.

R
PAGE NO.:
DATE:

Chapt :1
aoc0A2

w y u tLALonNuticLent to_mect
th0y aAnomgid O_Multicoll lar
OgAAm uk human

na n multicollulas_O19anLAm JJki humanls

ihe_bodu call ae nsd n dnect
all etnonent.
COntact uith theduoundung
OekehLeNLy Ce Qr@du coll ae
A--
noi un dhe dunectContaci uh
Qundung eninhonbaant,Therokoik,eLy Col
body wl_net oelOxyogn as
nod by tMi_PhocOL dupALLIon_ROm

nAuLCLQni to meei_th uugtn aQLuhemeni

o ulticellula0gahwMs

2Lwhai Ctitoia de we uAe to_decide

whethe omething a l i u e ?

Pns-Te Man HUOAa de weuA n_decndi

skth motuna

AkC_20uth_ond ONeOVtY

03nad ae Qutaidu aus Maloualk uwed by an

Oganuunm
 PAGE NO.:

DATE:

matoual. Heta0ptnophsLLAe
odA Ona.
udeC0oon_diontd
mL0A
aulotaephs
t t a t t Lwateh_arnd all 0gaulm U
O2LALQCn0 aLL MalLal
OU

4 procasLLA uuUd 4u COndido)

na
AOntial o mauntainsh ie?
PAOceAAA ALOntAalkOmaintainung
ns
bNuition
D1aAptatuo
VEcLeaIuoh

05 hal ane dileronce boluseen auothgphic

nudution and hetohonoplhic nutition

dutolhophuc Nutiion Hetueinaphue Mutiticn

t Inhis mede o ) In_nis mec ok

nuthiduon an oghnnumnulition an gansn
Maku AYhiKuwLscannot mak b
oun odd &ynthelung Jun e d
Ongniumd UAL SUMpl Uganiuhad de nai maks
inbganic maioak ikeltneii oun o0d pom
Co 2 uoatea and AUMplLnoghnc iMali
Apnthesine Aho pood and g dolend On
Ai pesence Swnlght. he oganwAm o tho
 J .R
PAGE NO.
DATE:

dl 0O pladU_Ound
giLon pla n) dlL a aninallmaii
COnAL Lga ndolgo bictohi Qnd
Mode Q ndulOp.uadogDthlMAde
nuilAn
MEUehe ds planil et ach
Malaal 0ALod ephatdsynthesiu
Canpen oMORAdI iPlanu qct Colo@n oliouidi o
n onUHOmenk /atmodphe nAOgh_Stomata

hnough A00tA Qnd tnanspoll nL00uel

Luniglot Plan get Aunlight pomdhL dun
Chloophyk :4 JApheAeatin chlooplaat kouwd
in ghe0 LoaNeAOnd Aeen ponls o_plant.

ATOMach
Role OCid
To ake acduc Mduim weuch_4 neceALOy
ko the acuniion th Cn4AL0pL

To hactohla uch he KO0d Mau

Aha iuJhL Runclionedigestiu enymes

0
 J.R
PAGE NO.
DATE:

MA he koocd we eat u COmploun auo,

L COntaunA COmplo molLudlDg2tue
enuml bQak doui these COplom
M a l i l A J n t o dmalls AmplA_MOlcLlL
SO Hha theyCO_beabiobod by th
al inttna

Q9 Hous AA he dmall n t n e desghed

t oabsonhed dig2Atad ed ?
he dha intoiune doigAd pooL
MaMuMum aokor albsoabtion odgedtaok
ood and ut baniteinto the
olood o it Cncuilation Anio the
body Foathis e innea ing
_d dmal intoAtine has humou
ingn-Lik pheictioniCallao villi. The
a e 9uchly Aunpled with blood
esselA uhuch kake dhe aaselaad ocd
to each and Oy ell ok Bh bodu
Ql0 wHNat_adantaag 0en On aquaiuc 29anUm
doso teneiuas ogarudm nae wth
egand to cataiyung
H0Apialuon ?

