1084 I n d . Eng. Chem. Res.

1990,29, 1084-1090

Carver, M. B. FORSIM, A Fortran Package for the Automated Solu-
tion of Coupled Partial and/or Ordinary Differential Equation
Systems; Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.: Chalk River Nuclear
Laboratories, Canada, 1974.
Finlayson, B. A. The Methods of Weighted Residuals and Varia-
tional Principles; Academic Press: New York, 1972.
Kaguei, S.; Yu, Q.; Wakao, N. Thermal Waves in an Adsorption
Column. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1985, 40 (7), 1069.
Lapidus, L.; Amundson, N. R. Mathematics of Adsorption in Beds
VI. The Effect of Longitudinal Diffusion in Ion Exchange and
Chromatographic Columns. J . Phys. Chem. 1952,56, 984.
Leavitt, F. W. Non-isothermal Adsorption in Large Fixed Beds.
Chem. Eng. Prog. 1962,58 (81,54.
Levenspiel, 0.;Bischoff, R. B. Aduances in Chemical Engineering;
Academic Press: New York, 1963; Vol. 4.
Marcussen, L. Comparison of Experimental and Predicted Break-
through Curves for Adiabatic Adsorption in Fixed Bed. Chem.
Eng. Sci. 1982, 37, 299.
Pan, C. Y.; Basmadjian, D. Constant-Pattern Adiabatic Fixed-Bed
Adsorption. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1967,22, 285.
Pan, C. Y.; Basmadjian, D. An Analysis of Adiabatic Sorption of
Single Solutes in Fixed Beds: Pure Thermal Wave Formation and
its Practical Implications. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1970, 25, 1653.
Raghavan, N. S.; Ruthven, D. M. Dynamic Behaviour of an Adia-
batic Adsorption Column-11. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1984, 39, 1201.
Ruthven, D. M.; Garg, D. R.; Crawford, R. M. The Performance of
Molecular Sieve Adsorption Columns: Non-Isothermal Systems.
Chem. Eng. Sci. 1975,30, 803.
Sircar, S.; Kumar, R.; Anselmo, K. J. Effects of Column Nonisoth-
ermality of Nonadaiabaticity on the Adsorption Breakthrough
Curves. Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Deu. 1983,22, 10.
Villadsen, J. V.; Stewart, W. E. Solution of Boundary-Value Prob-
lems by Orthogonal Collocation. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1967,22,1483.
Yoshida, H.; Ruthven, D. M. Dynamic Behaviour of an Adiabatic
Adsorption Column-I. Chem. Eng. Sci. 1983, 38 (6), 877.
Receiued for reuiew June 6, 1989
Reuised manuscript received October 17, 1989
Accepted November 10, 1989

Heat Effects in Adsorption Column Dynamics. 2. Experimental

Validation of the One-Dimensional Model
Shamsuzzaman Farooq a n d Douglas M. Ruthven*
Department of Chemical Engineering, University of New Brunswick, P.O. Box 4400,
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5A3

The effect of thermal gradients on the dynamic response of an adsorption column has been in-
vestigated experimentally by measuring adsorption and desorption breakthrough curves and cor-
responding temperature profiles (both radial and axial) in a series of adsorption columns with intemal
diameters ranging from 0.77 to 7.9 cm. The departure from isothermal conditions becomes more
pronounced as the column diameter is increased, and this leads to a corresponding broadening of
the experimental breakthrough curves. Desorption is almost isothermal, and as a result, the response
is practically independent of the column diameter. It is shown that the major resistance to heat
transfer is a t the column wall, and a simple one-dimensional model with all heat-transfer resistance
concentrated a t the column wall provides a good representation of the experimentally observed
behavior.

