Balotabot, Kamela Kim G.

BEED 2-A

SEMI-DETAILED LESSON PLAN in BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

I.LESSON OBJECTIVES
• Define and identify the biology and its branches.
• Distinguished the people involved in each branches of biology.
• Identify and describe the types of each branch.

II. SUBJECT MATTER

A. SKILLS:
1. Identifying of what are the different branches of biology.
2. Explain the different branches of biology

B. TOPIC: Branches of Biology

C. REFERENCES:
https://byjus.com/biology/
https://www.careerpower.in/father-of-biology.html
http://www.iasplanner.com/civilservices/ias-pre/general-science/main-branches-of-
biology-and-fields-of-biology
D. MATERIALS: Powerpoint presentation

III. LEARNING PROCEDURE

A. Routine Activities
1. Prayer
a. The pupils will stand and pray.
2. Energizer
a. The class teacher will going to present 4 pics, 1 word
b. Pupils will participate in the play
3. Greetings
a. The teacher will greet the pupils.
b. The pupils will greet the teachers and their classmates.
 4. Checking of Attendance
a. The teacher will check the attendance of the pupils.
5. Classroom Management
a. The teacher will check the orderliness of the classroom
6. Passing of Assignment
a. The teacher will ask pupils to pass their assignment.
b. Pupils will pass their assignments.

7. Review
 Recall on previous lesson— HIERARCHAL ORGANIZATION
 Teacher will ask the students on the meaning of Subcellular Level, Cellular Level
and Multicellular or Super cellular Level.
 Pupils will answer: Subcellular Level is the level contains organelle which is made from
the functional groups of biochemical, bimolecular reactions and interactions.
Cellular Level contains the cell which is the fundamental unit of life and it is a
group of organelles.
The Multicellular level contains some functional parts. They are
-Tissue: a group of the cell together makes a tissue.
-Organ: comprises various functional tissues.
-Organ System: The organ system comprises different functional organ

8. Motivation
Video clip of the " Science Song for Kids with Lyrics - Children’s Learning Songs by The
Learning Station "
a. The teacher will flash pictures of different living thing and non-living things.
b. The pupils will identify it if it is living or non-living things

B. Developmental Activities
1. Presentation of the Lesson
The teacher will present a video “Living Things | Science Song for Kids | Elementary Life
Science | Jack Hartmann “

The pupils will analyze the videos presented

a. The teacher will ask the following questions:

• What do you notice about the video?
• What can you say about the video?

The learners will answer the question

 2. Discussion
The teacher will present a powerpoint presentation on Plural Form Rules with
examples:

What is Biology?

The science which deals with the study of living objects and their life processes is called
biology. (Greek words, bios – life, logos – study). Being broad – based and multi- disciplinary,
the term biology is often replaced by the term life sciences or biological sciences. It covers all
aspects of the study of living creatures like occurrence, classification, ecology, economic
importance, external form, organization, internal structure, nutrition, health and other body
functions, reproduction, life history, inheritance and origin.

Aristotle

In the 4th century BC the Greek philosopher Aristotle traveled to Lesvos, an island in the
Aegean teeming, then as now, with wildlife. His fascination with what he found there, and his
painstaking study of it, led to the birth of a new science i.e., Biology. Biology is one of the
three major branches of natural science. Biology is the study of life, living things and
evolution of life. Living things like animals, plants, fungi, microorganisms, etc.

Biology caters to these intriguing aspects through various sub-disciplines or branches. Some
branches are intertwined with other disciplines of science.

For instance, theoretical biology is a branch of biology that encompasses mathematical

models to investigate certain principles that affect life.

Branches of Biology

a. ANATOMY-

Is a branch of biological science which is concerned with the description of body

 structures of various living organisms as revealed by dissection.

The word anatomy is derived from the Greek word “anatomē”, where “ana” means “up” and
“tome” means “cutting.” Originally, anatomy was first learnt by cutting up corpses, hence the
name “anatomy.”

TYPES OF ANATOMY

1. Human Anatomy – Human anatomy involves the study of the physical structure of the human
body. It focuses on numerous systems, including circulatory, digestive, endocrine, skeletal,
lymphatic, nervous, respiratory, urinary, reproductive and muscular systems.

2. Plant Anatomy – Also called the phytotomy. It is the study of the internal structure of a plant
including the tissues, root system, stem, leaves, flower, fruit and seeds.

