ordinance of February 13, 1845 - required submissions of plans for repairs, alterations or construction to be made on vicinities within a 1500 varas (1.3 km) radius from Intramuros for approval of the state engineer 1852 Decree by Asesor General - declared violators will be penalized by a fine Royal Decree of May 1, 1866 - Inspection General de Obras Publicas (General Board for Public Works) was created - Head Director: Inspector General de Obras Publicas also head of the Junta Consultiva de Obras Publicas (Consultancy Board for Public Works) - mandated to examine and approve plans for buildings Building Ordinances versus earthquakes - created due to 1863 and 1880 destructive earthquakes Fire Prevention Building Ordinances - specific areas were zoned according to building materials - January 23, (WOOO BIRTHDAY JEMS)1866 prohibits use of nipa in areas designated as zonas de mamposteria (zones for masonry structure)

Bahay-na-Bato: The Realm of Aristocratic Domesticity (p. 158 165)

Causes of Change from Bahay Kubo to Bahay-na-Bato 1. Prevent the dangers posed by fire, earthquakes and cyclones 2. Addressed the physical factors of the environment 3. Outcome of profound social change Elements taken from the Bahay Kubo 1. Steep high roof 2. Elevated quarters 3. Post and lintel construction 4. Maximized ventilation Materials Ground Floor Upper Floor Cut stone/ Hewn adobe stone Wood Brick Stone fire resistant but caused more damage during earthquake Wood resilient to any earthquake Compromise: combined stone and wood (arquitectura mestiza) Protected by grillwork Broad With sliding shutters whose latticework frames either capiz shells (placuna placenta) or glass panels High hip roof with a 45 angle pitch to repel rain and discharge warm air Material: Curved tile or thatch later on replaced by galvanized iron sheets (since curved tiles were heavy and easily fall during earthquakes)

Windows

Roof

Parts of the House

1. Pasamano window sill 2. Ventanillas small auxillary windows reaching to the floor protected with either iron grilles or wooden barandillas(balusters) and has sliding wooden shutters 3. Haligi wooden pillars that support the entire house - 7.5m from the ground to the roof 4. Zaguan vestibule on the ground floor - where grand staircase started - also reserved for storage 5. Entresuelo mezzanine area - 1m above the ground - sometimes zaguan has an entresuelo - used as offices or servants quarters - in business areas, some spaces were rented out to shop owners 6. Escalera wooden staircase - with two landings - leads directly to the caida or antesala 7. Caida or Antesala verandah - most immediate room from the stairs - all purpose room for entertaining, sewing, dancing or even dining 8. Sala living room - dances and balls were held here during fiestas and other special occasions 9. Comedor dining room - plateras glass panelled cabinets where silverware are displayed - mesa platera waist high cabinet where food dishes are placed 10.Cocina kitchen 11.Banguerra open shelf made of bamboo slats or wood used for storing and drying dishes 12.Banyo or Paliguan bathroom 13.Latrina toilet - built separately from the banyo 14.Azotea outdoor terrace - relaxation area - at times, used for food preparation and laundry activities - beside a balon (well) or over an aljibe (cistern) 15.Cuarto bedrooms 16.Calados fretwork - enhances cross-ventilation inside the house Fernando Zialcitas Classification of the Bahay-na-Bato 1. Geometric Style (1780 1880) - Galleria volada or corridor flying wooden gallery has dual sets of sliding shutters: 1. Concha (shell) outer one 2. Persiana (window shade) inner wooden one 2. Floral Style - has floral and/or vegetal motifs - tapancos/ media agues metal awnings - bendejado wooden panels of sheet metal cutouts adorned with oval or rectangular tray-like forms

Urban Divide (p. 165 -168)

Causes of Urbanization 1. Migration of a proletarian population due to Manilas economic and industrial progress 2. Installation of a railway system leading to easier transportation 3. Influx of labor force from nearby provinces Causes of Divide (Stone Edifices vs Nipa Dwellings) 1. Practical fire prevention - Nipa shingles were highly flammable - Nipa zonal assignment to citys periphery - 1898 Decree stone buildings should be protected from the dangers posed by the nipa houses - Zonas de mamposeteria zone for stone edifices - Absence of nipa led to higher market value 2. Social stigma or a social outcast - Posesiones slum colony ramshackle dwellings found in dead spaces, vacant lots, on coastal and swampy areas, banks of esteros, and ruins of buildings destroyed by earthquakes people who refuse to move to the periphery Demarcation Line and Zones Stone: Binondo Nipa: San Jose (Trozo), Tondo and Sampaloc Demarcation Line 1. 65m between Tondo and Binondo, 1km from the shore 2. Divisoria (1860) geographical demarcation line, firebreak line (50m)

