Soil 

investigations:  
The objects of a Site investigation:   
Investigation of the site is an essential preliminary to the construction of any civil engineering works. The 
British standard code of practice defines the objects of such an investigation to be as follows: 
1. To assess the general suitability of the site for the proposed work. 
2. To enable an adequate and economical design to be prepared. 
3. To forecast and provide against difficulties that may arise during construction due to ground and 
other local conditions. 
4. To investigate the occurrence or causes of all natural or created changes of conditions and the 
results arising. 
 
In addition, site investigations are necessary in reporting upon the safety of existing works and in 
investigating cases where failure has occurred. 
 
The site investigation must cover all aspects of the site conditions, and the examination and testing of 
the soil.  
 
The Information required from a site investigation: 
The information required from a site investigation falls broadly into three main classes: 
a. Information affecting the design of the structure such as the shear strength and compressibility of 
the soil. 
b. Information affecting the construction of the works such as the extent and properties of material 
to be excavated or to be used for fill or for road bases. 
c. Information on ground water conditions, including the level and seasonal variation of the water 
table, the pressures in the soil water and the permeability of the soil.  
 
Planning an investigation: 

In the earlier stages of an investigation, the information available is often inadequate to allow a firm and 
detailed plan to be made. The investigation must therefore proceed in three stages: 

a. Collection of available information. 
b. Preliminary reconnaissance. 
c. Detailed exploration. 

Collection of available information: 

It is important to collect all available information about the site before starting the work. A great deal of 
information can also be obtained locally. The offices of Municipality and district surveyors can often 
supply details of subsurface conditions in the area. Examination of the existing structures in the same 
locality may indicate special foundation or other problems. 

Preliminary Investigations: 

The principal purpose of the preliminary investigation is to provide a general picture of the topography 
and geology of the site, so that the detailed investigation may be planned. The geological features should 
be thoroughly examined on the ground and compared with the geological maps and records. 

It is often necessary to make a number of exploratory pits or borings to determine the depth and 
sections of the strata and their variability over the site. Some indication of the ground water condition 
should also be obtained.    Page | 1  
 
Detailed Exploration: 

The principal objects of the detailed soil survey are as follows: 

a. To determine in detail the geological structure of the site including the thickness, sequence and 
extent of strata. 
b. To determine the ground water conditions. 
c. To obtain disturbed and undisturbed samples for identification and laboratory testing. 
d. To carry out tests to determine the mechanical properties of the soil in situ. 
   

Determination of spacing, Number and Depth of Boring: 

The number, location and depth of boring and pits are decided as a result of the preliminary investigation 
and will depend both on the nature and variability of the soil strata and on the form and extent of the 
building. 

The following table used as recommended guide for number of borings: 
 

Table (1) Recommended Guide for number of Borings

Phase of Investigation  Geological  No. and Spacing of  Location of Boring in the 

Structure  Boring  Field 
Preliminary Investigation      Uniform  5 to 10 boring per  Depends on topography 
( to assess the suitability of  km2  of the site 
site)  Irregular or  10 to 30 borings per 
Unknown  km2 
General Investigation   Uniform 300 x 300 m grid Regular square network 
Irregular or  100 x 100 m grid of borings  
Unknown 
Detailed Investigation (for  Uniform  At least 3 borings   As regular as possible 
individual building where  (10 to 30 m apart)  network to suit 
location has been fixed)  Irregular or  3 to 5 borings for  individual buildings 
Unknown  each building   taking into consideration 
(10‐30 m diagonal) 
 

Page | 2  
 
Spacing of Boring:  :‫ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬.2
The Spacing cannot be determined with absolute 
exactness, they depend upon:  
1. Nature and condition of soil. 
a. If the soil conditions are of well‐
known stratification (simple and 
thick layers) → widely spaced 
borings are sufficient. 
b. If the soil conditions vary 
appreciably over site (thin layer)   
then closely spaced borings are   
required. 
c. If the soil conditions are uniform →   
moderate investigation is justified.   
2. The shape and extent of building (10‐20m 
apart).   
3. Importance of the project (cost of boring).   
Rules:   

1. For individual buildings of less than 300 m2 
plan area, 3 boreholes are the minimum. 
2. For large sites or group of buildings, 5 
boreholes are the minimum (4 at corners 
and 1 at the middle). 
3. As a guideline you may use Table (1). 
4. For large site: probes are needed 
(penetration test, seismic method, electrical 
                                                                              
resistivity method) to obtain information in 
areas between boreholes. 
5. In case of limestone rock (from geological 
information) use seismic method between 
boreholes to check any cavities. 
6. For some special structures  
a. Retaining Walls: 
Minimum spacing 120 m at 
centerline with some of these B.H. 
located at both sides of the 
centerline. 
   
 

Page | 3  
 
 b. Slope Stability Problems 
3 to 4 B.H at critical zones and at 
least one B.H outside the zone. 

     Table (2) can be used as a general guidelines

Type of Project     Spacing (m)
Multistory Building  10‐30
One Story Industrial Plants  20‐60
Highways  250‐500
Residential subdivision   250‐500
 
Dams and dikes  40‐80 
3. Depth of Boreholes:  :‫ ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬.3
It can be developed following the general principles 
.‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﺱ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﺍﻋﻣﺎﻕ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‬
for the purpose of determining the depths of 
boreholes.  ‫ﺍﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺩﻓﻥ‬ .a
a. The continuation of the drilling process in soft  .‫ﻟﺣﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﻣﻘﺑﻭﻝ‬
and burial layers of soil until reaching the layer of  ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻ‬ .b
acceptable strength.  ‫ ﻓﻳﺳﺗﻣﺭ‬،‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺷﺎﺭﻳﻊ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺣﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﺟﺩﺍ‬
b. Drilling can be stop when reaching the rock  ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻣﻖ ﺛﻼﺛﺔ ﺍﻣﺗﺎﺭ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﻟﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﺳﻣﻙ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺔ‬
layers except in the case of large loads for very  ‫ﻣﺎﻟﻡ ﻳﻛﻥ ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺟﻳﻭﻟﻭﺟﻳﺔ ﺗﻔﻳﺩ ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣﺭﺍﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ‬
large projects which drilling shall continue to a  .‫ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ‬
depth of three meters to check the thickness of this  ‫ﻳﺗﻡ ﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩ ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ ﺧﺻﻭﺻﺎ ﻓﻲ‬ .c
.‫ﻣﻧﺎﻁﻖ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﺟﺎﻧﺳﺔ‬
layer unless there is geological information that is 
‫ﻓﻲ ﺧﺯﺍﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺳﺩﻭﺩ ﻳﺳﺗﻣﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ‬ .d
constantly these rock layers. 
‫ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻖ ﺑﻘﺩﺭ ﺿﻌﻑ‬،‫ﻁﺑﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻐﻳﺭ ﻣﻧﻔﺫﺓ ﻟﻠﻣﻳﺎﻩ‬
c. the depth of drilling can be determined from the 
.‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧﺳﻭﺏ ﻟﻠﻣﻳﺎﻩ‬
first borehole especially in homogeneous soil 
‫ ﺍﻣﺗﺎﺭ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ‬5 ‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻟﻠﻁﺭﻕ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺩﺍﺭﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻣﻖ‬ .e
regions.  ‫ ﻭﺑﻌﻣﻖ ﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ‬،‫ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﻊ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬
d. In the dam reservoirs, drilling continues until  ‫ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻘﺎﻡ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻖ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻻﺧﺫ ﺑﻌﻳﻥ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎﺭ‬
reaching to the impervious layer and the depth as  ‫ﺍﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻐﺭﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻭﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
much as twice the highest level of water.  .‫ﻣﻭﺍﺩ ﻋﺿﻭﻳﺔ‬
e. Drilling for roads and runways shall be at a depth  ‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺿﻌﻑ ﻋﺭﺽ ﺍﻻﺳﺎﺱ ﻟﻼﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻳﺎﺩﻳﺔ‬ .f
of 5 meters if the road was with the soil surface  ‫ﺍﻱ ﻟﻐﺎﻳﺔ ﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻖ ﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻻﺣﻣﺎﻝ‬
level and the depth will be twice the height of the  .‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﻠﻁﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﺳﺱ‬
embankment on which the road set on, taking into  ‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺿﻌﻑ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻧﺩ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﻛﺎﺋﺯ‬ .g
consideration that the drilling shall penetrate the  .‫ﺍﻟﺳﺎﻧﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ‬
clay layers, soft silt layers or soil layers containing  .‫ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻋﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺿﻌﻑ ﻋﺭﺽ ﻗﺎﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺳﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺍﺑﻳﺔ‬ .h
organic materials.   
f. Drilling depth is twice the width of the footing for 
normal buildings i.e. until the arrival of stress to 
this depth due to loads applied on these footings. 
g. Drilling depth is twice the height of the retaining 
wall or piles supporting the walls. 
Page | 4  
h. A drilling depth is twice the width of the 
 