3. Animal Anatomy – Also called the zootomy. It deals with the study of the internal structure of
an animal including the cells, tissues, organs, bones and other organs of the animal body.

As mentioned above, Anatomy was primarily learnt through dissection. The word
‘Anatomy’ and ‘dissection’ have virtually the same meaning in Greek and Latin. Besides the
fact that both the words have the same source, anatomy has a broad discipline of its own and
the word “dissection” is completely removed.
Anatomy is classified into:
a. Microscopic Anatomy (Histology)
b. Gross Anatomy (Macroscopic anatomy).

On the other hand, Physiology mainly deals with the functions and processes of the
human body. It is distinctly different from anatomy as the latter deals specifically with the
structure of the organism.

Microscopic Anatomy
 Also known as histology. Microscopic anatomy is the study of cells and tissues as
discerned by a microscope. The individuals who specialize in this study are called
histologists. The process involves marking and dividing cells and tissues into sections to be
viewed under a microscope. The biological samples are dissected into thin slices so that they
could be clearly examined. Stains are added to these dissected samples to enhance visibility
and highlight important structures. Microscopic anatomy is useful to examine and compare
different types of organisms, their structures and different stages of the cell cycle.

Gross Anatomy

Also known as macroscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy is defined as the study of an

organism’s structures which are visible to the naked eye. The main objective of Gross
anatomy is to obtain complete information about the structural organization of an organism.

b. BIOTECHNOLOGY

Biotechnology is an amalgamation of biology and technology for our betterment and

sustainable development. Modern biotechnology includes genetic engineering,
bioinformatics and bioprocess engineering.

1. Genetic engineering - is used to alter the genetic composition of an organism. It is widely

used to insert a gene of choice like pest-resistant or antibiotic-resistant genes, etc. to a
host by using a cloning vector. It integrates the desirable gene in the host genome and
transformation can be seen in the phenotype of the host. Modern biotechnology is highly
dependent on genetic engineering and bioprocess engineering. Biotechnology is the use
of technology for modifying or manipulating a biological system for the benefits of
human beings. Biotechnology utilizes a living system for making different products. It is
widely used in several fields such as agriculture, medicine, genetics and the production of
various commercial products such as alcohol, wine, chemicals, etc. People have been
using biotechnology for ages for brewing and baking purposes.

The principle of genetic engineering is to manipulate and modify the genetic material of
an organism to incorporate desirable traits. Recombinant DNA technology is the main pillar
of genetic engineering. Recombinant DNA Technology is a technique to alter the genes of an
organism. The desired gene is inserted into host using recombinant DNA technology. The
host shows the desired trait phenotypically, which is governed by the inserted gene.

2. In Bioprocess engineering, the production of various products such as enzymes,

antibodies, organic acids, vaccines, etc. is facilitated and done on a large scale. The
desired microorganisms are grown under controlled, sterile and suitable conditions for
 this purpose.

3. In bioinformatics, the biological data like genome and protein sequences are stored,
maintained and retrieved for various purposes

Modern biotechnology is responsible for the advancement of the pharmaceutical industry. It

helped in the production and storage of products like antibiotics, enzymes, vaccines, etc. on a
large scale.

A large amount of culture can be obtained by carrying out the multiplication of organisms in
the bioreactors under sterile and optimum conditions. We get a higher yield of the required
product using bioprocess engineering.

c. BOTANY

“Botany is the branch of Biology that deals with the study of plants.”

It is one of the world’s oldest natural sciences. Initially, Botany included all the plant-like
organisms such as algae, lichens, ferns, fungi, mosses along with actual plants. Later on, it
was observed that bacteria, algae and fungi belong to a different kingdom. The term ‘botany’
is derived from an adjective ‘botanic’ that is again derived from the Greek word ‘botane’. One
who studies ‘botany’ is known as a ‘botanist’.

THEOPHRASTUS

He is also known as the “Father of Botany” due to his major

writings on plants. One of his books called “Enquiry into
Plants” classified the plants based on the geographical ranges,
sizes, uses and growth patterns. The other work called “On the
Causes of Plants” explained the economics of growing plants.
3. ROBERT HOOKE

4. He invention of the compound microscope in 1665

marked the advancement of scientific knowledge in the
field of Botany. It helped in the study of the anatomy and
physiology of plants. The discovery of chlorophyll helped
in understanding the process of photosynthesis. Gregor
Mendel studied the genetic inheritance in plants through
his experiments on pea plants.

