21st CENTURY LITERATURE OF THE PHILIPPINES AND THE WORLD
DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY
HISTORY AND REPRESENTATIVE TEXTS AND
AUTHORS FROM EACH REGION IN THE
PHILIPPINES
● “Baybayin” is an old writing system widely
used in the northern part of the Philippines
during the 17th century.
LITERATURE
● Literature plays a vital role in our lives, it
mirrors human experiences and varies
from different cultures depending on their
experience.
PERIODS OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY HISTORY
PRE-COLONIAL PERIOD
● The first period of the Philippine literary
history is the longest. Long time before the
Spaniards and other foreigners landed on
Philippine shores, our forefathers already
had their own literature stamped in the
history of our race.
SPANISH COLONIZATION PERIOD
● Spanish occupied Philippines in early 15th
century. The Spanish colonization period
has two distinct classifications – religious
and secular.
AMERICAN COLONIZATION PERIOD
● Philippine literature in English, as a direct
result of American colonization of the
country, could not escape being imitative
of American models of writing especially
during its period of apprenticeship.
JAPANESE COLONIZATION PERIOD
● This period is considered the war years
and period of maturity and originality.
CONTEMPORARY/ MODERN PERIOD
● Many novels in English seem to have
been written for literary contests like
Palanca and Asia Man. The more popular
but banal issue is called “literature (art)
and propaganda.”
DIMENSIONS OF PHILIPPINE LITERARY
HISTORY
GEOGRAPHY
● The study of place and the relationship
between people and their environment.
LANGUAGE
● A system of conventional spoken or
written symbols which individuals use.
ETHNICITY
● A notion that refers to social entities
sharing real or putative ascriptive features
like a common origin or cultural-linguistic
legacy which assumedly command special
collective commitment, as well as their
retention and transmission.
COMPARE AND CONTRAST VARIOUS 21ST
CENTURY GENRES FROM THE EARLIER
GENRES/ PERIODS
● Literature reinvents itself as it changes its
form to adapt to the changing times and
changing trends.
MAJOR GENRES OF LITERATURE
POETRY
● Poetry is one of the earliest genres of
literature.
ELEMENTS OF POETRY
RHYME
● It is the identical rhyme if the last words or
sounds match each other.
ALLITERATION
● The occurrence of the same letter or
sound at the beginning of adjacent or
closely connected words.
ASSONANCE
● Resemblance in the sounds of
words/syllables either between their
vowels or consonants.
METER
● It is also called the rhythm in poetry.
● It is the pattern of beats (foot) (stressed
and unstressed syllables in a line).
IAMB
● Unstressed/stressed.
TROCHEE
● Stressed/unstressed.
ANEPEST
● Unstressed/unstressed/stressed.
DACTYL
● Stressed/unstressed/unstressed.
IMAGERY AND SYMBOLS
● Poetry must also employ figurative
language to creatively express emotions,
feeling and ideas.
 METAPHOR CLIMAX
● Comparison of two unlike things. ● The highest point of tension in the
story.
SIMILE
● Two unlike things compared using FALLING ACTION
“like” or “as”. ● The part of the story after the climax
and before the end.
ONOMATOPOEIA
● Word that imitate sounds. DENOUEMENT
● The final outcome of the story and it is
ALLITERATION where other secrets are revealed if
● The repetition of the same initial there is any.
sound of the words.
SETTING
ASSONANCE ● Includes the time or period and place
● The resemblance of a sound in words where the event happened.
or syllables.
CHARACTERS
REPETITION ● Are the person/animal/ or any inanimate
● A word, phrase, or sentence repeated objects that functions as the
to emphasize its importance in the protagonist/antagonist and other minor
entire text. roles.

SYNEDOCHE CONFLICT
● A part is made to represent the whole ● Tension in the story and involves the
or vice versa. struggle of two opposite forces/characters.

PERSONIFICATION INTERNAL CONFLICT

● Given human attributes to an object or ● A psychological conflict which arises
animal. when the character experiences two
opposite emotions.
HYPERBOLE
● Exaggerates the meaning of a INTERNAL CONFLICT
sentence. ● The struggle of a protagonist against
outside forces that prevents them to
SYMBOLS achieve their goal.
● It is the use of symbols to convey
ideas. A symbol represents various NON-FICTION
ideas or things at one time. ● A genre that tells about stories that
actually happen in real life.
FICTION
● Fiction is a story of make believe. DRAMA
● It is a story made by the author’s creative ● Drama is the specific mode of fiction
imagination. represented in performance.