In the preceding paper (Farooq and Ruthven, 1990),it
was shown theoretically that, even under the extreme
conditions of a linear isotherm and negligible film resist-
ance to heat transfer at the column wall, the one-dimen-
sional model provides a good representation of nonisoth-
ermal adsorption column dynamics, particularly under
conditions leading to the formation of a combined tem-
perature and concentration wave. Under conditions of
pure thermal wave formation, there is some difference
between the one- and two-dimensional models. However,
for a favorable isotherm system, the effect of temperature
excursions on the concentration profile is, for a given heat
of adsorption, less pronounced than for a linear system.
Furthermore, heat-transfer resistance at the column wall
brings the radial temperature profile closer to that of the
idealized one-dimensional model (uniform temperature
across the central core with a temperature change at the
wall). One may therefore expect that, for most practical
systems, the one-dimensional model should provide an
adequate representation of the column dynamics, regard-
less of the relative velocities of temperature and concen-
tration fronts. In order to verify this conclusion, an ex-
perimental study was undertaken using columns of various
diameter with different heat-transfer conditions at the wall.
The results, which are reported here, confirm the validity
* Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
0888-5885/90/ 2629-1O84$O2.5O/O
of the one-dimensional model.
Experimental Study
A schematic diagram of the experimental setup is shown
in Figure 1. A series of stainless steel columns with dif-
ferent diameters and lengths, packed with 5A zeolite ad-
sorbent, was used. One of the larger columns was fitted
with a Teflon liner in order to alter the heat-transfer
boundary condition at the column wall. The columns were
immersed in a large water tub that acted as a constant-
temperature bath. The sorbate concentration in the exit
gas was monitored continuously by a Gow-Mac thermal
conductivity detector (Model 40-001),which had previously
been calibrated with mixtures of known composition.
Temperatures were measured during the experimental
runs in the large-diameter columns (run 10 and run 11)
at different axial and radial positions, as well as at the
column exit using copper-constantanthermocouples. The
thermocouples were introduced into the bed through
stainless steel sheaths. The thermocouple monitoring the
temperature of the exit gas was placed bare into the gas
stream through a Teflon seal. The readings of these
thermocouples were collected and printed at preassigned
intervals with an Apple (IIe) microcomputer using a
Sciemetric Instruments (Model 901) data acquisition in-
terface. The gas flow to the column was controlled by a
Matheson flow controller which was precalibrated against
0 1990 American Chemical Society
 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 29, No. 6, 1990 1085

;;
Ref.
% 0
f I xO Oesorption 0

I
.6
0

OL Adsorptlon
0

t OFM
Q
0
0

.4
Q 2
Q
o x 0
o x
o x 0

I ct "n
Y

t.
c IoDlUr
a 8 - w 3imensionless T 1 m e . r
FC t f l a mntmller
FI( l f l a matar Figure 2. Reproducibility of the experimental adsorption and de-
ffi sorption breakthrough curves.
W
column wall is assumed to be the same as the feed tem-
perature. This implies a uniform temperature across the
column radius with all heat-transfer resistance concen-
trated at the wall.
6. The mass-transfer rate is represented by a linear
driving force rate expression.
-
Fid
r 7
I
7. The temperature dependence of gas and solid prop-
erties is neglected.
Figure 1. Schematic diagram of the experimental setup. With these assumptions, the equations describing the
system are
a wet test meter (a soap bubble meter was used at very low
flow rates) covering a wide range of flow rates under ex- mass balance
perimental temperatures and pressures.
Prior to an experiment, the column was activated (or
regenerated) by purging overnight with helium at 250 "C.
With the regenerated column in place, the required flow heat balance
and corresponding column pressure were adjusted with
helium and a sufficiently long time was allowed for the
TCD base line to stabilize and the column temperature to
become uniform with the bath temperature. The flow of 1 - t aq 2h
(-AH)- - - ( T - To) = 0
+

