Zeeshan Ahmad BSE 5A FA20-BSE-016

Q 1) Explain any two network architectures which are layered based (other than OSI reference
model and TCP/IP model).

1) The Bluetooth protocol architecture

The Bluetooth protocol architecture is a Wireless Personal Area Network technology and is used for
exchanging data over smaller distances. This technology was invented by Ericson in 1994.
Bluetooth network technology connects mobile devices wirelessly for short time range to form a
personal area network. The Bluetooth architecture has its own independent model with a stack of
protocols. It consists of five layers

• Applications Layer
This includes the application profiles that allow the user to interact with the Bluetooth applications.
It enables the user to interact with the application. The advantage of this architecture are low
cost and it is easy to use it can also penetrate through walls.it create a connection between
devices without wires and use for voice and data transfer. But the disadvantage is it can be
hacked and small range.
• Middleware Layer
The middleware layer includes Radio Frequency Communications protocol, adopted protocols,
SDP, and AT commands. sdp layer are short for Service Discovery Protocol. It allows
discovering the services available on another Bluetooth-enabled device. Rf com layer use for
Radio Frontend Component. It provides a serial interface with WAP and OBEX. It also provides
emulation of serial ports over the logical link control and adaption proto col.
• Data Link Layer

This includes Baseband, Link Manager Protocol and Logical Link Control and Adaptation
Protocol.the , Link Manager Protocol establishes logical links between Bluetooth devices and
maintains the links for enabling communications. The other main functions o f this are device
authentication, message encryption, and negotiation of packet sizes.the logical link layer
provides adaption between upper layer frame and baseband layer frame format.
• Physical Layer
This includes Bluetooth radio and Baseband the radio is a physical layer equivalent protocol
that lays down the physical structure and specifications for transmission of radio waves. It
defines air interface, frequency bands, frequency hopping specifications, and modulation
techniques.baseband protocol takes the services of radio protocol. It defines the addressing
scheme, packet frame format, timing, and power control algorithms.

2) System Network Architecture

Zeeshan Ahmad BSE 5A FA20-BSE-016

System Network Architecture has seven layers and it is developed by IBM. The following are the seven
layers of System Network Architecture.

• Physical Control
Physical Control is a physical layer is mostly concerned with the procedural mechanisms of
transport and the functions used for intercommunication. The physical control layer can be
established using any international standards.
• Data link layer
The data link control layer consists of the elements that provide an interface to the hardware. it
elements supply support for specific data link protocols, such as Synchronous Data Link Control.
it provides a common link to the elements in the path control layer. It is common to all Personal
Communications implementations.
• The path control layer
The path control layer of System Network Architecture in a node provide basic functions, such
as routing to and from various sessions within its node. . It performs tasks such controlling virtual
routes.it permits the path control layer to route to and from only one data link at a time.
• The transmission control layer
The transmission control layer provide the cpm function and the session control function for each
locally supported half-session. The main function is the verification of sequence number when the
packet is delivered manage the rate at which requests are handled and sent..The session-control
function supplies session-specific support for going, pacing, and other support functions that
relate to session-related data flows.
• The data flow control layer
this layer of SNA controls the flow of method management data requests it responses between
method management data pairs that are in sessions and between sessions. . It equals sequence
numbers receives request and response from recalling and the called stations centers. The data
flow control layer provides many functions, such as response of request data formatting and data
protocols.
• The presentation services (PS) layer
The presentation services layer of SNA have the function that presents the communicate data
interface to the clients. This layer runs on the data transport algorithms in accordance with good
protocol. This layer is the same as presentation layer of OSI model.
• Transaction Services
it is the most top, transaction services performs distributed processing and management.

Q 2) Explain the complete working of hub, switch, and router.

Hub
Zeeshan Ahmad BSE 5A FA20-BSE-016

A hub is a device that shares a network connection across multiple devices. It looks like a distribution
center. When a bit, representing a zero or a one, arrives from one interface, the hub simply re-creates
that bit and boosts its energy strength, and transform the into all the other interfaces. Thus, Ethernet with
a hub based star topology is also a broadcast LAN whenever a hub receives a bit from one of its
interfaces, it sends a copy out on all of its other interfaces. In particular, if a hub receives frames from two
different interfaces at the same time, a collision occurs and the nodes that created the frames must
retransmit. When a computer requests information from a specific device or network, it sends that
request through a wire to the hub. The hub then receives this request and broadcasts it throughout the
network system. In network every computer needs to know if the broadcast data is meant for it or not.

Switch

An switch or a network switch is a device that connects wired devices like prenters, computers to each
other. It’s very easy to operate. we can simply connect one port to connect your router’s switch using the.
And after that, you can connect any Ethernet devices using the remaining ports. One port can act as
multiple ports. It offers full-duplex communication between the devices. It means you can both send and
receive the data at the same time. And this helps in easy and fast communication. Also, switches are
quite affordable. You can find one with 5 and 8 ports according to your requirements.You just need to
connect the router using an ethernet cable to the switch, and after that, you can connect additional
devices.there are some benefits of switches which are the following.

• There are Eight ports available in switches.

• Switches can save lot of the energy

• Switches Durable because of the metal casing

• Plug and play feature are available in switches

• Lifetime limited warranty of switches.

Routers

A router is a hardware device that serves as the connecting point between a local network and the
internet. Routers manage web traffic and data between devices on different networks, and they let
multiple devices share the same internet connection. Routers can only similar networks and using
TCP/IDP protocols. Routers routes data packet from one network to another based on internal routing
tables and support both static and dynamic routing can connect purely special physical hardware.

A router manages communication between computer networks by forwarding internet traffic from one
network node to another. Routers are like the air traffic control of the internet with data packets all over
the place overall networks, routers ensure that they arrive safely at the right destination. Routers work out
the fastest data path between special IP addresses within a network according to metric value. The router
Zeeshan Ahmad BSE 5A FA20-BSE-016

which follows specifically defined rules known as internet protocols to send data along the path with the
lowest metric value. These protocols specify how devices communicate with one another overall the
internet, and they apply to both public and private IP protocols. .