Module 4

Impact of Jet on Vanes

Dr. Suresh Ramaswwamyreddy

Professor
BMS College of Engineering
Bull Temple Road
Bangalore – 560019
suri.civ@bmsce.ac.in
Contents:
Introduction
Impulse Momentum Equation
Impact of Jet on stationary and moving curved vanes
Concept of Velocity Triangles
Impact of Jet on a series of curved vanes.
Introduction: Kinetic Energy, V2/2g
A jet emerging from a nozzle has
some velocity and thus possess Velocity, V
a certain amount of Kinetic Discharge, Q
Energy.

If this jet strikes an obstruction in its flow

path, it exerts a force on the obstruction.
The force exerted by the jet on the
obstruction is called Impact of Jet and is
designated as Hydrodynamic Force.

Since the dynamic force is exerted by virtue of fluid motion, it always involves
change of momentum. Hence Impulse momentum Principle may be utilized to
evaluate the hydrodynamic force exerted on a body by a fluid jet.
Impulse-Momentum Principle
From Newton's 2nd Law:
Impulse of a force is given by the change in momentum caused
by the force on the body.
Force= Rate of change of momentum in the direction of the force.
Force= (Initial Momentum – Final Momentum)/Time
F = m a = m (V1- V2) / t
F = mV1 – mV2 = (Mass * Initial Velocity – Mass * Final Velocity) /t
F= (Mass/time )[Initial Velocity – Final Velocity]
Force exerted by jet on the plate in the direction of jet,
F = (Mass / Time) (Velocity of jet before striking – Final Velocity of
jet after striking)
ρ = mass/volume; mass= ρ* volume; mass/t = ρ* [(volume/time)=Q]; mass/t=
ρav
F = (ρaV1) (V1 – V2)
1. Force exerted by the jet on a stationary
plate
a) Plate is vertical/Normal to the jet
b) Plate is inclined to the jet
c) Plate is curved
2. Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate
a) Plate is vertical/Normal to the jet
b) Plate is inclined to the jet
c) Plate is curved
1. Force exerted by the jet on a stationary
plate
a) Plate is vertical/Normal to the jet
Consider a jet of water coming out
of the nozzle strikes a flat vertical
stationary plate as shown in the
Fig.
Let V= the Velocity of the Jet
D= Diameter of the nozzle.
The jet after striking the plate will move
along the plate. The plate is at right
angles to the jet. The component of
velocity of the jet after striking the jet, in
the direction of the jet is ZERO.
Force exerted by the jet of water in the DIRECTION OF THE JET, Fx =
= Rate of change of momentum in the direction of the jet
= Mass*time* [Velocity of jet before striking – Final velocity of jet after striking in the
direction of the jet]
= ρaV (V- 0)

Fx= ρaV2
Note: For calculating the force exerted by the jet on the plate, it is Initial
velocity – Final Velocity of the jet of water; whereas for calculating the force
exerted ON THE Jet, it is Final Velocity – Initial velocity.
Force exerted by the jet on a stationary Inclined plate
Consider a jet of water coming
out of the nozzle strikes a flat
Inclined stationary plate as
shown in the Fig.
Let V= the Velocity of the Jet
D= Diameter of the nozzle.
Θ= Angle between the jet and the
plate
The jet after striking the plate will
slide along the plate.
Force exerted by the jet of water in the DIRECTION NORMAL TO THE PLATE, Fn=
= Rate of change of momentum in the direction normal to the plate
= Mass*time* [Velocity of jet before striking in the direction normal to the plate – Final
velocity of jet after striking in the direction normal to the plate]
= ρaV (V sin θ - 0)
= ρaV2 sin θ

Fn= ρaV2 sin θ

Fn can be resolved into two components. One in the direction of the jet and the other
perpendicular to the direction of flow.
Thus we have,
Fx= Component of Fn in the direction of flow
Fx= Fn cos (90-θ) = Fn sin θ
Fx= ρaV2 sin θ. Sin θ
Fx= ρaV2 sin2 θ

