MATH 1: Calculus 1

FUNCTIONS
JOHN PATRICK L. RONTOS
Instructor I
College of Engineering
Samar State University

PAGE 1
 Definition of a Function

Functional Notation

Classification of Functions

Domain and Range of a Function

Outline Graph of a Function

Evaluation of Functions

One-Valued and Many-Valued Functions

Odd and Even Functions

Functions as Mathematical Models

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Definition of a Function
▪ Relates an input to an output
▪ Input – “x” (independent variable)
▪ Function rule – relationship
▪ Output – “y” (dependent variable)
▪ Each possible input value leads to
exactly one output value.

Function machine

Definition of a Function PAGE 3

f x = x 2 when x = 2

x=2

x2
y=f 2 =4

Definition of a Function PAGE 4

 Mapping Diagram Table

Ordered Pairs Graph

Definition of a Function PAGE 5

What is the difference between a function
and an equation?

Functional Notation PAGE 6

Functional Notation

𝐲=𝐟 𝐱
Note: f(x) – read as “f of x”; the output y of the function f
when the input is x

Functional Notation PAGE 7

Function or Not?

Function Function

Not a function
Function PAGE 8
Function or Not?

𝐱 𝟐 + 𝟐𝐲 = 𝟒 𝐱𝟐 + 𝐲𝟐 = 𝟒

2y = 4 − x 2 y2 = 4 − x2
4−x2 y = ± 4 − x2 Not a function
y= Function
2

Function PAGE 9
Classification of Functions
n
f x = g(x)
f x = an x n + an−1 x n−1 + ⋯ + a0
g(x)
f x =
h(x)
f x = sin x
f x = Arcsin x
f x = bx
f x = log x; f x = ln x

Classification of Functions PAGE 10

Classify the functions…
f x = x+4 Irrational function
1
f x = Trigonometric function
tan 4x
f x = x3 − 1 Algebraic function (integral)
1
f x = Algebraic function (fractional)
x−2
f x = ln sec x Logarithmic function
f x = e3x Exponential function

Classification of Functions PAGE 11

Domain and Range of a Function
▪ Domain – set of all possible inputs for the function
▪ Range – set of all outputs of the function

Domain and Range of a Function PAGE 12

Given a Set of Ordered Pairs: Domain and Range
▪ To determine the domain of a function which is
represented by a set of ordered pairs, list down all the
inputs or x-values.
▪ To determine the range, list down all the outputs or y-
values.

Domain and Range of a Function PAGE 13

Given a Set of Ordered Pairs: Domain and Range
Determine the domain and range of the relation defined by
the set of ordered pairs: {(–3, 5), (–2, 5), (–1, 5), (0, 5), (1, 5), (2, 5)}.

Domain: {-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2}

Range: {5}

Domain and Range of a Function PAGE 14

Given an Equation: Domain
▪ Identify the input values.
▪ Identify any restrictions on the input, and exclude those
values from the domain. For rational functions, equate the
denominator to zero to determine the restriction. For
functions with even roots, set the radicand greater than or
equal to zero to determine the domain.

Domain and Range of a Function PAGE 15

Given an Equation (Rational): Domain
Determine the domain of the function defined by the
x+1
equation: f x = .
2−x

Set the denominator equal to zero.

2−x=0
x=2
Domain: x > 2 ∪ x < 2
−∞, 2 ∪ (2, ∞)

Domain and Range of a Function PAGE 16

Given an Equation (Even Root): Domain
Determine the domain of the function defined by the
equation: f x = 7 − x.
Set the radicand greater than or
equal to zero.
7−x≥0
−x ≥ −7
x ≤7
Domain: x ≤ 7
(−∞, 7]
Domain and Range of a Function PAGE 17
Graph of a Function
▪ The set of points which
satisfy the equation y = f x .
▪ Plotted on the Cartesian
plane coordinate system.

Graph of a Function PAGE 18

Graph the function…
f x = x2 − 1
x f(x)
-2 (−2)2 −1 = 3
-1 (−1)2 −1 = 0
0 (0)2 −1 = −1
1 (1)2 −1 = 0
2 (2)2 −1 = 3

Graph of a Function PAGE 19

Vertical Line Test
▪ It is used to determine if the graph represents a function.
▪ If the vertical line intersects the graph at more than one
point, then the graph does not represent a function.

Function Not a function

Graph of a Function PAGE 20

Function or not?

x2 + y2 = 4 Not a
function

Graph of a Function PAGE 21

Function or not?

4
y= Function
x

Graph of a Function PAGE 22

Evaluation of Functions
▪ Finding the value of f(x) or y that corresponds to a given
value of x.
▪ Replace all the x variables with whatever x has been
assigned.

Evaluation of Functions PAGE 23

Evaluate…
Given that f x = Given that f x =
3x + 6, find f 2 . 5x 2 − 2 x + 7 , find
f −3 .
f 2 =3 2 +6 f −3 = 5(−3)2 −2 (−3) + 7
f 2 =6+6 f −3 =5 9 −2 4
𝐟 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 f −3 = 45 − 2(2)
f −3 = 45 − 4
𝐟 −𝟑 = 𝟒𝟏

Evaluation of Functions PAGE 24

Combinations of Functions
Given two functions: f(x) and g(x)
Sum: f + g x = f x + g(x)
Difference: f − g x = f x − g(x)
Product: f ∙ g x = f x ∙ g(x)
f f x
Quotient: x = ; g(x) ≠ 0
g g x
Composite: f ∘ g x = f(g x )