ELEMENTS OF FICTION LITERARY ELEMENT OF DRAMA

PLOT
EXPOSITION
● Tells the background of the story, in
this part ou can find the setting,
characters, or historical contexts.
SCRIPT
● Written text of a play.
● Consists of dialogues that will be spoken
by the actors and stage direction which
gives instructions about the position and
movement of the actors.

RISING ACTION TECHNICAL ELEMENT OF DRAMA

● Involves events that lead to the climax
of the story. SCENERY SET
● Properties used to identify the location and
period of production.
MAKE-UP
● Used in dramas to aid the actors in taking
the appropriate appearance of the
characters they play.
COSTUME
● Are clothes, garments or attires worn by
actors to aid dramatic actions and
interpretations.
LIGHTS
● Provides the mood and atmosphere of the
drama.
SOUND
● Helps engage the audience and bring
them into another time.
PERFORMANCE ELEMENT OF DRAMA
ACTING
● The enactment of an actor or actress who
portrays a character.
CHARACTER ANALYSIS
● Evaluating the characters traits, their role
in the story, and conflicts.
CHARACTER MOTIVATION
● The element that drives the character to
achieve their goal.
NEW GENRES OF LITERATURE
● The various genres of literature and its
sub-genres changes through time.
HYPERPOETRY
● It is a poetry uploaded in the internet and
its medium is the computer screen.
MOBILE TEXTULA
● A short poetry in a form of tanaga, that is
sent through SMS on mobile phone.
● Consists of 4 lines and 7 syllables using (/)
to end a line and (//) to end a stanza.
FLASH FICTION
● Telling a story in a few words, usually
about 100-1000 words or less.
CHICK LIT
● A heroine-centered fiction narrative;
usually focus on the traits of the
protagonist.
BLOG
● A regularly updated webpage of website
that is written in conversation style.
CONTEXT OF 21ST CENTURY PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE FROM THE REGIONS
BIOGRAPHICAL CONTEXTS
● Background information about the author’s
life, including their educational background,
professional background or socioeconomic
background, which directly or indirectly
influence their work.
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
● You will also have a glimpse of their
educational attainment and academic
achievements. Some authors may have
earned the highest educational degree
while others may have dropped out of
school for their own reasons.
PROFESSIONAL BACKGROUND
● You will discover more, like how he or she
started their career in writing. You will
learn his or her milestones as a writer.
SOCIOECONOMIC BACKGROUND
● You will also find out about their family.
You will know about their family
background and other significant
childhood and adulthood experiences.
You can get a glimpse of the author's background
through his or her writing style or through events
that he or she describes. Take note that in some
cases, you cannot access a copy of the
biographical contexts of a literary piece. This
should not stop you from interpreting them
accurately.
LINGUISTIC CONTEXTS
● You have to focus on the language used in
the literary text and how it is used to
convey meaning. Knowing how words
interplay in a piece of literature will help
you understand and appreciate it more.
Pay careful attention to sentence
structures, grammar patterns, and
vocabulary used in the text.
LEVELS OF COMPREHENSION
LITERARY COMPREHENSION
● Reading the lines.
● As you read a text, take note of specific
details that relate to who, what, when,
where, why and how questions.
INFERENTIAL COMPREHENSION
● Refers to reading between the lines.
● Means you must determine the meaning of
certain words and expressions within the
text by using context clues.
 CONTEXT CLUES
● Context clues are surrounding words
and phrases in the text that are used
to give meaning to unfamiliar words
and phrases such as idiomatic
expressions and figures of speech.

EVALUATIVE COMPREHENSION
● Takes your imagination outside of the text.
● Enables you to generalize, form new
conclusion, or make judgments about
certain issues.

Reading the text on its own, regardless of the

author’s biography and sociocultural background,
will help you understand the literary context
through analyzing the words, sentences, patterns,
imagery, etc. in it.

SOCIOCULTURAL CONTEXTS
● It combines social and cultural elements
that are significant in understanding and
appreciating a work of literature.

APPLYING MULTIMEDIA AND ICT IN

PRODUCING CREATIVE LITERARY
REPRESENTATION
● Philippine literature has undergone literary
innovations and fueled more writers to be
discovered. The evolution of literary
expression has made it easier for Filipinos
to share masterpieces nowadays. Internet
has become an avenue of personal
expression, a means of making crafted
stories and poems into works of art.

MULTIMEDIA
● Multimedia is a broad term for combining
multiple media formats. It can include text,
audio, video, still images, animation, video
and interactivity. Slides, for example, are
multimedia as they combine text and
images, and sometimes video and other
types.

ICT SKILLS
● ICT skill is simply exhibiting
communication technologies,
communicating and participating in
collaborative networks via internet.