BRANCHES OF BOTANY

Plant Pathology

-It is the study of organisms and environmental conditions that are responsible for
causing diseases in plants, the mechanisms by which the disease occurs, and the methods of
controlling plant diseases.

Plant Ecology

-Plant ecology studies the distribution of plants, how do the environmental factors
affect plants and the interaction between plants and other organisms.

Palaeobotany

-This is the branch of botany that deals with the recovery and identification of plant
fossils, thereby, studying the evolutionary history of plants.

Archaeobotany

-It is the branch of Botany in which the scientists study as to how were the plants used by
the people in the past. Understanding a plant also helps in understanding the medicinal and
spiritual significances of a plant in the past.
Forensic Botany

Forensic botany is the use of plants and parts of plants such as pollens, seeds, leaves, etc.
to investigate criminal or non-criminal cases, legal disputes or questions, to discover the
cause of death or former location.

d. ECOLOGY

-Ecology is a branch of science, including human science, population, community,

ecosystem and biosphere. Ecology is the study of organisms, the environment and how
the organisms interact with each other and their environment. It is studied at various
levels, such as organism, population, community, biosphere and ecosystem.

BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS

a. Biotic components - are living factors of an ecosystem. A few examples of biotic

components include bacteria, animals, birds, fungi, plants, etc.

b. Abiotic components - are non-living chemical and physical factors of an

ecosystem. These components could be acquired from the atmosphere,
lithosphere and hydrosphere. A few examples of abiotic components include
sunlight, soil, air, moisture minerals and more.

The main aim of ecology is to understand the distribution of biotic and

abiotic factors of living things in the environment. The biotic and abiotic factors
include the living and non-living factors and their interaction with the
environment.

TYPES OF ECOLOGY

Global Ecology
 -It deals with interactions among earth’s ecosystems, land, atmosphere
and oceans. It helps to understand the large-scale interactions and their influence
on the planet.

Landscape Ecology

-It deals with the exchange of energy, materials, organisms and other
products of ecosystems. Landscape ecology throws light on the role of human
impacts on the landscape structures and functions.

Ecosystem Ecology

-It deals with the entire ecosystem, including the study of living and non-
living components and their relationship with the environment. This science
researches how ecosystems work, their interactions, etc.

Community Ecology

-It deals with how community structure is modified by interactions

among living organisms. Ecology community is made up of two or more
populations of different species living in a particular geographic area.

Population Ecology

-It deals with factors that alter and impact the genetic composition and
the size of the population of organisms. Ecologists are interested in fluctuations in
the size of a population, the growth of a population and any other interactions
with the population.

Organismal Ecology

-Organismal ecology is the study of an individual organism’s behaviour,

morphology, physiology, etc. in response to environmental challenges. It looks at
how individual organisms interact with biotic and abiotic components. Ecologists
research how organisms are adapted to these non-living and living components of
their surroundings.

c. GENETICS
 Genetics is the branch of biology that deals with the study of heredity and
its biological process. It also involves the study of genes, genomes and the cell
cycle. Genetics is termed as the study to understand the functioning of inheritance
of traits from parents to offspring. The groundwork on which heredity stands is
known as inheritance. It is defined as the procedure by which characteristics are
handed down from one generation to the other.

GREGOR MENDEL

He is known as the “Father of Modern Genetics” for his discoveries on the

basic principles of heredity.

LAW OF INHERITANCE

Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum) was the plant that Mendel experimented on
for 7 years to get to the point to propose the laws of inheritance in live creatures.
Mendel carefully chose seven distinct characteristics of Pisum Sativum for the
investigation concerning hybridization. Mendel used true-breeding lines i.e. those
that go through constant self-pollination and display steady characteristic
inheritance.
 PRINCIPLE OF INHERITANCE

Law of Dominance

- Distinct elements termed as factors control the characteristics. These

factors at all times exist as a couple. One of the constituent genes of the couple
dominates over the former.

Codominance

-- When two alleles lack the dominant-recessive association and thus the
duo affects the creature together.

Law of Independent Assortment

- The separation of one set of characteristics is autonomous of the other set

of characters when they are pooled in a hybrid.

Law of Segregation

- Alleles don’t blend and the two characteristics are recuperated all
through the gamete formation (in the F2 generation). The characters are apart
from each other and pass on to diverse gametes. Comparable types of gametes are
produced by Homozygous and Heterozygous produces diverse sorts of a gamete
with varied characteristics.

