9/11

Agricultural Crop
Production NC I
Quarter 3 – Module 3/Week 5
Water Crops Following the
Prescribed Method and
Schedule
Agricultural Crop Production NC I 9/11
Quarter 3 – Module 3/Week 5: Water Crops Following the Prescribed Method and
Schedule
First Edition, 2020

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 9/11

Agricultural Crop
Production NC I
Quarter 3 – Module3/Week 5:
Water Crops Following the
Prescribed Method and
Schedule

3
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to
use this module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress
while allowing them to manage their learning at home. Furthermore,
you are expected to encourage and assist the learners as they do the
tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
As a learner, you must learn to become responsible for your
learning. Take time to read, understand, and perform the different
activities in the module.
As you go through the different activities of this module be
reminded of the following:
1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any
part of the module. Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the
exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer Let Us Try before moving on to the other
activities.
3. Read the instructions carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking
your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are done.

If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this

module, do not hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always
bear in mind that you are not alone. We hope that through this material,
you will experience meaningful learning and gain a deep understanding
of the relevant competencies. You can do it!

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 Let Us Learn

This module covers the knowledge, skills, and attitudes of students required to water
crops following the prescribed method and schedule.

This module was anchored on the following Learning Competencies in the Most
Essential Competencies (MELCs) in TLE Agriculture and Fishery Arts sector,
Agricultural Crop Production NC I.
a. Apply pest control measure According to specific pest control measure
and OHS procedures
b. Apply pest control measure according to specific pest control measure and
OHS procedures
c. Apply fertilizer based on crop requirements following safety procedures
according to OSHS
d. Water crops following the prescribed method and schedule
e. Perform pruning following safety procedures according to OSHS and PNS:
PAES 101
f. Perform physical growth-enhancing practices based on crop requirement W7.

After going through this learning material, you are expected to:
1. Define irrigation and drainage;
2. Determine the benefits of irrigation to crops;
3. Discuss the different methods of irrigation and
4. Appreciate the value of watering crops.

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 Let Us Try
Let us find out how much you already know about irrigation and drainage. Read and
understand the questions below. Choose the letter of the best answer and write it on
your activity sheet.

1. Which factor is concerned with the growth of weeds?

a. Excessive Rains
b. Submergence due to floods
c. Over and Intensive Irrigation
d. Seepage of water through the canals
2. When do crops grow well?
a. fertilized c. cared
b. irrigated d. wilted
3. What is the most essential element for a crop?
a. Water c. Soil
b. Fertilizer d. humidity
4. Which factor controls Seepage through embankments in an earthen dam?
a. drain trenches c. drainage filters
b. provision of downstream berms d. relief wells
5. What method of irrigation uses an automated system of sprinklers that are
attached to fixed towers in the center of the crop area?
a. Drip irrigation c. Centre Pivot irrigation
b. Sprinkler irrigation d. Terraced irrigation
6. Which method of irrigation is used for vegetable crops such as peppers or
tomatoes?
a. Sub Irrigation c. Manual irrigation
b. Surface Irrigation d. Windmill Irrigation
7. Which causes losses of irrigation water?
a. wilting c. drainage
b. seepage d. condensation
8. Water content in the soil is obtained from the calibration curve, what method
should be used to measure its soil water content?
a. electrical c. tensiometer
b. gravimetric d. transpiration
9. When water is delivered directly to the root zone of plants, what method of
irrigation is being used?
a. Sub Irrigation c. Surface Irrigation
b. Drip irrigation d. Manual irrigation
10. Which refers to the loss of water from plant parts, soil surface with the aid of
sunlight?
a. over irrigation c. deep percolation
b. run off furrows d. direct evaporation

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 Let Us Study

Water Crops following the prescribed

method and schedule
Before we proceed further, let us answer first the activity below. This activity will
only check your prior knowledge about the topic and things that you wanted to
know as we go through the module.

So, are you ready? Let’s begin!

Direction. Compare the two pictures? What is the difference between the two?
What significant action did the boy do for the plant to survive? Write your
observations on your answer sheet.

________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________

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Perform irrigation and drainage practices

Agricultural irrigation is the application of water to crops through artificial means.

Irrigation is primarily used in areas with sporadic rainfall or potential drought
conditions to ensure that crop soil receives adequate water for cultivation. The water
utilized in agricultural irrigation can come from various sources, such as
groundwater, rivers, springs, lakes, wells, or surface water.

Benefits of irrigation

1. Irrigation is insurance against drought.

2. It enables the growth of quick maturing crops.
3. It is a guarantee to the quick germination of seeds.
4. It is a means of securing early maturity on most crops.
5. It increases the quality, attractive appearance, and yield of crops.

