Preliminary Computer Science I: COMP0001

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Preliminary Computer Science I
COMP0001
School of Science, Computing and Artificial Intelligence
Lecturer: Ilenius Ildephonce
Ilenius Ildephonce (The UWI, Five Islands) COMP0001-Lecture Week 3A September 22, 2021 1 / 31
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Lecture 3
System Software
Contents
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1 Operating System
Utility software
2 Purposes of an operating system (OS)

Process management
Process states
3 Language Translators
Partial compiling and interpreting
Integrated development environment (IDE)
Content
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1 Operating System
Utility software

Process management
Process states
The need for an OS
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Early computers had no operating system at all. Control software had

to be loaded each time the computer was started
As the hard disk drive (HDD) was developed, operating systems were
stored on the hard disk, and start-up of the motherboard was handled
by the basic input/output system (BIOS).
An operating system provides both the environment in which
applications can be run, and a useable interface between humans and
computer.
The human-computer interface (HCI) is usually achieved through a
graphical user interface (GUI), although it is possible to use a
command line interface (CLI) if the user wishes to directly
communicate with the computer.
Operating system tasks
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Memory management
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memory optimisation
memory organisation
memory protection
Security management
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to ensure the integrity, confidentiality and availability of data. This can

be achieved by:
carrying out operating system updates
ensuring that antivirus software (and other security software) is
always up-to-date
making use of privileges to prevent users entering ’private areas’
on a computer which permits multi-user activity
offering the ability for the recovery of data (and system restore)
when it has been lost or corrupted
Process management
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Process management
involves the allocation of resources and permits the sharing and
exchange of data, thus allowing all processes to be fully synchronised
(for example, by the scheduling of resources, resolution of software
conflicts, use of queues and so on)
Hardware management
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Hardware management involves all input and output peripheral

devices.
communicating with all input and output devices using device
drivers
ensuring each hardware resource has a priority so that it can be
used and released as required
File Management
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File management
defining the file naming conventions
performing specific tasks, such as create, open, close, delete,
rename, copy, move
maintaining the directory structures
specifying the logical file storage format (such as FAT or NTFS if
Windows is being used)
ensuring memory allocation for a file by reading it from the
HDD/SSD and loading it into memory.
Utility software
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hard disk formatter

virus checker
defragmentation software
disk contents analysis/repair software Â» file compression
back-up software.
Content
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1 Operating System
Utility software

Process management
Process states
How an operating system can maximise the use
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of computer resources
OS and resources
Bootstrap program loads part of the operating system into main
memory (RAM) from the hard disk/SSD and initiates the start-up
procedures.
Resource management can be split into three areas:
The CPU
Memory
The input/output (I/O) system
OS and resources cont...
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Resource management of the CPU involves the concept of

scheduling to allow for better utilisation of CPU time and resources.
For input/output operations, the operating system will need to deal with
any I/O operation which has been initiated by the computer user
any I/O operation which occurs while software is being run and
resources, such as printers or disk drives, are requested.
The direct memory access (DMA) controller is needed to allow
hardware to access the main memory independently of the CPU.
The Kernel
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The Kernel
The Kernel
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The Kernel
The kernel is part of the operating system.
It is the central component responsible for communication between
hardware, software and memory.
It is responsible for process management, device management,

memory management, interrupt handling and input/output file
communications
Multitasking
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Multitasking allows computers to carry out more than one task (known
as a process) at a time.
To ensure multitasking operates correctly (for example, making sure
processes do not clash), scheduling is used to decide which processes
should be carried out.
There are two types of multitasking operating Systems
1 preemptive (processes are pre-empted after each time quantum)
2 non-preemptive (processes are pre-empted after a fixed time
interval).
Preemptive Vs Non- Preemptive
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Figure: The differences between preemptive and non-preemptive systems
Process scheduler
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Process priority depends on

