BBSymbolbasedreasoning

Symbol Based Reasoning
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ready reckoner to revise before exams.
iv. Go through all the Solved Examples and solve them simultaneously while
referring the solutions provided to understand the best way to solve each type of
questions.
v. Solve all the Practice Questions provided on your own and then refer to the
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there a better smarter approach for the same question.
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Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Solved Examples 3
Practice Questions 20
Answer Key 32
Solutions 32
Let’s get started..
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Introduction
Symbol Based Reasoning questions consists of symbols which, mostly,
depict some mathematical relation between two variables. Based on the
relation, one has to compute the relationship between the different
variables or perform some arithmetic operations.
Example:
If, A + B is the difference between A and B
A – B is the product of A and B
A x B is the division of A and B
A / B is the addition of A and B
Then, what will be the value of 2 / 8 x 2 + 1 – 3 ?
a) 10
b) 3
c) 7
d) 5
e) None of the above
Solution:
The following expression can be represented as
2+8/2–1x3
By BODMAS rule, the given expression will be 2 + (8 / 2) – (1 x 3)
Thus, 3 will be the correct answer.
Hence, [B].
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Example:
If, A @ B means A is greater than B
A * B means A is neither greater than nor smaller than B
A # B means A is smaller than B
A & B means A is not less than B
A % B means A is not greater than B
Statements: P % Q & R * S
Conclusions:
I:P≥S
II : P < S
a) If only conclusion I is true.
b) If only conclusion II is true.
c) If either conclusion I or conclusion II is true.
d) If both the conclusions are true.
e) If neither conclusion is true.
Solution: C
The given expression can be simplified as P ≤ Q ≥ R = S
From here, we cannot explicitly say anything about the relationship
between P and S. However, either P ≥ S or P < S.
Hence, [C].
Solved Examples
Q.1-4) Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow.
X % Y means X is neither smaller than nor equal to Y.
X + Y means X is neither smaller than nor greater than Y.
X * Y means X is not less than Y.
X © Y means X is not greater than Y.
X @ Y means X is neither greater than nor equal to Y.
In each of the following questions there are statements followed by
two conclusions (conclusion I and II). Assuming the given statements to
be true, find which of the two conclusions is/are definitely true.
Mark [a], if only conclusion I is true.
Mark [b], if only conclusion II is true.
Mark [c], if either conclusion I or II is true.
Mark [d], if neither conclusion I nor II is true.
Mark [e], if both conclusions I and II are true.
Q.1) Statements: T * M, M % P, P @ N
Conclusions:
I: T * N
II: N % T
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Answer: C
The statements can be written as follows,
T ≥ M...(i)
M > P …(ii)
P < N...(iii)
The statements can be combined to be written as, T ≥ M > P < N
The conclusions given are: 1) T ≥ N
2) N > T
Thus, Either Conclusion I or Conclusion II follows.
Hence, [C].
Q.2) Statements: I © J, J % K, K + M
Conclusions:
I: M % I
II: J * M
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Answer: D
I ≤ J...(i)
J > K …(ii)
K = M...(iii)
The statements can be combined to be written as, I ≤ J > K = M

The conclusions given are: 1) M > I
2) J ≥ M
Thus, Neither Conclusion I nor Conclusion II follows.
Hence, [D].
Q.3) Statements: A + B, B © C, D @ C
Conclusions:
I: A © C
II: D % B
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Answer: A
A = B...(i)
B ≤ C …(ii)
C > D...(iii)
The statements can be combined to be written as, A = B ≤ C > D
The conclusions given are: 1) A ≤ C
2) D > B
Thus, only Conclusion I follow.
Hence, [A].
Q.4) Statements: S % T, T @ V, V * W
Conclusions:
I: S % V
II: W @ S
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Answer: D
S > T...(i)
T < V …(ii)
V ≥ W...(iii)
The statements can be combined to be written as, S > T< V ≥ W
The conclusions given are: 1) S > V
2) W < S
Thus, neither of the conclusions follow.
Hence, [D].
Q.5) Refer to the data below and answer the questions that follow.
If x @ y stands for product of the 2 numbers
x $ y stands for the difference between the 2 numbers
x * y stands for the sum of the 2 numbers
x + y stands for the sum of the cubes of the 2 numbers
x / y stands for product of the 2 numbers
Then what is the value of [(3 $ 1) + (4 * 0)] $ [(3+1) $ (4 @ 0)]?

