Continuum3 fuid as a

uew a
we
When ulh n0 holes.
mattehk
continuows, homogenous

That us a Continuum

It s an idealizaluon.
as pount
Pourt
treat properties
It allows us to

functon
size of System
It valid when sige the
befween
is helatue to Space
we dleal Lange
the molecues.
Knudsen
A dimensionless umbe called the
number Kn A/L Ais meanfree path
of fluid molecules and L s Some Length
scale of fuid ftow 9f Kn uery Small
o) the fuid mediumn coun be approimated

continuum medium .

Properties of fuuds.

property: Any chractesistic 0f System is

Called property.

Intensive Property those that ahe are

independat he mass of
temperatuhe, pressuhe, densy. System.ég
Entensive Properties
ahe
those whose values depends on the
size o r entent- of the sstem E.9 Total
mass
total Voume and total momentum

ahe Some examples.

Jntrinsic Properties
ahe depend ent mainly on the fuundamental
chemical ComposUon and structwre of maleral
Melting point, bouung point, densty
odowh olor etc.

Extrinsic Properties
do depend upon size ofsample or

helations hp uth oth er things. E.9 mass

voume, heat Conttent tc

Speihic Properties
unit mass ahe
Entensue properties per
called (enten) speusio propertues. ¬q speu
voume (V=V/m), speiste total energy le-Em)

stote Postulote: wilh

u u l

be fned
The State of System Can
properlies

euihed ruumbehS o
Some
Called state postulate. The State of a simple
Compressible System do completely speaed
by twoo ndependent, ntensue propeties
Density
Is defined as mass per unit vouume

Densy P kg/m)

Specihic Volumee
Voume
The heuprocal of density Specipie
Volume beh unitt
U which s deined as
mass U V=
M P
or dihen èntial uouume eloment masS Sm
and oume SV, denaty expressed as
P:Sm/Su
Foctor of Density
Temperate ( 9ruensly propotional)
Pressne Directy Propoluonal)
Specipic Grauly or relative Density
Sometimnes the density of substoance
en Jrelitite denciy of a uel-
known substance. It called spedje ghaity
or elatine density and sdeinec as
ato densy ofsubstance to denaly
of Some standasd substance at a

speayied tempehatuke, That u

SG P
numerica
Tt i a dumensON.LAsS quantity The
value fspecuhie 9%auily sequal to denily
un g/cm or kg/L

Nete
LeAs thaan
Substane with spechie qhauily
and thus
(water)1 ahe ighter han wates
immiible)
Loats bon wat es (if_
Weight+ Dernsity
The we'ght of unit woume Of a Substane

b called speciic weliaht or weight densily.

Specipie Weight -
(NJm3)
Where q' qhauutatonal accelesatom

Eauaton of State
Any equauon that helates _presse
tempehatihe and olensily0f substance
b called eguatien State. Best known
ideal gas enuatien of State which
PURT or P PRT

Universal Gas Constont

Ru is called uniuensal Gas constant. The gas

constant R dib ehert for each gas und

ddermined from R Ru/M. The value Of
R, and
Btu /Ibmol.
Ru 8. 314 kJ/Kmol.K . 9 8 6
M the molgn mass of 9as.

Rankine Scale
TR) TE) + 4S9.69 1.8 T(K)
 At Low pressuhe anol uigh tempenatiuhe, the
density of a 9as decreases an he
the qas
9s
behaues Mike an uoleal gas.
Some Toloal Gases
Afir, Nitrogen , Oygen, hyohogen, helium, Argon,
meon, and cahbondaonide , krypton can be
treated as iolea gases ilth negligible
error.

viscosuag: '

It is the
property hat hepresentte the
internal hesitance of a fuiod to motzon
or he 'uiudity" unt Ns/m Pa .s kg'ma
,

Drag Force
The forre a floning fuid exerts o n a
body
body in flow dihection dhag force.

Derivaton to obtain a relatonviscosit amaana

Considera
afuuiol Loyes betuee tuo
ehy lange pahallel plautes Sepahated by a

olibtance . A wnstant_pahallel force F

Ppueal to to uppeh plate while Loweh plote s
held fuaed. The fuid in Contactt with wppes
plate Stuoks t plate Swnface and moues wth

Same Spee and Sheah stress actng omn this

fuiol layer
T A
ahea between plate and fuud Zn
Abcontact

stedy laminah flow, the fuid eloity betuweeh

0 and V, and
he plates vahies uneahly between
hub, the welouty profile avnd eloity hadtent ahe
uly) v du
dy
where 'y' the whtical dstance from lower plale
Area A
N-da->" U-V Force F

7 veloity v

M
veloily Profile
uly) v
MN Yotate though a dihenental angle d whule
ppey plate moues a dyhenential distance
da Vdt. dß can be eapressed as

dp tandp da Vdt -du lt

dy
Reanhanging the hate of deformatón under effAt
ofsheas stress T
dß du
dt oly
Thus we Conclude that the hate of deformalln
i equivalent uelocty hadient duldy .
Further it can be nenified epesimentally
thot for most fuid Aate of defor matiom
sdinetly propotuonal to Sheah stress t.
To dg3 0T T du
dt dy
Newtonian Fuids
Fuidls for which the hate, of deformalubn. is
Junearly_propotional to the sheah stress ane
Caleo Newtonian fuuids.
Enuamples
Newtonian Non-Newtonioan
Wateh Blood
Ch Jigud Plasttes
Gasoline
ous

9n one dumensonal Sheas flow .of..Newtonian

fuds , sheas stress can enpressed by uneas
helationship
T dy
(Nn2
propotuonality called
where Constant of
viscosity or dynamic
Coefficient of
viscosity o fuid. Tts wnit kglm.S or
equivalently N.s/m2 (or Pa.s). A Common

visosity nt poise. which eqyuwalent

to 0.1 a.s ( or centipoue which one

hundyetth of poise)

A graph b w shear stress and elouty gradunt

straight ne whose is
slope uiscosity
VRsostty independant of rale of deformalin.
vscosity actually a coehbicient un stress-
straun elatonship.
Shear Foree acting on Newtonian fuuud
Layer is
F TA A N)
dy
Force requihed to moue pper plate s
F-HAY (N)
For mon newtonian fuuds, heltwn bw sheah and
stress and
rate of deformaaton not uneas Binham pasttes
Dilatant Peudo Plasti
Fuids for which appanent
wkcoiy Newtonian
inereases wh ute f deformaton
ane dilatant or sheah
fuuds
thickening Dilatant
Pseudo Plastics
Opposite to ollatant; Vbcosily olecreases uh
ate of deformation fuid, become Less
sous, ahe
Pseudo plastics 07 shea% thidlnu
hinning fuuids

Binghamn Plostics
Some matentals can hesist a finite
sheah stress and behaues
man as Soud
but olehorms ContinUD Wsy when Sheas
Stres s eNceeds the e l d stress and
behaue as a fuud. These
plastics
ahe bingham

Kinematic Viscosiy
It sthe natw of dynaumie viscosity
to density.
V P
Its common unts ahe ms and stoketicmjs).
Afect of temperahure
The wicosity 0f uauid decrecses uulh
temperotuse whereas wwwsity of gases increaes
hwh
tempenatune. This is because un lquud
moleculLes posses es more energy at highes
temperatune and they Car oPPose întermoleculas