“DETERMINATION OF RATE OF

EVAPORATION OF LIQUID”

CHEMISTRY PROJECT REPORT

SUBMITTED BY:
ASHWIN V
GRADE: XII

THE INDIAN PUBLIC SCHOOL

ERODE-638112
2022-2023
CERTIFICATE
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project work entitled “DETERMINATION

OF RATE OF EVAPORATION OF LIQUID” is the bonafide
record of work done by ASHWIN V., Exam No:____________
which is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the requirement for 12 th
standard CBSE Board Examination during the academic year
2022-2023.

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Principal
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am overwhelmed in all humbleness and gratefulness to

acknowledge my indebtedness to my family and friends who
helped me put these ideas together.

I am thankful to my guide Mr. Rajasekhar B C for his

valuable help. He was always there to show me a right track
when I needed his help. With his valuable suggestion of the
project topic and his guidance with his encouragement I was

able to execute this project well.

CONTENTS
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

MATERIALS AND METHODS

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

CONCLUSION

BIBLIOGRAPHY
INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
Evaporation is a type of vaporization that occurs on
the surface of a liquid as it changes into the gaseous
phase. The surrounding gas must not be saturated with the
evaporating substance. When the molecules of the liquid
collide, they transfer energy to each other based on how they
collide. When a molecule near the surface absorbs enough
energy to overcome the vapour pressure, it will "escape" and
enter the surrounding air as a gas. When evaporation occurs,
the energy removed from the vaporized liquid will reduce the
temperature of the liquid, resulting in evaporative cooling.
On average, only a fraction of the molecules in a liquid have
enough heat energy to escape from the liquid. The evaporation
will continue until equilibrium is reached when the
evaporation of the liquid is the equal to its condensation. In an
enclosed environment, a liquid will evaporate until the
surrounding air is saturated.
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Evaporation is an essential part of the water cycle. The sun
(solar energy) drives evaporation of water from oceans,
lakes, moisture in the soil, and other sources of water.
In hydrology, evaporation and transpiration (which involves
evaporation within plant stomata) are collectively
termed evapotranspiration.
Evaporation of water occurs when the surface of the liquid is

exposed, allowing molecules to escape and form water

vapour; this vapour can then rise up and form clouds. With
sufficient energy, the liquid will turn into vapour.
For molecules of a liquid to evaporate, they must be located
near the surface, they have to be moving in the proper
direction, and have sufficient energy to overcome liquid-
phase intermolecular forces. When only a small proportion of
the molecules meet these criteria, the rate of evaporation is
low. Since the kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to
its temperature, evaporation proceeds more quickly at higher
temperatures. As the faster-moving molecules escape, the
remaining molecules have lower average kinetic energy, and
the temperature of the liquid decreases. This phenomenon is
also called evaporative cooling. This is why
evaporating sweat cools the human body. Evaporation also
tends to precede more quickly with higher flow rates between
the gaseous and liquid phase and in liquids with higher vapour
pressure. For example, laundry on a clothes line will dry (by
evaporation) more rapidly on a windy day than on a still day.
Three key parts to evaporation are heat, atmospheric
pressure and air movement.
On a molecular level, there is no strict boundary between the
liquid state and the vapour state.
Instead, there is a Knudsen
layer, where the phase is
undetermined. Because this
layer is only a few molecules
thick, at a macroscopic scale a clear phase transition interface
cannot be seen.
Liquids that do not evaporate visibly at a given temperature in
a given gas (e.g., cooking oil at room temperature) have
molecules that do not tend to transfer energy to each other in a
pattern sufficient to frequently give a molecule the heat
energy necessary to turn into vapour. However, these
liquids are evaporating. It is just that the process is much
slower and thus significantly less visible.
Factors influencing rate of Evaporation:
1. Concentration of the substance evaporating in the air:
If the air already has a high concentration of the substance
evaporating, then the given substance will evaporate
more slowly.
2. Concentration of other substances in the air:
If the air is already saturated with other substances, it can
have a lower capacity forth substance evaporating
3. Temperature of the substance:
If the substance is hotter, then evaporation will be faster.
4. Flow rate of air:
This is in part related to the concentration points above.
If fresh air is moving over the substance all the time, then the
concentration of the substance in the air is less likely to go
up with time, thus encouraging faster evaporation. In addition,
molecules in motion have more energy than those at rest, and
so the stronger the flow of air, the greater the evaporating
power of the air molecules.
5. Inter-molecular forces:
The stronger the forces keeping the molecules together in the
liquid or solid state the more energy that must be input
in order to evaporate them.
6. Surface area and temperature:
The rate of evaporation of liquids varies directly with
temperature. With the increase in the temperature, fraction
of molecules having sufficient kinetic energy to escape out
from the surface also increases. Thus with the increase in
temperature rate of evaporation also increases. Molecules that
escape the surface of the liquids constitute the evaporation.
Therefore larger surface area contributes accelerating
evaporation.
7. Nature of Liquids:
The magnitude of inter-molecular forces of attraction in liquid
determines the speed of evaporation. Weaker the inter-
molecular forces of attraction larger are the extent of
evaporation. In diethyl ether rate of evaporation is greater than
that of ethyl alcohol.
8. Composition of Environment:
The rate of evaporation of liquids depends upon the flow of
air currents above the surface of the liquid. Air current
flowing over the surface of the liquid took away the molecules
of the substance in vapor state thereby preventing
condensation.
9. Density:
The higher the density, the slower a liquid evaporates. In
the US, the National Weather Service measures the actual rate
of evaporation from a standardized "pan" open water surface
outdoors, at various locations nationwide. Others do likewise
around the world. The US data is collected and compiled into
an annual evaporation map. The measurements range from
under 30 to overthe120 inches (3,000 mm) per year.
10. Pressure:
In an area of less pressure, evaporation happens faster because
there is less exertion on the surface keeping the molecules
from launching themselves
Evaporative equilibrium:

\ Vapor pressure of

water vs temperature.
760 Torr = 1 atm
If evaporation takes place in an enclosed area, the escaping
molecules accumulate as a vapour above the liquid. Many of
the molecules return to the liquid, with returning molecules
becoming more frequent as the density and pressure of the
vapour increases.
When the process
of escape and
return reaches
equilibrium, the
vapour is said to
be "saturated", and
no further change
in either vapour pressure and density or liquid temperature
will occur. For a system consisting of vapour and liquid of a
pure substance, this equilibrium state is directly related to the
vapour pressure of the substance, as given by the Clausius–
Clapeyron relation:
In (P2/ P1) = - ΔHvap/ R (1/ T1-1/ T2)
Where P1, P2 are the vapour pressures at
temperatures T1, T2 respectively, ΔHvap is the enthalpy of
vaporization, and R is the universal gas constant. The rate of
evaporation in an open system is related to the vapour
pressure found in a closed system. If a liquid is heated, when
the vapour pressure reaches the ambient pressure the liquid
will boil.
The ability for a molecule of a liquid to evaporate is based
largely on the amount of kinetic energy an individual particle
may possess. Even at lower temperatures, individual
molecules of a liquid can evaporate if they have more than the
minimum amount of kinetic energy required for vaporization.

Intermolecular forces:

Most liquids are made up of molecules, and the levels of

mutual attraction among different molecules help explain why
some liquids evaporate faster than others. Attractions between
molecules arise because molecules typically have region that
carry a slightly negative charge, and other region that carry a
slightly positive charge. These regions of electric charge are
created because some atoms in the molecules are often more
electronegative (electron-attracting) than others. The oxygen
in water molecule is more electronegative than the hydrogen
atom, for example, enabling the oxygen atom to pull electrons
away from both hydrogen atoms.
As a result, the oxygen atom in the water molecule carries a
partial negative charge, while the hydrogen atom carries
partial positive charge. Water molecule share a mutual
attraction-positive charged hydrogen atom in one water
molecule attracts negatively charged oxygen in nearby water
molecules. Intermolecular attraction affects the rate of
evaporation of liquid because strong intermolecular attraction
holds the molecules in a liquid together tightly. As a result,
liquid with strong inter molecular attraction evaporate more
slowly than the liquid with weak intermolecular attractions.
For example, because water molecules have stronger mutual
attractions than gasoline molecule (the electric charges are
more evenly distributed in gasoline molecules), gasoline
evaporates more quickly than water.
APPLICATIONS
 Industrial applications include many printing and
coating processes; recovering salts from solutions; and
drying a variety of materials such as lumber, paper, cloth
and chemicals.
 The use of evaporation to dry or concentrate samples is a
common preparatory step for many laboratory analyses
such as spectroscopy and chromatography. Systems used
for this purpose include rotary evaporators and
centrifugal evaporators.
 When clothes are hung on a laundry line, even though
the ambient temperature is below the boiling point of
water, water evaporates. This is accelerated by factors
such as low humidity, heat (from the sun), and wind. In
a clothes dryer, hot air is blown through the clothes,
allowing water to evaporate very rapidly.
 The botijo, a traditional Spanish porous clay container
designed to cool the contained water by evaporation.
 Evaporative coolers, which can significantly cool a
building by simply blowing dry air over a filter saturated
with water.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiment no. 1
Aim : To compare the rates of evaporation of acetone,
benzene and chloroform.
Requirement : Three same size Petri dishes of diameter 10
cm., 10 ml. pipettes, stop watch, acetone benzene and
chloroform.
Procedure :
1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and identify them as A, B
and C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. acetone in Petri dish "A" with
stopper similarly pipette out of 10 ml. of benzene and
chloroform in each of Petri "B" and "C".
3. Remove the cover plates from all Petri dishes and start
the stop watch.
4. Let the Petri dishes remain exposed for 10 minute. Now
cover each of the petri dish and note the volume of
remaining material in them.
 Experiment no. 2
Aim : To study the effect of surface area on the rate of
evaporation of diethylether.

Requirement : Three Petri dishes of diameter 2.5 cm., 5 cm.,

7.5 cm. with cover, 10 ml. of pipette and stop watch.

Procedure :

1. Clean and dry all Petri dishes and mark them as A, B and
C.
2. Pipette out of 10 ml. diethylether in each of the Petri
dishes A, B and C and cover them immediately.
3. Uncover all three Petri dishes and start the stop watch.
4. Note the remaining volume after 10 min. vaporization of
diethyl ether from each Petri dish.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
EXPERIMENT-1

Observation :
Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Liquid Volume
Petri dishes Vol. Evap.
Taken (V1) remaining (V2) Rate (V/T) ml./s
Marked V=V1–V2
ml. ml.

A 10 2 8 8/600=0.0133
B 10 3 7 7/600=0.0116
C 10 4 6 6/600=0.010

Results :
Rate of evaporation of Acetone is 0.0133 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Benzene is 0.0166 ml/s.
Rate of evaporation of Chloroform is 0.010 ml/s.

Inference :
The intermolecular forces of acetone, benzene and chloroform
are in order.
Chloroform > Benzene > Acetone.
 EXPERIMENT-2
Observation :

Time : 10 min. = 600 Sec.

Petri dishes Diameter of Volume Taken Remaining Evaporated

Marked P.T.Ds. (ml.) Vol. (ml.) volume

A 2.5 10 4 6
B 5.0 10 2 8
C 7.5 10 0 10

Results : The order of evaporation of acetone in three petri

dishes as 7.5 > 5.0 > 2.5 cm.

Inference : Larger the surface area more is evaporation.

CONCLUSION
 CONCLUSION
The rate of evaporation is directly proportional to the surface
area i.e. more the surface area more is the rate if evaporation.
Loss in mass is directly proportional to the rate of evaporation
i.e. higher is the loss in mass higher is the rate of
evaporation.The rate of evaporation also depends upon the
temperature, more is the energy of the molecules, and more is
the rate of evaporation.More is the density , less will be the
rate of evaporation.

From this Project I learn what is the real meaning of liquid ,

what is the structure of liquid , how does the liquid evaporate,
what is rate of evaporation of different liquids etc…

This project gives my basic knowledge about the rate of

evaporation liquids. It also helps in understanding the main
aspects of liquid and its main properties.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Lohner, Science Buddies,Svenja. "Chilling Science:

Evaporative Cooling with Liquids". Scientific American.
Retrieved 2018-01-23.
2. Silberberg, Martin A. (2006). Chemistry (4th ed.). New
York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 431–434. ISBN 0-07-296439-1.
3. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evaporation