embankment base. 
The Following points can be followed as a guidelines.

1. Highway and airfields: minimum depth of borings is 
3m but should extend below organic soil, muck, 
artificial fill or compressible layers such as soft clays. 
2. Retaining Walls and slope stability problems: 
a. Below organic soil, muck, artificial fill or 
compressible layers. 
b. Deeper than possible surface of sliding. 
c. Deeper than the width of the base of wall 
(increase of retaining wall). 
d. Equal to the width at bottom of cuts. 
3. Structural Foundation: depends upon soil profile and 
the type of feasible foundation 
a. Below organic soil, muck, artificial fill or 
compressible layers. 
b. Single separate narrow strip footings: 
 Depth = 3 x width of footing > 6m 
c. Group of overlapping footings or raft. 
 Depth = 1.5 x least width of the      
 group or raft. 
d. For heavy structures the depths of one of the 
boreholes should extend to 2 x width of footing 
(Heavy loads > 20 T/m2=200 kPa). 
e. The depth of boreholes should extend to the 
point where the net increase in stress due to the 
action of the load of the building is less than 10% 
of the total surface load. 
f. The depth of the borehole should extend to the 
point where the net increase in stress due to 
building (Δ qs) is less than 5% of the overburden 
stress in soil. 
g. For pile foundation, depth of boring should 
extend to the bearing strata + (3 x pile diameter).  

Sowers (1970) suggested the following table as a guidelines 
for determine a depth of borings: 

No. of Stories  Boring Depth (m) 
1  3.5 
2  6 
3  10 
4  16 
5  24  Page | 5  
 
 
‫‪Types and Method of Borings:  ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻭﻁﺭﻕ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪:‬‬
‫‪There is many methods for boring like:  ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻁﺭﻕ ﻋﺩﻳﺩﺓ ﻟﻠﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪1. Trial Pits: ‬‬ ‫ﻣﻼﺣﻅﺔ ‪ :‬ﺍﻟﺷﺭﺡ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺹ ﺍﻟﻌﺭﺑﻲ ﻣﻛﻣﻝ ﻟﻠﻧﺹ ﺑﺎﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﻛﻠﻳﺯﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ Simple excavation using ordinary ‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺭ ﺍﻟﺗﺟﺭﻳﺑﻳﺔ‪  :‬‬
‫‪tools (Shovels). ‬‬
‫‪ Simple and reliable for stratification ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻡ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺣﻔﺎﺭﺍﺕ ﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﻳﻁﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ )ﺍﻟﺷﻔﻝ( ﻭﻻﻳﺯﻳﺩ ﻋﻣﻖ‬
‫‪and types. ‬‬
‫‪ Maximum depth 4‐5 meter, suitable  ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻋﻥ )‪5-4‬ﻡ( ﻭﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻬﻝ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺷﻭﺷﺔ‬
‫‪for exploration  of shallow only ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﻭﺷﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻝ ﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ ﻣﺗﻣﺎﺳﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺗﻼﺋﻡ ﺍﻟﻧﻘﺭ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺣﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﻛﻝ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ‪.‬‬
‫‪2. Hand and Portable Augers: ‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ ﺍﻟﻳﺩﻭﻱ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﻲ‪  :‬‬
‫‪ Used to depth around 6 m and very ‬‬
‫‪cheap. ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻫﻲ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺭﺧﻳﺻﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻣﻖ ﺑﺣﺩﻭﺩ ‪ 6‬ﻡ‬
‫‪ Not recommended for gravelly soils, ‬‬
‫‪very stiff soils and soils which the ‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﺷﻭﺷﺔ ﻭﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﻭﺷﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﻘﺎﺏ‬
‫‪borehole collapses when boring ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻳﺩﻭﻱ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﻼﺋﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪without casing (such as sandy soils ‬‬
‫‪under water table). ‬‬ ‫‪ .a‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺻﻰ ﺑﺄﺣﺟﺎﻡ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ‪  .‬‬
‫‪ Types: ‬‬
‫‪ .b‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻳﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ‪  .‬‬
‫‪ Posthole or Iwan auger (Dia. up ‬‬
‫‪to 200mm). ‬‬ ‫‪ .c‬ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻧﻬﺎﺭ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﺫﺍ ﻣﺎﻟﻡ ﺗﺳﻧﺩ ﺟﻭﺍﻧﺑﻬﺎ‪  .‬‬
‫‪ Small helical auger (Dia. 50mm). ‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺳﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺗﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺗﻔﺗﻳﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﺭﻓﻊ ﺑﺩﻭﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪3. Wash Boring: ‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻣﺎء ﻣﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺿﻐﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﺧﺭﺝ ﻣﻥ‬
‫‪  Water is pumped through a string of ‬‬
‫‪hollow boring rods and is released under ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻔﻝ ﻟﻘﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﻳﺭﻓﻊ ﻣﻌﻪ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺣﻠﻘﻲ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻋﻣﺩﺓ‬
‫‪pressure through narrow holes in a chisel ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﻭﻳﺅﺧﺫ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪attached to the lower end of the rods. ‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ‪:‬‬
‫‪ The soil is loosened and broken up by ‬‬
‫‪the water jets and the up and down ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺑﺻﻭﺭﺓ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﺔ ﻻﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻰ‬
‫‪movement of the chisel. ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺗﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﺔ ﻗﻭﻳﺔ ﻭﺛﻘﻳﻠﺔ‬
‫‪ Used for most types of soils (slow for ‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ ﻭﺑﺭﺃﺳﻬﺎ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺗﺳﻣﻰ ﺍﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻔﺭﻳﻎ )‪.(Bailer‬‬
‫‪gravel). ‬‬
‫‪ Common method for advancing test ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻠﺧﺹ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻻﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻡ ﺗﺭﻛﻬﺎ ﻟﺗﺳﻘﻁ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪holes. ‬‬ ‫ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺑﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ ﻭﺑﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻰ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻔﺗﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﺗﺧﺗﻠﻁ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﺟﻭﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ‬
‫‪4. Percussion Boring: ‬‬
‫ﻣﻛﻭﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﺩﺍﻍ )‪ (Slurry‬ﺍﻭ ﻣﺎﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻝ ﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫‪ A method of forming a hole using a ‬‬
‫ﺍﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻳﻥ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﺧﺭﻯ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻻﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺑﺻﻣﺎﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﺳﻔﻠﻬﺎ‬
‫‪“bailer”, which is lifted, rotated slightly ‬‬
‫‪and dropped onto the bottom of the ‬‬ ‫ﻳﻣﻧﻊ ﺳﻘﻭﻁ ﺍﻟﺭﺩﺍﻍ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﺭﻓﻊ ﻟﻐﺭﺽ ﺗﻔﺭﻳﻐﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ‬
‫‪hole. Water is circulated to bring the soil ‬‬ ‫ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﺎﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻱ ﻧﻭﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺋﻖ‬
‫‪cutting to the ground surface. Casing is ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺭﺋﻳﺳﻲ ﻻﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻟﻬﺎ ﻫﻭ ﻣﺎ ﺗﺳﺑﺑﻪ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻕ ﻣﻥ ﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ‬
‫‪required as well as a pump to circulate ‬‬ ‫)‪ (Disturbance‬ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﺳﻔﻝ ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺅﺧﺫ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫‪the water. ‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﺩﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪   Widely used in England and Iraq.‬‬
‫‪Page | 8  ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 Hand Tools Augers

