21 Sep 2022

Limits, Functions, and Continuity

MATH 107E – Engineering Calculus 1
Engr. Ronald Angelo L. Lopez

Introduction to Calculus
Calculus is the method of mathematics used to examine changes in physical quantities.
In the 17th century, it was created to investigate four main categories of scientific and
mathematical issues of the day:
▪ Locate the point on the tangent line to the curve.
▪ Discover the volume of a solid, the area of a region, and the length of a curve.
▪ Find minima and maxima of various quantities, like the separation between a planet
and the sun.
▪ Find the velocity and acceleration at any instant using a formula for the distance a
body travels in a given amount of time, and vice versa.

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Functions
▪ Leibniz used it for the first time to indicate how one quantity depends on another in
1673.
▪ We say that a quantity y is a "function" of x if it depends on a quantity x in such a way
that each value of x determines exactly one value of y.
▪ A function is a rule that assigns exactly one element from set B to each element in
nonempty set A. (Where A is the domain and B is the range)

Functions
▪ Expressions that define the relationship of variables
▪ When two variables are so related that one is dependent and another is independent,
then the dependent variable is known as function of independent variable

Example:
▪ V = L*W*H

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Functions
▪ The domain of a function is the collection of values that can be plugged. The x values
for a function like f make up this set (x).
▪ A function's range is the set of values it can take as input. After we enter an x value,
the function outputs this set of values. The y values are those.

Example:
ƒ(x) = sin2x – cos x, ƒ(0) = –1.
ƒ(x) = (x + 1)/(x−1), ƒ (1) = 0.
x f f(x)
(input) (ouput)

Functions
▪ Vertical Line Test – no vertical line intersects the curve more than once

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Functions
▪ Piecewise Defined Functions

Functions
Symmetry
▪ Even Function - For a real-valued function
f(x), when the output value of f(-x) is the
same as f(x), for all values of x in the domain
of f

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Functions
Symmetry
▪ Odd Function - For a real-valued function f(x),
when the output value of f(-x) is the same as
the negative of f(x), for all values of x in the
domain of f

Functions
▪ Try these!

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Functions
▪ Review the following type of functions:
▪ Polynomial
▪ Rational
▪ Reciprocal
▪ Trigonometric
▪ Algebraic
▪ Exponential
▪ Logarithmic

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Limits
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐

▪ Ex. f(x) = 3x2

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Limits
2𝑥 2 −3𝑥−2 x 0 1.999 2 2.001
▪ Ex. lim
𝑥−2
𝑥→2 f(x)

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Limits
x 0 1 1000 10,000
▪ Ex. 𝑥2 + 1
lim 2 f(x)
𝑥→∞ 2𝑥 + 3

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Continuity
▪ A function f is continuous if for every value of x (x=c) in the function
lim 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑐)
𝑥→𝑐

▪ Ex. f(x) = 3x2

x 0 0.5 1 2
f1(x)

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Continuity
▪ Ex. 1 x 0 1 2 3
𝑓 𝑥 =
1−𝑥 f2(x)

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Continuity
Discontinuity
▪ Types of Discontinuity:

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Slope of a Line Tangent to a Curve

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Reference/s
▪ Stewart, J. (2018). Calculus International Metric Version (8th ed.). Cengage

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Thank you!
ralopez@usa.edu.ph

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