Incomplete Dominance

- It is the discovery that was done after Mendel’s work. Incomplete

dominance is the situation in which both the alleles do not display a dominant
trait resulting in a fine combination or a midway amid the characteristics of the
alleles.

d. IMMUNOLOGY
 “The study of the immune system, the cell-mediated and humoral aspects
of immunity and immune responses.” Immunology is a branch of the biology
involved with the study of the immune system, components of the immune
system, its biological processes, the physiological functioning of the immune
system, types, its disorder and lot more.

The immune system acts as a body’s defence system by protecting our

body cells, tissues and organs from invading infection through various lines of
defence. Overall, the immune system functions by recognizing and destroying
foreign antigens including the harmful microorganisms and other disease-causing
microbes.Under certain conditions, when our immune system is weak or stops
functioning, then this results in various infectious diseases, such as allergies,
fever, flu, and may also lead to a dreadful disease like cancer AIDS, etc.

e. MICROBIOLOGY

Microbiology is the study of a variety of living organisms which are

invisible to the naked eye like bacteria and fungi and many other microscopic
organisms. Although tiny in size these organisms form the basis for all life on
earth. These microbes are also known to produce the soil in which plants grow
and fix the atmospheric gases that both plants and animals use. About 3 billion
years ago at the time of the formation of the earth, microbes were the only lives
on earth. Microorganisms have played a key role in the evolution of the planet
earth.

f. MICROORGANISM
 Microorganisms affect animals, the environment, the food supply and also
the healthcare industry. There are many different areas of microbiology including
environmental, veterinary, food, pharmaceutical and medical microbiology, which
is the most prominent.

Microorganisms are very important to the environment, human health

and the economy. Few have immense beneficial effects without which we could
not exist. Others are really harmful, and our effort to overcome their effects tests
our understanding and skills. Certain microorganisms can be beneficial or
harmful depending on what we require from them.

HARMFUL MICROORGANISMS

Disease and decay are neither inherent properties of organic objects, nor
are caused by physical damage, it is microorganisms that bring about these
changes. We are surrounded by bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Many
microorganisms cause diseases in cattle, crops and others are known for entering
human bodies and causing various diseases.

Examples of familiar human diseases are:

Bacteria: pneumonia, bacterial dysentery, diphtheria, bubonic plague, meningitis,

typhoid, cholera, salmonella, meningococcal

Virus: Chickenpox, measles, mumps, German measles, colds, warts, cold sores,
influenza

Protozoa: amoebic dysentery, malaria,

Fungi: ringworm, athlete’s foot

USEFUL MICROORGANISM
 There are fundamentally two different types of cells, One being
Prokaryotic and the other Eukaryotic. As decomposers, bacteria and fungi play an
important role in an ecosystem. They break down dead or waste organic matter
and release inorganic molecules. Green plants take these nutrients which are in
turn consumed by animals, and the products of these plants and animals are again
broken down by decomposers. Yeast is a single-celled fungus that lives naturally
on the surface of the fruit. It is economically important in bread-making and
brewing beer and also in the making of yoghurt. Most microorganisms are
unicellular; if they are multicellular, they lack highly differentiated tissues.
Microbes especially prokaryotes are numerous in number in comparison to
eukaryotes.

The lineage of life on Earth originated from these microbes:

1. Bacteria

2. Archaea

3. Eucarya

DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF MICROBIOLOGY

There are various different branches of microbiology and these include the
following:

1. Bacteriology- The study of bacteria

2. Mycology –The study of fungi

3. Phycology- The study of photosynthetic eukaryotes. (Algae- Seaweed)

4. Protozoology – The study of protozoa (Single-celled eukaryotes)

5. Virology- The study of viruses, non-cellular particles which parasitize cells.

6. Parasitology- The study of parasites which include pathogenic protozoa certain

insects and helminth worms.

7. Nematology- The study of nematodes.

g. PHYSIOLOGY
 Physiology is the study of the characteristics and mechanisms of the
human body. Cells are the basic unit of life and approximately 100 trillion cells
make up the typical human, each specially adapted to perform one or a few
particular functions. Nearly 25 trillion red blood cells function by transporting
oxygen from the lungs to all tissues in the body. All cells have some basic
commonalities. Oxygen reacts with carbohydrates, fat, and protein to release
energy, nutrient consumption, and energy production mechanisms. Almost all
cells have the ability to reproduce further similar cells.

h. ZOOLOGY

Zoology is the branch of biology concerned with the study animals and
animal kingdom. It is also known as animal biology. The study of zoology includes
the interaction of animal kingdom in their ecosystems such as classification,
habits, structure, embryology, distribution, evolution, and extinct species.