(2)
helium was then replaced by the feed (a mixture of 1% at t~
ethylene in helium) through switching of valves. Compared mass-transfer rate
to the duration of the experiment, this could be considered
as a step change. The adsorption breakthrough was com- aq/at = k(q* - q ) (3)
pleted, i.e., the bed was completely saturated with the feed, adsorption equilibrium
and thermal equilibrium was established for the saturated
column. The feed was then cut off, and the desorption
curve was measured using a helium purge. The experi- (4)
mental adsorption and desorption data thus obtained were temperature dependency of b
very reproducible, as may be seen from Figure 2.
Theoretical Model
In order to develop a theoretical model to analyze the
experimental results, the following approximations are boundary conditions
introduced.
1. The feed consists of a small concentration of a single
adsorbable component, and the frictional pressure drop
through the bed is negligible so that the linear velocity (7)
through the bed may be considered constant.
2. The equilibrium relationship for the adsorbing com-
ponent is represented by the Langmuir isotherm, and the
Langmuir constant shows the normal exponential tem-
perature dependence.
3. The flow pattern is described by the axial dispersed
plug flow model.
4. Thermal equilibrium is assumed between fluid and Equations 6 and 7 are the correct boundary conditions for
adsorbent particles. mass flow for a dispersed plug flow system as discussed
5. Bulk flow of heat and conduction in the axial di- by Wehner and Wilhelm (1956). Boundary conditions for
rection are considered in the heat balance equation. An heat flow (eqs 8 and 9) have been written assuming an
overall heat-transfer coefficient has been used to account analogy of mass and heat transfer in a dispersed plug flow
for heat loss from the system, and the temperature of the system.
1086 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 29, No. 6, 1990
The experiments conducted and described in the pre-
vious section satisfy the following initial conditions:
adsorption
C(Z,O) = 0; q(z,O) = 0; T(%,O)= T, (10)
desorption
C(%,O) = co; q(z,O) = q*; T(%,O)= To (11)
Equations 1-9 are written in dimensionless form as
follows:
(17)
(18)
For adsorption, the dimensionless initial conditions are
E(x,O) = 0; Q ( X , O ) = 0; T(x,O) = 1 (19)
For desorption, the dimensionless initial conditions are
E(x,O) = 1; Q ( X , O ) = 1; T(x,O) = 1 (20)
The simultaneous solution of eqs 12-18 gives break-
through and corresponding temperature profiles e = f(7)
and T = f ( ~with
) Pem, Peh, Peh', 7f, 71, r 2 , r3, 6, and X
as parameters.
Equations 12-18 were first reduced to a set of ordinary
differential equations by the method of orthogonal collo-
cation. The ordinary differential equations were then
integrated numerically in the time domain by using the
Gear's stiff (variable-step) integration algorithm with full
Jacobian analysis, as provided in the FORSIM package
(Carver, 1974). Seven to 15 discretization points were used
depending on the parameter values. Details of the collo-
cation form of these equations are discussed elsewhere
(Farooq, 1988).
Estimation of Model Parameters for Experimental
Response Curves
In order to match the experimental response curves,
numerical values for the dimensionless groups listed in a
previous section are required. Heat capacities and den-
sities of the fluid and solid and the heat of adsorption were
specified from the available physical properties. The
contribution of the adsorbed phase to the heat capacity
is quite small and is therefore neglected. Bed voidage, bed
length, fluid velocity, feed temperature, and feed concen-
tration are directly measurable operating variables. A
simple material balance of the adsorption column yields
(21)
L -.-__-.- zq"
L...--__Iu 1 1
, Lli , 3 JDC 5300
jd~e-,.or ecs i
Figure 3. Experimental beakthrough curves showing the effect of
column diameter. (a) Adsorption. (b) Desorption.
The mean residence time, E, is determined by integration
of the breakthrough curve when c/co is plotted as a
function of time. qo/c, was therefore easily obtained from
the experimentally observed breakthrough curves. Dis-
persion coefficients of mass and heat and the linear driving
force rate constants were estimated from available corre-
lations.
The axial dispersion coefficients for the different ex-
perimental runs were estimated from the correlation given
by Hsu and Haynes (1981):
-1- -- 0.328 + 3.33
(22)
+
Pe' ReSc 1 0.59(ReSc)-'
The above correlation follows from experiments in a col-
umn packed with 0.72-mm (diameter) particles in the range
0.08 < ReSc < 1. In the present study, 0.707-mm particles
were used and ReSc for the different runs varied from
0.0869 to 0.3846. In view of this close agreement in the
experimental conditions, eq 22 was chosen among many
other correlations put forward in the literature for esti-
mating the axial dispersion coefficient. The effective axial
thermal conductivity of the fluid follows from the simi-
larity assumed between the mechanism of fluid-phase mass
and heat transfer (Pem = Peh'). The effective axial bed
thermal conductivies were estimated from the correlation
given by Yagi et al. (1960). The adsorbent thermal con-
ductivity used includes the contribution from the adsorbed
phase.
The overall effective linear driving force rate constants
for the experimental runs were estimated from the fol-
lowing correlation:
 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 29, No. 6, 1990 1087