a) 72
b) 28
c) 44
d) 56
e) 100
Answer: C
Each of the given terms can be individually as follows,
(3 $ 1) = 3 – 1 = 2
(4 * 0) = 4 + 0 = 4
Thus, [(3 $ 1) + (4 * 0)] = (2 + 4) ? 23 + 43 = 72
(3 + 1) = 33 +13 = 28
(4 @ 0) = 4 * 0 = 0
Thus, [(3+1) $ (4 @ 0)] = (28 $ 0) ? 28 - 0 = 28
Hence, [(3 $ 1) + (4 * 0)] $ [(3+1) $ (4 @ 0)] = 72 $ 28 = 44
Hence, [C].
Q.6-9) Directions: In the following question there are three statements

followed by two conclusions I and II. Assuming the given statements to
be true, find which of these conclusions always follow these
statements. Mark the correct option:
Q.6) Statements: A < B ≤ C; C ≤ D = E; E > F = G

Conclusions
I: B ≤ E
II: C > G
a) If only conclusion 1 follows
b) If only conclusion 2 follows
c) If either conclusion 1 or 2 follows
d) If both conclusions 1 and 2 follow
e) If neither conclusion 1 nor 2 follows
Answer: A
Conclusion I: Combining first 2 statements we get,
A<B≤C≤D=E
Between B and E, the symbols are ‘=’ and ‘≤’.
So, B ≤ E definitely follows.
Conclusion II: Combining last 2 statements we get,
C≤D=E>F=G
Between C and G the direction of the symbols changes. So, no conclusion
can be drawn between C and G.
Therefore, conclusion II does not follow.
Hence, [A].
Q.7) Replace the question marks (?) in that order in the following
expression in order to make the expression ‘T < P’ definitely false?
Expression: P ? Q ? R ? S ? T ? U
a) >, =, >, ≥, >
b) ≥, >, =, <, =
c) <, ≤, =, >, <
d) <, ≤, ≤, <, =
e) =, >, =, >, =
Answer: D
T < P will be definitely false if either P = T or P < T.
Option a: Direction of all the symbols is the same.
⇒ P > T – Incorrect option.
Option b: Direction of all the symbols is not the same. P and T cannot be
compared – Incorrect option.
Option c: Direction of all the symbols is not the same. P and T cannot be
compared – Incorrect option.
Option d: Direction of all the symbols is the same.
⇒ P < T – Correct option.
Option e: Direction of all the symbols is the same.
⇒ P > T – Incorrect option.
Hence, [D].
Q.8) Statements: P > Q = R; R = S ≥ T; T ≥ U ≥ V

Conclusions
I: Q = V
II: Q > V
a) Only conclusion I follows
b) Only conclusion II follows
c) Either conclusion I or II follows
d) Both conclusions I and II follow
e) Neither conclusion I nor II follows
Answer: C
Combining all the statements we get,
P>Q=R=S≥T≥U≥V
Between Q and V, the direction of the symbols is the same and no ‘ So, Q
≥ V.
Either conclusion I follows or conclusion II follows.
Hence, [C]
Q.9) Replace the question marks (?) in that order in the following
expression in order to make the expression ‘B < X’ definitely false?
Expression: A ? B ? C ? X ? Y ? Z
a) >, <, >, ≥, >
b) ≥, <, =, <, =
c) <, ≤, =, >, <
d) <, ≤, ≤, <, =
e) =, >, =, >, =
Answer: E
B < X will be definitely false if either B = X or B >X.
From option a, we get B < C > X. This option is incorrect.
From option b, B < C = X. Therefore, B < X. This option is false.
From option c, we get B ≤ C = X⇒ B ≤ X. We cannot conclude anything.
From option d, we get B ≤ C ≤ X ⇒ B ≤ X. We cannot conclude anything.
From option e, B = C > X. Therefore, B > X.
Hence, [E].
Q.10-15) Answer the questions based on the information given.