Posthole or    Helical 
Iwan Auger  Auger 
 

Wash boring Rig 

Page | 9  
 
 ‫‪5. Rotary Drilling: ‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻧﻲ‪  :‬‬
‫‪ Method of forming a hole by rotating ‬‬
‫‪an auger. ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻳﺟﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﺩﻭﺍﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻳﻭﺟﺩ ﻓﻲ‬
‫‪ If undisturbed samples are required ‬‬
‫ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺗﻬﺎ ﺍﻣﺎ ﻟﻘﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺏ‪ ،‬ﺗﻘﻭﻡ ﻟﻘﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﺑﻘﺹ‬
‫‪then casing is used. ‬‬
‫‪ Types: ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻁﻊ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺭﻓﻊ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻣﺎء ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺿﺦ ﺗﺣﺕ‬
‫‪a. Short flight augers ‬‬ ‫ﺿﻐﻁ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﺧﻼﻝ ﺛﻘﺏ ﻓﻲ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﻘﻣﺔ ﻭﻳﺭﻓﻊ ﺍﺟﺯﺍء ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫‪b. Continuous flight auger. ‬‬
‫‪c. Continuous flight auger with ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻘﻁﻭﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺟﻭﺍﻧﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﻭﺍﻋﻣﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪hollow stem. ‬‬
‫‪d. Bucket auger. ‬‬ ‫ﺟﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ‪  :‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Sampling and Samples: ‬‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﻳﺩ ﻣﻥ ﺁﺧﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻧﻬﺎ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺧﻔﻳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ‬
‫‪A. Types: ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺗﻣﻳﺯ ﺑﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ )‪ (ar‬ﻭﺍﻁﺋﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺷﻠﺑﻲ ) ‪Shelby‬‬
‫‪1. Disturbed Samples ‬‬ ‫‪ (Tube‬ﻭﻫﻲ ﺍﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻗﻁﺎﺭ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﺑﻳﻥ )‪ 450-50‬ﻣﻠﻡ(‬
‫‪ Taken during boring in Plastic bags. ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻭﻻﺫ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺏ ﻭﺫﺍﺕ ﺣﺎﻓﺎﺕ ﺣﺎﺩﺓ ﻟﺗﺳﻬﻳﻝ‬
‫‪ Used mainly for classification purposes. ‬‬ ‫ﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﻻﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻣﺎﺳﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻻﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫‪2. Undisturbed Samples: ‬‬ ‫ﺣﺻﻰ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺟﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺭ ﻫﻭ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺑﺟﺭ‬
‫‪ Special types of tubes are used such that ‬‬ ‫)‪ (Pitcher Sampler‬ﻭﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ‬
‫‪the structure of the grains is ‬‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺣﺟﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻣﺗﻣﺎﺳﻙ ﻭﺍﻟﺻﺧﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺧﻭﺓ‪.‬‬
‫‪approximately the same as that in the ‬‬
‫‪site. ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻣﺎ ﺁﺧﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﻳﻛﺔ ﻓﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺫﺍﺕ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬
‫‪ Very difficult to obtain for various ‬‬ ‫ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻛﺑﻳﺭﺓ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﺵ ﻧﺳﺑﻳﺎ‬
‫‪reasons which will be discussed in ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻋﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻧﻔﻠﻘﺔ‬
‫‪article (C). ‬‬
‫)‪ (Split Spoon Sampler‬ﻭﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌﻅﻡ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ‬
‫‪ Used to determine the mechanical ‬‬
‫ﻋﺩﺍ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣﺗﻭﻱ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺻﻰ ﺧﺷﻥ ﺍﻭ ﺣﺟﺭ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻟﻧﻭﻉ ﺍﻻﺧﺭ ﻫﻲ‬
‫‪properties of soil. ‬‬
‫ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ‬
‫‪I. Shear Strength (Cu). ‬‬
‫‪II. Consolidation characteristics (Cc, Cv) ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺻﺧﺭﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺻﻠﺑﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ‪ ،‬ﺍﻣﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻓﻬﻧﺎﻙ‬
‫‪III. Permeability (k). ‬‬ ‫ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺗﺩﻋﻰ ﻧﻭﻉ ﺑﻳﺷﻭﺏ )‪( Bishop Sampler‬‬
‫‪IV. Stress strain relationship.    ‬‬ ‫ﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺭﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﻭﺷﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫ﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺗﻡ ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺭﺍﺝ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺗﻔﺗﺢ‬
‫‪3. Remolded Samples: ‬‬
‫‪ Disturbed samples compacted in special ‬‬ ‫ﻛﻠﺗﺎ ﺍﻟﻧﻬﺎﻳﺗﻳﻥ ﻭﺗﺯﺍﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻠﻡ ﺛﻡ ﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﺍﻗﺭﺍﺹ‬
‫‪molds. ‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺩﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻭ ﺭﻗﺎﺋﻖ ﺍﻻﻟﻣﻧﻳﻭﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺗﻲ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﻭﻳﺷﻣﻊ ﺑﺷﻣﻊ‬
‫‪ For research purposes. ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺑﺭﺍﻓﻳﻥ ﺑﻌﺩﺓ ﻁﺑﻘﺎﺕ ﻟﻣﻧﻊ ﺗﺳﺭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻘﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻱ ﺭﻁﻭﺑﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻭﺗﺛﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﻠﻭﻣﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻁﻠﻭﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﻭﺗﻭﺿﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺻﻧﺎﺩﻳﻖ ﺧﺷﺑﻳﺔ ﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻟﻣﻧﻌﻬﺎ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺭﻛﺔ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﺍﻟﻧﻘﻝ ﻭﺍﻟﺣﻔﺎﻅ ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ‪.‬‬