Fy= Component of Fn perpendicular to the flow

Fy= Fn Sin (90- θ) = Fn Cos θ; Fy= ρaV2 sin θ. cos θ
Force exerted by the jet on a stationary curved plate:
Jet strikes at the center
Initial velocity in the direction of the jet = V
Final velocity after striking the plate, in the
direction of the jet = -Vcosθ

Force exerted by the jet of water in the

direction of the jet, Fx= ρaV (V- (-V cos θ))
Fx= ρaV2 (1+ cos θ)

Force exerted by the jet of water in the

direction perpendicular to the jet,
Fy= ρaV (0- (V Sin θ))
Fy= -ρaV2 (Sinθ)

- ve sign indicates the force is acting in the

downward direction.
Force exerted by the jet on a stationary symmetrical
curved plate: Jet strikes at one of the ends
Initial velocity in the X direction = V cosθ
Final velocity after striking the plate, in the X
direction = -Vcosθ

Force exerted by the jet of water in the X

direction,
Fx= ρaV (V cos θ - (-V cos θ))
Fx= 2ρaV2 cos θ

Force exerted by the jet of water in the y

direction,
Fy= ρaV (V Sinθ - (V Sin θ))
Fy= 0
Force exerted by the jet on a stationary Unsymmetrical
curved plate: Jet strikes at one of the ends
Initial velocity in the X direction = V cosθ
Final velocity after striking the plate, in the X
direction = -Vcosφ

Force exerted by the jet of water in the X

direction,
Fx= ρaV (V cos θ - (-V cos φ))
Fx= ρaV2 (cos θ+cos φ)

Force exerted by the jet of water in the y

direction,
Fy= ρaV (V Sinθ - (V Sin φ))
Fy= ρaV2 (Sinθ-Sin φ)
Force exerted by the jet on a Moving plate
Consider a jet impinging normally on a plate. As a result
of impact of jet, the plate moves in the direction of jet as
shown in.
Let V = velocity of the jet, also called the Absolute
Velocity. u

V is not the effective velocity with which the jet strikes the plate,
because as the jet is about to strike the plate, the plate has also moved
away from the jet with a velocity u, and only the mass of fluid which
really overtakes the plate will be striking it to cause the impinging action.
This type of problem may therefore be analyzed by applying the
Principle of relative motion to the whole system. This is done by bringing
the moving plate into a stationary state before applying the Impulse
momentum equation.
For this a velocity equal in magnitude to that of the plate but in opposite
direction i.e., -u is applied to the whole system, thereby bringing the
plate to rest making the effective velocity with which the jet strikes the
plate equal to (V-u), which is the velocity of the jet relative to the plate.
Absolute velocity of the jet in the direction of the jet = V
u the velocity of the moving plate.
(V-u)– the relative velocity of the jet at which the jet strikes the plate.
Final velocity of the jet after striking the plate, in the direction of the jet = 0

Force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of the jet, Fx= ρa(V-u) [(V-u) –0]
Fx= ρa(V-u)2

Work done by the jet/sec= Force * distance moved

= Fx*u
= [ρa(V-u)2 ]*u

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Force exerted by the jet on a Moving Inclined plate

Force exerted by the jet of water in the DIRECTION NORMAL TO THE PLATE, FN =
= Rate of change of momentum in the direction normal to the plate
= Mass*time* [Velocity of jet before striking in the direction normal to the plate – Final
velocity of jet after striking in the direction normal to the plate]
= ρa(V-u) ((V-u) sin θ - 0)
= ρa(V-u)2 sin θ

Fn= ρa(V-u)2 sin θ

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Fn can be resolved into two components. One in the direction of the jet and the other
perpendicular to the direction of flow.
Thus we have,
Fx= Component of Fn in the direction of flow
Fx= Fn cos (90-θ) = Fn sin θ
Fx= ρa(V-u)2 sin θ. Sin θ
Fx= ρa(V-u)2 sin2 θ

