‫الفصل الدراسي الثاني للعام الجامعي ‪2020-2019‬‬

‫محمود معوض محمد عيسى‬ ‫إسم الطالب‪:‬‬

‫‪29610211700931‬‬ ‫الرقم القومي‪:‬‬
‫الثالثة‬ ‫الفرقة‪:‬‬
‫هندسة الكهرباء والحاسبات‬ ‫القسم العلمي‪:‬‬
‫‪Special Machines‬‬ ‫اسم المادة‪:‬‬
‫ا‪.‬د‪ /‬محمود مصطفى خاطر‬ ‫اسم عضو هيئة التدريس‬
‫ا‪.‬د‪/‬‬ ‫القائم بتدريس المقرر‪:‬‬

‫‪Research Project Title‬‬

‫‪Universal motors‬‬
‫غير مسموح بأي كتابة في هذا الجزء‬ ‫لالستخدام الرسمي الرسمي بواسطة الكلية‪:‬‬

‫أكثر من ‪%25‬‬ ‫أقل من ‪%25‬‬ ‫نسبة اإلقتباس‪:‬‬

‫لم يجتاز‬ ‫إجتاز‬ ‫تقييم البحث‪:‬‬

‫التوقيع _______________‬ ‫راسب‬ ‫ناجح‬ ‫الدرجة‬ ‫المصحح األول‬

‫التوقيع _______________‬ ‫راسب‬ ‫ناجح‬ ‫الدرجة‬ ‫المصحح الثاني‬
‫التوقيع _______________‬ ‫راسب‬ ‫ناجح‬ ‫الدرجة‬ ‫المصحح الثالث‬

‫‪Abstract‬‬
One of the most important electrical Motors today is the universal motors
.This research is formed by two parts one of them is the universal motors and I will
talk about the universal motor emphasizing their unique characteristics and
communication problem , and to know more about the universal motor and its
importance .

and the second part is a case study on a signal-phase induction motors .

Content
Part 1 :
The Universal Motors

Before talking about the universal motors I must define the Motors at General ,

An Electric motor is a machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical

capacity to do work. Electric motors are used to power several mechanical
machines and equipment such as washing machines, air conditioners, vacuum
cleaners, hair dryers, sewing machines, electric drills and saws. Various types of
motors operate mechanical tools, robots, as well as equipment that facilitates the
.operation of factories

The size and capacity of electric motors varies greatly. It could be a small device
that functions within a wrist watch or a massive engine that powers a heavy
locomotive. While mixers and most other kitchen appliances need small electric
motors because they only need a small capacity, trains require the use of larger and
more sophisticated engines, because the engine in this case has to make a great
.effort in a short time

Depending on the type of electricity used, there are two main types of motors; AC
motors, DC motors. The alternating current reflects the direction of its flow fifty or
sixty times a second. It is the current used in homes. DC motors are also commonly
used in household appliances. The DC runs in only one direction, and its main
source is the battery. DC motors are commonly used to operate mechanical
.equipment in factories. It is also used as a starter in gasoline engines
Electric motors rely on electromagnets to produce the power to manage mechanical
machinery or equipment. Machinery or equipment powered by an electric motor is
called a load. The drive shaft is connected to the load . The universal motor is a
It is a motor that can run on alternating current and DC and is about the same
.speed and is a feature of Universal engines

It also passes that it has a large primary torque and variable speed, its speed
exceeds the speed of gravity and is not loaded, it is designed

.To work at very high speeds exceeding 3500 RPM, i.e. 3500 cycles per minute

The engine is called a straight drive, and this is because "Field Circuit" is present
with the "Armature Circuit"

The Constructions :

The universal motor construction is very simailer to the dc motor construction

The universal motors consists of a stator on which field poles are mounted.
Field coils are wound on the sector poles

However, the entire magnetic path (stator field circuit and also armature) is
laminated. Lamination is important to attenuate the eddy currents which induce
.while operating on AC
The rotary armature is of wound type having straight or skewed slots and
commutator with brushes resting thereon. The commutation on AC is poorer
than that for DC. due to the present induced within the armature coils. For that
reason brushes used are having high resistance

The Working of Universal motors :

The universal motors works on the DC and AC supplies , When the motor is fed to
a DC power source running as "DC series motor " when the current passes in the
"field winding" an electromagnetic field is produced and the same current passes
through "arm circuit " , the electromagnetic field turns into a mechanical force for
spinning the motor .

When the motor is fed to an AC source it produces an un directional torque fiend

and archer and arm circuits respecticely for the un directional torque polarity of the
DC source.
Change the direction of rotation of the present and therefore the process of rotation.

Thus, direction of magnetic field and the direction of armature current reverses in
such a way that the direction of force experienced by armature conductors remains
the same. Thus, regardless of AC or DC supply, universal motor works on the same
principle that DC series motor works.