Dwellings of the Working Class (p. 168 169)

Accesorias apartment dwellings - due to need of migrant labourers for cheap housing in commercial and industrial areas - areas with commercial opportunities: Binondo, Tondo, Sampaloc, Quiapo and Santa Cruz - single or two storey high structure having multiple units - one unit one separate facade door - 45 50 sqm per storey - 3.5m per unit (narrow frontage) - 2.7m ceiling clearance - defined by a common courtyard space or patio, accessed through a main entrance Vivienda unit - has its own zaguan, vestibule, sala and sleeping quarters - service facilities (kitchen, latrinas, azotea, service areas) centralized

Infrastructures of Colonial Industrialization (p. 169 173)

1. Port and Harbor Facilities - function: entrepot and imperial base - made possible the integration of the colony within the routes of global commerce and veins of world economy 2. Railways - facilitated imperial penetration of the far inland - to integrate and annex territory - to exploit resources investment and exploitation - Royal Order by King Alfonso of Spain (1875) - Engr. Eduardo Lpez Navarro submitted his Plan General de Ferrocarilles en la Isla de Luzon (General Plan for Railways on the Island of Luzon) (1876) - 1730 km

- Three lines connecting the productive agricultural areas of Luzon: Cagayan Valley, Central Plains, Bicol - Estracin de ferrocarril = railway station - Best Station: Tutuban Station main terminal for all northbound destinations 3. Public Transport Network - Leon Monssour (Department of Public Works) submitted tranvia (street car) system Five line network: From Plaza San Gabriel in Binondo to Intramuros via Puerta de Espaa to Malate Church, Malacaang, Sampaloc and Tondo - Entrepreneurs: Entrepreneur Jocobo Zobel de Zangroniz } founded La Compaia de Tranvias Engr. Luciano M. Bremon } de Filipinas to operate the tranvia Banker Adolfo Bayo } system - 16.3 km long - Malabon Line was created instead of Malacaang Line - First Tranvias: horse-drawn carriage = 12 seats, 8 standing 4. Bridges a.Puente Grande (Grand Bridge) - first and only bridge to cross the Pasig River - designed by Jose Echevarria - later on Puente de Espaa b.Clavera Bridge - linked Quiapo with the Arroceros district - designed by Engr. M. Gabaud c. Ayala Bridge - crossed river at Convalencia Island (now the island where Hospicio de San Jose stands) 5. Lighthouses (farolas) - to safeguard the colonys maritime industry - Plan General de Alumbrado de Maritimo de las Costas del Archipelago de Filipino (Master Plan for the Lighting of the Maritime Coasts of the Philippine Archipelago) by Inteligencia del Cuerpo de Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos (Corps of Engineers for Roads, Canals and Ports) Pasig Farola (San Nicols lighthouse) - Oldest, 1642 - found at the mouth of Pasig

Colonial Waterworks and Utilities (p. 175 179)

1. Water System - People were dependent on surface water supplies (rivers, etc.) - Methods/ Sources: a. Rainwater: Roof to aljibe (cistern) made of bricks or adobe b. Drawn by pails, then to tapayan (small earthen jars), then tawas (alum crystals) were added for purification c. Pasig River: main source of water Banga earthen water vessels Cargadores water carriers d. In Tondo: river water was distributed by means of a lunday (small watercraft) water was loaded into a cargahan (wooden cans) one carga (two cans) = 2 centavos in its unpurified state, water was used for general washing, cleaning and bathing e. For drinking and cooking purposes: (purification)

Filtration and application of alum and sulphur 1. A piece of cloth is tied to the vessel to sieve the water and remove visible sediments and impurities 2. Alum is added to filtrate the vessel, resulting in precipitation of suspended impurities at the bottom 3. For storage purposes, sulfur is added f. Mariquina River: for affluent families, believed to be more pure Chinese people sold them at a price dependent on its quality and distance of its source g. Superficial wells: for poor communities - Carriedo Municipal Waterworks (1882) first waterworks system - designed by Genaro Palacios y Guerra (Corps) - deposito = a distributing reservoir - provided five ornamental fountains, 200 hydrants and 150 fire hydrants - water was received from Santolan, from the Mariquina River 2. Electricity - Compania La Electricista first power-generating plant in Manila - Located at Calle San Sebastian (now Calle R. Hidalgo in Quiapo) - Later on bought by the Manila Electric Railroad and Lighting Company (MERALCO) together with the Compania de Tranvias de Filipinas (Spanish horsecar company)

