Literary genres

SHORT AND LONG FICTIONS

*21st Century ● RIDDLE

➔ Objects or non-humans are used

Literature of the to impart messages about

human living.
Philippines and the ➔ Relied on talinghaga o metaphor
- A guessing
World game of objects
represented by

Lesson 1: PRE-COLONIAL other objects.

PHILIPPINE LITERATURE ○ Bugtong - Tagalog

○ Paktakon - Ilonggo
○ Patototdon - Bicol
○ Buburtia - Ilocano

FUN FACT!

The roots of Philippine literature may be traced The greatest number of recorded riddles
back to pre-colonial times. belonged to the TAGALOG.

As ethnic cultures emerged across the EXAMPLE :

archipelago, they diversified in terms of beliefs,
values, and customs.

PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE is a literary gem

that must be rediscovered in the present time.

How the evolution unfolded

● PROVERBS
➔ A statement of a particular
culture’s codes of behaviour and
beliefs
In pre-colonial time, ORAL TRANSMISSION was ➔ It is more serious because they
the primary means of communicating and were intended to teach values.
preserving Philippine Literature. ○ Kasabihan - Tagalog
○ Panultihon/Pagya - Cebuano
○ Kasebian - Pampango
○ Humbaton/Hurobaton - Ilonggo
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○ Daragilon/Daraida - Panay
○ Basahanan - Bukidnon
● MYTHS
EXAMPLE :
➔ Were intended to explain the
origins of things in the universe

● LEGENDS
➔ Were intended to explain the
origins of things in the universe
that have basis in real life.
● EPICS ○ Gintunan - Kinaray-a/Ilonggo
➔ In terms of length, epics are ○ Sarita - Ilocano
longer than riddles and ○ Istorya - Pangasinan
proverbs.
➔ The most prominent literary
genre of the pre-colonial period.
● FABLES
➔ Chanted or sung during multiple
➔ Short tales that usually
occasions
highlighted animals
➔ Features local heroes taking on
➔ “Didactic” — meant to teach
various adventures
lessons
➔ Each tribe usually came up with
at least 1 major epic, 5-6 minor EXAMPLES:
epics
● “The Monkey and the Crocodile”
○ Darangen - Maranao
● “The Horse and the Carabao”
○ Ulahingan - Manobo
○ Guman - Subanon
SONGS
○ Hudhud - Ifugao

EXAMPLES :

● Biag ni Lam-ang - Ilocano

● Kabunlan and Bendian - Ibaloy
● Kumintang - Tagalog
● Kudaman - Palawan
● Maragtas at Hinilawod - Panay-Bisaya
● LULLABIES
● Tuwaang Midsakop - Manobo
➔ Existed for the sake of putting
● Hari ng Bukit - Negros Bisaya
infants at ease.
● Darangen - Mindanao
○ Oyayi - Tagalog
● Bantugan - Muslim
○ Andang - Aeta
● Hudhod at Alim - Ifugao
EXAMPLES OF CHILDREN SONGS:
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● Cansiones para abbing - Ibanag

● Ida-ida a rata - Maguindanao
● MANGYAN AMBAHAN
↳ used as a musical tool to impart
lessons to the youth.

EXAMPLES OF SONGS INTENDED FOR

ACTIVITIES SHARED BY THE MEMBERS OF THE
COMMUNITY:

● The Tagalog soliranin - for rowing

● The Kalinga mambayu - for pounding rice
● The Ilocano mannamili - for making pots
● The Manobo manganinay - for hunting
bees
● Tagay - Waray, for drinking
↳ The act of drinking from the
same cup and eating snacks that
accompanied the beverage.
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Lesson 2: LITERATURE
DURING SPANISH PERIOD

Religious lyric poems

➔ Intended to attract readers to read a
certain book by giving praises.
➔ Includes COMPLIMENTARY VERSES
and MEDITATIVE VERSES

COMPLIMENTARY VERSES

Two purpose of complementary verses:

FORMS OF DRAMATIC
➢ To draw readers GENRE, brought by
➢ To teach the Spanish language to the Spaniards, that enrich
Filipino. Philippine Theater SSK
MEDITATIVE VERSES ● Sarswela
● Sinakulo/Senakulo
Meditative verses were found in:
● Komedya
★ NOVENAS
★ CATECHISMS

EXAMPLES OF MEDITATIVE VERSES: SINAKULO/SENAKULO

● “Dalit sa Caloualhatian sa Langit na - A live-action simulation of Christ’s

Cararatnan nang mga Banal” ni passion and death.