An ancient Greek philosopher, Aristotle, was a first-person to broadly

classify the living things in the 4th century BC. Firstly, he divided living things into
animals and plants and then continued with his further classifications. Later the
words like biology, botany, and zoology came into existence.

The study of zoology includes animals’ physiology, their behaviour, and

their interaction with other species in their environment. It is a huge course that
includes the distribution of every animal species on earth including extinct
animals. Apart from the animal kingdom and ecosystem, zoology also explores the
new areas of research.

The classification by Aristotle was followed until the 16th century, during
the Age of enlightenment, scientists finally began to research closely. Now,
zoology has become much more complex, where the living things are divided into
five kingdoms, in which animal kingdom themselves divided into several smaller
categories of Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus and, finally, Species.

These developments were synthesized in Charles Darwin’s theory of

evolution by natural selection. In the year 1859, Charles Robert Darwin presented
the theory of organic evolution along with its observational evidence.

The study of animal life is ancient, but its scientific incarnation is relatively
modern. Until the comparative anatomical study on morphographs by Hunter and
Cuvier, the modern areas of zoological investigations have occurred.

DIFFERENT BRANCHES OF ZOOLOGY

Zoography, it is also known as descriptive zoology.

Comparative Zoology.

Soil Zoology.

Mammalogy.

Comparative anatomy.

Herpetology.

Animal physiology.

Entomology.

Behavioural Ecology.

Ornithology.

Ethology studies animal behaviour.

Invertebrate and vertebrate zoology.

 Taxonomically oriented disciplines identify and classify species and study the
structures and mechanisms specific to those groups.

e. Generalization
 The teacher will ask:
 What is a Biology?
 How the branches of biology functioned?
a. Application
The class will form 6 groups of 5 members
Each groups are going to talk about the what branches of biology they are most
interested and present it in the class.

IV. EVALUATION:

15-Item Quiz – I. Identification: Write what is being asked.

______________ 1. He is also known as the “Father of Biology”
______________ 2. It is a branch of biological science which is concerned with the description of body
structures of various living organisms as revealed by dissection.
______________ 3. 2 classifications of anatomy
______________ 4.
______________ 5. It is the branch of Biology that deals with the study of plants.

II. Multiple Choice. Read the question carefully and choose the correct answer.
1. He invention of the compound microscope in 1665 marked the advancement of scientific knowledge
in the field of Botany?
a. Theophrastus
b. Robert Hooke
c. Aristotle
d. Gregor Mendel

2. Distinct elements termed as factors control the characteristics. These factors at all times exist as a
couple. One of the constituent genes of the couple dominates over the former?
a. Law of Dominance
b. Law of Segregation
c. Codominance
d. Law of Independent Assortment
3. Which is not belong the group?
a. Bacteriology 
b. Parasitology
c. Virology
d. Herpetology
4. It is the branch of biology concerned with the study animals and animal kingdom. It is also known as
animal biology.
a. Anatomy
b. Microbiology
 c. Physiology
d. Zoology
5.  He is known as the “Father of Modern Genetics” for his discoveries on the basic principles
of heredity.
a. Theophrastus
b. Robert Hooke
c. Aristotle
d. Gregor Mendel
6. It is termed as the study to understand the functioning of inheritance of traits from parents to
offspring.?
a. Genetics
b. Zoology
c. Anatomy
d. All of the above
7. It is a  branch of science, including human science, population, community, ecosystem and
biosphere?
a. Microbiology
b. Immunology
c. Ecology
d. Zoology
8. It is the branch of Botany in which the scientists study as to how were the plants used by the people
in the past.?
a. Forensic Botany
b. Plant Pathology
c. Archaeobotany
d. All of the above

9. Greek words, bios – life, logos – study?

a. Microbiology
b. Anatomy
c. Biology
d. Ecology
10. It was the plant that Mendel experimented on for 7 years to get to the point to propose the laws of
inheritance in live creatures.?
a. Bougainville
b. Chrysanthemum
c. Tulips
d. Garden Pea (Pisum Sativum)
V. ASSIGNMENT:
b. Why is biology is important to study?