Auaticoganam CuyoLp_diskelied
n dAsundiha wwe.Auncoa_duwolwe
n wnte nhkaly concantation
gh, the 0QMaic2g0nidl haue
 J.R
PAGE NO.:
DATE:

wch kastoh o_oheathuu

Tenasiial
OgaMum ORL ygen om th
Oygen Uch _tmoLphe thalo hadpiatou
ongointaHene, thayhave lch leA
boathn- noi tan aQualuc ganuni_
a
02 h at a _N duie O wuK nstuch
Lglucoa A aUALRd patdi Pnlia Un
vaniCud ganiumY

beakdoUSN u C o L A taleu
dusFinst step e
place n h e Ctoplam o coll eL oll
AgnAmslhupdcess ld to a w
Molecule onubound Calld pyLalu
Funthel b0ak dousn pyhule take0
placo n dupeAoct
04anusMs
AnaoAAic_WAPULaL0n The OMaLAobc respal

yeaAt) p20duucelettanol and Co d nd

ducti
Ddenhic aApiNion:m_aLAolaic hupihafien
bak don euhwade tald_pla ce
0uion to Qu uiie3
moleculo dionud knte.The
ok cals akclaic_0spUatien
2ol0Ae enonau n
M muc mol than wun Onaiiobic lspu
 J.P
PAGE NO.:

DATE:

un ack o Ozygen i Sonetimel , uwhonthu

Aaukk
Jauk 0gn especially duning
phyLcal eNeu
s Coeltad iunto o c k
aCd fomationo loctic
Jåctic acd
Jn MACLes caRdCanip.

Q13 Hous ygun and c o tanlpetad

n human sQwng 2

ns U) AanipoE o_9ugah Haemalbn pieL

hom the a M Mi uwngs Tt

caues h 0 n o tsu wnuc
ahe olHCienk JUn eoen bekoiet t t a
laAun

ti)Tanpet COCalonDiD2udL
meALAolulin watei ThenkeL
AnanspoMdlonmbody
kttd issuk n th oliisolused
M QU blbod pladMo to Auw
H it_ditus rom blood toa i
Jmas
14 Hous ah hLunad_diulaned un hue
beuhgto MAAmuset aa
enchdng
Ar Wthun M ungsdne aih poudaoL_duid
 J.P
FACE NO.:
DATE: I

AnualleiQnd kmalle tusbatAulsel

nto t w nfom
baonchu whueh n
Calld bhon@hugles 1eahnate
bren
OhuOLG The
The tHILLILL_ calledaluepli
,called
Loalloon Lke
The alueoli pho20n1 i n _ e

piorde tiin
avep a ie y
0nJh D e d o n s l e _ndtuek
CQMAAUn_an
A na acutate eClhanag
WOLS to
el blocd

COponentiy
wat_aN ine
Mmanoevngs (
aQngi
hanset Ayptnm un ho_
n u unctLons 0
d t ahL
CDMponani?

nhwman
AuLtem_n
beigg
AusTheranspo
mainlyCOnAsty_o heaAi, blos and
bleed veLsels.
aeceueg dle-
Dfuncluon oheal: The heas
0 u g e n a t e d Jlood hA the 00dy pa
avd pump it to u s nhichuing
Ougent ecCRIUe piuued bloadA
and pump taQUnd
hom i g !
d
funcion blocd:Blood Aranipoits eygen
ho\Mcne
alon duoude, digeitodRooo,
alo
a d utxogeneous wnJte uke wa9t
 J.R
PAGE NO.:

DATE

diseases avnd
and hgulat
hqulas
he ody hom
photoc
body 0mpbratune.

esIelTheoloccl
L)Funetion o blod
heant ous hsough
puuhed ay ne
the blom UesROlLand dl0 eea cod
t h h a i NAugh heha
bock Ae
to pahaie
deozNatedblóod uun
Cnydenatod
Mama

