ENERGY CRISIS ON WAPDA

TOWN
Resource Person: Plnr. Rummana
Khan
Group Members: Course: Public Participation
Mesum Raza and Community Development
(F2019214001)
Abdul Rauf (F2019214015)
Sidra Tul Muntaha

Department of City and Regional Planning

School of Architecture and Planning
University of Management and Technology Lahore
 Table of Contents
Wapda Town, Lahore......................................................................................................................1
Abstract........................................................................................................................................1
Keywords.....................................................................................................................................1
Problem Tree................................................................................................................................1
Solution Tree................................................................................................................................1
Chapter # 01.....................................................................................................................................1
Introduction..................................................................................................................................1
Global Fault..................................................................................................................................2
Goals of Energy Crisis.................................................................................................................3
Methodology................................................................................................................................3
National Level Crisis...................................................................................................................4
Chapter #02......................................................................................................................................4
Methods and Research.....................................................................................................................4
Coordinates:.................................................................................................................................4
What Is Brainstorming?...............................................................................................................4
Rule of Brainstorming..................................................................................................................5
10 Effective Team Brainstorming Techniques............................................................................5
Case Studies on Brainstorming........................................................................................................5
Integrating Delphi and participatory back-casting in pursuit of trustworthiness. The case of
electric mobility in Germany.......................................................................................................5
Creative Reflections on Brainstorming........................................................................................6
Participatory development of digital support tools for local-scale energy transitions: Lessons
from two European case studies...................................................................................................6
Case Studies on Energy Crisis.........................................................................................................8
Evaluation of influencing factors and public attitudes for the adoption of biogas system in
rural communities to overcome energy crisis..............................................................................8
Asymmetric impact of renewable and non-renewable energy on the industrial sector in
Pakistan........................................................................................................................................8
Iraq's Electricity Crisis.................................................................................................................8
Energy Crisis in Pakistan, Adaptation and Mitigation Measures................................................9
Solar Energy Potential in Pakistan...............................................................................................9
China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Prospects for Resolving Energy Crisis..............................9
 Energy Crisis and Comparative Advantage Industries: Empirical Evidence from the Pakistan
Economy....................................................................................................................................10
A Stochastic Approach to Energy Policy and Management: A Case Study of the Pakistan
Energy Crisis..............................................................................................................................10
The Relationship between Financial Crisis and Energy Efficiency: A Sectoral Study in
Turkey........................................................................................................................................10
SWOT............................................................................................................................................11
Layout Plan....................................................................................................................................11
Diamond Model of Wapda Town..................................................................................................12
Promethe Model of Wapda Town..................................................................................................13
Meetup with Plnr. Zubair...............................................................................................................13
Data Analysis.................................................................................................................................14
3D Layout of Wapda Town...........................................................................................................19
Thermal Analysis of Wapda Town................................................................................................20
Daylight Analysis of Wapda Town...............................................................................................20
House Drawing with Size, Height & Carbon Emission................................................................21
Trees..............................................................................................................................................24
Recommendation...........................................................................................................................31
Conclusion.....................................................................................................................................31
References......................................................................................................................................32

Figures Table
Figure 1. Concept Drawing of Brainstorming.................................................................................7
Figure 2. Brainstorming...................................................................................................................7
Figure 3. Digitize Layout Plan of Wapda Town............................................................................11
Figure 4. Thermal Analysis...........................................................................................................20
Figure 5. Daylight Analysis...........................................................................................................20
Figure 6. Problem Tree by Abdul Rauf.........................................................................................24
Figure 7. Solution Tree by Abdul Rauf.........................................................................................25
Figure 8. Problem Tree by Sidra....................................................................................................26
Figure 9. Solution Tree by Sidra....................................................................................................27
Figure 10. Problem Tree by Mesum..............................................................................................28
Figure 11. Solution Tree by Mesum..............................................................................................28
Figure 12. Problem Tree (Group)..................................................................................................29
Figure 13. Solution Tree (Group)..................................................................................................30
 Wapda Town, Lahore
Abstract
The energy crisis is the largest single drain on Pakistan’s economy. This crisis stems from a fuel
mix transformation initiated two decades ago, when power generation came to rely more on
imported furnace oil than hydropower. The resultant increased power generation costs, coupled
with the high proportion of line losses, have led to the need to increase tariffs, while causing
losses to power generation, transmission and distribution companies. This in turn has given rise
to the phenomenon of circular debt in the energy sector, whereby slippages in the payment of
bills (particularly on the part of public institutions) trigger a chain of delayed payments for
imported furnace oil, natural gas or other inputs to the thermal generation system, which in turn
hamper the operation of the power plants and result in less than optimum capacity usage. In
addition, the energy crisis is a significant drain on the government’s resources, with energy
subsidies taking up a substantial part of the federal budget. Under an International Monetary
Fund agreement of September 2013 the government is committed to clearing the circular debt,
adjusting tariffs to improve resource allocation and encourage conservation, and implementing
fuel policies aimed at ensuring natural gas supplies to power plants.