A ! B’ means A ≤ B
‘A @ B’ means A > B
‘A # B’ means A = B,
‘A $ B’ means A ≥ B
‘A % B’ means A < B
Now in each of the following questions, assuming given statements to
be true, find which of the 2 conclusions is/are definitely true.
Mark [a] if only conclusion I is true.
Mark [b] if only conclusion II is true.
Mark [c] if either conclusion I or conclusion II is true.
Mark [d] if both conclusions are true.
Mark [e] if neither of the conclusions is true
Q.10) P @ Q, S % R, P % S
I. R @ Q
II. S $ Q
a) If only conclusion I is true
b) If only conclusion II is true
c) If either conclusion I or II is true
d) If neither conclusion I nor II is true
e) If both the conclusions I and II are true
Answer: A
From the given information, we know that R > S > P > Q.
Conclusion I: R > Q
Conclusion II: S ≥ Q
So conclusion I is true but conclusion II is false.
Hence, [A].
Q.11) X ! Y, Z # U, U ! X
I. Z % Y
II. U # Y
Answer: C
From the given information, Z = U ≤ X ≤ Y.
Conclusion I: Z < Y
Conclusion II: U = Y
Therefore, either conclusion I or conclusion II is true.
Hence, [C].
Q.12) A @ B, B ! C, D #C
I. D # B
II. C $ A
Answer: D
From the given information, A > B ≤ C = D.
Conclusion I: D = B
Conclusion II: C ≥ A
From the above expression neither conclusion is true.
Hence, [D].
Q.13) H # G, T $ S, T ! H
I. G # T
II. H @ T
Answer: C
From the given information, S ≤ T ≤ H = G.
Conclusion I: G = T
Conclusion II: H > T
Either conclusion I or conclusion II must be true.
Hence, [C].
Q.14) P # Q, R @ S, Q % S
I. P @ R
II. Q % R
Answer: B
From the given information, P = Q < S < R.
Conclusion I: P > R, which is false.
Conclusion II: Q < R, which is true.
Hence, [B].
Q.15) A $ B, C ! B, D ! A
I. C @ D
II. D $ C
Answer: C
From the given information, D ≤ A ≥ B ≥ C.
Conclusion I: C > D
Conclusion II: D ≥ C
Either statement I or statement II must be true.
Hence, [C].
If, A @ B means A + B;
A # B means A - B;
A & B means A x B;
A % B means A ÷ B;
A ! B means average of A and B;
A $ B means LCM of A and B;
Q.16) Then evaluate the following expression.

35 % 7 @ (3 $ 5) # 4 & 2
a) 12
b) 16
c) 18
d) 21
e) 23
Answer: A
35 % 7 @ (3 $ 5) # 4 & 2
= 35 ÷ 7 + [LCM of (3 and 5)] – 4 × 2
= 5 + 15 – 8
= 12
Hence, [A].
Q.17) Then which of the following is the greatest?

a) (12 ! 18) $ 4
b) (12 $ 18) ! 4
c) 12 ! (18 $ 4)
d) (12 ! 18) ! 4
e) (12 $ 18) % 4
Answer - A
a) - (12 ! 18) $ 4 = (Average of 12 and 18) $ 4 = 15 $ 4 = LCM of 15 and 4 =
60
b) - (12 $ 18) ! 4 = (LCM of 12 and 18) ! 4 =36 ! 4 = Average of 36 and 4 =
20
c) - 12 ! (18 $ 4) = 12 ! (LCM of 18 and 4) = 12 ! 36 = Average of 12 and 36
= 24
d) - (12 ! 18) ! 4 = (Average of 12 and 18) ! 4 = 15 ! 4 = Average of 15 and
4 = 9.5
e) - (12 $ 18) % 4 = (LCM of 12 and 18 ) % 4 = 36 % 4 = 36 ÷ 4 = 9
Hence, [A].
Q.18) Then which of the following is a prime integer?