How to measure soil moisture?

According to Caoili and De Vera (1977), the technical methods used to measure soil
moisture content at periodic intervals during the growing season are:

1. A direct method by gravimetric with oven drying. The method involves the
weighing of the wet sample, removing the water by oven drying, and reweighing
the sample to determine the amount of water removed. The percentage of water
in the sample on a dry-weight basis is obtained by dividing the difference
between wet and dry masses by the mass of the dry sample and multiplying by
100.

2. Use of tensiometer. Tensiometer measures soil water content. Water content

in the soil is then obtained from the calibration curve relating soil suction to
water content values for specific soils.

3. Electrical resistance method. A porous block connected by suitable electrodes

to an ohmmeter is embedded in the soil. Equilibrium is attained when water
ceases to flow into or out of the block. The electrical resistance corresponding
to the water content at equilibrium is recorded in the ohmmeter and is regarded
as an index of soil water content.

4. Temporary wilting. When water stress occurs in a plant, cells lose turgidity
and plants show symptoms of wilting. Temporary wilting may occur at mid-day
when water demand reaches its climax, especially during the hottest months of
the year. Soil moisture may really be adequate but transpiration may outpace
water absorption. If this is the case, the plant will recover by evening. However,
if plants wilt in the morning continuously for 3-4 days, water may indeed be
lacking and the crop must be irrigated immediately.

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 5. Color of foliage. Not all plant shows temporary wilting when water is limited.
Instead, their leaves turned yellowish as in beans and in some cases bluish-
green as in eggplants, as the water is reduced in the soil. Color is also an
indicator of plant variety where there is nitrogen supply so consider this when
analyzing the situation.

6. Rate of growth of the plants. If the rate of growth of the crop is sluggish,
water may not be enough.

7. “Feel of the soil”. Get samples from a depth where most of the roots occur
and try to feel the soil. This depends on the type of soil.

Types of soil and when irrigation is needed

Type of Soil Irrigation Needed

Sandy Appears to be dry, but does not form a ball

when squeezed

Loam Somewhat crumbly but holds together

Somewhat pliable forms a ball, and is too

Clayey dry to form ribbon easily (ribbon is formed
between thumb and forefinger

8. Sand-cum-soil-mini plot technique. It involves digging a one cubic meter pit

in one part of the field. Mix 5% sand to the soil that has been dug and return
it to the pit. Now the soil has reduced water holding capacity. The crop
including the test plot is planted as usual. The plants in the test plot will start
to wilt 2-3 days ahead of those in the field. Irrigation must be done when wilting
is observed in the test plot.

Methods of irrigation

The are several methods of irrigating the field according to

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-different-types-of-agricultural-irrigation.html

1. “Manual irrigation is one of the most basic types of agricultural irrigation.

Farmers or laborers use watering cans to saturate the crops by hand. Since
manual irrigation is often time-consuming and physically demanding, it tends
to be used for small farms or in poverty-stricken areas.”

2. “Before advances were made in irrigation technology, surface irrigation tended

to be the most implemented irrigation system for large-scale watering. In
surface irrigation, small canals are dug across the entire length of the crop area
and water is poured at the top of the canals. Surface irrigation uses no pumps

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 or other mechanisms and relies on gravity to distribute water across crops
through the canals.”

3. “Sub-irrigation is a method often used for vegetable crops such as peppers or

tomatoes. The method applies water to crops from below the soil’s surface. A
pipe system is buried beneath the roots of the crops and the water is pumped
upwards into the roots to ensure the roots receive the correct water amounts.

4. “Center pivot irrigation uses an automated system of sprinklers that are

attached to fixed towers in the center of the crop area. The sprinklers rotate in
a circular motion to evenly distribute water across the entire crop area. Center
pivot is often used in flat, spacious crop areas.”

5. Windmill irrigation is done by a machine that harnesses wind energy for a

purpose like grinding grain, pumping water, or generating electricity.

http://bit.ly/39MYStl

6. Drip irrigation is a system that delivers water directly to the root zone of a
plant, where it seeps slowly into the soil one drop at a time.

7. Irrigation by power machinery is done when water pumps are set in the
source of water. Water is then delivered to the field through a water hose.

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 8. Irrigation by hand requires hand labor. This system is used only where a
valuable crop can be grown in a small piece of land, as in school and home
gardens. Water is applied either early morning or late in the afternoon.

Causes of loss of irrigation water

According to Calacala (1977), the causes of loss of irrigation water are:

1. Over irrigation. A farmer should not use more water than his crop needs. The
amount of water needed by crops varies with the crop, and a farmer should
ascertain what amount is for each crop and how it is best distributed among
the different times of application.
2. Poor grading of land. When a piece of land to be irrigated is not uniformly or
properly graded, for example, when certain spots are high while others are low,
or when there is hardly any grade at all to allow movement of water by gravity,
there will be loss of water.