Keywords
Power Shortage, Carbon Emission, Overpopulation, Problem & Solution Tree, Global Warming

Problem Tree
A problem tree provides an overview of all the known causes and effects to an identified
problem. Which aims to get a clear and shared understanding of the issue.

Solution Tree
Reversing the problem tree, by replacing negative statements with positive ones, creates a
solution tree. A solution tree identifies means-end relationships as opposed to cause-effects.
(Community Sustainability Engagement, 2010)

Chapter # 01
Introduction
The energy crisis is the concern that the world’s demands on the limited natural resources that
are used to power industrial society are diminishing as the demand rises. These natural
resources are in limited supply. While they do occur naturally, it can take hundreds of thousands
of years to replenish the stores. The energy crisis is a broad and complex topic. Most people
don’t feel connected to its reality unless the price of gas at the pump goes up or there are lines at
the gas station. The energy crisis is something that is ongoing and getting worse, despite many
efforts. The reason for this is that there is not a broad understanding of the complex causes and
solutions for the energy crisis that will allow for an effort to happen that will resolve it.
(PUBLISHER, 2015)

Global Fault
The planet’s energy systems are interconnected, so the crisis and its spillover are being felt
across the world. The crunch has had knock-on effects across industries, obstructing silicon
production, disrupting food supplies and snarling supply chains. In the U.S., natural gas futures
have already more than doubled this year, before the peak demand that comes with the winter
cold. With 40% of the country’s electricity now generated by burning gas, those higher prices
will inevitably push up electricity and heating bills. In China, even as the government pushes to
ramp up renewable power, the industrial economy still relies heavily on fossil fuels: coal, gas
and oil. And when its factories started humming again during the pandemic rebound, the
country simply didn’t have enough fuel. Chinese manufacturing contracted in September for the
first time in 19 months, suggesting that soaring energy costs have become the biggest shock to
strike the economy since the beginning of the pandemic. China’s government is now vowing to
stabilize the situation by procuring more overseas coal and liquefied natural gas. That puts the
nation in direct competition with Europe, threatening to starve the continent of fuel and worsen
that crisis. There will be an inevitable fight over what exports are available, leaving some
developing countries such as India and Pakistan worried they can’t compete.
(A.K.Bhattacharya, 2021)
The energy crisis is the largest single drain on Pakistan’s economy. This crisis stems from a fuel
mix transformation initiated two decades ago, when power generation came to rely more on
imported furnace oil than hydropower. The resultant increased power generation costs, coupled
with the high proportion of line losses, have led to the need to increase tariffs, while causing
losses to power generation, transmission and distribution companies. This in turn has given rise
to the phenomenon of circular debt in the energy sector, whereby slippages in the payment of
bills (particularly on the part of public institutions) trigger a chain of delayed payments for
imported furnace oil, natural gas or other inputs to the thermal generation system, which in turn
hamper the operation of the power plants and result in less than optimum capacity usage. In
addition, the energy crisis is a significant drain on the government’s resources, with energy
subsidies taking up a substantial part of the federal budget. Under an International Monetary
Fund agreement of September 2013 the government is committed to clearing the circular debt,
adjusting tariffs to improve resource allocation and encourage conservation, and implementing
fuel policies aimed at ensuring natural gas supplies to power plants. (S.Aftab, 2014)
Goals of Energy Crisis
 Reducing monthly Bill by installing Renewable Energy Sources
 Reducing the cost of renewable energy production for consumers
 Awareness for using Smart Appliances
 Reducing regulatory compliance costs
 Reducing investment risks involving renewable energy
 Increasing the adoption of renewable energy sources by individuals and businesses
 Making Environment Greener
 Focus on Green Energy
 Healthy Lifestyle
 Less use of Private Vehicle
 Promoting Public Transport
 Reducing Carbon Emission
 Recycling Water

