Name: Justin Motilal

ID#: 816019521

Assignment: D.C. Machines Lab

Course: ECNG 3030 – Electromechanical Energy Conversion

Lecturer: Mr. Andrew Balgobin

 THE UNIVERSITY OF THE WEST INDIES
ST. AUGUSTINE, TRINIDAD & TOBAGO, WEST INDIES
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering
B. Sc. in Electrical & Computer Engineering

CHEATING, PLAGIARISM AND COLLUSION DECLARATION FORM

According to Rules 3.31 and 3.32 of The UWI Faculty of Engineering Undergraduate Regulations and
Syllabuses 2018/2019:

3.31 “Cheating, Plagiarism and Collusion are serious offences under University Regulations.
(a) Cheating is any attempt to benefit one’s self or another by deceit or fraud.
(b) Plagiarism is the unauthorised and/or unacknowledged use of another person’s intellectual efforts
and creations howsoever recorded, including whether formally published or in manuscript or in
typescript or other printed or electronically presented form and includes taking passages, ideas or
structures from another work or author without proper and unequivocal attribution of such
source(s), using the conventions for attributions or citing used in this University. Plagiarism is a
form of cheating.
(c) For the purposes of these Regulations, ‘collusion’ shall mean the unauthorised or unlawful
collaboration or agreement between two or more students in the preparation, writing or production
of a course assignment for examination and assessment, to the extent that they have produced
the same or substantially the same paper, project report, as the case may be, as if it were their
separate and individual efforts, in circumstances where they knew or had reason to know that the
assignment or a part thereof was not intended to be a group project, but was rather to be the
product of each student’s individual efforts.

3.32 Cheating, plagiarism and collusion shall be reported to the Campus Committee on Examinations
and the penalties would be in accordance with the University Examination Regulations.”

JUSTIN MOTILAL
I, ………………………………………………………………, have read and understood Rules 3.31 and 3.32
of The UWI Faculty of Engineering Undergraduate Regulations and Syllabuses 2018/2019 on Cheating,
Plagiarism and Collusion.
I understand that my submission is subject to the electronic plagiarism checker, Turnitin.
I declare that this assignment is my own work and does not involve cheating, plagiarism or collusion.

Signature:……………………………………………. 17/10/2021
Date:………………………………
Results

Terminal Field Speed/rpm Field Current, Armature

Voltage, VT/ Resistance/Ω If/Amps Current, Ia/Amps
Volts
20 1e-18 265.5 0.1111 16.58
26 1e-18 912.7 0.1444 15.73
32 1e-18 1391 0.1778 14.07
38 1e-18 1716 0.2111 12.43
38 5 1730 0.2054 12.87
38 10 1742 0.2 13.3
38 15 1751 0.1949 13.74
38 20 1759 0.19 14.18
Table 1: Open Circuit Test Results

Field Voltage, Vf/Volts Field Current, If/Amps Armature Voltage, VOC/Volts

0 0 0
50 0.2778 32.87
100 0.5556 65.75
150 0.8333 98.62
200 1.111 131.5
250 1.389 164.4
300 1.667 197.2
350 1.944 230.1
400 2.222 263
Table 2: Open Circuit Test Results

Load Resistance/Ω Field Current, Terminal Voltage, Load Current,

If/Amps VT/Volts IL/Amps
OC 1.667 197.2 0
200 1.667 196.2 0.9809
175 1.667 196 1.12
150 1.667 195.8 1.306
125 1.667 195.5 1.564
100 1.667 195.1 1.951
75 1.667 194.4 2.592
50 1.667 193.1 3.861
Table 3: Load Test Results
Figure 1. Starting Current of DC Motor
Questions and Calculations

5.2.1
From Table 1.:
Vt = 38V
Speed = 1716 RPM
Ia = 12.43A
Ra = 1.09Ω

Calculate Ea:
𝑉𝑡 = 𝐸𝑎 + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎
38 = 𝐸𝑎 + (12.43)(1.09)
Ea = 24.45 V

Calculate Ka𝜙
𝐸𝑎 = 𝐾𝑎 ∅𝜔𝑚
𝐸𝑎
𝐾𝑎 ∅ =
𝜔𝑚
24.45
= 2𝜋
1716×
60

= 0.136

Calculate Starting Torque:

𝐾𝑎 ∅𝑉𝑡
𝑇𝑠 =
𝑅𝑎
(0.136)(38)
=
1.09

= 4.74 Nm
Using torque equation, calculate starting current:
𝑇𝑒 = 𝐾𝑎 ∅𝐼𝑎
𝑇𝑒
𝐼𝑎 =
𝐾𝑎 ∅
4.74
=
0.136

Ia = 34.85A

The calculated value for the starting current was found to be 34.85A. From figure one it can be
seen that the maximum starting current obtained was around 35A as well. Therefore, the theoretical
calculation and the practical value are very similar to each other.
The graph starts at 0A at instantaneously rises to 35A. after which it decreases over time. The
current is at the highest at the beginning due to no back EMF being present. This is because back
EMF is caused by the rotation of the armature windings. Upon startup, the armature winding has
no motion which causes this maximum current to take place since nothing opposes it. As the motor
is in operation the armature winding speeds up which builds up the back EMF. As the back EMF
builds up it would oppose the current flowing and hence this causes the decrease in current over
time.