Fy= Component of Fn perpendicular to the flow

Fy= Fn Sin (90- θ) = Fn Cos θ; Fy= ρa(V-u)2 sin θ. cos θ

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Force exerted by the jet on a moving plate: Jet strikes at the
Centre
Absolute velocity of the jet in the direction of the
jet = V
U the velocity of the moving plate.
(V-u)– the relative velocity of the jet at which the
jet strikes the plate.
Final velocity of the jet after striking the plate, in
the direction of the jet = -(V-u)Cosθ

Force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of

the jet, Fx= ρa(V-u) [(V-u) – (-(V-u) Cos θ)]
Fx= ρa(V-u)2 (1+ Cos θ)

Force exerted by the jet of water in the direction

perpendicular to the jet,
Fy= ρa(V-u) (0- (V-u) Sin θ))
Fy= -ρa(V-u)2 (Sinθ)
- ve sign indicates the force is acting in the
downward direction.
Work done by the on the plate per second
= Fx * Distance travelled per second in the direction of x
= Fx*u
= [ρa(V-u)2 (1+ Cos θ)]*u
Force exerted by the jet of water on an Unsymmetrical moving
curved plate: Jet strikes tangentially at one of the tips
 Jet strikes tangentially at one of the tips of the
curved vane.
 Since the plate is moving the velocity of water at
which it strikes the plate is the relative velocity.
 Since the direction of the plate and that of the jet of
water is different, the relative velocity at the inlet
will be equal to the vector difference of the velocity
of the jet and the velocity of the plate at inlet.
 Let V1- velocity of the jet at Inlet
u1- Velocity of the plate at inlet.
Vr1-Relative velocity of the jet and the plate at inlet.
α – angle between the direction of the jet and the
direction of motion of the plate, also called GUIDE
Blade angle. θ – angle made by the relative velocity
with the direction of motion of the plate, also called
VANE angle at inlet.
Vw1 and Vf1 – the components of velocity of the jet V1 in the direction of motion and
perpendicular to the direction of motion of the vane respectively.
Vw1 – Velocity of whirl at inlet
Vf1 – Velocity of flow at inlet

V2 ,u2 , Vr2 ,Vw2 and Vf2 – the corresponding values at outlet.

β and φ – Guide blade angle and Vane angle at outlet.

u1= u2= u= velocity of the vane in the direction of motion and Vr1 = Vr2
Mass of water striking the plate /sec = ρaVr1
Force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of motion of the plate,
Fx = Mass of water striking/sec X [ Initial velocity with which the jet strikes in the
direction of motion of the plate – Final velocity of the jet in the direction of motion]
Initial velocity with which jet strikes the vane = Vr1
Component of this velocity in the direction of motion of the plate = Vr1 Cos θ
Vr1 Cos θ = (Vw1- u1)
Similarly, the component of the relative velocity at outlet in the direction of the motion
= - Vr2 Cos φ
Vr2 Cos φ = [Vw2+ u2]
Fx= ρaVr1 [(Vw1- u1) – {-(Vw2+ u2)}] Work done/sec on the plate by the jet
of water= Force X Distance moved by
Fx= ρaVr1 [Vw1- u1 + Vw2+ u2] the vane/plate
Fx*u = [ρaVr1 [Vw1± Vw2]]*u
Fx= ρaVr1 [Vw1+ Vw2] ……… (i)
(u1 = u2) Work done/sec per unit weight of
Eq. (i) is valid when angle β is an acute angle. water striking/sec=
[ρaVr1 [Vw1± Vw2]]*u / Wt.of water
If β = 90o then Vw2 = 0; then eq (i) becomes striking/sec
Fx= ρaVr1 [Vw1] ……. (ii) WKT ᵞ = Weight/Volume
Weight = ᵞ *Volume
If β > 90o then eq (i) becomes Weight/time = (ᵞ *Volume)/time = ᵞ*Q
Fx= ρaVr1 [Vw1- Vw2] ……. (iii) Q=aVr1
ᵞ = ρg
In general, Fx= ρaVr1 [Vw1± Vw2] …. (iv) ᵞ*Q = ρgaVr1
= [ρaVr1 [Vw1± Vw2]]*u / ρgaVr1

= [Vw1± Vw2]*u / g
Work done/sec per unit mass of water striking/sec=
[ρaVr1 [Vw1± Vw2]]*u / Mass of water striking/sec

