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Pendahuluan
Macroscopic Transportation System

Land use system Transport. network system

Traffic system

L AW This course is focused on highway traffic system

 Definisi Lalu Lintas
• UU 22/2009 :
Gerak kendaraan dan orang di Ruang Lalu Lintas Jalan (prasarana yang
diperuntukkan bagi gerak pindah kendaraan, orang, dan/atau barang yang berupa
jalan dan fasilitas pendukung)
• KBBI :
• Kegiatan perjalanan di jalan dan sebagainya
• Perhubungan antara sebuah tempat dengan tempat yang lain (dengan jalan
pelayaran, kereta api, dan sebagainya)
 Definisi Lalu Lintas
• Webster Dictionary :
• all the vehicles driving along a certain road or in a certain area
• the movement of airplanes, ships, etc., along routes
• the amount of people who pass through a certain place or travel in a certain
way

• Cambridge Dictionary:
• The number of vehicles moving along roads, or the amount of aircraft, trains
or ships moving along a route
• People or goods transported by road, air, train, or ship, as a business
 Definisi Rekayasa Lalu Lintas
• UU 22/2009 :
• Serangkaian usaha dan kegiatan yang meliputi perencanaan, pengadaan,
pemasangan, pengaturan, dan pemeliharaan fasilitas perlengkapan jalan dalam
rangka mewujudkan, mendukung dan memelihara keamanan, keselamatan,
ketertiban, dan kelancaran lalu lintas
• Leksmono Suryo Putranto (2008) :
• Metode perancangan ruang lalu lintas jalan yang aman dan nyaman bagi
pengguna jalan dan efisien dari sudut pandang pembiayaan/penggunaan lahan
 Definition of Traffic Engineering
• Webster Dictionary :
engineering dealing with the design of streets and control of traffic

• Institute of Transportation Engineers, USA :

phase of engineering that deals with the planning, geometric design and traffic
operations of roads, streets and highways and their networks, terminals, abutting
lands and relationships with other modes of transportation for the achievement
of safe, efficient and convenient movement of people and goods
 Goal of Traffic Engineering
• Goal of Traffic Engineering --- explore how to provide for the safe, rapid,
comfortable, convenient, economical, and environmentally compatible
movement of people and goods.
➢ Safe --- public safety
➢ Rapid --- time value and customer service
➢ Comfortable/convenient --- level of service
➢ Economical --- social cost
➢ Environmental --- clean air and sustainability

➢ Movement --- mobility

 Scope of Traffic Engineering
Basically,
• finding the most optimal way of controlling the movement of vehicle and
people.
• identifying the impact that upcoming projects can have on the way traffic moves
in and around the development site.
• forecasting the need for traffic signals, future traffic and include provisions to
route traffic to and from the development site.
 Ex. Highway:
Fixed Facility → Roadway
- Links (Roadway Sections)

- Nodes (Intersections)

• Flow entities → Vehicles

• Control systems → Traffic lights
• Friction of geographical space → Distances, travel time, others
• Efficiently → Cost, convenience
Scope
• Corridor Evaluation and Feasibility Studies
• Traffic Impact Assessment
• Level 1 - small commercial developments
• Level 2 - moderately sized developments
• Level 3 - very large commercial developments
• Access Management
• Road Safety Audit
Time line :
• Existing condition
• Future need
Corridor Evaluation and Feasibility Studies

• Corridor and feasibility studies aim to develop solutions to

transport improvement needs.
• These studies analyze various factors such as traffic volumes,
parking demands, parallel routes, median spacing, etc, and
also find out how these different elements will interact to
arrive at ideal corridor (the space within which traffic moves)
solutions.
• Feasibility studies aim at determining the project costs and the
benefits of taking the actions proposed by corridor studies.
 Jatingaleh Corridor
• Previous condition:
• It starts from the end of Setiabudhi St. to Gombel St. and Teuku Umar St., and endpoint
ends at the beginning of Wahidin St. (Intersection of Teuku Umar – Wahidin –
Sultan Agung). In the middle corridor, lays the Jatingaleh exit toll road
Exit toll road
• As the main public arterial road that connects the
southern Central Java (from Solo or Yogya) with Pantura,
the traffic volume on this corridor is very high

• The high traffic on this

corridor intersected with Starting point
traffic flow that came out of
the toll road. It caused
conflicts, that triggered
heavy traffic jam.
https://jateng.tribunnews.com (2015)
 Jatingaleh Corridor
• Previous condition:
• Some resolution studies have been conducted since 2005, delivered some alternatives, such as
traffic management, Jatingaleh Underpass, Jatingaleh Fly-over, etc, due to minimize traffic
conflict, degree of saturation, delay, queue and travel time.
• From the studies, underpass was recommended. But over 10 years, the alternatives that were
implemented related with traffic management, such as tidal lane, or traffic flow limitation
from two-way roads become one-way roads, since underpass and fly-over were high cost
projects.
• Since the traffic flow continued to increase, as well as the costs due to traffic congestion
(monetary and non-monetary), it was inevitable that an underpass must be built, even though
the cost was very high.
• In 2014, land acquisition had been begun. And in 2015, underpass construction was started,
with funding from the Expenditure Budget from the central government (APBN), and local
governments (provincial and city APBD).
 Conflict Resolution at Jatingaleh Corridor

Segment 1

To CBD

Segment 2 Segment 3

To
ToUngaran
Ungaran
/Bawen
/Bawen
Conflict Resolution at Jatingaleh Corridor

https://jateng.antaranews.com (2017)
Traffic Impact Studies

• Most regulating bodies require developers to conduct traffic

impact studies/traffic impact analysis; especially if the
proposed development is expected to generate significant
traffic inflows or has the potential to change the existing traffic
patterns.

