REPORT BY; Nas, Sarah B.

Feedback
Feedback is information that athletes would
receive from coach/trainor or environment
regarding the level of their motor skills or
performance. It serves as a groundwork for the
athletes learning development.
 Types of Feedback

Intrinsic Feedback
This feedback is information that athletes have to receive as a natural
consequence of moving by means of their sensory processes.

Extrinsic Feedback
This feedback is an infomation that athletes receive that is not due to a
natural consequence of executing a response but because of the
external or outside sources such as a coach, teammate, stopwatch,
judges score, videotape replay, and significant others. It can provide
information on the outcome of the performance or on the movement
pattern that the athletes have just displayed.
 Function in skill learning
and Performance

Feedback as Motivation
It plays a powerful role in energizing and directing athletes' behavior
in a particular task. Also, it influences athletes in terms of goal setting
and goal evaluation.

Feedback as Reinforcement or Punishment

Reinforcement means any event that increases the probability that a

particular response will reoccur under similar consequences. Punishment
refers to any event that decreases the probability that a particular
response will reoccur.
Feedback as Error Correction Information

First and foremost, providing information helps

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 Techniques in Feedback
Christina and Corcos (cited in Fischman and Oxendine, 2001)
employed a three-step process in motor skills feedback.

Compare the Athlete's Technique with Correct Technique

It is focused on basic movement pattern instead of small idiosyncrasies in

individual style . It takes several observations of the skill to evaluate the
observed mistakes, however the coach should avoid the mistake of offering
feedback too quickly. Mistakes in technique must be corrected if the athletes
would improve performance or induce safety.
 Select One Error to Correct at a time
The coach must try to identify the error that is most fundamental, critical,
and give feedback only if necessary. More often than not, an error is the
cause of other errors, and the critical error can be corrected and the others
may be eliminated.

Determine the Cause of the Error and What the Athlete

Must Do to Correct it

The causal errors are ranging from relatively simple like forgetting to
concentrate on some aspect of the skills, to the very difficult such as a
subtle change in mechanics.
 Varieties of Feedback
Butler (1996) pointed out various forms of feedback

KNowledge of Results
The familiar comments made by observers, Such feedback for maximum effect
should be delivered immediately following the action or skill. If corrections are
required to the skill, the instructions should follow some positive comments
about performance.

Objective Measures

Keeping a diary of a performances can provide a valuable record of

progress.
 Self-Monitoring
This includes monitoring the action or effect of the action. Inviting the
athlete to take note of what he feels during the execution of a skill directs
attention to kinesthetic or muscular changes. Tension can be located. In
addition, the athlete can be asked to consider the effect of his action.

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execution deserving a rating of 10, the athlete rates his performance after
each attempt.
 Video Playback

The steps involved in using video for feedback include;

First, an agreement to focus on one aspect of the performance (which might

have been highlighted through previous video analysis);

Second, video a short sample of the performance;

Third, before watching the replay, encourage the athlete to analyze the
performance and rate it out of 10; and

Fourth, when watching the playback observe and comment on the accuracy of
the athlete's analysis rating.
Thank you!