‫‪Split Spoon Sampler‬‬

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‫‪ ‬‬
 Layout for Small‐Scale Rotary Core 
Drilling 

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Bucket Auger 

 
Shelby Tube Sampler 
 

 
 
Drilling rig and hollow‐stem auger 
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‫‪Requirements for obtaining Undisturbed‬‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﻭﺷﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Samples:‬‬
‫‪1. Diameter : D > 75 mm.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ ﻳﻁﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫‪2. Length : L ≥ intended length + 100 mm.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪3. Area Ratio:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪Stress Relief‬‬
‫= ‪Ar‬‬ ‫‪[(Dw2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪– De ) / De ] * 100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺗﺯﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﻝ ﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﻝ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Ar : Area Ratio.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻧﺗﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺔ‬
‫‪Dw : Outside Diameter of the Tube.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺗﻼﺷﻰ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫‪De : Inside Diameter of the Tube. ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Ar < 12% for 50 mm Sample‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ )‪:Area Ratio (Ar‬‬
‫‪Ar < 15% for 75 mm Sample‬‬
‫‪             Ar < 20% for 100 mm Sample‬‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺩﻓﻊ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺟﺯءﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻳﺯﺍﺡ ﻟﻳﻔﺳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻟﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺳﻣﻙ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﻏﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪4. Inside Clearance Ratio‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺿﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻳﻘﻝ‬
‫‪Cr = [ ( Ds – De ) / De ] * 100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻵﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪Area Ratio:‬‬
‫‪              Cr > 0.5 % ……For Sand‬‬
‫‪Cr < 3 % ……….For Clay‬‬ ‫‪Ar = [(Dw2 – De2) / De2 ] * 100‬‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫‪5. Recovery Ratio‬‬
‫‪Ar : Area Ratio.‬‬
‫‪Lr = [Actual Length of Recovered Sample‬‬ ‫‪Dw : Outside Diameter of the Tube.‬‬
‫‪/ Theoretical Length of Sample (Tube‬‬
‫‪length)] x 100‬‬ ‫‪De : Inside Diameter of the Tube.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻻﺗﺯﻳﺩ‬
‫‪Lr = 1 → Very good sample‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ‪ Ar‬ﻋﻥ ‪ %20‬ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭ ‪ %10‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻻﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪ Ar‬ﻋﻥ ‪ %12‬ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻗﻁﺭ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻠﻡ ﻭﻣﻥ ‪ %15‬ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻗﻁﺭ ‪ 75‬ﻣﻠﻡ ﻭﻣﻥ ‪ %20‬ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻗﻁﺭ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻠﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎﻕ ‪Inside Clearance‬‬

‫‪Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﻵﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻘﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻝ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﻔﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻔﺣﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎﻕ ﻳﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺷﺊ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪ Inside Clearance‬ﻭﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻧﻪ‪:‬‬
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‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Cr = [ ( Ds – De ) / De ] * 100‬‬

‫‪Cr : Inside Clearance Ratio.‬‬

‫‪Ds: Inside Dia. of the Tube.‬‬
‫‪De: Inside Dia of the Tube Head.‬‬
‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻳﺧﻔﻑ ﺧﻼﻝ ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﺧﺫ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎﻕ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻁﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺳﻁﺢ ﺍﻻﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﻲ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﻳﻘﻠﻝ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﺵ‪ .‬ﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺯﻳﺎﺩﺓ ﻓﻲ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺗﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﻣﻌﺎﻛﺱ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺭﻏﻭﺏ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺍﻻ ﻭﻫﻭ ﺍﻟﺳﻣﺎﺡ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺗﻣﺩﺩ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺗﻌﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻻﺕ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺗﺗﺭﺍﻭﺡ ﻣﻥ ‪ %0.3‬ﺍﻟﻰ ‪ %4‬ﻭﺗﺣﺩﻳﺩﺍ ﻛﻣﺎ ﻳﻠﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪Cr > 0.5 % ……For Sand‬‬

‫‪Cr < 3 % ……….For Clay‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺩﺧﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﻭﺫﺝ ‪Recovery Ratio‬‬

‫‪Lr = [Actual Length of Recovered Sample / Theoretical Length of Sample (Tube length)] x 100‬‬

‫‪Lr = 1 → Very good sample‬‬

‫‪ .5‬ﺍﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ‪During Sampling‬‬

‫‪1. Due to advancing the borehole (during boring). ‬‬
‫‪a. Sample friction on the sides due to auger rotation. ‬‬
‫‪b. Samples below water table may drain during covering process. ‬‬
‫‪c. Volume displacement of the tube. ‬‬
‫‪2. Due to changes in prevailing condition ‬‬
‫‪a. Loss of hydrostatic pressure may cause gas bubble voids to form in the sample. ‬‬
‫‪b. Changes in water and effective stresses during drilling. ‬‬
‫‪c. Samples are always unloaded of the in‐situ confining pressure with some unknown resulting ‬‬
‫‪expansion. ‬‬
‫‪d. Working environment (temperature). ‬‬
‫‪e. Handling and transporting a sample from the site to the lab and transferring the sample from ‬‬
‫‪sampler to the testing machine. ‬‬

‫ﺗﺣﺭﻳﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ‪Ground Water Investigation‬‬