= [ρaVr1 [Vw1± Vw2]]*u / ρaVr1

= [Vw1± Vw2]]*u
Impact of jet on a series of flat vanes mounted radially on the
periphery of a circular wheel
Force exerted by a jet of water on asingle moving
plate is not practically feasible. In actual practice, a
number of plates are mounted on a wheel at a fixed
distance apart as shown in fig.
The jet strikes a plate which is in contact with the jet
and due to the force, the plate starts moving and the
2nd plate appears before the jet and hence the
wheel starts moving at a constant speed.
In this case, at any given instant of time, there is
always one plate which is in contact with the jet of
water and hence mass of water striking the series of
plates = ρaV.
The jet strikes the plate with a velocity= (V-u)
The jet after striking the plate moves in the
tangential direction to the plate and hence the
component of velocity in the direction of the jet = 0
Force exerted by the jet in the direction of motion of the plate,
Fx= Mass of water striking/sec [ Initial Velocity – Final Velocity]
Fx= ρaV[(V-u)-0]
Fx= ρaV(V-u)
Work done by the jet on the series of vanes/plates per sec
= Force* Distance moved/sec
= [ρaV(V-u)]*u
Kinetic Energy of the jet/sec = ½*m*V2/t
But Mass/time = ρaV
K.E/sec= ½*ρaV*V2 = ½ * ρaV3
Efficiency, η = (Work done/sec)/K.E/sec = [ρaV(V-u)]*u / ½ * ρaV3
Efficiency, η = 2u(V-u)/V2

Condition for Maximum Efficiency:

For a given velocity, efficiency is maximum, when dη/du = 0
Or d/du[ 2u(V-u)/V2]=0
d/du[ (2uV-2u2)/V2]=0
(2V-2*2u2)/V2=0; 2V-4u=0; 2V=4u; V=2u
Max. Efficiency, ηmax = 2u(2u-u)/(2u)2 = ½ or 50%
Force exerted by a jet on a series of Radial curved vanes
mounted on a circular wheel
For a radially curved vane, the radius of the
vane at Inlet and outlet is different and hence
the tangential velocities of the radial vane at
inlet and outlet will not be EQUAL.
A jet of water strikes the vanes and the wheel
starts moving at a constant angular speed.
Let R1= Radius of the wheel at inlet of the vane.
R2= Radius of the wheel at outlet of the vane.
ω = Angular speed of the wheel.
Then u1= ω R1
u2= ω R2

Mass of water striking per sec for a series of vanes = ρaV1

Momentum of water striking the vanes in the tangential direction per sec at inlet =
Mass of water striking/sec * Component of V1 in the tangential direction
= ρaV1 * Vw1 ; V1cosα = Vw1
Momentum of water at the outlet / sec =
Mass of water striking/sec * Component of V2 in the tangential direction
= ρaV1 * (-V2 cosβ) = - ρaV1 Vw2
Now angular momentum per second at inlet = Momentum at inlet * Radius at Inlet
= ρaV1 * Vw1 * R1
angular momentum per second at outlet = Momentum at outlet * Radius at outlet
= ρaV1 * Vw2 * R2
Torque exerted by the water on the wheel, T= Rate of change of angular momentum
T= [Initial angular momentum per second- Final angular momentum per second]
T= ρaV1 * Vw1 * R1 – (-ρaV1 * Vw2 * R2)
T= ρaV1 [ Vw1 R1 + Vw2 R2]
Work done /sec on the wheel = Torque * Angular Velocity = T*ω
= ρaV1 [ Vw1 R1 + Vw2 R2] ω
= ρaV1 [ Vw1 R1 ω + Vw2 R2ω]
= ρaV1 [ Vw1 u1 + Vw2 u2]

If β is Obtuse, then work done/sec = ρaV1 [ Vw1 u1 - Vw2 u2]

General expression for the work done/sec on the wheel = ρaV1 [ Vw1 u1 ± Vw2 u2]
,
Efficiency of the radially curved vane, η = (Work done/sec)/K.E/sec
= ρaV1 [ Vw1 u1 ± Vw2 u2]/ ½ * ρaV13