Jepahatuov o ogenatod ano deouygn

ated blood allou g00o dupply o
EuOLn bo t e bdy.Tisugtum
uao& anumal hat hae hgh
enoioy_ LqJUUDOntan U Mammal
eind coutadlyneod Bu4aen to get
eneqy to Mahian the ody top
CDnkad

Q17 a i a L khl 0onuponau o t h

Ananspot l m o i n y gaud
piautu7
n Mughly ganused plauts JhoL_cue
u e condiucting dulus 2ulom and
phloermxylem COndists e l Macheid
ad ctOR ulom u e he Jnlelcemnci
vessels and hocheidd kem a Conlunuua
 3.P

Sultun i

ghdthiu

ith
ghitiliWiayo dsga
hocosi duALLON ThL ai1u
nL`aL aluclaed u oal_ai
L_pa coll to cell
oktoutedbdo
ylem
T m KJLIK
plant COnLcd
E edueLL_The ule LJ
oanch e

(Osed by 2u4lem 4EL

LteA_icaa
ohaunckhcd_ulem esels uch _
 J.P
PAGE NO.

DATE.

M pdinlu alk. ns Loa) unts

each ad evehy 20t t h i Jeak
u the usato _and mueAalshcn h
the he1 and
Sol o0cl NOugh
dtom to Mi Loaves o t h e plands
wapeAaton l o u l malocuulol
Cwaies a Auct
wuch ul udtonV om the ylem
Colls AOgtA.Th
he m Unpou -
me aoual
pahis o plant
anapMattan

Q19 Hous Aod anihatod plot

The moeMond o ood n_phleem bk

placo y tilinng enongy The &uga
Mad n LeduedA 8&dod ntothu
AAee tulses eg_phloem ti day
JAngeeAgy Kom ATR.uSato naw
entora JheAiee AulSes Vtaiug
Augan Joy the po0 0masis d u
towch he_pesL
phlcem siss. Tnis
hgn pheju
phoduced n phloemitu M O I
J9al_Ma t h e pla
hanng loss phOLsu
Thisallouos Ahe_phoem to Aanspoi lot
accodin9 o the neodd 0 plaud
 PAGE NO:
DATE:

sucluNaoA
C U N O L S

STRUCT UKE OF N£PHRON

Ch.nephtMJ Js COmpodad ok tuwe palts.
Et a Cup- {hapad
H yei e d
yyea uh A Called Bauman-

Te BoMalAaLAuleCOtaw_a bundle
Lsloo CaYnAkanieiwuch alled
qoruciLLlul Oe end o t h e glouaulu
ataced to e ane2 antory
Luchbugs Me mnelelooo
tauug sLsl into i t
The Ampuities aneRiuteked. The other
in opkhion u Coiled n this
pat MAbstanmce uke duga ,auino
aca AMA and eaco8 usate which _ane
ACNLLALAd by the edy, Q0 ealsioued
The AulLstahc JOmaid .' unthe nephion
A Mails WUne COtauung_ollJOljed
uhla n walei ohuchuepelled lom
tle bods hiough henia hot tin
tuL
FLN1ICN OF NEP
Filtuaaikch Lolood takes ploc un Bousnman'i
CapAALLL om hCayudlaxus
posseL h0ug
qlomohulu.
tubula
Atusat
COvdansalucoAL
 3.R
PAGE NO.
DATE:

amumo Ocds UbaUc acd alt and

wte
RealekcnptiA the iwd RouR alu
tulule ,wu ulotayvte iko
Lico4QnAuD acidsaA d watel
AOloctioly A0alaioAheo
bdu bCallahie uUAouwnolung the
tululo
h ehe UIAate Lshicl JOmanod
ato AalosotLo
un
Wne 0taul dsolyed NihgenLSL
USOAtA i k wea anduuc audexcoR
aLta Qnd u9ato.une U COllected
om neblhnons to cany t i e he
om ushole oo9 t
wnaN JoladdoA
21 MGhai Ohe U MetnOdA
Lplanii qet u Oaaite
pAoducts2
fnA LI he planti 9i ud
ough stouaka n
goioupAadud
Leaies and lenticol