‫ﺗﻌﻳﻳﻥ ﻣﻧﺳﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ﻭﺿﻐﻁﻬﺎ ﻭﺗﻌﻳﻳﻥ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﺧﺫ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺎء ﻟﻠﺗﺣﻠﻳﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻛﻳﻣﻳﺎﻭﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻖ ﺍﻟﻬﺩﻑ ﺍﻻﻭﻝ ﻳﻘﺎﺱ ﻣﻧﺳﻭﺏ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺑﻌﺩ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻓﻳﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻭﺫﻟﻙ ﻟﻔﺳﺢ ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻟﻠﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ‬
‫)‪ ( Equilibrium‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺗﺗﻭﻗﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﺗﺗﻧﺎﺳﺏ ﻣﻌﻬﺎ ﻋﻛﺳﻳﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﻱ ﺍﻧﻪ ﻛﻠﻣﺎ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻗﻠﺕ ﺍﻟﻔﺗﺭﺓ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻭﺻﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺗﻭﺍﺯﻥ‪ ،‬ﻭﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻭﻡ ﻳﺟﺏ ﻣﺭﻭﺭ ‪ 24‬ﺳﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻻﻗﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻧﺗﻬﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ ﻗﺑﻝ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻧﺳﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻻﺭﺿﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻭﻟﺗﺣﻘﻳﻖ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺣﻔﺭ ﺁﺑﺎﺭ ﻣﺭﺍﻗﺑﺔ )‪ (Observation Wells‬ﻭﺍﻧﺯﺍﻝ ﺷﺭﻳﻁ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺻﻝ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ‪ .‬ﺍﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻛﻭﻥ ﻧﻔﺎﺫﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺋﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ ﻓﻳﺳﺗﻐﺭﻕ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﺳﺗﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ﻓﺗﺭﺓ ﺯﻣﻧﻳﺔ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺟﺩﺍ )ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﺳﺎﺑﻳﻊ( ﻓﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻓﻲ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻭﺿﻊ‬
‫ﺍﺟﻬﺯﺓ ﺍﻟﺑﺯﻭﻣﻳﺗﺭ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ )‪ (Piezometer‬ﺍﻭ ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﻁﺭﻳﻘﺔ ﻫﻔﻭﺭ ﺳﻠﻳﻑ )‪ (Hvorslev‬ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻧﺳﻭﺏ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﺟﻭﻓﻳﺔ ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺑﺔ‪:‬‬

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‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪In-Situ Testing:‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻔﺣﻭﺻﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻌﻳﺔ‪  :‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪1. Standard Penetration Test (S.P.T): ‬‬ ‫ﻓﻲ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ ﻣﺛﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺏ ﺍﻟﺣﺑﻳﺑﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﻔﻛﻛﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ‬
‫‪ The  test  consists  of  driving  a  standard  split ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﻻﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﻭﺷﺔ ﻟﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ‬
‫‪spoon  (50.8mm  O.D  and  35mm  I.D)  into  soil ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎﺩ ﻛﻠﻳﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻔﺣﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﻣﻭﻗﻌﻳﺔ ﻣﺛﻝ‪:‬‬
‫‪under the blows of a drop weight (hummer) of ‬‬
‫‪65 kg falling freely through 0.75m. The number ‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﻓﺣﺹ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻲ )‪:(SPT‬‬
‫‪of blows required for 300mm of penetration of ‬‬
‫‪sampler in the soil is designated as (N) values. ‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﻣﺑﺩﺃ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺣﺹ ﻳﻌﺗﻣﺩ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻗﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻻﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ‬
‫‪ The blows for the first 150mm is not used. ‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﻁﻭﺍﻧﺔ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﺫﺍﺕ ﺍﻻﺑﻌﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﻘﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻭﻛﻣﺎ ﻣﻭﺿﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺷﻛﻝ‬
‫‪ Used  as  an estimate  of the shear strength  of ‬‬ ‫ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺣﺩﺩﺓ ﻋﻧﺩ ﻁﺭﻗﻬﺎ ﺑﻣﻁﺭﻗﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﻭﺯﻥ ﻭﺯﻧﻬﺎ )‪ (65‬ﻛﻐﻡ‬
‫‪soils. ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﻘﻁ ﺳﻘﻭﻁ ﺣﺭ ﻣﻥ ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ‪ 750‬ﻣﻠﻡ ﻭﺗﻧﺯﻝ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻗﻳﺎﺳﻳﺔ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ‬
‫‪ Good for cohesion less soils and give a rough ‬‬ ‫‪ 450‬ﻣﻠﻡ ﺩﺍﺧﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪results for cohesive soils. ‬‬
‫ﻳﺣﺳﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻗﺎﺕ )‪ (N‬ﻭﻣﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻋﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻁﺭﻗﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻻﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ‪ 300‬ﻣﻠﻡ ﺍﻻﺧﻳﺭﺓ ﻓﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻳﺟﺎﺩ ﻛﻼً ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﻟﻧﺳﺑﻳﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻭﻗﻌﻳﺎ ﻭﺍﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺗﺛﻘﻳﻝ ﻭﺳﻌﺔ ﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ‪. Φ‬‬
‫‪  ‬‬

‫‪ ‬‬

‫‪Equipment for Standard Penetration Test ‬‬

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‫‪ ‬‬
Correction for N- values:
1. Correction due presence of water table:

For Soils consisting very fine or silty sand below water table, a correction is made when

N > 15 because excess pore water pressure set up during drilling the sampler cannot

dissipate. You may use one of the following:

Ncor = 15 + 0.5 * ( N – 15 ) ……………..Terzaghi and Peck (1943).

2. Depth for Overburden:

N – Values for a depth corresponding to an effective overburden pressure of 110 kPa

( 1 T/ft2) is considered to be a standard. For Po’ > 25 kPa (0.25 T/ft2) a correction factor (CN)

should be used

CN = 0.77 log (2000/ Po’)

Ncor = Nact * CN

Where Po’ is the effective overburden pressure at the depth of sampling in kPa (Tsf).

Factors affecting N- values:

1. Variation of hummer height of fall.

2. Friction along the guides (rope, pulley)

3. Disturbed shoe of the spoon.

4. Inadequate cleaning of borehole.

5. Poor setting of spoon

6. Failure to maintain the hydrostatic pressure in the hole (i.e. quick sand).

7. Careless of the crew.

8. Avoiding stones and obstruction.

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‫‪Requirements for obtaining Undisturbed‬‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻁﻠﺑﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻏﻳﺭ ﻣﺷﻭﺷﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪Samples:‬‬
‫‪1. Diameter : D > 75 mm.‬‬ ‫ﻫﻧﺎﻙ ﻋﺩﺓ ﺍﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻲ ﻳﻁﺭﺃ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﺍﺛﻧﺎء‬
‫‪2. Length : L ≥ intended length + 100 mm.‬‬ ‫ﺍﺳﺗﺧﺭﺍﺟﻬﺎ ﻭﺍﻫﻡ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻻﻧﻭﺍﻉ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪3. Area Ratio:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ‪Stress Relief‬‬
‫= ‪Ar‬‬ ‫‪[(Dw2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪– De ) / De ] * 100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻥ ﺍﻧﺗﺯﺍﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺗﻐﻳﺭ‬
‫ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﺕ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﻝ ﻣﺅﺛﺭﺓ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺍﺫ ﺍﻥ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ ﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﻝ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍﻥ ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺎﻥ‬
‫‪Ar : Area Ratio.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻋﻥ ﺑﻌﺽ ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﺍﻥ ﺗﻧﺗﺯﻉ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﻣﻥ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺣﻳﻁﺔ‬
‫‪Dw : Outside Diameter of the Tube.‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﺎ ﻳﺗﻼﺷﻰ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﻛﻠﻳﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﺷﺎﻗﻭﻟﻲ ﻭﺍﻻﻓﻘﻲ ﻭﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺫﻟﻙ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫‪De : Inside Diameter of the Tube. ‬‬ ‫ﺗﺳﺎﻭﻱ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺅﺛﺭﻳﻥ ﻋﻠﻳﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﻭﻫﺫﺍ ﻣﺎﻳﺳﻣﻰ ﺑﺗﺧﻔﻳﻑ ﺍﻻﺟﻬﺎﺩ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺅﺛﺭ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪Ar < 12% for 50 mm Sample‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ )‪:Area Ratio (Ar‬‬
‫‪Ar < 15% for 75 mm Sample‬‬
‫‪             Ar < 20% for 100 mm Sample‬‬ ‫ﻋﻧﺩﻣﺎ ﺗﺩﻓﻊ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻓﺄﻥ ﺟﺯءﺍ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻳﺯﺍﺡ ﻟﻳﻔﺳﺢ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺟﺎﻝ ﻟﺳﻣﻙ ﺍﻻﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻭ ﺳﻣﻙ ﺁﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻟﻠﺗﻭﻏﻝ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪4. Inside Clearance Ratio‬‬ ‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﺿﻐﺎﻁ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻟﻠﻌﻳﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﻭﻛﻠﻣﺎ‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺯﺍﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺻﻐﻳﺭﺓ ﻳﻘﻝ‬
‫‪Cr = [ ( Ds – De ) / De ] * 100‬‬ ‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻭﺍﻥ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﻵﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻫﻲ ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪Area Ratio:‬‬
‫‪              Cr > 0.5 % ……For Sand‬‬
‫‪Cr < 3 % ……….For Clay‬‬ ‫‪Ar = [(Dw2 – De2) / De2 ] * 100‬‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫‪5. Recovery Ratio‬‬
‫‪Ar : Area Ratio.‬‬
‫‪Lr = [Actual Length of Recovered Sample‬‬ ‫‪Dw : Outside Diameter of the Tube.‬‬
‫‪/ Theoretical Length of Sample (Tube‬‬
‫‪length)] x 100‬‬ ‫‪De : Inside Diameter of the Tube.‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﻠﺣﺻﻭﻝ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻳﻧﺔ ﺑﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﻭﺍﻁﺋﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻻﺗﺯﻳﺩ‬
‫‪Lr = 1 → Very good sample‬‬ ‫ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ‪ Ar‬ﻋﻥ ‪ %20‬ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﻭ ‪ %10‬ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﺟﺏ ﺍﻥ ﻻﺗﺯﻳﺩ ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ‪ Ar‬ﻋﻥ ‪ %12‬ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻗﻁﺭ ‪ 50‬ﻣﻠﻡ ﻭﻣﻥ ‪ %15‬ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻗﻁﺭ ‪ 75‬ﻣﻠﻡ ﻭﻣﻥ ‪ %20‬ﻋﻧﺩ‬
‫ﺍﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎﻝ ﺍﻧﺑﻭﺑﺔ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻧﻣﺎﺫﺝ ﻗﻁﺭ ‪ 100‬ﻣﻠﻡ‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺄﺛﻳﺭ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﻭﺍﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎﻕ ‪Inside Clearance‬‬

‫‪Ratio‬‬
‫ﺍﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻧﺕ ﺍﻻﻧﺎﺑﻳﺏ ﻵﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ ﻁﻭﻳﻠﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻘﻁﺭﻫﺎ ﻓﻣﻥ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﺣﺗﻣﻝ ﺍﻥ ﺗﺻﻝ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﺍﻭ ﻗﻭﻯ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎﻕ ﺑﻳﻥ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ‬
‫ﻭﺍﻟﺟﺩﺭﺍﻥ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻳﺔ ﻟﻼﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﺍ ﻋﺎﻟﻳﺎ ﻗﺩ ﻳﺅﺩﻱ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﺧﻔﺎﻕ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻭﺓ ﺍﻟﺗﺣﻣﻝ ﺗﺣﺕ ﺁﺧﺫﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺎﺕ‪ ،‬ﻭﺍﻥ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻳﻌﺭﺽ ﺍﻟﻌﻳﻧﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﻭﺑﺎﻟﺗﺎﻟﻲ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻧﻌﺩﺍﻡ ﻓﺎﺋﺩﺗﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻔﺣﻭﺹ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻣﻳﻛﺎﻧﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﻭﻟﺗﻘﻠﻳﻝ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﺍﻭ ﺍﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎﻕ ﻳﺻﻧﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ‬
‫ﻟﻼﻧﺑﻭﺏ ﺍﻛﺛﺭ ﺑﻌﺽ ﺍﻟﺷﺊ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ﻟﺭﺃﺱ ﺍﻟﻘﻁﻊ ﻭﻳﺳﻣﻰ‬
‫ﻫﺫﺍ ﺑﺎﻟﻔﺭﺍﻍ ﺍﻟﺩﺍﺧﻠﻲ ‪ Inside Clearance‬ﻭﻳﻌﺑﺭ ﻋﻧﻪ‪:‬‬
‫‪Page | 13  ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
 :Cone Penetration Test (CPT) ‫ ﻓﺣﺹ ﺍﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁ‬.2
1‐ Dynamic Cone Penetration Test:
 Used for hard deposits.
 The cone (usually 65 mm in diameter and with an apex angle
of 60) is driven into the soil by drop of standard hammer
falling a standard distance.
 Record number of blows / 0.3 meter (NC).
 Friction on sides increases with depth, hence the diameter of
the cone must be greater than the outside diameter of the
pipe.
 If the depth of investigation is more than 6m, use bentonite.
 Fast and economical (no borehole is required).
 Gives continuous penetration a strata penetrated. It often
reveals the presence of strata, which are not recovered or
observed in sampling.
 Limitations:
1. No samples are taken.
2. Misleading results in gravel or boulder strata
 NC values must be corrected for overburden pressure.
NC’ = C1 * NC
Where C1 = 0.8 to 1.2 when bentonite is used.
= 1.5 up to depth 3m and bentonite is not used.
                                                      = 1.75 for depth 3 to 6m and bentonite is not used.