3. Seepage is the horizontal passage of water from an irrigation canal through the
surrounding ground. Loss of water by seepage is prevented by lining the canal
properly with a clay puddle.
4. Deep percolation. Percolation is the vertical downward movement of water.
Water that sinks much deeper than the roots of the plants is wasted water.
Skillful cultivation should prevent much loss of water due to deep percolation.

6. Run-off at the ends of fields or furrows. To avoid waste of water in the form
of runoffs, it is necessary to supervise carefully the irrigation work so that only
enough water is allowed to flow in the irrigation furrows.

7. Direct evaporation. This refers to the loss of water from plant parts, soil
surface, and even from bodies of water with the aid of sunlight.
Drainage

Drainage is defined as the process of removing excess water from the soil to increase
its productivity.

Drainage is important on lands for growing vegetable upland crops. This requirement
has particular reference to fertilizer application, mechanical weeding and cultivation,
aeration, soil temperature and structure, readiness for the next rotation of crop,
early and deep root development, and many others.

The lack of drainage systems where it is required leads to a gradual rise of the water
table, waterlogging, salinity, or alkalinity problems. Lands with long years of poor
drainage provisions may be rendered unproductive (Caoili and De Vera, 1977).

According to Calacala (1977), there are benefits derived from drainage as follows:

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1. It improves the tilt of the soil.
2. It leads to the improvement of soil aeration.
3. It improves the temperature condition of the soil.
4. It increases the availability of plant food.
5. It encourages the multiplication and development of useful organisms in the soil.
6. It increases benefits obtained from the use of fertilizers.

Systems of drainage

Drainage systems may be divided into two categories, surface, and subsurface. Each
has several components with similar functions but different names. At the lower, or
disposal, end of either system is an outlet. In order of decreasing size, the
components of a surface system are the main collection ditch, field ditch, and field
drain; and for a subsurface system, main, sub-main, and lateral conduits from the
sub-main. The outlet is the point of disposal of water from the system; the main
carries water to the outlet; the sub-main or field ditch collects water from several
outlets.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/294780/irrigation-anddrainage/67760/Types-of-
drainage-systems

10
 Let Us Practice
Crossword puzzle. Copy and fill out the boxes with the right word which corresponds
to the given description below. Write your answer on your activity sheet.

1. 3.

2. 5.

7. 8. 9.

4.

6.

10

Down
1. The process of removing excess
water.
3. Done by a machine
harnesses wind energy.
ACROSS
2. The application to water the
crops through artificial means.
that 4. It uses watering cans.

5. For large scale watering 6. Water is delivered to the field

through a water hose.

7. It requires hand labor. 8. It delivers water directly to the

root zone of the plants.

9. It uses an automated system of 10. It applies water to crop from

sprinklers. below the soil surface.

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 Let Us Practice More
Now let us go out and get to know some farmers in your locality. Please
observe healthy protocol as you perform this activity.

Direction: Interview at least 3 farmers in your place. Ask them about their irrigation
and drainage practices on their farm. Your goal is to seek answers to the following
questions. Please copy the format below on your activity sheet.

Question Response

1. What crops do they need to

irrigate?

2. What method of irrigation are

they practicing?

3. How often they irrigate their

crops?

4. What problems do they

encounter in irrigating their
field?

Rubrics
Criteria
10 7 5 3
Explanation Complete Good solid Explanation is Misses key
response with response with unclear points
detailed a clear answer
answers
Demonstrated Shows Shows The response The response
knowledge complete substantial shows someshows a
understanding understanding understanding complete lack
of the report of the report of the report of
and processes and processes understanding
Requirements Goes beyond Meets the Hardly meets Does not meet
the requirements the the
requirements of the report requirements requirements
of the report of the report of the report

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 Let Us Remember

Water is the most important source of life for living and growing crops. For all the
nutrients to be absorbed by crops from the soil, water is needed. As well as, well-
managed irrigations able to promote, proper growth of plants by maintaining the
right levels of soil moisture. The following are some points to keep in mind when
watering crops.

1. The frequency, rate, amount, and time of irrigation are different for different
crops and also vary according to the types of soil.

2. There are different types of irrigation practiced for improving crop yield. These
types of irrigation systems are practiced based on the different types of soils,
climates, crops, and resources.

3. Irrigation should be optimum because even over-irrigation can spoil crop

production. Excess water leads to waterlogging, hinders germination,
increased salt concentration, and uprooting because roots can’t withstand
standing water. Thus the proper method is to be used for the best cultivation.