• Traffic impact studies also aim to study the impact that the
proposed development would have on the traffic in and
around the site and find the most optimal method to transport
people and material.
 Criteria of Area with TIA Requirement
(Regulation of Minister of Transportation of Republic Indonesia, PM 75/2015 )

Land use Minimal Criterion Land use Minimal Criterion

Commercial 500 m2 floor area Gas station 1 dispenser
Office 1000 m2 floor area Small Housing Society 150 units
Industrial and warehouse 2500 m2 floor area Upper-medium Housing Society 50 units
School/University 500 students Flats 100 units
Hospital 50 beds Apartments 50 units
Bank 500 m2 floor area Dormitory 50 rooms
Hotel 50 rooms Shophouse 2000 m2 floor area
Restaurant 100 seats
Meeting Hall 500 m2 floor area Infrastructures: REQUIRED
Access to toll roads, harbour,
Sport Facility 100 spectators or
airport, bus terminal, train
10000 m2 area
station, vehicle pool, parking
Car Wash or Car Repair Shop 2000 m2 floor area area, flyover, underpass, tunnel
Access Management

• Due to the heavy inflow of traffic in and around the

development, site corridors may become congested. It is,
therefore, imperative for traffic engineers to ensure access,
design, and spacing of the site without compromising on safety
and convenience.

• Access management is a set of techniques that planners use to

control access to roadways. Traffic engineers take various steps
to ensure proper access management such as allowing more
distance between traffic lights, planning roundabouts, and
two-way left turn lanes.
 Road Safety Audit
• To prevent traffic accidents through an approach
in the form of improving the condition of Safety
geometric designs, road complementary Bollard
buildings, road support facilities that have the
potential to cause traffic conflicts and traffic
accidents through a comprehensive, systematic
and independent road inspection concept.
Vehicular
Impact
• (Pd-T-17-2005-B : Road Safety Audit) Guardrail

Crash
Cushion
Bus Accident “Sang Engon” at
Semarang Toll Road, segment
Jatingaleh – Srondol (2015)

Bus “Sang Engon” that was speeding

on the toll road interchange ramp, hit
the median and rolled over to the
other side of the toll road. 18
passengers died, many others injured.

The ramp has small radius, so that the

speed is limited to 40 km/h (max).
The post speed is informed at the
beginning of ramp and in the middle
of ramp.
Install rumble strip at the beginning of ramp

Raise the median height

Position of Post Speed Sign and

Direction Sign at the middle of
ramp
 Basic Consideration
• Objects served – each object needs specific treatments and considerations
• Performance standards – already stated in regulations
• Alternatives that should be considered – each alternatives must be a good one,
and have logical reasoning
• Agreements/compromises that will be used for alternative selection – since each
alternatives have logical reasoning, we can consider the consequences, and
supports that must be provided
• The balance between the service limits that must be achieved with the amount
of resources used – don’t kill a mosquitos with a bomb
• The benefits that will be obtained and the consequences that must be borne by
the community – maximize the benefits, and minimize the consequences
Objects of traffic engineering
• Roadways --- main object to search for
• Vehicles --- some of them
• Drivers --- key element but difficult to study
• Biker & Pedestrians --- education
• Environment --- still remain in concept and difficult to exercise in
practice
Performance standards
• Can be different for each type of transportation facilities (such as road
segment, intersection, parking area, etc)
• Usually, the standards have been already stated in Indonesian regulations
or manuals, e.g.:
• Law of Republic of Indonesia no. 22 of 2009 about Road Traffic and Transportation
• Regulation of Minister of Transportation of Republic Indonesia no. PM 96/2015 about
the Guidelines for Traffic Management and Engineering Activities
• Regulation of Minister of Transportation of Republic Indonesia no. PM 75/2015 about
Traffic Impact Assessment
• Indonesian Highway Capacity Manual (IHCM), Manual no. 036/T/BM/1997
• Technical Guidelines for the Operation of Parking Facilities, Manual no.
272/HK.105/DRJD/1996
• Road Safety Audit, Manual no Pd-T-17-2005-B
Important issues related to traffic engineering
1. Application of traffic management concepts
2. Improved intermodal integration
3. Improved public transport performance
4. Increasing the participation of the private sector in the provision of public
transportation
5. Government subsidies for public transport
6. Integration between land use and transportation systems
7. Safety aspects in transportation infrastructure planning
Traffic Elements

the number and characteristics
– usually become inputs in
traffic studies
Traffic elements
Human: the most complex and unpredictable
- Driver element -- in IHCM the impact of this
element on the quality of roadway
- Pedestrian & cyclist infrastructure is considered
Vehicle Road & Environment road and environment
characteristics have
(media) (infrastructure) impact on the quality
of roadway
infrastructure –
considered in IHCM
Characteristics of human as a driver
• mental :
• Motivation : fast/cheap/safe? Education and persuasion
• intelligence :
▪ The ability to understand external factors and to respond to these conditions Education
▪ Learning ability – related to driving skills and training
• Emotion : have impact on how he decides something
• phisical: vision, hearing, etc – have impact on observation and reaction ability

