1. What is thermodynamics?

Also mention some application of

thermodynamics.
2. Write down first law of thermodynamics
The first law of thermodynamics is simply an
expression of the conservation of energy principle,
and it asserts that energy is a thermodynamic property.
3. What is system? Classify system with proper diagram.
• A system is defined as a quantity of matter or a region in space
chosen for study.
System, Surroundings, Boundary
• The mass or region outside the system is called the
surroundings.
The real or imaginary surface that separates the system from its
surroundings is called the boundary.
• The boundary of a system can be fixed or movable.
• Note that the boundary is the contact surface shared by both the
system and the surroundings. Mathematically speaking, the
boundary has zero thickness, and thus it can neither contain any
mass nor occupy any volume in space.
Ans. To the question no. 3
Open system and its example
All such thermodynamic systems where both the mass interaction and energy interaction occur between the
concerned system and its surroundings are called open systems.
Examples of open system: Boiler, Nuclear reactor, Combustion chamber,

Closed system and its example

All such thermodynamic systems where only energy interaction occurs between the concerned system and its surroundings are called
closed systems. Thus, no mass interaction occurs between a closed system and its surroundings.
Examples of closed system: Refrigerant or working fluid of refrigerator unit,

Isolated system and its example

All such thermodynamic systems where neither mass interaction nor energy interaction occurs between the concerned system and its
surroundings are called isolated systems.
 4. What is property? Classify property with example.

• Any characteristic of a system is called a property.

Some familiar properties are pressure P, temperature T, volume V, and mass m.

• Properties are considered to be either intensive or extensive.

• Intensive properties are those that are independent of the mass of a system, such as
temperature, pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size—or extent—of the system.
Total mass, total volume, and total momentum are some examples of extensive properties.
What does mean by Specific properties?
Extensive properties per unit mass are called specific properties. Some examples of specific properties
are specific volume (v = V/m) and specific total energy (e = E/m).
 5. What is Continuum approach in thermodynamics?

• Continuum word is made up of continuous and uniform means if the molecules are continuously and
uniformly distributed continuum concept is valid.
• Although any matter is composed of several molecules, the concept of continuum assumes a continuous
distribution of mass within the matter or system with no empty space, instead of the actual
conglomeration of separate molecules.
• The continuum idealization allows us to treat properties as point function and to assume the properties
vary continually in space with no jump discontinuities. In continuum approach properties such as density,
viscosity, temperature etc. can be expressed continuous function of space and time.
6. Define density, specific volume, specific gravity, specific weight.
Density is defined as mass per unit volume.

Specific gravity defined as the ratio of the density of a substance to the density of some standard substance at a specified temperature (usually water at
4°C, for which

The weight of a unit volume of a substance is called specific weight and is expressed as
7. Define state of thermodynamics.
8. Define Equilibrium in thermodynamics. Classify the equilibrium.

Thermodynamics deals with equilibrium states. The word equilibrium implies a state of balance. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced potentials (or
driving forces) within the system. A system in equilibrium experiences no changes when it is isolated from its surroundings.
 9. Define state postulate.

The state of a system is described by its properties. But we know from experience that we do not need to specify all the properties in order to fix a state.
Once a sufficient number of properties are specified, the rest of the properties assume certain values automatically. That is, specifying a certain number of properties
is sufficient to fix a state. The number of properties required to fix the state of a system is given by the term which is known as state postulate.

State postulate: The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties.

10. Define path and process.

11. Explain Quasi-equilibrium process and nonquasi-equilibrium process with example.

When a process proceeds in such a manner that the system remains infinitesimally close to an equilibrium state at all times, it
is called a quasi-static, or quasi-equilibrium, process. A quasi-equilibrium process can be viewed as a sufficiently slow
process that allows the system to adjust itself internally so that properties in one part of the system do not change any faster
than those at other parts.

If the piston is moved slowly, the molecules will have sufficient time to redistribute and there will not be a molecule pileup in front
of the piston. As a result, the pressure inside the cylinder will always be nearly uniform and will rise at the same rate at all locations.
Since equilibrium is maintained at all times, this is a quasi-equilibrium process.

When a gas in a piston-cylinder device is compressed suddenly, the molecules near the face of the piston will not have enough time
to escape and they will have to pile up in a small region in front of the piston, thus creating a high-pressure region there. Because of
this pressure difference, the system can no longer be said to be in equilibrium, and this makes the entire process nonquasi-
equilibrium.
 12. Write down the thermodynamics processes.

❑ isothermal process, for example, is a process during which the temperature T remains constant;
❑ isobaric process is aprocess during which the pressure P remains constant;
❑ isochoric (or isometric) process is a process during which the specific volume v remains constant.

13. Define thermodynamic cycle.

14. Define steady flow process, unsteady flow process and uniform flow process.

A process during which a fluid flows through a control volume steadily.

Under steady flow conditions the mass and energy contents remain constants.
During a steady-flow process, fluid properties within the control
volume may change with position but not with time.

Uniform-flow processes are special cases of unsteady-flow processes. During a unform-flow process,
the state of the control volume changes with time, but it does so uniformly.
15. What is the Zeroth law of thermodynamics?

The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are in thermal equilibrium with
a third body, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.

16. Define thermal equilibrium.

when a body is brought into contact with another body that is at a different temperature, heat is transferred from the
body at higher temperature to the one at lower temperature until both bodies attain the same temperature. At that point,
the heat transfer stops, and the two bodies are said to have reached thermal equilibrium. The equality of temperature is
the only requirement for thermal equilibrium.
17. Define path function and point function.

Path function
A Path function is a function whose value depends on the path followed by the thermodynamic process irrespective of the initial and
final states of the process.
An example of path function is work done in a thermodynamic process.
Work done in a thermodynamic process is dependent on the path followed by the process.
A path function is an inexact or imperfect differential.

In the P-V diagram given above we can easily see that for
the same initial and final states of the system, work done
in all the three process is different. So, work done is
depending on path.
For process A work done is b2A1a
For process B work done is b2B1a
For process C work done is b2C1a

Point function
A Point function (also known as state function) is a function whose value depends on the final and initial states of the thermodynamic
process, irrespective of the path followed by the process.
Example of point functions are density, enthalpy, internal energy, entropy etc.
17. Define Absolute pressure, Gauge Pressure and Vacuum Pressure.
18. Define Flow and nonflow process.

In thermodynamics, flow process there is no restriction to flow. According to the meaning of the term it is simply
an open system (A system where mass and energy both can exchange with the surroundings).

Non-flow process means there is some restriction so that it is not possible to flow into or out of that thing. So, that
has to be a closed system(where only energy transfer is possible)