4 ,
0' " " " " " ' "
4. ,
C 2002 4330 6030
Dimensionless Time. t 2:nensio-isss Tine, T

,
0
U

.4 I
I

Run: 1 (d=3. 50" Run: 10 ( c ~ 6 . 2 5 ~ ~ ) > I

0 ' " ' ' ' ' " " ' ~ x"/ , X I

0 2000 4000 6000

Dimensionless Time,

Run: 1 1 (d=7. 88cm)

-%,,I ~ , ,

which considers macropore, micropore, and film resistances
to mass transfer. Molecular diffusivity was estimated from
the Chapman-Enskog equation. Linde 5A molecular sieves
have a wide distribution of macropore size. An average
pore radius of 2500 A was used to estimate the Knudsen
diffusivity. A tortuosity factor of 3 and particle porosity
of 0.33 were assumed. qo/covalues obtained from different
runs were very close and in good agreement with the
gravimetric data of Derrah (1971). An average value was
used in the rate expressions. Micropore resistance, esti-
mated with a crystal diffusivity of 1.0 X cm2/s and
an average crystal radius of 1.8 pm (representative of Linde
5A),was found to be insignificant with respect to macro-
pore resistance. The experiments were conducted in a very
low Reynolds number regime, and the external film re-
sistance was found to be approximately one-third of the
macropore resistance. The external mass-transfer coef-
ficients were estimated from the correlation of Wakao and
Funazkri (1978), which has been corrected for axial dis-
persion contribution and has been shown to provide a
consistent representation of extensive mass-transfer data
from many sources:
Sh = 2.0 + l.lReo.6S~0.33 (24)
Thus, only the two parameters X and h remained to be
estimated by matching the theoretical and experimental
breakthrough and temperature curves. Adsorbent prop-
erties and common experimental conditions are given in
Table I. Other parameter values used for computing the
theoretical curves are summarized in Table 11.
Results and Discussion
The adsorption and desorption breakthrough curves
obtained from different experimental runs are shown in
Figure 3. The experiments were conducted under near-
1088 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 29, No. 6 , 1990

Table I. Adsorbent Properties and Common Experimental

Conditions
feed 1 % ethylene in helium
adsorbent Linde 5A zeolite
d , cm 0.0707
6, cal/(g "C)
P,, g/cm3
0.206n
1.14"
K,, cal/(cm s "C) 1.385 X
AH,cal/mol -8000.0*
1.24
1.66 X lo-' (at atmospheric pressure)
Desorption
i
3.64 X IO-'
10
-5 t i
I
1
21. f 1 ~ Run: 10
I
1I
'Ruthven et al. (1975). *Haasan (1985). CKagueiet al. (1987). -101 ' ' ' " " " '
0 500 1003 I5CC
TIME (M i - )
equilibrium conditions, and the L / v ratio varied in such
a way that the Peclet number varied between 100 and 250.
For such parameter values, the breakthrough curves
plotted on a time axis made dimensionless with respect
to v j L are expected to be more or less coincident under

-
isothermal conditions. It is clear from Figure 3a that the
spread of the mass-transfer zone during adsorption in-
creases with increasing column diameter. This additional ___
spreading of the mass-transfer zone is therefore associated
3eso-?t,an
with heat effects since the surface area available for heat
transfer (per unit column volume) decreases with in-
creasing column diameter. On the other hand, for a fa- E -3 4

vorable adsorption isotherm, desorption is a much slower t FLT

process and the associated heat effects are therefore less __
pronounced. This is evident from Figure 3b. ,'OC
7 i V E ( 4 d
2323 3;::
The experimental adsorption and desorption break-
through curves for several experimental runs are compared Figure 5. comparison of experimental and theoretical temperature
profiles at the column exit. The theoretical curves shown by con-
in Figure 4 with the theoretical curves calculated according tinuous lines are calculated using the parameters given Tables I and
to the one-dimensional nonisothermal model using the 11.
parameters given in Tables I and 11. The theoretical iso-
thermal curves are also shown for comparison. For ad-
sorption, the deviation of the experimental breakthrough
curve from the isothermal prediction increases with in-
creasing column diameter. This trend is correctly pre-
dicted by the nonisothermal model. For a system with a
favorable isotherm, desorption is essentially equilibrium
controlled. Since desorption under these conditions is slow,
it is practically isothermal, and there is therefore very little
difference between the theoretical curves derived from the
isothermal and nonisothermal models. Both theoretical
curves show semiquantitative agreement with the exper-
imental desorption curves; the deviation between theory
and experiment no doubt reflects the inadequacy of the -10
I: -15 ' ;I ' .\ ' i -4 ' -i5 ' 0' ' '
.5 ' 'I
Langmuir model in providing a quantitatively accurate
I