= [ Vw1 u1 ± Vw2 u2]/ ½ * V12

=2 [ Vw1 u1 ± Vw2 u2]/ V12

A jet of water of diameter 5cm moving with a velocity of 40m/s, strikes a curved
fixed symmetrical plate at the center. Find the force exerted by the jet of water in the
direction of the jet, if the jet is deflected through an angle of 120o at the outlet of the
curved plate.
V

Soln: Force exerted by the jet of water in the

direction of the jet = Angle of
Deflection
(Mass/time)*[I.V-F.V] in the direction of the jet θ (180-θ)

= ρaV [ V- (- V cosθ)]
= ρaV2 [ 1+cosθ]
a=πd2/4 = π*(5/100)2/4 = 0.00196m2

Fx= ρaV2 [ 1+cosθ] = 1000*0.00196*402[1+cos(180-120)]

Fx=4711N
A jet of water having a diameter 7.5cm strikes a curved plate at its centre with a velocity
of 20m/s. The curved plate is moving with a velocity of 8m/s in the direction of the jet.
The jet is deflected through an angle of 165o. Assuming the plate be smooth find:
1. Force exerted on the plate in the direction of the jet
2. Power of the jet
3. Efficiency of the jet.
Given:
d=7.5cm
a=πd2/4 = π*(7.55/100)2/4 = 0.0044m2

Velocity of the jet, V= 20m/s

Velocity of the plate, u= 8m/s
Angle of deflection= 165o
Θ = 180-165 = 15o

1. Force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of the jet, Fx

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 Fx   a(V  u )  (V  u )  ((V  u ) cos  ) 
Fx   a(V  u )  (V  u )  (V  u ) cos  
Fx   a(V  u ) 2 1  cos  
Fx  1000*0.0044*(20  8) 2 1  cos15o 
Fx  1000*0.0044*122 1  cos15o 
Fx  1250.38 N
ii. Work done by the jet on the plate/sec = Fx*u
= 1250.38*8
=10003.04N.m/s
Horse power (Kw) = (Work done/sec)/1000
Power of the jet= 10003.04/1000 = 10Kw
iii. Efficiency, η = work done/sec/(Kinetic Energy/sec)
= 10003.04/ (0.5*1000*0.0044*123)
η =0.564 = 56.4%
A jet of water having a velocity of 20m/s strikes a curved vane, which is moving with a
velocity of 10m/s. The jet makes an angle of 20o with the direction of motion of the
vane at inlet and leaves at an angle of 130o to the direction of motion of vane at outlet.
Calculate:
1. Vane angles, so that the water enters and leaves the vane without shock.
2. Work done/sec per unit weight of water striking the vane.
Soln: F
u2 G Vw2 H
φ β
Given: V1= 20m/s V2 Vf2
U1=10m/s Vr2

α=20 E

Β=(180-130)=50o
U1=U2=U=10m/s
B
Vane angles: Consider the Inlet velocity triangle,
V1
ABD, Vr1 Vf1
α θ
A u1 C D
Vw1
 BD
tan  
CD
Vf1
tan  
(Vw1  u1 )
Vf1  V1 sin   20sin 20o  6.84m / s
Vw1  V1 cos   20 cos 20o  18.79m / s
6.84 6.84
 tan     0.778
(18.79  10) 8.79
  tan 1 (0.778)  37 o52.5'
BD Vf1
DBC ,sin   
BC Vr1
6.84
Sin 37 o52.5' 
Vr1
Vr1  11.14m / s  Vr2

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Outlet velocity triangle, EFG,Applying Sine Rule, we G u2 F
φ β
have, 180-β