(i) [(17 ! 7) & 3 % 9] $ [ 4 & 4 # 1] # 9
(ii) [(21 ! 9) % 5 ] $ [ 3 & 3 # 2] @ 8
a) Only (i)
b) Only (ii)
c) Either (i) or (ii)
d) Both (i) and (ii)
e) Neither (i) nor (ii)
Answer: B
i) [(17 ! 7) & 3 % 9] $ [4 & 4 # 1] # 9
= [12 & 3 % 9] $ [ 16 # 1 ] # 9
= [36 % 9] $ [ 15 ] # 9
= 4 $ 15 # 9
= 60 # 9 = 51, it is not a prime number.
(ii) [(21 ! 9) % 5] $ [ 3 & 3 # 2] @ 8
= [15 % 5 ] $ [9 # 2] @ 8
=3$7@8
= 21 @ 8 = 29. It is a prime number
Hence, [B].
In each of the following questions, symbols ‘%’, ‘$’, ‘*’, ‘~’ and ‘£ ’ are
used with different meanings as follows:
‘A % B’ means ‘A is not less than or equal to B’.
‘A $ B’ means ‘A is not less than B’.
‘A * B’ means ‘A is not less than or greater than B’.
‘A ~ B’ means ‘A is not greater than B’.
‘A £ B’ means ‘A is not greater than or equal to B’.
Q.19) Which of the following implies A ≤ C > B?

a) A $ C, B £ C
b) C $ A, B £ C
c) C $ A, C £ B
d) C ~ A, B £ C
e) None of these
Answer: B
A ≤ C > B ⇒ A ~ C and C % B ⇒ C $ A and B £ C
Hence, [B].
Q.20) Which of the following implies X ≤ Y ≥ Z?

a) X ~ Y, Y ~ Z
b) X $ Y, Y $ Z
c) X ~ Y, Z ~ Y
d) X ~ Y, Z $ Y
e) None of these
Answer: C
X ≤ Y ≥ Z ⇒ X ~ Y $ Z ⇒ X ~ Y, Z ~ Y.
Hence, [C].
Practice Questions
Q.1-6) Refer to the data given below and answer the questions that
follow.
‘P @ Q’ means ‘P is not less than Q’.
‘P # Q’ means ‘P is not greater than Q’.
‘P $ Q’ means ‘P is equal to Q’.
‘P & Q’ means ‘P is less than Q’.
‘P £ Q’ means ‘P is greater than Q’
Based on the statements given in each of the questions below, find out
which of the conclusions follow.
Mark, [a] If only conclusion (I) follows.
Mark, [b] If only conclusion (II) follows.
Mark, [c] If both conclusions (I) and (II) follow.
Mark, [d] If either conclusion (I) or conclusion (II) follows.
Mark, [e] If neither conclusion (I) nor conclusion (II) follows.
Q.1) Statements: A £ B; B & C; C $ A

Conclusions:
I. B # A
II. C £ B
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.2) Statements: L $ M; N £ O; M & N

Conclusions:
I. M # O
II. L & O
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.3) Statements: D £ E; F & G; G # E

Conclusions:
I. D £ F
II. G £ D
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.4) Statements: K # L; L £ M; N $ M
Conclusions:
I. L @ N
II. M & K
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.5) Statements: V @ W; U $ W; X # V
Conclusions:
I. V £ U
II. X £ W
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.6) Statements: P & R; Q $ R; Q £ O

Conclusions:
I. R £ O
II. P & Q
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.7-11) Refer to the data and answer the following questions.