Methodology
 Study
 Research
 Generate Questionnaire
 Survey
 Consumers Usage
 Identifying Problems
 Solution from Consumers
 Generate Graph
 Point Out House on Google Imagery
 Import into GIS
 GIS Layout
 Street Layout
National Level Crisis
 Physical Supply Shortfalls
 Demand Growth
 International Donor Support
 Mismanagement and Inefficiencies
 Regulatory Environment
 Market Structure and Competition
 Reform Efforts and Priorities
 Supply Increases
 Tariff Adjustments and Regulatory Reforms
 Improved Operating Performance
 Competition and Privatization

Chapter #02
Methods and Research
Wapda Town is a residential neighborhood or housing estate. It is now considered as one of the
most expensive and high quality housing schemes in Lahore. It is located in a very posh locality
of Lahore. Surrounded by PIA Society and Johar Town in the East, on the South by Valencia,
Lahore.
WAPDA Town is a residential neighborhood or a housing estate located within union council
257 (Wapda Town) in Allama Iqbal Zone of Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. It is now considered as
one of the most expensive and upscale residential schemes of the city of Lahore.
Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) Town, is a strategically-planned
residential community, established in 1978.

Coordinates: 31°33′32.60″N 74°19′33.22″E

What Is Brainstorming?
Brainstorming is a method of generating ideas and sharing knowledge to solve a particular
commercial or technical problem, in which participants are encouraged to think without
interruption. Brainstorming is a group activity where each participant shares their ideas as soon
as they come to mind. (TWI Ltd., 2016)
Rule of Brainstorming
To ensure a productive session and one to which all present contribute, there are several
brainstorming 'rules' -
 Encourage novel and innovative ideas, however odd they may first appear
 The quantity of ideas is more important than quality, so while ideas are shared with the
group they are not discussed or criticized in detail; this is reserved for a later stage
 Build on the ideas put forward by others
 Every person and every idea has equal worth
 Each idea generated belongs to the group rather than the individual who thought of it

10 Effective Team Brainstorming Techniques

 Brainwriting
 Rapid ideation
 Figure storming
 Eidetic image method
 Online brainstorming, aka brain netting
 Round-robin brainstorming
 Step-ladder technique
 Mind mapping
 Starbursting
 Change of scenery (WEWORK Ideas, 2015)

Case Studies on Brainstorming

Integrating Delphi and participatory back-casting in pursuit of

trustworthiness. The case of electric mobility in Germany
Back casting is a well-established method for assessing the creation and realization of desirable
futures, and it is particularly well suited to complex issues requiring radical change. Back
casting exercises with a wide range of stakeholders are carried out using a variety of methods.
However, due to inefficiencies in the group, it is difficult to conduct back casting exercises in a
participatory, yet rigorous, and trustworthy manner. We present an innovative participatory
back casting approach for electric mobility in Germany that incorporates a Delphi survey and
semi-structured interviews. We show how to increase trustworthiness in participatory back
casting by allowing for continuous stakeholder participation in a structured and transparent
manner, from the creation of a preferred future to the assessment of the major factors leading to
this future. The findings depict a future vision of electric mobility in Germany in 2030, as well
as a discussion of the key factors that will lead to this desirable future. We outline the
challenges associated with this approach, such as difficulties in developing detailed roadmaps or
the limited inclusion of end-users as major stakeholders, in addition to outlining the major
benefits of our approach by integrating Delphi and participatory back casting. (M.Zimmermann,
2012)

Creative Reflections on Brainstorming

Brainstorming is the standard method for generating ideas in businesses, and it is widely used
by students, academics, and support staff in higher education. Its popularity stems primarily
from the erroneous belief that individuals working together are more productive than
individuals working alone. The popularity of brainstorming is also fueled by shared
responsibility, the need for collaboration, and the social aspect of work. This paper describes
preliminary results on participants' self-reflection during a brainstorm to add to the numerous
studies that have demonstrated the inefficiencies of brainstorming. Recommendations are made
to increase the efficiency of group brainstorming sessions. (K.Byron, 2012)