2‐ Static Cone Penetration Test:

‫ ﻭﻳﺗﺻﻝ ﺑﻘﺿﺑﺎﻥ ﺣﺩﻳﺩﻳﺔ ﺻﻠﺩﺓ ﻣﻐﻠﻔﺔ ﺑﻣﻐﻠﻑ‬2‫ ﺳﻡ‬10 ‫ ﻭﺑﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‬600 ‫ﻳﺗﻛﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﺟﻬﺎﺯ ﻣﻥ ﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁ ﺻﻠﺩ ﺑﺯﺍﻭﻳﺔ‬
‫ ﻋﻧﺩ ﺍﺟﺭﺍء ﺍﻟﻔﺣﺹ ﻳﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬.‫ ( ﻳﺳﻣﺢ ﺑﻣﺭﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺑﺎﻥ ﺑﺣﺭﻳﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺩﺍﺧﻠﻪ‬Sleeve)
‫ ﻣﻠﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻭﻳﺳﺟﻝ‬80 ‫ﺛﺎ ﻭﻳﺳﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬/‫( ﺳﻡ‬2.0-1.5) ‫ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﺿﺎﻏﻁﺔ ﻫﻳﺩﺭﻭﻟﻳﻛﻳﺔ ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ ﻟﺳﻭﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁ ﺑﻭﺍﺳﻁﺔ ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﻭﺑﻌﺩ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻳﺛﺑﺕ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁ ﺑﻣﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﻭﻳﺳﺎﻕ‬
‫ ﻣﻠﻡ ﻭﻳﺳﺟﻝ ﻣﻌﺩﻝ ﺍﻟﺿﻐﻁ ﺍﻟﻼﺯﻡ‬120 ‫ ﻣﻠﻡ ﺑﻌﺩ ﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺳﺎﻕ ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻠﻑ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬80 ‫ﺍﻟﻣﻐﻠﻑ ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‬
Cone End ) ‫ﻟﺳﻭﻗﻬﻣﺎ ﻣﻌﺎ ﻭﻣﻥ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺧﺗﺭﺍﻕ ﻟﻠﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁ‬
‫( ﻭﺗﻛﺭﺭ ﻫﺫﻩ‬Sleeve Skin Friction) ‫( ﻭﻛﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻣﻌﺭﻓﺔ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﻟﻠﻣﻐﻠﻑ‬Resistance
.‫ ﻣﻠﻡ ﺑﺣﻳﺙ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺭﺳﻡ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻟﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻣﺧﺭﻭﻁ ﻭﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻙ ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻖ‬200 ‫ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﻛﻝ‬

Page | 19  
 
  Preferable for soft cohesive deposits (fine sands, silty fine sands and
clay).
 Pushing hydraulically a steel cone (diameter = 35.7mm and apex angle
60) at a rate of 10 to 20mm / sec and recording the required force and
hence the stress (Cr) can be calculated using the following equation:
Cr = (force required) / (base area = 10cm2)
 The outer rod is pushed and the force required for pushing the cone
and sleeve is recorded and the stress (Ct) can be calculated
 Friction stress Cf = Ct – Cr
 The data obtained are used for bearing capacity and settlement
analysis and static pile capacity.
 For sand and coarse silt, you may use the following table:

Cr (kPa) < 2000 2000 - 4000 4000 - 12000 12000 - 200000 >200000
Rel. Den.(Dr)% < 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 >80
Φ (deg) 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 40 40 - 45 >45

 Relationship between N (SPT) and Cr is shown in the following table:

Soil Type Cr kPa Es (kPa)
Silts, fine sand, slightly 150-300N (1.5-2) Cr
cohesive soils
Fine to medium sand 300-450N (2-4) Cr
Coarse sands 450-700N (1.5-3) Cr
Sandy gravel, gravelly sand 700-2000N
Stiff clay, sandy clay (5-7) Cr

 Advantages:
1‐ Fast and economical
2‐ Gives a continuous resistance of the strata.
3‐ Gives skin friction of soil (used for piles).
4‐ More reliable for sand below water table.
5‐ No boring is required.
 Limitations:
1‐ Unsuitable for gravelly soils
2‐ Does not reveal the types of soil encountered.
3‐ No samples are taken.
4‐ Test depth 15 to 20m.

   

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Equipment for Cone Penetration Test (CPT) 
 

Page | 21  
 
 ‫‪ .3‬ﻓﺣﺹ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﺑﺎﻻﺭﻳﺎﺵ ‪:Vane Shear Test‬‬
‫ﻳﺳﺗﻌﻣﻝ ﻫﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺣﺹ ﻟﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺯﻭﻝ )‪ (Undrained Shear Strength Cu‬ﻟﻠﺗﺭﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻧﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺿﻌﻳﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﻣﺗﻭﺳﻁﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺗﺭﻭﺍﺡ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻓﻳﻬﺎ )‪ kPa (75-5‬ﻭﻟﻠﻘﻳﺎﻡ ﺑﻬﺫﺍ ﺍﻟﻔﺣﺹ ﺗﻧﺯﻝ ﺍﻻﺭﻳﺎﺵ‬
‫ﻣﻊ ﺍﻟﻘﺿﺑﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﺛﺑﺗﺔ ﺑﻬﺎ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﺍﻭ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻣﺑﺎﺷﺭﺓ ﻭﺗﺳﺎﻕ ﺍﻻﺭﻳﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻰ ﻋﻣﻖ ﻻﻳﻘﻝ ﻋﻥ ‪ 0.5‬ﻡ ﻣﻥ‬
‫ﻗﻌﺭ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭﺓ ﻭﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ ﻫﻲ ﻟﺩﻓﻊ ﺍﻻﺭﻳﺎﺵ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﻌﻣﻖ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﻧﻌﺩﻡ ﻓﻳﻪ ﺗﺷﻭﻳﺵ ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ ﻧﺗﻳﺟﺔ ﻟﻌﻣﻠﻳﺔ ﺍﻟﺣﻔﺭ‪ .‬ﺑﻌﺩ‬
‫ﺫﻟﻙ ﻳﺛﺑﺕ ﺟﺯء ﺍﻻﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺧﺎﺹ ﺑﺗﺳﻠﻳﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﻭﻳﻧﻅﻡ ﻣﻘﻳﺎﺱ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺻﻔﺭ ﻭﻳﺳﻠﻁ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﻟﺗﺩﻭﻳﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﻳﺎﺵ‬
‫ﺑﺳﺭﻋﺔ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭﻫﺎ )‪ (12-6‬ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ‪ /‬ﺍﻟﺩﻗﻳﻘﺔ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺻﻝ ﻣﻘﺩﺍﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﻰ ﺍﻟﺣﺩ ﺍﻻﻗﺻﻰ ﺍﻟﺫﻱ ﻳﺳﺑﺏ ﺍﺧﻔﺎﻕ‬
‫ﺍﻟﺗﺭﺑﺔ‪ .‬ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺣﺳﺎﺏ ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺯﻭﻝ ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺗﺎﻟﻳﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ ‬
‫ ‬ ‫‪d‬‬
‫ ‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪6‬‬
‫‪Where:‬‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎﻭﻣﺔ ﺍﻟﻘﺹ ﻏﻳﺭ ﺍﻟﻣﺑﺯﻭﻝ ‪Cu: Undrained Shear Strength‬‬
‫‪T : Torque‬‬ ‫ﻋﺯﻡ ﺍﻟﺩﻭﺭﺍﻥ‬
‫‪d : Diameter of Blade‬‬ ‫ﻗﻁﺭ ﺍﻻﺭﻳﺎﺵ‬
‫‪h : Height of Blade‬‬ ‫ﺍﺭﺗﻔﺎﻉ ﺍﻻﺭﻳﺎﺵ‬

‫‪Method of Test:‬‬

‫‪Inserting a four blade vane in the‬‬

‫‪undisturbed or remolded soil at‬‬
‫‪required depth and rotating it from‬‬
‫‪the surface through link rods to‬‬
‫‪determine the torsional force‬‬
‫‪required (T) to cause a cylindrical‬‬
‫‪surface to be sheared by the vane‬‬

‫‪Page | 22  ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬
Example:

The N-values for a test performed at a depth of 8 m below the ground surface
is 35, if the water table is at a depth of 2m and the dry unit weight is 14 kN/m3
and the saturated unit weight is 18 kN/m3. Calculate the corrected N?