Architecture for Colonial Commerce and Industry (p. 179 187)

- Escolta and Binondo: center of economic activities - Divisoria: countrys premiere wholesale emporium - Quiapo: central market Structures 1. Alcaiceria de San Fernando - very first large commercial structure - a silk market (1785) in Binondo - first formal custom house - designed by Fray Lucas de Jesus Maria - stores for Chinese merchants and government offices for the administration of the trade 2. Tobacco - 1767 Royal Decree Mandated the establishment of the tobacco monopoly in the Philippines - The Royal Philippine Company (1785) An investor in the export crops of the Philippines (sugar, tobacco, coffee and abaca) Income were invested in infrastructure pertaining to processing, manufacture, packaging and distribution of export products: almacen (warehouse), fabrica (factories) and camarin (storehouses) - Tabacaleras Tobacco and cigar factories Four factories in Manila: two in Arroceros, one in Meisic and one in Malabon Cigarreras women employees in the tobacco business (predominantly female employment because women were more skillful and more patient, also less prone to fraud

3.

4.

5.

6.

Fabrica de Puros de Meisic tobacco factory in Meisic designed by Casto Olano - La Insular Cigar Factory: designed by Juan Jose Hervas y Arizmendi Hotels - Upper Floors: bedrooms and function rooms Lower Floors: reception areas and cafes - Hotel de Oriente and Fonda Francesca in Binondo - Hotel la Palma de Mallorca, Hotel de Paris and Hotel de Espaa in Intramuros - casas de huespedes boarding houses (examples: La Casualidad, El Cid and Europa in Intramuros) Banks - Banco Espaol-Filipino de Isabel II First bank Housed in Aduana - Monte Piedad Second bank Originally at the Colegio de Santa Isabel in INtramuros Sari-sari store - neighbourhood retail institution - tinge system - operated by the Chinese Attached to the residence of the retailer Turo-turo or Carinderia - open air structures consisting of nipa and bamboo sheds

Architectures for Colonial Diversions (p. 187 193)

1. Theaters - Parts: 1. Entablado stage proper and backstage areas 2. Audience space Rectangular or circular in plan later on trapezoidal or fan-shaped 3. Lobby or entrance - Structures: 1. Al aire libre - open air theatres - earliest theater 2. Camarin-teatro - barn theater 3. Teatro de Binondo - 1864 - catered to Manilas upper class 4. Teatro del Principe Alfonso - constructed by Juan Barbero - 1862 - open to all social classes - featured zarzuelas and comedias 5. Teatro Circo Zorilla - named after the playwright Jose Zorilla - venue for zarzuelas, operas, dramas, concerts and silent cinemas 2. Sabungan (cockpit) - Venue for cockfighting - Asentistas (contractors) since contracts for cockfights were given to each province - Plan view: square, octagonal, circular with the rueda (arena) at the center - Ulutan where cocks were preliminarily matched before the actual face-off 3. Hippodrome

Jose de la Gandara y Navarro led the affluent Filipino, Spanish and British nationals to establish a social club the Manila Jockey Club - Horse racing once a year: purely for recreation purposes 4. Bathhouses - Flourished where hot springs and therapeutic mineral waters abound - Los Banos in Laguna and in Sibul near San Miguel de Mayumo in Bulacan - Father Pedro Bautista established public bathhouses 5. Houses of Ill Repute a. Opium joints - 1884: opium monopoly and the legalization of its importation - only for the Chinese - fumadero de opio opium dens rooms provided with benches and mats for the smokers to lie on b. Prostitution - burdels brothels - many in Binondo - mujeres publicas or prostitutas prostitutes - karayuki-san Japanese prostitutes

Architecture for Colonial Discipline (p. 193 195)

Calabozo jail Common penal practice: deportation to Mindanao, Paragua (now Palawan) or the Marianas Purpose: punishment and creation of new colonies in areas where Spanish authorities had no control Structures: 1. Bilibid Prison - also known as Presidio de Manila - implemented by Engr. Enrique Trompeta based on the plan by Emilio Diaz and Armando Lopez Ezguerra - Carcel y Presidio Coreccional - 1, 127 prisoners Carcel: 600 prisoners Presidio: 527 prisoners Classified according to sex, class and crime 2. San Ramon Prison and Penal Farm - established to confine Muslim rebels and political prisoners Panopticon - prototype prison designed by Jeremy Bentham - all-seeing functioned as an around-the-clock surveillance apparatus no prisoner could ever see the inspector prisoner would never know when he was being observed