Participatory development of digital support tools for local-scale energy

transitions: Lessons from two European case studies
Local and regional spatial planning systems are frequently unsuited to the growth of small-scale
and local social innovations in renewable energy. Many types of participatory decision-making
tools have been developed to aid in the implementation of environmental policies, but they are
less common in the energy sector. To fill this knowledge gap, we discuss, compare, and contrast
the participatory development of two different types of digital support tools for the cases of
Spain and the Netherlands, yielding insights into the characteristics that local stakeholders find
particularly desirable. We take an integrative approach, combining implementation theory and
action research to analyze key actor implementation characteristics and co-create knowledge
with participant stakeholders, respectively. The tools developed represent two extremes of the
spatial decision support tool spectrum, a simple touchscreen application on the one hand and a
more complicated spatial model on the other. COLLAGE was used and well-liked by
stakeholders, whereas APoLUS was not adopted by the participant group, who nevertheless
contributed much essential information to its development. We identify eight key differences
between the two tools which shed light on the nature of bottom-up energy transition processes:
1: Target users; 2: Target scale of action; 3: Relevance to users’ needs; 4: Interactive quality; 5:
Key emphasis; 6: Level of complexity; 7: Ease of communication of tool rationale; 8: Cost. The
differences between these tools also relate to a recognized dichotomy in sustainability transition
research, with complex spatial support systems like APoLUS tending towards descriptive-
analytical modes of sustainability science and simpler tools like COLLAGE being more clearly
related to transformational modes. (J.Flacke, 2020)

Figure 1. Concept Drawing of Brainstorming

 Figure 2. Brainstorming

Case Studies on Energy Crisis

Evaluation of influencing factors and public attitudes for the adoption of
biogas system in rural communities to overcome energy crisis
Energy is the backbone of a country's economy and development. The potential contribution of
renewable energy technology to energy stability, climate change mitigation and economic
growth is immense (A.A.Khan, 2021). A sum of 360 households (livestock-farmers) was
selected for data collection by the procedure of equal allocation. The overall model is
statistically significant at 1% significance level and confirmed the impact of socioeconomic
features as the prominent factors for the household's decision to adopt a biogas system. At the
same time, the government's fiscal policy should be subsidized which will encourage the lower-
income populations' participation in adopting and installing biogas plants.

Asymmetric impact of renewable and non-renewable energy on the industrial

sector in Pakistan
For the last two decades, Pakistan has faced various economic obstacles, the most significant of
which is the sluggish pace of industrial expansion caused by the energy crisis (K.R.Abbasi,
2022). To bridge this gap, we concentrate on a few key drivers to demonstrate vibrant
recommendations and evidence to policymakers. In this context, the study investigates the
asymmetric relationship between renewable energy consumption (REC), non-renewable energy
(NRE), terrorism, inflation, and international trade in the industrial sector from 1970 to 2018 in
Pakistan. We employed a novel co-integration approach known as a Nonlinear Autoregressive
Distributed Lag (NARDL) model with the Bayesian approach. The results show that the
industrial sector is increasing due to positive shocks in REC, whereas negative shock in REC
decreases significantly at a 5% level.

Iraq's Electricity Crisis

The electricity sector plays a vital role in the socioeconomic development of post-war countries
such as Iraq, Lebanon, Kosovo, and Afghanistan. Iraq has gone through three wars, civil unrest,
and economic sanctions during the last four decades, which crippled the power system to
devastating levels. The root cause of the stagnation is the legacy of bombing the infrastructure
during the 1990–1991 Gulf War, when around 75 percent of Iraq’s 9,300 MW installed capacity
was damaged, leaving only 2,300 MW at the end of the conflict. The quick military success was
undermined immediately by a subsequent wave of looting and anarchy, as it appeared later that
the United States was unprepared and ill-equipped to deal with a post conflict reconstruction
plan (H.H.Istepanian, 2014). As a result, supply to consumers from the public system was
severely restricted. Lack of security was mainly blamed for destabilizing the electricity supply
as the Coalition and Iraqi forces struggled to provide security for the power plants and
transmission lines.