Sol.

1. Correction for water table:

Ncor = 15 + 0.5 * ( N – 15 ) = 15 + 0.5 * ( 35 – 15 ) = 25

2. Correction for overburden

Po’ = 14 * 2 + 6 * ( 18 – 10 ) = 76 kPa > 25 kPa

CN = 0.77 log (2000/ Po’) = 0.77 log (2000/ 76) = 1.093

Ncor = Nact * CN = 1.093 * 25 = 27.3 → Say 27 blows

Table below show correlations between SPT N-value and Consistency

of clays
SPT N-Value Consistency of Clay Unconfined Compression Strength
qu (kN/m2)
0-2 Very Soft ‫ﺍﻟﻁﻳﻥ ﻳﻛﻭﻥ ﻗﺭﻳﺑﺎ‬ 0 - 25
‫ﻣﻥ ﺍﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺳﺎﺋﻠﺔ ﻭﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺳﻳﻝ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻳﺩ‬
3-5 Soft ‫ﺿﻌﻳﻑ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻳﻌﺟﻥ‬ 25 – 50
‫ﺑﺳﻬﻭﻟﺔ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﺑﻊ ﺑﺿﻐﻁ ﺧﻔﻳﻑ‬
6-9 Medium Stiff 50 - 100
10 - 16 Stiff ‫ﻻﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﻋﺟﻧﻪ ﺑﺎﻻﺻﺑﻊ‬ 100 - 200
‫ﻭﻟﻛﻥ ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺛﻠﻡ ﺑﺎﻻﺑﻬﺎﻡ‬
17 – 30 Very Stiff ‫ﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺧﺩﺵ‬ 200 - 400
‫ﺑﻅﻔﺭ ﺍﻻﺑﻬﺎﻡ‬
> 30 Hard ‫ﻻﻳﻣﻛﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻳﺧﺩﺵ ﺑﻅﻔﺭ‬ > 400
‫ﺍﻻﺑﻬﺎﻡ‬

Table below show correlations between SPT N-value and Relative

Density & angle of Internal Friction Φ
SPT N-Value Approximate Relative Approximate angle of Internal
density Dr% Friction Φ
0-5 0-5 26 - 30
5 - 10 5 - 30 28 – 35
10 - 30 30 - 60 35 - 41
30 - 50 60 - 95 38 - 46

Page | 18  
 
Limitations:

1. Suitable for sandy soil.

2. Usually of short duration, hence consolidation settlement do not fully occurs
during this test.
3. Zone of stressed soil beneath the plate is much smaller than that beneath
the larger foundation so will be unaffected by deeper strata whose load
bearing and settlement characteristic may affect the behavior of the
foundation.
4. To predict bearing capacity using one of the following:
a. q (footing) = q (plate) ………………………………For Clay
q (footing) = q (plate) * ( BFooting / BPlate)…………..For Sand
b. Using Housel Equation
V = A * q + P * s ……………………………………For C-Φ soil
Where:
V: Total load on a bearing area
A: Contact area of footing (or plate)
P: Perimeter of footing
q: bearing pressure
S: Perimeter shear

By conducting two plate load tests, we can solve the equation for q and
s and then re-use the equation for fully scale footing.

5. To predict Settlement
Sp = Sf * (Bp / Bf)a
Where:
a = 1/2 to 1/3 for sand and gravel
= 1/2 for saturated silt
= 1/2 to 2/3 for clay and dry silt
= 1 for compacted fill.
If ground water is at the level of the test plate, reduce the values by 1/2

Example:
Two Plate load tests were performed using plates (0.3 * 0.3m) and
(0.45 * 0.45m) for 12mm settlement, the loads were 37.5 and 75 kN
respectively. What size square footing is required to carry 80 kN column load.
Solution:
V=A*q+P*s
[0.3 * 0.3m]………→ 37.5 = 0.09 * q + 1.2 * s
[0.45 * 0.45m]……→ 75 = 0.2025 * q + 1.8 * s
Solving the two equations to get ..q = 277.77 kPa and s = 10.41kN/m
[Full scale footing]…..→ 80 = 277.77 * B2 + 10.41 * 4 * B
Solving to get ….B = 0.47m say 0.5 m for 12mm settlment

Page | 24  
 
  Preferable for soft cohesive deposits (fine sands, silty fine sands and
clay).
 Pushing hydraulically a steel cone (diameter = 35.7mm and apex angle
60) at a rate of 10 to 20mm / sec and recording the required force and
hence the stress (Cr) can be calculated using the following equation:
Cr = (force required) / (base area = 10cm2)
 The outer rod is pushed and the force required for pushing the cone
and sleeve is recorded and the stress (Ct) can be calculated
 Friction stress Cf = Ct – Cr
 The data obtained are used for bearing capacity and settlement
analysis and static pile capacity.
 For sand and coarse silt, you may use the following table:

Cr (kPa) < 2000 2000 - 4000 4000 - 12000 12000 - 200000 >200000
Rel. Den.(Dr)% < 20 20 - 40 40 - 60 60 - 80 >80
Φ (deg) 25 - 30 30 - 35 35 - 40 40 - 45 >45

 Relationship between N (SPT) and Cr is shown in the following table:

Soil Type Cr kPa Es (kPa)
Silts, fine sand, slightly 150-300N (1.5-2) Cr
cohesive soils
Fine to medium sand 300-450N (2-4) Cr
Coarse sands 450-700N (1.5-3) Cr
Sandy gravel, gravelly sand 700-2000N
Stiff clay, sandy clay (5-7) Cr

 Advantages:
1‐ Fast and economical
2‐ Gives a continuous resistance of the strata.
3‐ Gives skin friction of soil (used for piles).
4‐ More reliable for sand below water table.
5‐ No boring is required.
 Limitations:
1‐ Unsuitable for gravelly soils
2‐ Does not reveal the types of soil encountered.
3‐ No samples are taken.
4‐ Test depth 15 to 20m.

   

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Equipment for Cone Penetration Test (CPT) 
 

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The Range of resistivity generally encountered in various soils and rocks is
given in table below:

Material Resistivity (ohm.m)

Sand 500-1500
Clays, Saturated Silt 0-100
Clayey Sand 200-500
Gravel 1500-4000
Weathered Rock 1500-2500
Sound Rock >5000