Francisco de Salazar - Dramatized the PASYON

↳ A Philippine
● “Salamat nang Ualang Hoyang”ni
epic narrative of
Pedro Suarez Ossorio
the life of Jesus
Verses in novenas and catechisms tended to be Christ, focused
written in the poetris form DALIT on his Passion,
Death, and
DALIT - An early form that resemble free verse, in Resurrection.
that there is no fixed rhyme or meter, save
forsome octosyllabic four-line stanzas. MORO-MORO/COMEDIA DE CAPA Y

- A live-action simulation of longstanding

issue or battles between Christians and
Muslims
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TIBAG

- A live-action simulation that presents

the story of St. Helena’s search for the
Holy Cross.

FORMS OF NARRATIVE LOVE LITERATURE

PROSE
● Tratado (polemical tract)
● Ejemplo (exemplum)
● Dialogo ( dialogue)
↳ An example of the latter was
“Pagsusulatan nang Dalauang
Binibini na si Urbana at ni
Feliza” by Modesto de Castro,
who published his work in 1864.
■ This example is an
exchange between the
sisters Urbana and
Feliza; the former was
giving on hispanized
customes expected fron Other PROMINENT SECULAR POETS included
the latter.
Rafael Gandioco, Jacinto Kawili, Leona

Florentino and Isabelo de los Reyes.

These poets’ lyrics often pitted a devoted lover

against a cool, calculating rival.

METRICAL ROMANCE

- A highly precise and structured poem

- Emerged in the Bicolano, Pampango,
SECULAR LITERATURE and Pangasinense languages.
○ Kuriru in Pampango
○ Panagbiag in Ilocano
○ Impanbilay in Pangasinense
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Metrical romances include: Two prose political novels:

● Korido (written in octosyllabic four-line ● Noli Me Tangere

stanzas) ● El Filibusterismo
● Awit (written in dodecasyllabic four-line
stanzas)

Writers of short fiction during

Spanish Colonization EJB

● Enrique Laygo
● Jesus Balmori
● Benigno del Rio

Essay writers in Spanish TCE

● Teodoro M. Kalaw
● Claro M. Recto
● Epifanio de los Santos

Jose Rizal
- Most influential writer in late 19th
century
Lesson 3: LITERATURE
His legacy in literature has blossomed in both
DURING AMERICAN PERIOD
poetry and prose.

Wrote an untitled poem that became known as

English Language
“Mi Ultimo Adios”. Unparalleled anywhere in the
world, “Adios” is perhaps the most compelling ➢ A groundbreaking cultural milestone
farewell in literary history. that the American colonizers brought to
the Philippines.
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➢ The most potent vehicle that the

American colonizers brought.
➢ Adopted as an official medium of 1920’s onwards
instruction in the public school system.
➢ Brought a new dimension to our nation’s Philippine literature in English began to gain
collective consciousness. momentum
➢ Early reflected in the literature produced
Because of the brilliance of our Filipino
during the American colonial period.
English writers, four genres have seen
remarkable growth namely:
How the Evolution Unfolded
● Poetry
”The Thomasites” (1901) ● Fiction
● Drama
➢ 600 American teachers that heralded the
● Essay
spread of American language and
literature. English poems collection:

● " Never Mind and Other Poems”

○ Procopio Solidum (1928)
● " Filipino Poetry"
○ Rodolfo Dato - edited anthology
(1924)
● " Azucena"
○ Marcelo de Garcia Concepcion
Other universities that were founded (1925)
and their publication clubs
Lyric poems about LOVE:
● University of Sto.Tomas
○ “The Varsitarian” (1928) ● " My Wife‘s Hands "

● Ateneo de Manila ○ Conrado Ramirez (1933)

○ “The Ateneo Monthly” (1922) ● " Day on the Farm"

○ “The Guidon” (1926) ○ Luis Dato (1934)

○ “Wings” (1931-1932) ● " Soledad"

● University of the Philippines ○ Angela Manalang-Gloria (1935)

○ “The UP writer’s club” (1927) *POETRY

Writers and their literary works:

Jose Garcia Villa

- One of the chief figures of Modernism.