5.2.2
In experiment 4.1 the two types of speed control observed was terminal voltage control and field
flux control.
Terminal Voltage control occurred when the voltage was varied while the resistance was kept
constant. Hence, the change in supply voltage cause a change in the speed of the motor. This can
𝑉𝑡 𝑅𝑎
be illustrated by the equation: 𝜔 = − 𝑇
𝐾∅ (𝐾∅)2 𝑒

From this equation, it can be seen that when the resistance is kept constant, the speed is directly
proportional to the voltage. Hence an increase in voltage would result in an increased in speed
which was observed in Table 1. This method of speed control is highly efficient and is a very
common method of control. It is only suitable of speed reduction and is popularly used because
the rated voltage of the motor cannot be exceeded.

Field Flux control occurred when the voltage was kept constant, but the resistance was varied. The
variation in resistance is normally achieved by adding resistance to the field windings in series.
This would affect the field current and hence vary the flux. The relationship between speed and
𝑉𝑡 𝑅𝑎
flux can be illustrated in the equation 𝜔 = − 𝑇
𝐾∅ (𝐾∅)2 𝑒

From the equation it can be seen that flux is inversely proportional to the speed. From Table 1 it
can be seen that as the resistance increases, the speed increases. This is due to the flux decreasing
as the resistance increases since less current is made available to develop to flux. Since the flux
and speed share an inverse relationship, a decrease in flux would cause an increase in speed. The
speed of a motor is also more sensitive to flux variations than variations in terminal voltage
hence this method is less commonly used since it can easily lead to damages in the motor.

An additional method for speed control in a motor is Armature Control. In this method of speed
control, resistance in series is added to the armature. The relationship between armature
𝑉𝑡 𝑅
𝑎
resistance and speed is shown in the equation 𝜔 = − (𝐾∅) 𝑇
2 𝑒
𝐾∅

From the equation it can be seen that the Armature resistance is directly proportional to the
speed. Hence, an increase in resistance would cause an increase in speed. However, this is an
inefficient method of speed control. It is used when heat in the system can be recycled or for
very short periods to minimize the potential damages that can be caused.
5.2.3

Open Circuit Characteristic

300

y = 118.36x - 0.018
250
Armature Voltage, VOC/Volts

200

150

100

50

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5

-50
Field Current, If/Amps

Figure 2. Open Circuit Magnetization Characteristic of the D.C. Generator

The corresponding field resistance is usually taken as the value of the field-circuit resistance that
makes the field-resistance line tangent to the magnetization curve. The magnetization curve
obtained in Figure 2. was a straight line hence the gradient of the line is taken as the critical field
resistance. This was found to be 118.36Ω.
5.2.4
∅𝑁𝑧𝑃
According to the equation 𝐸𝑎 = it can be seen that the armature emf (Ea) is directly
60𝑎
proportional to the Speed (N). Hence, at half the rated speed of the generator it is expected that
the armature emf will also be halved.
Sample Calculation
From Table 2: At field voltage of 50V, the armature voltage was 32.87V at the rated speed.
At half the rated speed the new armature voltage would be 32.87/2 = 16.435V.

Open Circuit Characteristic at Half Rated Speed

140
y = 59.205x - 0.0216
120

100
Armature Voltage, VOC/Volts

80

60

40

20

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
-20
Field Current, If/Amps

Figure 3. Open Circuit Magnetization Characteristic of the D.C. Generator at Half Rated Speed

A straight-line graph was produced again hence the critical field resistance is taken as the
gradient of the line. This was found to be 59.205Ω.
5.2.5
(a)

Graph of Terminal Voltage vs Load Current

197.5

197

196.5
Terminal Voltage, VT/Volts

196

195.5

195

194.5

194

193.5

193

192.5
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Load Current, IL/Amps

Figure 4. Graph of External Characteristics of D.C. Generator

(b) Since the generator is separately excited, IA = IL.

With these values of IA, EA can be calculated from the equation EA = VT + IARA
Sample Calculation using row 2 in Table 3:
IA = IL
IA = 0.9809A
EA = VT + IARA
= 196.2 + (0.9809)(1.09)
= 197.27V
The calculated values are illustrated in the table below:
Armature EMF, EA/Volts Armature Current, IA/Amps
197.2 0
197.27 0.9809
197.22 1.12
197.22 1.306
197.20 1.564
197.23 1.951
197.23 2.592
197.31 3.861
Table 4. Calculated EA and IA Values

Graph of Armature EMF vs Armature Current

197.32

197.3

197.28
Armature EMF,EA/Volts

197.26

197.24

197.22

197.2

197.18
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5
Armature Current,IA/Amps

Figure 5. Graph of Internal Characteristics of the D.C. Generator

(c) From Figure 5. It can be seen that the Armature EMF varied haphazardly with an increasing
Armature Current. This may have been caused due to irregularities of the internal components of
the generator. However, it is noted that the value of the Armature EMF did not vary much in
these calculations.
The graph for external characteristics showed a linear relationship. As the load current increased
the Terminal Voltage decreased. This may have been caused by the increase in voltage drop
across the armature resistance and the demagnetization effect of the armature reaction.