➢ Characteristics of a driver have impact on HOW he drives

➢ How he drives actually have impact on traffic quality
 Vision and Reaction Time
➢ Vision ability, related to:
• Maximum visual acuity
• Peripheral field of view
• Depth perception
• Glare and recovery
• Color vision
➢ Reaction time, depends on:
• Perception : see or hear some information
• Intellection : think about what action should be taken
• Emotion : feel about the action should be taken
• Volition : decide what action should be taken

The amount of piev time = 0.5 – 4 sec

Design piev time = 2.5 sec
 Impact of driver characteristics to traffic performance
Does driver with higher skill have different impact on traffic performance?
• The higher the skill of the driver, the higher the road capacity will be. Why?
• Generally, higher skills are possessed by drivers in big cities
• This is accommodated in the calculation of urban road capacity, where for large cities, the
correction factor value is > 1 → higher C, higher traffic performance (at same number of vehicle)
• Note: C = Co x correction factor

(IHCM – Urban Roads)

 (IHCM – Urban Road)

CS >> FCcs >>

C >>
Traffic Performance FCCS >>
1. Degree of Saturation : less is better
→ DS = Q/C
→ the higher C, with same Q, the smaller DS, better performance
2. Speed and travel time → will be discussed later
Characteristics of human as a pedestrian
Mental:
• Knowledge about traffic rules
Education and persuasion
• Awareness to obey traffic rules
Phisical condition :
• Speed : 1 – 1,5 m/s
• React time : 4 – 5 sec
• diffability

➢ Characteristics of a pedestrian have impact on HOW he uses the road,

whether he becomes obstacle or not
➢ How he uses the road actually have impact on traffic quality
 Impact of pedestrian characteristics to traffic performance

Does pedestrian and some other activities on the roadside have impact
on traffic performance?
• Pedestrian, cyclist, stopped vehicle, unmotorized vehicle can become obstacles on the
roadside → as side friction
• The higher side friction → the correction factor value is lower → lower C, lower traffic
performance (at same number of vehicle)
 (IHCM – Urban Road)

SFC >> FCsf <<

Traffic Performance FCCS <<
1. Degree of Saturation : less is better C <<
→ DS = Q/C
→ lower FCsf → lower C, the higher DS, worse performance
2. Speed and travel time → will be discussed later
Characteristics of vehicles
Dimension:
• Length, width, height, overhang, turning radius
• Weight, load capacity Related to road pavement damage,
will be discussed in Course 6305
Performance: (Road Pavement)
• Speed
• Engine Strength, Braking Ability, Vehicle Control
• Fuel Consumption (Operating Cost)

➢ Vehicle dimension and speed related to the use of road space

➢ Bigger and slower vehicle are assumed to use more space → will be
discussed more in modul “traffic volume”
Recent Phenomenon : Over Dimension Over Load (ODOL) and
Intelligent Transportation System (ITS)
ODOL will cause or impact on:
• Vehicle damage
• Road damage
• Safety and psychological effect

ITS’s benefits (already discussed in FTE course)

• higher safety, more efficient and reliable ODOL – in term
for motorcycle
→ better traffic quality
Intermezzo
Characteristics of road network

• Classification : network system (primary or secondary), road function (arterial,

collector, local), authority (national, province, city/regency), etc
• Geometric : Road type (2/2 UD, 4/2 D, etc), Lane width, shoulder width, median
existence (and dimension, if any), horizontal and vertical alignment, etc
• Pavement : pavement type (rigid, flexible, composite), pavement material (asphaltic
concrete, Hot Rolled Sheet/HRS, etc)

➢ Most geometric characteristics are related to road capacity

Intersection
• the crossed point of two or more road links → conflict-potential
• Common problems:
• Traffic volume and capacity
• geometric and sight distance, inc. distance between 2 intersections
• Side friction: Parking, access road, pedestrian
• Intersection control :
• Reduce or avoid the possibility of accidents caused by conflict points.
• Keep the intersection capacity optimal
• Provide clear and definite instructions to direct the flow of traffic to use the intersection.
• By:
• Geometric modification
• Time sharing
• Space sharing
Characteristics of road environment
• Land Use System : some type of land uses generate trips from, towards or around the
land use → side friction? Increased demand?
• Climate : rainfall, light intensity, fog, etc → may change driver behavior in driving at
certain moment
• Traffic (volume and composition) : number of unmotorized vehicle? % of motorcycle
or heavy vehicle?