➢ Published 2 collections of poetry which

is about innovation, about toying with the
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standards of English grammar and

Other prominent vernacular writers
syntax.
○ "Have Come, Am Here" (1942)
included:
○ " Have Come, Am Here; Volume
● Magdalena Jalandoni
Two" (1949)
● Ismaelita Floro Luza
● Conrado Norada
● Susana de Guzman
Rafael Zulueta de Costa

➢ Won the Commonwealth Literary

Contest with his "Like the Molave and
#Zoilo Galang
Other Poems" (1940)
➢ “A Child of Sorrow” (1921)
#Alejandro G. Abadilla ↳ The first Philippine novel in
English.
➢ Published “Ako ang Daigdig“
↳ another trendsetting
#Juan Laya
poem of the Philippine
➢ Won first prize in the Commonwealth
modernist strain.
Literary Awards with his novel “His
↳ Testament to the
Native Soil” .
blossoming of literature
➢ Protagonist
in the vernacular
➢ An American-educated Filipino who
languages.
returns home
*FICTION ➢ Echoed Rizals Ibarra in the previous
literary epoch.
Novels written in the local languages
#Paz Marquez Benitez
included:
➢ “Dead Stars” (1925)
● “Banaag at Sikat”
↳ First successful Philippine
○ Lope K Santos (1906)
English short story.
● “Anino ng Kahapon”
○ Francisco Laksamana (1906) Jose Garcia Villa
● “Pinaglahuan”
○ Faustino Aguilar (1907) - He is an excellent poet and fictionist.
● “Ama”
➢ His first 2 collections of Philippine
○ Lazaro Francisco (1927)
English Short Stories
● “Doktor Kuba”
● “Stealer of Hearts” (1927)
○ Faustino Galauran (1933)
● “Footnote to Youth” (1933)
● “Ang Palad ni Pepe”
○ F.P. Boquecosa (1937) Manuel Arguilla

➢ “How My Brother Leon Brought Home a

Wife”
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Arturo Rotor American teacher who helped the Filipino

➢ “The Wound and the Scar”
Other prominent short story writers
include:
● Paz Latorena
● Amador Daguio
● Loreto Paras Sulit
#Deogracias A. Rosario
➢ Earned the name “Father of the Tagalog
Short Story” with his own patriotic works
like “Greta Garbo”.
Two notable collections of vernacular short
stories:
● “Mga Kuwentong Ginto” (1936)
○ edited by Alejandro G. Abadilla
and Clodualdo del Mundo
● “50 Kuwentong Ginto ng 50 Batikang
Kuwentista” (1939)
○ edited by Pedrito Reyes.
students to become good playwrighters.
● George St. Clair, I. Inglis Moore
● George P. Shannon
● Harold P. Scott
3 Former UP presidents who have left
outstanding legacies in drama writing:
● Carlos P. Romulo
➢ President of the United Nations
General Assembly
➢ Wrote “Sons for Sale”, “ The
Ghost”, “ The Real Leader”.
● Jorge Bocobo
➢ Published four plays:
■ “The New Leader”
■ “Puring’s Choices”
■ “The Radiant Symbol”
■ “ Clauses 3 and 4”
● Vidal Tan
➢ Gained fame with Rizal-inspired
plays like “The Meeting in the
Town Hall” and “Souls in
torment”.
➢ “The Husband of Mrs. Cruz” - A
political play
From 1922-1931, nearly 40 plays were produced
or published in the philippines. It was not
surprising that these plays echoed cries for
independence from the American colonizers.

*DRAMA *ESSAY

“A Modern Filipino” (1915) “Life and Success” is the First Philippine book of
essays in English.
➢ First Philippine play in English by Araullo
and Castillejo.
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The writers who were among the pioneers Why do we need to study the English
of Philippine essay: language?
● Federico Mangahas
★ English is the Language of
● Jose A. Lansang
International Communication
● Ariston Estrada

Famous essay writers of the American

colonial period:
Imitative is the word that best describes
● Mauro Mendez the type of literature written in English by
● Maria Kalaw-Katigbak Filipino authors during the Early
● Alfredo Gonzales American Period.
● Cristino Jamias
● Antonio Estrada
● Josefa Estrada
● Pura Santillan-Castrence
● Francisco B. Icasiano
● A.E. Litiatco
● Amado Dayrit

#Jose Garcia Villa

➢ Provide his own criticism in his “Roll of

Honor”.

Salvador P. Lopez

➢ Publish “Literature and Society”.

↳ An essay collection
which include a piece
with the same title.