The Uses of the universal motor

 Used for food mixers and power tools which are used only intermittently,
and often have high starting-torque demands.

 useful for appliances such as blenders, vacuum cleaners, and hair dryers
where high speed and light weight are desirable.

 Used in power tools, like drill machine, sanders, where the motor's
characteristics work well.

 Vacuum cleaner.
 Weed trimmer.
 Washing Machines.
 Circuit breakers spring charging.

The advantages of The universal motors :

- can be operated in both AC and DC

- cost less than the others motors
- have the capability to provide a good torque at low speed
- they can rotate at very high speed
- having very high power rating range from 5w to 500w
- having low input power range from 5w to 10 w
- has the capability to run at adjustable speeds

The Disadvantages of the universal motors :

- the universal motor has a relative high noise associated

- its difficult to run in the opposite direction
- as construction of universal motor is like the dc series motor so at no load a
very high current will flow
- required a lot of maintenance as carbon brushes and commulators
- the overheating of the universal motor one of the worst disadvantages and
usually require an environment with fresh air and cooling
Part 2 :
Case study of a single phase induction motor

Mathematical analysis :

Ns = 120*F / P .. W= 2#Ns / 60

For each slip value calculate :

Motor speed = N(1-S)Ns , W=2#N / 60

Forward Impedance Zf = Rf + jXf = (R2/S + JX2 ) (JXm) / (R2/S+JX2) +(JXm)

Backward impedance Zb = Rb + jXb = (R2/(2-S)+JX2)JXm / R2(2-S)+JX2 + JXm

Input impedance at stator terminals Zin=R1+KX1+.05F+.05Zb

Input current I=V/Zin

Input factor is calculated as cosine the phase angle motor input current

The forward air-gap power Pgh = .05I*2 Rf

The backward air-gap power Pgb = .05I*2 Rb

The Net air-gap Power Pg=Pgf-Pgb

The Developed Torque T=Pg / Ws

The developed Mechanocal power Pw = T,W

The input power Pin=V.I.Cos ($)

Total Copper Losses Pm =Pin-Pm

Gross Efficiency Ng = Pm / Pin

Data :

V=220 F=50 Poles=4 R1=2.69 R2=4.87 X1=3.78 X2=3.78 Xm=77.9

The graph between Zf Zb Zin vs N :
The Graph between I and N :
The Graph Between Pf , Ng vs N
The graph between Pin Pm Pcu vs N
The Graph between T vs N
 Appendix :

S N Zf Zb Zin I Pf Pin Pm Pcu T ng

0.9 15 6.28 5.48 61.3 3.5 .97 746.9 .62 746.2 .039 8.2*10^-
0 4
0.8 30 5.2 3.86 10.49 20.9 .68 3126 66.39 3060.25 2.1 .0212
0
0.7 45 7.49 5.02 10.74 20.47 .702 3152 174.34 3005 3.7 .0553
0
0.6 60 8.47 4.84 15.08 14.58 .348 1116.24 176.86 939.5648 2.8 .158
0
0.58 630 8.7 4.8 11.1 19.7 .721 3124 358.5 2766.31 5.43 .1147
0.48 780 10.2 4.66 11.77 18.6 .73 2987 557.7 2429.4 6.8 .18
3
0.38 930 12.5 4.5 12.75 17.21 .763 2888.8 795.10 2093.7 8.1 .274
8
0.28 108 16.6 44.4 14.6 15.03 .79 2612.2 1029.5 1582.6 9.1 .39
0
0.18 123 24.7 4.3 18.6 11.8 .80 2076.8 1127.5 949.3 8.7 .54
0 4
0.16 126 27.4 4.3 19.9 11.02 .8 1939.5 1119.5 820.02 8.48 .577
0
0.14 129 30.7 4.3 21.6 10.17 .805 1801.23 1084.69 725.402 8.03 0.6
0

0.12 1320 34.8 4.30 23.7 9.2 .786 1590.8 1016.6 574.8 7.3 .638
0.1 1350 40.2 4.01 26.25 8.3 .766 1398.7 957.8 440.9 6.77 .685
0.08 1380 46.4 4.28 29.8 7.3 .72 1157.9 815.75 342.17 5.64 .704
0.06 1410 54.9 4.2 34.1 6.45 .65 922.32 680.80 241.5 4.61 .737
0.04 1453 61.4 4.2 38.8 5.89 .51 629.45 502.69 126.56 3.72 .789
0.02 1470 73.8 4.23 43.4 5.06 .35 389.6 315.5 74.12 2.05 .809

......................................................................................................................................
 References

[1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_motor

[2]. E.G janardanan , Special Electrical Machines , 2014

[3]. Bahram Amin , induction motors , 2000

[4]. Matthew Scraoino , Motors For Makers , 2015

[5]. Austin Hughes ,Electric Motors and drives ,1990