representation of the equilibrium isotherm.
Temperatures measured at the column exit during ad-
sorption and desorption, for some experimental runs, are
compared with the model predictions in Figure 5. The
contribution af the thermocouple probes associated with
Table 11. Parameters Used in the Calculation of Theoretical Curves
ri4
Figure 6. Experimental radial temperature profiles.
these runs was duly accounted for in computing the the-
oretical curves by including the thermal capacity and
conductivity of the probes in the heat balance. Some
~~ ~

run
parameters 1 5 6 7 104 11
L, cm 35.0 35.0 15.6 15.8 35.0 35.0
d, cm 3.5 3.5 0.77 1.38 6.25 7.88
c 0.315 0.315 0.334 0.33 0.338 0.32
v, cm/s 5.7 4.05 7.48 6.2 3.3 1.21
crolca 2671.0 2650.0 2640.0 2643.0 2676.0 2698.0
h 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.9
Pem 247.0 223.0 100.0 103.0 215.0 119.0
k , s-' 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086 0.086
KZIK, 2.34 2.31 2.385 2.352 2.306 2.27
h, cal/(cm s "C) 1.0 x 10" 1.0 x lo-' 1.0 x lo" 1.0 x lo-' 1.0 x 10-4 1.0 x 10-4
" The column used for this rung was internally lined with Teflon.
 200- , , , , I , , 1 , I , , . 1 I

<
\
Run: 10 150- \

\
\

E \

100- \
\
\

2 i If d i 50 t-

Oh
i '
ii
i2co
': 400
I
600
,
aoo
k
r.
1000
i
1
K\ x '
%\ ,
TIME(Min)

Figure 7. Comparison of nonisothermal adsorption breakthrough

curves with isothermal, axial dispersed plug flow model. The
equivalent Peclet numbers corresponding to the enhanced dispersion
coefficients giving the best fit (-) to the experimental points are
given on the diagram. Other parameter values are the same as in
Tables I and 11. as for predicting the performance of larger, near-adiabatic
industrial adsorbers.
representative radial temperature profiles are shown in
Figure 6. The experimental results clearly reveal that a Nomenclature
radial temperature gradient exists in the column, but the b (bo) = Langmuir constant at T (at To)
inside wall film resistance to heat transfer is more im- c = sorbate concentration in the gas phase
portant. co = sorbate concentration in the feed
I t is important to note that the same value of heat- E = dimensionless gas concentration, c / c o
transfer coefficient gives a good fit of the experimental data C, (C ') = heat capacity (volumetric)of the gas
obtained with or without the Teflon liner. The thermal C, = heat capacity of the adsorbent
conductivity of steel is 2 orders of magnitude greater than d = column diameter
that of Teflon. This result therefore implies that the major d , = particle diameter
resistance to heat transfer is at the inner surface of the D, = micropore diffusivity
column wall. DL = axial dispersion coefficient
In part 1 of our study, it was shown that for a linear D, = molecular diffusivity
system the form of the breakthrough curve under noni- D, = particle diffusivity
sothermal conditions can be adequately represented by the h = overall effective coefficient of the wall heat transfer
AH = heat of adsorption
isothermal, dispersed plug flow model using an enhanced k = effective mass-transfer coefficient
dispersion coefficient. I t was also shown that the en- kf = film mass-transfer coefficient
hancement of axial dispersion is a regular function of di- K g = thermal conductivity of the gas
mensionless radial thermal Conductivity. The experimental K L = effective thermal conductivity of the gas in the axial
adsorption breakthrough curves obtained here are similarly direction
matched with an isothermal model, and the results are K , = thermal conductivity of adsorbent
shown in Figure 7. Clearly, an isothermal, dispersed plug Kz = effective bed thermal conductivity in the axial direction
flow model using an enhanced dispersion coefficient pro- L = bed length
vides an adequate representation of the heat effects on the m = (1- € ) / e
experimental adsorption breakthrough curves. The cor- Peh = uL(p,C + mp,C,)/Kz
responding Peclet numbers are plotted against the di- Peh' = (uLpgeg)/KL
mensionless group RuC,'/hL in Figure 8, which shows a Pem = Peclet number, uL/DL
regular trend. In principle, it is possible to represent the Pe' = particle Peclet number, ud,/DL
heat effect on the desorption curve by an isothermal, q = sorbate concentration in the solid phase
dispersed plug flow model, but this was not attempted here q* = value of q at equilibrium with c at T
since the desorption steps in the present study were very qo = value of q at equilibrium with co at 2'0
nearly isothermal. q8 = saturation constant
Q = dimensionless solid-phase concentration, 4 / 4 0
re = crystal radius
Conclusions R = column radius
The nonisothermal one-dimensional model developed Re = Reynolds number, dptupg/p
R, = gas constant
here broadly represents the experimentally observed ad- R, = particle radius
sorption and desorption behavior of the ethylene-helium-
5A system. This model is currently being used to study
the dehydration of ethanol-water azeotrope, using 3A
Sc = Schmidt number, p / ( p
Sh = Sherwood number, 12 ,/Dm
t = time
P'
zeolite. Although the temperature rises in this system are T = mean residence time
very much greater than the present study, the preliminary T = bed temperature
results show that the agreement between theory and ex- To = feed temperature
periment is quite satisfactory over a wide range of flow T = dimensionless temperature, T / To
rates (Rojo, 1988). This model should therefore prove u = interstitial velocity
useful in extracting reliable kinetic and equilibrium in- z = dimensionless axial distance, t / L
formation from experimental breakthrough curves as well z = distance from bed inlet
1090 Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol. 29, No. 6, 1990