Energy Crisis in Pakistan, Adaptation and Mitigation Measures

Energy is essential to all aspects of life and is the economic backbone of any country. Despite
having abundant raw energy reserves, Pakistan is trailing behind in this field, and there is a
pressing need for investment and appropriate utilization of these resources to propel the
economy forward. This article discusses the country's current energy situation, its available
resources, and their potential for solution. The statistical data in this book makes it easier for
policymakers to decide on important investment areas that will lead to a prosperous future for
the country. Many partial projects, such as Independent Power Producers (IPPs) and Rental
Power Plants (RPPs), have been developed and funded, but they have all proven to be a drain on
the economy. A proposed investment field sequence is also proposed. (A.R.Bhatti, 2012)

Solar Energy Potential in Pakistan

The proper use and development of renewable energy sources has become a key concern in
Pakistan due to the country's expanding energy needs. Several national and global corporations
have announced their desire to design and implement a large work plan for energy saving and
the building of renewable energy sources such as wind turbines and solar panels. Pakistan,
fortunately, is one of those countries where the sun warms the surface all year and hence has a
large potential for solar power generation. Using fifty-eight meteorological stations across the
country, this study was undertaken to determine which places are best suited for solar energy
potential. Using monthly climatically data of bright sunlight hours, mean maximum and
minimum temperatures, the Angstrom equation and Hargreaves formula were used to compute
monthly solar energy potential. The lowest level of solar radiation 76.49W/m 2 observed at
Cherat during December and highest339.25W/m 2 at Gilgit. The average monthly solar
radiation intensity remains 136.05to 287.36W/m 2 in the country. The results indicate that the
values of solar radiation intensity greater than 200W/m 2 were observed in the months:
February to October in Sindh, March to October in almost all regions of Baluchistan, April to
September in NWFP, Northern Areas and Kashmir regions while March to October in Punjab.
For 10h a day, average solar radiation intensity ranges from 1500W/m 2 /day to2750W/m 2 /day
in Pakistan especially in southern Punjab, Sindh and Baluchistan regions throughout the year. In
an area of 100 m 2, 45MW to 83MW power per month may be generated in the above
mentioned regions. (A.H.KHAN, 2012)

China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: Prospects for Resolving Energy Crisis

Pakistan is experiencing a serious electricity shortage. Its economic progress has been hampered
by the energy crisis. It is battling to maintain energy security. On the other hand, China, a long-
time friend and neighbor, is in desperate need of more energy to fuel its ever-expanding
economy. Pakistan's standing as a regional power has been cemented by this desire. Given its
geostrategic location, it is an important energy corridor. This study looks into the possibility of
Pakistan becoming an energy transit corridor for China and other regional countries, and
suggests strong collaboration among research and development organizations to help investigate
the key issues, categories potential areas, and provide an assessment to aid in determining the
best solution. Close cooperation between the government organizations, business community
and the research institutions will have synergist impact in overcoming acute energy crises in
Pakistan. (M.S.Khan, 2014)

Energy Crisis and Comparative Advantage Industries: Empirical Evidence

from the Pakistan Economy
The study's main goal is to look at the impact of energy issues on the competitiveness and
performance of a few key Pakistani sectors. The study's data spans the years 1999 through 2015.
Leather, textiles, tobacco, pharmaceuticals, and sugar were the industries studied. The Balassa
Index is first employed to calculate the competitiveness of the aforementioned businesses, and it
shows that, with the exception of tobacco, all other industries maintain a comparative advantage
both before and throughout the crisis. Second, a GMM estimation is used to examine the impact
of energy problems on company performance. The paper's conclusion suggests that energy
supply plays a critical role in improving Pakistan's industrial sector's net return and
competitiveness. (M.S.ALI, 2017)
A Stochastic Approach to Energy Policy and Management: A Case Study of
the Pakistan Energy Crisis
A country's ability to better manage and deal with an energy crisis is determined by its energy
policy. A sustainable energy policy takes into account both energy production and consumption.
In the past, Pakistan's government lacked such a strategy. Through a probabilistic approach, this
study intends to establish a policy-making framework to improve Pakistan's energy
management. This work uses stochastic analysis to offer a holistic energy policy based on the
uncertainty in energy data. To assess the accuracy of energy consumption data from 1989 to
2013, researchers analyzed data from 17 distinct sources. The analysis finds that energy
consumption data is imprecise, with energy theft being the primary source of this uncertainty.
(Z.Sajid, 2018)

The Relationship between Financial Crisis and Energy Efficiency: A Sectoral

Study in Turkey
Energy efficiency, or the ability to provide services and output with less energy, has emerged as
a critical problem for improving environmental performance, energy security, and worldwide
competitiveness. On the one hand, sectoral energy efficiency has a direct impact on energy
consumption per output, and on the other, it adds to profitability by lowering costs. It provides a
competitive advantage by allowing investments to be made at a lower cost than in other areas
and decreasing the investment's break-even period. However, a decline in cash flow as a result
of challenging financing conditions caused by the financial crisis, which began in the US
housing market in 2008 and spread globally through the financial sector, had an influence on the
energy industry by negatively impacting energy demand and supply. (I.S.Selcuk, 2019)

SWOT Analysis

Sr.No Strengths Weakness Opportunity Threats

.

