Thermodynamic 2019- 2020 By

(First Semester) Lecture No. (1) 16-2-2020 Dr. Basil Noori Merzah

1. THERMODYNAMICS:
It is the science of energy and entropy or it is the science that deals
with heat and work and those properties of substances that bear a relation
between heat and work.
2. THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM:
It is defined as a quantity of fixed mass and identity upon which attention
is focused for study. Everything external to the system is the surrounding,
and the system is separated from surrounding by the system boundaries.
These boundaries may be either movable or fixed. The system may be
closed or open as shown in fig. (1).

Piston
Inlet
System
Cylinder

Outlet

a- Open system-fixed boundary b- Closed system –movable boundary

Fig. (1) The System

In the closed system the energy crosses the boundary but the substance
does not. In the open system the energy and substance cross the boundary.
3. CONTROL VOLUME:
The procedure that is followed in such an analysis is to specify a control
volume that surrounds the device under consideration. The surface of the
control volume is referred to as control surface. Mass, as well as heat and
work (and momentum) can flow across the control volume.

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Thermodynamic 2019- 2020 By
(First Semester) Lecture No. (1) 16-2-2020 Dr. Basil Noori Merzah

4. PROPERTY:
It can be defined as any quantity that depends on the state of the
system and is independent of the path by which the system arrived at the
given state.
Thermodynamic properties can divided into two general classes,
intensive and extensive properties. An intensive property is independent
of mass. Thus, if a quantity of matter in a given state is divided into two
equal parts, each part will have the same value of intensive properties as
the original, and half the value of the extensive properties. Pressure,
temperature, and density are example of intensive properties. Mass,
volume, are example of extensive properties. Extensive properties per unit
mass such as specific volume are intensive properties.
State:
The state is described or specified by the properties.
Phase:
It is defined as a quantity of matter in homogeneous throughout.
When more than one phase is present the phases are separated from each
other by the phase boundary.
5. PROCESS:
The path of the sequence of state through which the system passes is called
the process.
Quasi-Equilibrium Process:
When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains
infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times, it is called a quasi-
static or quasi-equilibrium process. A quasi-equilibrium process can be
viewed as a sufficiently slow process which allows the system to adjust
itself internally so that properties in one part the system do not change any
faster than those at other parts.

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Thermodynamic 2019- 2020 By
(First Semester) Lecture No. (1) 16-2-2020 Dr. Basil Noori Merzah

6. CYCLE:
When a system in a given initial state goes through a number of
different change of states or processes and finally returns to its initial state,
the system has undergone a cycle.
Also it can be defined as system is said to have undergone a cycle if
it returns to its initial state at the end of the process. That is, for a cycle, the
initial and the final states are identical.
7. SPECIFIC VOLUME AND DENSITY:
The specific volume of a substance is defined as the volume per unit
mass and is given the symbol υ. The density of a substance is defined as
the mass per unit volume, and is therefore the reciprocal of the specific
volume. Density is designated by the symbol ρ. Specific volume and
density are intensive properties.
V 1
v 
m 
Where m is the mass in (kg), and V is the volume in (m3). So the units of
υ= [m3/kg] and for ρ= [kg/m3]. If the mass is measured by molecular
weight so the specific volume can be designated by the symbol v and its
unit becomes [m3/kmol] or [m3/mol]. And the density also becomes  ,
and its unit becomes [kmol/m3] or [mol/m3].
8. PRESSURE:
It is defined as the normal component of force per unit area
Fn
P  lim
A
The unit of pressure in SI units is N/m2 which is called the Pascal (Pa).
1Pa  1 N
m2
Two other units continue to be widely used, and should note here. These
are the bar, where

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Thermodynamic 2019- 2020 By
(First Semester) Lecture No. (1) 16-2-2020 Dr. Basil Noori Merzah

1bar  10 5 Pa  100kPa  0.1MPa

And the standard atmosphere (atm), where
1atm  101325Pa  101.325kPa  1.01325bar
In the English unit system, the pressure unit is pound-force per square inch
(lb/in2or psi), 1atm=14.696psi.
In most thermodynamic investigation we are concerned with
absolute pressure. Most pressure and vacuum gage, however, read the
difference between the absolute pressure and the atmospheric pressure
existing at the gage, and this is referred to as gage pressure. This is shown
graphically in Fig. (2)
Pabs  Patm  Pg

Pabs  Patm  Pvac

where Pabs= absolute pressure

Patm=atmospheric pressure
Pg= gage pressure
Pvac=vacuum pressure

Pabs Pg

Pvac

Patm
Patm

Fig (2) the pressure Relation

From the principle of hydrostatics one concludes that a difference in level
of L meters, the pressure difference in Pascals is calculated by the relation.
P  gL

Where ρ is the fluid density and g=9.81m/s2.

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