1 its category (is it a batch, online or real time process?)
2 whether the process is CPU-bound (for example, finding 10000
factorial would need long CPU cycles and short I/O cycles) or I/O
bound (for example, printing a large number of documents would
require short CPU cycles but very long I/O cycles)
3 resource requirements (which resources does the process
require, and how many?)
4 the turnaround time, waiting time and response time for the
process
5 whether the process can be interrupted during running
Task/process priority
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Task/process priority
Once a task has been given a priority, it can still be affected by
deadline for the completion of the process
how much CPU time is needed when running the process
the wait time and CPU time
the memory requirements of the process.
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Content
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1 Operating System
Utility software

Process management
Process states
Translation and execution of programs
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Program translation & execution

Programming instructions written in any programming language other
than machine code must be translated before they can be used.
The systems software used to translate a source program written in
any language other than machine code are translators.
There are three types of translator available, each translator performs
a different role.
Assemblers
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Programs written in assembly language are translated into machine

code by an assembler program.
Assemblers either store the program directly in main memory, ready for
execution, as it is translated, or they store the translated program on a
storage medium to be used later.
If stored for later use, then a loader program is also needed to load the
stored translated program into main memory before it can be executed.
The stored translated program can be executed many times without
being re-translated.
Assembly language programs are machine dependent; they are not
portable from one type of computer/chip to another.
or example, MASM is an assembler that is used for the X86 family of
chips, while PIC and GENIE are used for microcontrollers.
Assemblers
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Programs written in assembly language are translated into machine

code by an assembler program.
Assemblers either store the program directly in main memory, ready for
execution, as it is translated, or they store the translated program on a
storage medium to be used later.
If stored for later use, then a loader program is also needed to load the
stored translated program into main memory before it can be executed.
The stored translated program can be executed many times without
being re-translated.
Assembly language programs are machine dependent; they are not
portable from one type of computer/chip to another.
or example, MASM is an assembler that is used for the X86 family of
chips, while PIC and GENIE are used for microcontrollers.
Compilers and interpreters
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Programs written in a high-level language can be either translated into

machine code by a compiler program, or directly executed line-by-line
using an interpreter program.
Compilers usually store the translated program (object program) on a
storage medium ready to be executed later.
With an interpreter, no translated program is generated in main
memory or stored for later use. Every line in a program is interpreted
then executed each time the program is run.
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Comparison between assemblers, compilers
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and interpreters
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Partial compiling & interpreting

In order to achieve shorter execution times, many high-level languages
programs use a system that is partially compilation and partially
interpretation.
The source code is checked and translated by a compiler into object
code.
The compiled object code is a low-level machine independent code,
called intermediate code, p-code or bytecode.
To execute the program, the object code can be interpreted by an
interpreter or compiled using a compiler.
Example Java source code
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intermediate code(Bytecode)
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IDEs
An integrated development environment (IDE) is used by programmers
to aid the writing and development of programs. There are many
different IDEs available; some just support one programming
language, others can be used for several different programming
languages. NetBeansÂ®, PyCharmÂ®, Visual StudioÂ® and
SharpDevelop are all IDEs currently in use.
IDEs usually have:
a source code editor
a compiler, an interpreter, or both
a run-time environment with a debugger
an auto-documenter.

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1

Preliminary Computer Science I

School of Science, Computing and Artificial Intelligence

Lecturer: Ilenius Ildephonce

2 Purposes of an operating system (OS)

2 Purposes of an operating system (OS)

Early computers had no operating system at all. Control software had

to ensure the integrity, confidentiality and availability of data. This can

Hardware management involves all input and output peripheral

hard disk formatter

2 Purposes of an operating system (OS)

Resource management of the CPU involves the concept of

It is responsible for process management, device management,

Figure: The differences between preemptive and non-preemptive systems

Process priority depends on

2 Purposes of an operating system (OS)

Program translation & execution

Programs written in assembly language are translated into machine

Programs written in assembly language are translated into machine

Programs written in a high-level language can be either translated into

Programs written in a high-level language can be either translated into

Programs written in a high-level language can be either translated into

Partial compiling & interpreting

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