1 Local Lack of vertical High Employment rate Drain (NALA)

Commercialization concept

2 Security Parking Issues Development of Horizontal

Business Expansion

3 Patrolling Lack of public Commercialization

attraction of Houses

4 Beautification
 SWOT
Layout Plan

Figure 3. Digitize Layout Plan of Wapda Town

Diamond Model of Wapda Town
Promethe Model of Wapda Town

Meetup with Plnr. Zubair

 Data Analysis

Type of Houses in Wapda Town

40
35 72%
No of Respomdence

30
25 Attached
20 Detached
Semi-detached
15
10 26%

5
0 2%
Housing Type

Description: In the graph public of Wapda town give their answer on which type of their
houses is, in which 72% have detached houses, 26% have attached houses and only 2% of the
housing are Semi-detached.

Size of Houses in Wapda Town

25

20
No of Respomdence

40%
Kanal
15 32% <5M
>1K
11-20 M
10 22% 2 Kanal
5-10 M

0 2% 2% 2%

Housing Size
Description: In the graph public of Wapda town give their answer on size of their houses is, in
which 42% have 5-10 Marla houses, 32% have 11-20 Marla houses, 22% have less than Kanal
houses, 2% have Kanal houses and 2% have 2 Kanal houses.

Passage Size Width in Wapda Town

20
18
36% 36%
16
No of Respomdence

14 10'
12'
12 15'
10 5'
7'
8
8'
6 Nill
4 10%
8%
2 6%

0 2% 2%

Passage Width

Description: In the graph public of Wapda town give their answer on passage width sizes in
their houses in which 36% have 10 ft. width, 36% have 5ft.width, 10% have 7ft. width and 2%
Have 12ft. width in their houses.
 Road Width in Wapda Town
40
68%
35

No of Respomdence 30
100'
25
20'
20 30'
40'
15 50'
22%
10
5 4% 4%
2%
0

Road With

Description: In the graph public of Wapda town give their answer on road width in front of
their houses in which 68% have 40ft. road width, 22% have 30ft. road width, 4% have 20ft.
road width and 2% have 1000ft. road width in front of their houses.

Public Transportation in Wapda Town

30

54%
25
No of Respomdence

20 Bus
nill
Nothing
15 Pickup
Rikshaw
10 Wagon
18%
5 12%
8%
6%
0 2%

Public Tranport

Description: In the graph public give their answer about public transport in Wapda town, in
which most of the respondent travel in bus then in the second they prefer pickup and the third
preference is rickshaw.
 Installation of Solar Panel in Wapda Town
40

35 74%
No of Respomdence

30

25
No
20
Yes
15
26%
10

Solar Installed

Description: In the graph public give their answer about solar panels installed on their houses
in which 74% of the people don’t have solar in their houses and only 26% have solar panel
installed in their house.

Proper Vegetation in Wapda Town

40
68%
35
No of Respomdence

30
25
No
20 Yes
32%
15
10
5
0

Vegetation

Description: In the graph public of Wapda town give their answer on how many of the
residents have proper vegetation in their house in which 68% have proper vegetation in their
house and only 32% disagree that they don’t have proper vegetation.
 Water Saving System in Wapda Town
40
72%
35
No of Respomdence

30
25
No
20 Yes
28%
15
10
5
0

Water Saving Measures

Description: In the graph public of Wapda town give their answer about water saving
precautions in their house that how many of the residents take precautions on water saving in
which 74% of the respondents didn’t take any measure and only 28% have implemented system
to save water in their houses.