4. If the soil retains too much water, manmade methods for draining excess
water from the root zone of plants are often used, this is called drainage.
Manmade drainage also may be necessary if the farmer’s soil or water supply
contains elements harmful to the crop. Additional water is then added to leach
these elements from the root zone.

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 Let Us Assess

Multiple Choice. Read the following sentences carefully and choose the correct
answer by writing the letter on your answer sheet

1. What is the most essential element for a crop?

a. Water c. Soil
b. Fertilizer d. Humidity
2. Which factor is concerned with the growth of weeds?
a. Excessive Rains
b. Submergence due to floods
c. Over and Intensive Irrigation
d. Seepage of water through the canals
3. What method of irrigation used an automated system of sprinklers that are
attached to fixed towers in the center of the crop area?
a. Drip irrigation c. Centre Pivot irrigation
b. Sprinkler irrigation d. Terraced irrigation
4. When do crops grow well?
a. fertilized c. cared
b. irrigated d. wilted
5. What do you call the waste from houses, buildings, and other areas?
a. wastage c. seepage
b. sewage d. aquarium waste
6. Which method of irrigation is used for vegetable crops such as peppers or
tomatoes?
a. Sub Irrigation c. Manual irrigation
b. Surface Irrigation d. Windmill Irrigation
7. Which causes losses of irrigation water?
a. wilting c. drainage
b. seepage d. condensation
8. Water content in the soil is obtained from the calibration curve, what method
should be used to measure its soil water content?
a. electrical c. tensiometer
b. gravimetric d. transpiration
9. When water is delivered directly to the root zone of plants, what method of
irrigation is being used?
a. Sub Irrigation c. Surface Irrigation
b. Drip irrigation d. Manual irrigation
10. Which refers to the loss of water from plant parts, soil surface with the aid of
sunlight?
a. over irrigation c. deep percolation
b. run off furrows d. direct evaporation

14
 Let Us Enhance
Direction: Analyze the pictures below and discuss the method of irrigation that is
being used. Write your answer on your answer sheet.

15
Rubric

Excellent Good Approaching Need

(5 pts.) ( 3 pts.) standard Improvement
(2 pts.) ( 1 pt.)
Your answers Your answers You put There is no
are clear and are clear. You thought into clear or
Idea/Content well- answered the the matter but specific
expressed, question but there is no real explanation
including a lack of some evidence of and answers.
specific support learning.
example.

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 Let Us Reflect

Make a reflection consists of 200 words on the quotes below by Marianne Williamson,
concerning the lesson on watering plants. Please write your reflection on your activity
sheet.

Criteria Outstanding Proficient Basic Below

10 8 6 expectation
4
Rich in the Substantial Information is Rudimentary
Critical content; information; thin and and superficial;
Thinking insightful evidence of commonplace; little analysis;
analysis, Clear analysis, connections are little or no
to real-life general limited, vague connections
situations or connections are generalities are with any other
previous made but are posted material or are
content sometimes too off-topic.
obvious or not
clear.
Entries are high Connects ideas Little evidence of Lack of
quality and thoughts to a personal connection to
Personal consisting of personal life; connection, personal life
Reflection personal Evidence of many
reflection that personal connections
connects connection to need further
between real- learning, explanation or
life, learning, community justification
and reading

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 18
Let Us Assess Let Us practice
Let Us Try
1. A 1. DRAINAGE 1. B
2. B 2. IRRIGATION 2. B
3. C 3. WINDMILLS 3. A
4. B 4. MANUAL 4. C
5. B 5. SURFACE 5. C
6. A 6. POWER 6. A
7. B 7. HAND 7. B
8. C 8. DRIP 8. C
9. B 9. PIVOT 9. B
10. D 10. SUB 10. D
Let Us Enhance Let Us Practice More
See attached rubrics
See attached rubrics
Let Us Reflect
See Attached Rubrics
Answer Key
 References

Caoili, A.A. and M.R. De Vera. 1977. Water Management for Vegetable
Crop Production. In: Vegetable Production. University of the Philippines
Los Banos, College of Agriculture, College, Laguna, Philippines.

“TG Final-12.5. 2014.Docx.” n.d. Google Docs. Accessed on January 24,

2021 from http://bit.ly/2MdUATT.

INGO. 2005. Resource Manual on Integrated Production and Pest Management

(IPPM) in Vegetables. 2999 National Road, Amos, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines.:
World Education (INGO) Philippines, Inc.

“K-12 Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC).” 2020. Teach

Pinas. May 15, 2020. http://bit.ly/365rLAd.

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For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Region XI

F. Torres St., Davao City

Telefax:

Email Address: lrms.regionxi@deped.gov.ph

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