LDTneploun get id ok atttd tonod

Jolad and Aiauid uaaie by ha
Ahedding o L0aesReolind lcak
and ing Ruil
 3.R
PACE NO:
DATE:

plas ge1 ud USdles oy Bechating

ou ums and
iDThe

t h e n J h

uSata
PlanA alsoecho Cxcote 0me
Julstayc nto u_SOL ahOuno them

MLA m Q u n t o wwe pAcducad

0.22 Ho Js
Leauulatad 7

dheThe AmlDA Omoud we J h0gulatad

byRidhey dopends on Ahe quOntits_
eptcOsswaA n d USaltoddissolyael

An

uatiu e wate LHAen nto_J_aludaui

inthe Dtly ues,Jangg quavtuins o
diuto wue j OCheats out uhon
wotol bOdu
wAuea al Cocediat o ine
enraatod_

Quantity o oluuolued COte DuLAalUed oiTes

eApIciall ithoggnOu Wadtes uke whea_
and unlu acd and to dald 0
PMCRatao om Jhe body Whan ihele
wo aJuavity dusolksed wastos wn
tn body mo afantity u n s
to enCAAIe homTheieoLhe
OMGuAt o uin phoduced JunchdAes
 3.P
PAGE NO.
DATE:

wn plodue
i HouManed The amouwt e houmue
by wtáun
also09ulatod uTle
mOUehmeni
uuch COntlol
Qnd Na Jons
neph
o _bodu
au digeilod_un
R3|Houg a e placr
do thiuphomss tak
u
haiu takeplace he
Maeakon
inte
by he Luwe
whbh
PouhodJn th dding along

bilu uce
na Johoeolobules adAMLkA
by 1muliLucation ahae gtolaules bahak
alboulis to phovde
JaAgld unhac aned to act upon ay
J
painch0atuc uucA CaA bheak doush o
eulked
wwall nAallJntoing ChotJluu
AMCA Uch Conaun ipaAL mus
hat Conved kau intb ally acid
and oycenol

dieshion ohood
 J.R
PAGE NO.:
DATE

A s - S awa Contain
l w a alwasuy QmuyaLe emyyML
Ahat_ bhealks dousn dtach Jlto ugah 00
MalioAL

STARCH+5ALIVARY AMYLASE SUDARS

SalunkeopsAM MMuth aUuy cloan and

MOiwtn o0d hat hel Jn dhuwns
and bALakung piero
ROods MA V shnallor_ng

25Lai ahe h ngcALOy COnditioui Lo

audothopucnuthlon ald nat ae utu
bu pADducti2
deasNecesAay Condutions a u d o i g p h i
nutuiOn

0fe Phosance OD ChleOpll wn u wu

coLs

)PAovLOn pplyownLA to gi2n

pla coll h plant
2ucont unlighl

Auuo dunynly oCoon uoride

B phoduci of audo aophic nuliion u
 J.R
PAGE NO.:
DATE

hat ahe u dLAOnAAA laetseon_a01eic

and onaLAdlaic OlpinatiOn Nanme
Sont 0ganidmd u i u anadid
ModA eÁplhaiCh

deAoluc na onoouc

albilhc 9u4gn
00
COuyplet baakdousn2. Pasiual bakdsusn
ood OCCul n Rood occwul un
labiolhic 04pihalion. anaiAbic 0LpLatuon.