Evaluation of Functions PAGE 25

Evaluate…
Let: f x = x 2 + 3x − 7 and g x = 4x + 5 , evaluate the
f
following: f + g 3 ; f − g 3 ; f ∙ g 3 ; 3 ; and
g
f∘g 3 .
f+g x = f x + g(x)
f+g x = x 2 + 3x − 7 + 4x + 5 = x 2 + 7x − 2
f+g 3 = (3)2 +7(3) − 2
𝐟+𝐠 𝟑 = 𝟐𝟖

Evaluation of Functions PAGE 26

Evaluate…
Let: f x = x 2 + 3x − 7 and g x = 4x + 5 , evaluate the
f
following: f+g 3 ; f−g 3 ; f∙g 3 ; 3 and
g
f∘g 3 .
f−g x = f x − g(x)
f−g x = x 2 + 3x − 7 − 4x + 5 = x 2 − x − 12
f−g 3 = (3)2 −(3) − 12
𝐟−𝐠 𝟑 = −𝟔

Evaluation of Functions PAGE 27

Evaluate…
Let: f x = x 2 + 3x − 7 and g x = 4x + 5 , evaluate the
f
following: f+g 3 ; f−g 3 ; f∙g 3 ; 3 and
g
f∘g 3 .
f ∙ g x = f x ⋅ g(x)
f ⋅ g x = x 2 + 3x − 7 ⋅ 4x + 5
f ⋅ g x = 4x 3 + 12x 2 − 28𝑥 + 5x 2 + 15𝑥 − 35
f ⋅ g x = 4x 3 + 17x 2 − 13x − 35
f ⋅ g 3 = 4(3)3 + 17(3)2 − 13(3) − 35
𝐟 ⋅ 𝐠 𝟑 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕
Evaluation of Functions PAGE 28
Evaluate…
Let: f x = x 2 + 3x − 7 and g x = 4x + 5 , evaluate the
f
following: f+g 3 ; f−g 3 ; f∙g 3 ; 3 and
g
f∘g 3 .
f f x
x =
g g x
f x 2 + 3x − 7
x =
g 4x + 5
f (3)2 +3(3) − 7 𝐟 𝟏𝟏
3 = ; 𝟑 =
g 4(3) + 5 𝐠 𝟏𝟕
Evaluation of Functions PAGE 29
Evaluate…
Let: f x = x 2 + 3x − 7 and g x = 4x + 5 , evaluate the
f
following: f+g 3 ; f−g 3 ; f∙g 3 ; 3 and
g
f∘g 3 .
f ∘ g x = f g x = f(4x + 5)
f ∘ g x = (4x + 5)2 +3(4x + 5) − 7
f ∘ g x = 16x 2 + 40x + 25 + 12x + 15 − 7
f ∘ g x = 16x 2 + 52x + 33
f ∘ g 3 = 16(3)2 + 52(3) + 33
𝐟 ∘ 𝐠 𝟑 = 𝟑𝟑𝟑
Evaluation of Functions PAGE 30
One-Valued and Many-Valued Functions
One-Valued Many-Valued
▪ A function which exactly one ▪ A function which has more
point in the range than one distinct output for at
corresponds to each point in least one input.
the domain. Example: f x = ± 𝑥; x = 4
Example: f x = 2x; x = 2 f 4 =± 4
f 2 = 2(2) f 4 = ±2
f 2 =4
One-Valued and Many-Valued
PAGE 31
Functions
Odd and Even Functions
Even Odd
▪ A function f(x) is even if ▪ A function f(x) is odd if
f −x = f(x). f −x = −f x
▪ Its graph is symmetric to the ▪ The graphs of the original
y-axis. function and the negative
function are symmetric about
the origin.

Odd and EvenFunctions PAGE 32

Odd and Even Functions
Show that f x = x 4 + x 2 is an even function.
f x = x4 + x2
f −x = (−x)4 +(−x)2
f −x = x 4 + x 2 even

Odd and EvenFunctions PAGE 33

Odd and Even Functions
Show that f x = x 3 − x is an odd function.
f x = x3 − x
f −x = (−x)3 −(−x)
f −x = −x 3 + x odd

Odd and EvenFunctions PAGE 34

Odd and Even Functions
Given: f x = (x + 1)2 . Is it odd? Even?
f x = (x + 1)2
f −x = (−x + 1)2
f −x = (1 − x)2 neither

Odd and EvenFunctions PAGE 35

Functions as Mathematical Models – Linear Models
▪ A mathematical model is a mathematical description- often
by means of a function or an equation- of a real-world
phenomenon such as size of a population, demand for a
product, speed of a falling object, life expectancy of a person
at birth, or cost of emission reductions, etc.
▪ Linear model – follows the graph of a line; rises/declines at a
constant rate.
𝐲𝟐 −𝐲𝟏
𝐲 = 𝐟 𝐱 = 𝐦𝐱 + 𝐛; 𝐦 =
𝐱𝟐 −𝐱𝟏

Linear Models PAGE 36

Functions as Mathematical Models – Linear Models
The manager of a furniture factory finds that it costs $2200 to
manufacture 100 chairs in one day and $4800 to produce 300
chairs in one day. Express the cost as a function of the number of
chairs produced, assuming that it is linear.
Independent variable = no. of chairs produced; x
Dependent variable = cost; C
x (no. of chairs C (cost)
produced)
100 2,200
300 4,800
Linear Models PAGE 37
Functions as Mathematical Models – Linear Models
4800 − 2200
m= = 13 6,000

300 − 100
5,000

y = mx + b y = 13x + 900

C = 13x + b 4,000

Cost in dollars
At (100, 2200) 3,000

2200 = 13(100) + b 2,000

b = 900 1,000

𝐂(𝐱) = 𝟏𝟑𝐱 + 𝟗𝟎𝟎 0

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Number of Chairs Produced

Linear Models PAGE 38

Thank You
John Patrick L. Rontos
johnpatrick.rontos@ssu.edu.ph

PAGE 39