‘A ! B’ means A ≥ B
‘A @ B’ means A ≤ B
‘A # B’ means A > B
‘A $ B’ means A < B
‘A % B’ means A = B
Now in each of the following questions, assuming given statements to
be true, find which of the 2 conclusions is/are definitely true.
Mark [a] if only conclusion I is true.
Mark [b] if only conclusion II is true.
Mark [c] if either conclusion I or conclusion II is true.
Mark [d] if both conclusions are true.
Mark [e] if neither of the conclusions is true.
Q.7) Statements: P % Q , Q @ R , R # S
Conclusions:
I. P # S
II. P @ S
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.8) Statements: X $ Y, Z $ W, Y ! Z
Conclusion:
I. W # Y
II. W # X
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.9) Statements:
J ! K, K @ L, L ! M
Conclusion:
I. J ! M
II. J % L
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.10) Statements: C # D, D $ E, D # F
Conclusions:
I. F $ E
II. F $ C
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.11) Statements: U ! S, T # V, U $ V
Conclusions:
I. T # S
II. S $ V
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.12-16) In each of the following questions, symbols ‘$’, ‘#’, ‘@’, ‘&’ and
‘*’ are used with different meanings as follows:
‘A $ B’ means ‘A is neither smaller than nor equal to B’.
‘A # B’ means ‘A is smaller than B’.
‘A @ B’ means ‘A is not greater than B’.
‘A & B’ means ‘A is not smaller than B’.
‘A * B’ means ‘A is neither smaller than nor greater than B’.
Now, in each of the following questions assuming the given statements
to be true, find which of the two conclusions I and II given below them
is/are definitely true. Give your answer as
[a]: if only conclusion I is true.
[b]: if only conclusion II is true
[c]: if either conclusion I or II is true
[d]: if neither conclusion I nor II is true
[e]: if both conclusions I and II are true
Q.12) Statements:
A $ B, B # C, B & D
Conclusions:
I. A * D
II. C $ A
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.13) Statements: A * B, B $ C, D # C
Conclusions:
I. A $ C
II. D $ B
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.14) Statements: A & B, C @ B, C * D