0 (0-) = position just inside (just outside) the column Farooq, S.; Ruthven, D. M. Heat Effects in Adsorption Column
Dynamics. 1. Comparison of One- and Two-Dimensional Models.
Greek L e t t e r s Znd. Eng. Chem. Res. 1990,preceding paper in this issue.
6 = (-aH)/(RT) Hassan, M. M. Theoretical and Experimental Studies of Pressure
e = bed voidage Swing Adsorption Systems. Ph.D. Thesis, University of New
tp = particle voidage Brunswick, Canada, 1985.
X = nonlinearity parameter, qO/qe Hsu, L.-K. P.; Haynes, H. W. Effective Diffusivity by the Gas
Chromatography Technique: Analysis and Application to Mea-
pg = density of gas surements of Diffusion of Various Hydrocarbons in Zeolite NaX.
ps = density of adsorbent AZChE J. 1981,27,81-91.
T = dimensionless time, t u / L Kaguei, S.; Nishio, M.; Wakao, N. Parameter Estimation from Con-
7 = dimensionless mean residence time, Ev/L stant Pattern Thermal Waves in an Adsorption Column. Chem.
Eng. Sci. 1987,42 (12),2964-2966.
Rojo, J. C. Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Valladolid, Spain, 1988.
Ruthven, D. M.;Garg, D. R.; Crawford, R. M. The Performance of
Molecular Sieve Adsorption Columns: Nonisothermal Systems.
= viscosity Chem. Eng. Sci. 1975,30,803-810.
Wakao, N.; Funazkri, T. Effect of Fluid Dispersion Coefficientson
Fluid-to-Particle Mass Transfer Coefficients in Packed Beds.
Literature Cited Chem. Eng. Sci. 1978,33,1375-1384.
Carver, M. B. FORSIM, A Fortran Package for the Automated Solu- Wehner, J. F.; Wilhelm, R. A. Boundary Conditions of Flow Reactor.
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Systems; Atomic Energy of Canada Ltd.: Chalk River Nuclear Yagi, S.;Kunii, D.; Wakao, N. Studies on Axial Effective Thermal
Laboratories, Canada, 1974. Conductivities in Packed Beds. AZChE J. 1960,6, 543.
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University of New Brunswick, Canada, 1971. Received for review June 6 , 1989
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