Gas Supply in Wapda Town

35
60%
30
No of Respomdence

25

20 Neutral
32% Not Satisfied
15 Satisfied

10

5 8%

LPG Gas

Description: In the graph public of Wapda town give their answer on how many of the
residents are satisfied with the supply of Gas in their house, in which 60% gave the answer of
neutral, 32% are satisfied with the gas supply and 8% are not satisfied.
 Sunlight Presence in Wapda Town Houses
25 46%

20 38%
No of Respomdence

15 Average
Excellent
Good
10 16%

Sunlight

Description: In the graph public of Wapda town give their answer on how many of the
residents have proper sunlight in their house in which 46% have average sunlight in their house,
38% have good sunlight access in their house and only 16% have excellent sunlight in their
house.

3D Layout of Wapda Town

Thermal Analysis of Wapda Town

Figure 4. Thermal Analysis

Daylight Analysis of Wapda Town

Figure 5. Daylight Analysis

 House Drawing with Size, Height & Carbon Emission

House No: 10 D2 House No: 35 E4

Carbon Emission:
Carbon Emission: 8,669 kg CO2e Yearly
6,668 kg CO2e Yearly
House No: 262 G2
House No: 7 G3

Carbon Emission:
Carbon Emission:
7,125 kg CO2e Yearly
5,458 kg CO2e Yearly
House No: 93 G2 House No: 42 E4

Carbon Emission:
6,458 kg CO2e Yearly
Carbon Emission:
12,565 kg CO2e Yearly House No: 6 G3

House No: 747 F2

Carbon Emission: Carbon Emission:

6,887 kg CO2e Yearly 6,589 kg CO2e Yearly
House No: 6 G3
House No: 371 D2

Carbon Emission:
12,225 kg CO2e Yearly
Carbon Emission:
14,225 kg CO2e Yearly
House No: 88 F2

House No: 88 F2

Carbon Emission:
11,256 kg CO2e Yearly

Carbon Emission:
7,356 kg CO2e Yearly
 Trees

Figure 6. Problem Tree by Abdul Rauf

Figure 7. Solution Tree by Abdul Rauf
Figure 8. Problem Tree by Sidra
Figure 9. Solution Tree by Sidra
Figure 10. Problem Tree by Mesum

Figure 11. Solution Tree by Mesum

Figure 12. Problem Tree (Group)
Figure 13. Solution Tree (Group)
 Recommendation

The future of renewable energy is fundamentally a choice, not a foregone conclusion given
technology and economic trends. The consumption of fossil fuels is 88% while the consumption
of renewable energy is 88%. The research shows that in upcoming days up to 2040 there will be
huge difference in the production of fossil fuel from now. So, by the year 2050, there will
directly be Fossil fuels vs. Renewable energy. It is predicted by considering current facts that by
2050 fossil fuel remains 25% & the rest of 75% will only be covered by Renewable Energy.
Benefits of renewable energy is

 Strengthen trade.
 Renewable and free
 Upraise living standards.
 Long operating life
 Reduction in pollution and change in climate.
 Strengthen trade.
 Stabilize population growth and reduce world hunger.
 Land can be used for other purposes
 Now almost competitive with hydro and fossil fuels
Hybrid power systems combine two or more energy conversion mechanisms, or two or more
fuels for the same mechanism, that when integrated, overcome limitations inherent in either.
Hybrid systems provide a high level of energy security and reliability through the integrated
mix of complementary generation methods, and often will incorporate a storage system (battery,
fuel cell) or fossil-fueled power generation to ensure consistent supply.
For example, let us consider a load of 100% power supply and there is no renewable system to
fulfill this need, so two or more renewable energy system can be combined. For example, 60%
from a biomass system, 20% from a wind energy system and the remainder from fuel cells.
Thus combining all these renewable energy systems may provide 100% of the power and
energy requirements for the load, such as a home or business. (I.Haneef, 2020)

Conclusion
Pakistan’s energy sector has become a major drain on the economy and is impeding growth,
both because of power shortages and because of the budgetary impacts of energy subsidies,
which divert much-needed resources from more productive sectors. The energy sector has
become a focus of public policy in recent years and has garnered the attention of international
financial institutions, including the IMF. Pressure for reform of the sector as a whole, and the
power generation, transmission and distribution regime in particular, has grown substantially.
The government is obliged to carry out tariff adjustments, remove subsidies and ensure a level
playing field for all private sector entities active in power generation, in addition to other policy
and governance reforms. The process has got off to a rocky start, with the judiciary calling into
question the power sector regulator’s authority and competence. How the government handles
this delicate situation in the face of skepticism from state organs and hostility from consumers
remains to be seen. (NOREF, 2014)

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