Conclusions:
I. A * C
II. A $ D
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.15) Statements:
A # B, C $ B, C # D
Conclusions:
I. D $ B
II. A # C
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Q.16) Statements:
A @ B, B * C, C & D
Conclusions:
I. A & C
II. B & D
a) a
b) b
c) c
d) d
e) e
Find the code for the numbers given in questions according to following
conditions.
i. If the sum of the first and last digit of the given number is even, then
the first digit is coded as ‘+’ and the last digit is coded as ‘–’; if its sum is
odd then the first digit is coded as ‘–’ and the last digit is coded as ‘+’.
ii. If the product of second and fifth digit is odd, then the second digit is
coded as ‘×’ and the fifth digit is coded as ‘÷’; if the product is even,
then fifth digit is coded as ‘×’ and the second digit is coded as ‘÷’.
iii. If the sum of third digit and the fourth digit is odd, then the third
digit is coded as ‘>’ and the fourth digit is coded as ‘<’, if the sum of
third digit and fourth digit is even, then third digit is coded as ‘<’ and
fourth digit is coded as ‘>’.
Q.17) 432618
a) + 𝐱 ><÷ −
b) + 𝐱 <>÷ −
c) − 𝐱 <>÷ +
d) + ÷<> 𝐱 −
e) None of these
Q.18) 158194
a) + 𝐱 ><÷ −
b) − ÷>< 𝐱 +
c) − 𝐱 ><÷ +
d) − 𝐱 <>÷ +
e) None of these
Q.19) 545144
a) − ÷>< 𝐱 +
b) − ÷<> 𝐱 +
c) + ÷<> 𝐱 −
d) + ÷<> 𝐱 −
e) None of these
Q.20) 235812
a) + ÷<> 𝐱 −
b) − 𝐱 ><÷ +
c) + 𝐱 ><÷ −
d) + 𝐱 <>÷ −
e) None of these
Answer Key
1(B) 2(E) 3(A) 4(E) 5(E)
6(C) 7(C) 8(E) 9(E) 10(D)
11(D) 12(D) 13(A) 14(C) 15(E)
16(B) 17(B) 18(C) 19(B) 20(C)
Solutions
Q.1) Answer: B
With the given statements, we can build the following relation:
B<C=A
Only statement II follows this relation.
Hence, [B].
Q.2) Answer: E
L = M < N and O < N.
But no fixed relation can be established between either M and O or L and
O.
Hence, [E].
Q.3) Answer: A
F<G≤E<D
Only statement I follows this relation.
Hence, [A].
Q.4) Answer: E
K≤L>M=N
From i) L ≥ N, we cannot deduce it as L cannot be equal to N.
Nothing can be established about M and K.
Hence, [E].
Q.5) Answer: E
X ≤ V; U = W; V ≥ W
No fixed relation can be built between either V and U or X and W.
Hence, [E].
Q.6) Answer: C
P < R; Q = R; Q > O
Both the conclusions follow.
Hence, [C].
Q.7) Answer: C
P = Q, Q ≤ R, R > S
I. P > S. This may or may not be true
II. P ≤ S. This may or may not be true.
However, either of the 2 conclusions has to be true.
Hence, [C]
Q.8) Answer: E
Given Y > X, Y ≥ Z and W > Z
I. Because Y ≥ Z and W > Z, we cannot determine if W > Y.
II. As we cannot determine the relation between W and Y, the same way
we cannot determine the relation between W and X. Therefore, neither
conclusion is true.
Hence, [E].
Q.9) Answer: E
J ≥ K, L ≥ K, L ≥ M
J, L ≥ K. Also L ≥ M
But from this, we cannot determine the relation between J and M. So
conclusion I may or may not be true. Also, relation between J and L
cannot be determined.
Hence, [E].
Q.10) Answer: D
C > D, D < E, D > F
C, E > D > F
From above F < E, so conclusion I is true.
Also F < C, so conclusion II is also true. Therefore, both conclusions are
true.
Hence, [D].
Q.11) Answer: D
Following the given statements
U ≥ S, T > V, U < V
∴T>V>U≥S
Conclusion I is true as T > S
Conclusion II is true as V > S
Hence, [D].
Q.12) Answer: D
The statements given are A > B, B < C, B ≥ D.
Thus, A is greater than D. Hence, I is not true.
Nothing can be said about the relationship between C and A. Hence, II is
also not true.
Hence, [D].
Q.13) Answer: A
The statements given are A = B, B > C and D < C.
Thus, A > C. However, B > D. Thus, only conclusion I follows.
Hence, [A].
Q.14) Answer: C
The given statements are A ≥ B, C ≤ B and C = D
Thus, we have A ≥ C = D
Thus, A is either greater than or equal to C or D.
Hence, either I or II follows.
Hence, [C].
Q.15) Answer: E
The given statements are A < B, C > B and C < D.
Thus, D > B and A < C.
Hence, both the conclusions are true.
Hence, [E].
Q.16) Answer: B
The given statements are A ≤ B, B = C and C ≥ D. C ≥ A and B ≥ D. Thus,
only conclusion II follows.
Hence, [B].
Q.17) Answer: B
The sum of the first and last digit is even, product of second and fifth is
odd, sum of third and fourth is even. Thus, + x <>÷ − will be the
correct code.
Hence, [B].
Q.18) Answer: C
The sum of the first and last digit is odd, product of second and fifth is
odd, sum of third and fourth is odd. Thus, − x ><÷ + will be the correct
code.
Hence, [C].
Q.19) Answer: B
The sum of the first and last digit is odd, product of second and fifth is
even, sum of third and fourth is even. Thus, − ÷<> x + will be the
correct code.
Hence, [B].
Q.20) Answer: C
The sum of the first and last digit is even, product of second and fifth is
odd, sum of third and fourth is odd. Thus, + x ><÷ − will be the correct
code.
Hence, [C].

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Symbol Based Reasoning

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The statements can be combined to be written as, I ≤ J > K = M

Then what is the value of [(3 $ 1) + (4 * 0)] $ [(3+1) $ (4 @ 0)]?

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