Vr2 u2

V2
Vr2
Sin(180   ) Sin(    ) a

  50o E
11.42 10

Sin 50 Sin(50   )
  6o33.6'
ii. Work done/sec per unit weight of water striking the vane=
1
 Vw1  Vw2  * u;   50o
g
1
 18.79  1.067 *10
9.81
 20.24 N .m / s
Vw2  GH  GF
 Vr2 cos   u2
 11.14 cos 6o33.6  10
Vw2  1.067m / s
A jet of water having a velocity of 30m/s strikes a radial curved vanes mounted on a
wheel which is rotating at 200rpm. The jet makes an angle of 20o with the tangent to
the wheel at inlet and leaves the wheel with a velocity of 5m/s at an angle of 130o to
the tangent to the wheel at outlet. Water is flowing from outward in a radial direction.
The outer and inner radii of the wheel are 0.5m and 0.25m respectively. Determine,
1. Vane angles at Inlet and outlet
2. Work done per second per unit weight of
water
3. Efficiency of the wheel.
Given:
Velocity of the jet= 30m/s= V1
Speed of the wheel = N=200rpm
Angular speed, ω = 2πN/60 = 2π*200/60
ω = 2094 radian/s
Angle of the jet at inlet, α=20o
Velocity of the jet at Outlet, V2=5m/s
Β=180-130=50o
Outer Radius, R1= 0.5m
Inner Radius, R2= 0.25m
Velocity, u1= ωR1= 20.94*0.5
u1= 10.47m/s
u2= ωR2= 20.94*0.25
u2= 5.235m/s
Vane Angles:
Inlet Velocity Triangle:
Vw1  V1 cos 
 30 cos 20
Vw1  28.19m / s
Vf1  V1 sin 
 30sin 20
Vf1  10.26m / s
BD Vf1
CBD, tan   
Cd (Vw1  u1 )
10.26
tan  
28.16  10.47
tan   0.579
  30.07
 2. Work done/sec per unit weight of water
Outlet Velocity triangle:
striking /sec=
Vw2  V2 cos  1
 5cos 50  Vw1u1  Vw2u2    50o
g
Vw2  3.214m / s 1
V 21  V2 sin 
  28.19*10.47  3.214*5.235
9.81
 5sin 50  31.8 N .m / s. per.kg.of .water
Vf 2  3.83m / s 3. Efficiency, η= work done/sec/K.E/sec

EFH , tan  
Vf 2  aV1[Vw1u1  Vw2u2 ]
(Vw2  u2 ) 
1
3.83 *  aV13
tan   2
5.235  3.214
 2[Vw1u1  Vw2u2 ] / V12
tan   0.453
  24.385  0.69

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A jet of water of diameter 50mm having a velocity of 20m/s strikes a curved vane which
is moving with a velocity of 10m/s in the direction of the jet. The jet leaves the vane at
an angle of 60o to the direction of motion of the vane at outlet. Determine:
u
1. The force exerted by the jet on the vane in the direction of motion. 1
H Vw2 F
G
2. Work done per second by the jet. β
Vf2
Given: Vr2 V2

Diameter of the jet= d= 50mm 60

E
Area of the jet=a=0.001963m2
Velocity of the jet, V1 =20m/s
Velocity of the vane, u1= 10m/s
V1= Vw1
As the jet and vane are moving in the same direction,
Angle of the jet at inlet, α=0o A
u1
C
Vr1
B
Angle made by the leaving jet, with the direction of motion=60 o

β=180-60=120o
u1= u2=10m/s
Vr1=Vr2
From fig. we have,
Vr1=AB-AC = V1 -u1= (20-10)=10m/s
Vw1=V1=20m/s; Vr2=Vr1
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Now in the triangle EFG, EG=Vr2=10m/s
GF=u2=10m/s
˪GEF= 180-(60+φ)=(120- φ)
By sine rule, we have
EG GF

Sin 60o Sin(120   )
10 10

Sin 60o Sin(120   )
Sin 60o  Sin(120   )
60o  (120   )
60o  
Now, Vw2  HF  GF  GH
Vw2  u2  Vr2 cos   10  10 * cos 60o  10  5  5m / s
1.Force  exerted  by  the  jet  on  the  vane  in  the  direction  of  the  motion 
Fx   aVr1[Vw1  Vw2 ]   90o
Fx  1000 * 0.001963*10[20  5]  294.45 N
2.Workdone / sec  Fx * u  294.45*10  2944.5W
4/24/2019 Prof. Suresh, BMSCE 38
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