3 h e end paoducts_Jn 3. The end phoductu n

aokLc Adpatuon anaoigleiC 10hpiaiuon ma
OA CO and H,o o etihahol and CO
Jacticacid
Some ohgaums u c h 0naoiolaic
Aphalion 0e eaAt badoiLa et
Hous a aluenli deaLgned tv maunuua
eAChana
hs The alveola tun uallAd and
duppliadL t h _ anehuAK e
Dotccd vesdelu tD acitah echange s
pAo bohugegn blood_Qnd h_o d
 I.R
PAGE NO.:
DATE:

n aleou

naie balloon -Jke uncuu. Hen

pAtde
Mauum uAkatL e exchangg

UnatwOud_be thi COndauonca ofa

halhmaGAabin un 0uodi)
doucionH
douenny haAnADAKEAau Jn blood_
ChnADLA to doc0aiol
2uuGLn OuHAng Capaa
pAcoucte nohgy
b y9 1 O d a t i o n _ w L

Tbakohe 0ne Luld £all Ck and

Rel tia aigiu Mot thethe
LDUL
time
69boACHlbA doulble nhuman
CuNatuon_Un
boung uy J nocasiay

n OL heasi blood ete tLce nd allo

Sho4 eatThe
iMpod
deoyanated blood
bhoLu to Me 9o aduum Thiouah
uOluhAoA_J MOnt to

blaoo punpodto u
UugRndUAn Jiough pulmodhu atos.
Tho9gpnatod blobd AOm_uias aoin
ontonAh t aiumo he 'head
 3.P
PAGE N0
DATE:

Jhaough pulmonay veuu.hom t

albium n d to t ventuck
Rom wha Ahu ugenatod blood
QuMpad fo diteRAnd p0AA o
th boduiy Mough he aduLsT
plood MOustiug
th MoOt duL, thats uoty d
0Uad doulble cCulauOm
Necesutty o douele anulakion he hug
Äid ad t ido sk the numn
hat a uwJO 'to keop deyaenatod
ugonatod blood amMaingh
y odeaaluon O02u4gendtid
diougeKatod blood onan d hghly
eRdlhi duunly 0ygen to th bod
CaA o wmeud
oh cQudtottly4 nad enigy to Maunton
no bdy tondaAgtUNA.
Q30 aA dillenc bdusenn
AnandpoÅ o nMataal in
yum and plhloen 2
XYLEM
PHLOEM
Xylem Cenduncu unt Phicerm Cductu pap
aia duA Bded_MinDals keod maOALaL om
ham N00AA to Jonuesiaes to oth a
 J.P
PACE NO
DATE:

YLEH PHLOEML

Mylem ans - phloem JnaMEpoir

lpot ek Matoal tok madoRial taell place
place hiough vessolL Asug ULne t ulbed
and ached hich uita ua halp
doad
doad IuLA COMpanuRn_cllu
| zylem upuahd. 3.n handtocalon, maloua
te
dusAkued utehaA Aa hloem isuL uAhg enag
mainly achueued la oM ATP,Thi tweoa
nanyinodion pul0 TA omatic pa0LLA
CÓuAed du to thai MOUR& the Matuo
Suuction CHeatod by un phlawM tu
evapeation e Wati tssuA sinich Jaaue
Maleclo the
lco
Compan nciuOhu
n g s and nobhaou hi edhu h
uth 4eApecA tD-hain tuuduAL ahd
uncLou4g
Alee Neplnh@h

eoli anL ncLenal 1 Nephi ohL punds

ww o iungs ww'e Ridn
Matuil na ha AudhuyJngA
Jagu aE
ak
 J.R
PAGE NO.:

DATE:

Aea Nephho0

aoouut 30 o e alueol OJaleh naphtas

Aeoki plo-du a 3-The uac aa

uhd uka o
qaLQus echamge n1 mucha
achange eO ad 4 TheBauwan'A
CO2 k ploce bOL caplull n nophie
the ntuok o caaillaAaulates
Concdlnatieh ouwak
Qnd 0ltu