CLADDING SYSTEMS

AR. AISHA SIDDIQUI

8.8.2022
What is cladding?

Ø Cladding is the application of one material

over another to provide a skin or layer.

Ø In construction, cladding is used to provide

a degree of thermal insulation and weather
resistance, and to improve the appearance
of buildings.

Ø Cladding can be made of any of a wide

range of materials including wood, metal,
brick, vinyl, and composite materials that
can include aluminium, wood, blends of
cement and wheat /rice straw fibers.
Purpose And Structural Roles?

Ø They come in a variety of colours and can be used in different ways. It can wrap around a
whole building, or it may only be used on par ts of the building.

Ø The purpose of cladding is to protect a buildingʼs structure from natural elements like wind
and rain but it can have other benef its, such as, insulation, noise control and it can boost the
aesthetic appeal of a building.

Ø including creating a controlled internal environment, protecting the building from external
conditions, preventing the transmission of sound, for providing thermal insulation and
improving appearance of buildings

Ø Its proper ties like termite resistance, waterproof ing nature, environmental friendliness, and
their wide range of colours & designs make cladding a trend

Ø It does not contribute to the stability on the whole, but it does play a structural role
transferring wind loads, impact loads

https://picagroup.com.au/article/library/cladding-basics-what-is-it-and-why-is-it-important/
https://wfmmedia.com/cladding-choices/
Purpose And Structural Roles?

v Pr o t ec t i n g b u i l d i n g s : C l a d d i n g p r o t e c t s a b u i l d i n g f r o m e x t r e me t e mp e ra t u r e s , w i n d , wa t e r
a b s o r p t i o n , t e r mi t e s , n o i s e , mo l d s a n d a l l f o r ms o f p o l l u t i o n .

v C h a n g i n g a b u i l d i n g ' s a es t h et i c : D e p e n d i n g o n t h e c l a d d i n g c h o i c e , i t c a n b o o s t t h e a p p e a ra n c e
o f a b u i l d i n g , t h e r e b y i n c r e a s i n g i t s ma r ke t w o r t h .

v Re d u c i n g m a i n t en a n c e : S u r f a c e s w i t h c l a d d i n g r e q u i r e l i t t l e o r n o ma i n t e n a n c e , w i t h mo s t
s u r f a c e s r e q u i r i n g c l e a n i n g o n l y.

v In s u l a t i n g a b u i l d i n g : A d d i n g a l aye r t h a t ke e p s t h e b u i l d i n g wa r m d u r i n g c o l d w e a t h e r a n d c o o l
w h e n t e mp e ra t u r e s a r e h i g h c a n h e l p w i t h u t i l i ty b i l l s .

v Keep i n g a b u i l d i n g s a fe: I f a b u i l d i n g wa s o r i g i n a l l y b u i l t w i t h ma t e r i a l t h a t c a n e a s i l y c a t c h f i r e ,
me t a l o r s t o n e c l a d d i n g c a n h e l p r e d u c e t h e r i s k o f d e s t r u c t i o n .

v M a k i n g a b u i l d i n g m o r e d u ra b l e: A s t r u c t u r e w i t h c l a d d i n g h a s h i g h e r me c h a n i c a l s t r e n g t h t h a n
o n e w i t h n o n e . C l a d d i n g ma ke s t h e s t r u c t u r e s t r o n g e r, i n c r e a s i n g i t s d u ra b i l i ty.

https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/career-development/types-of-cladding
Key factors to consider while designing and selecting materials
for cladding

Ø S e l e c t i o n o f ma t e r i a l d e p e n d s o n f a c t o r s l i ke t h e a r c h i t e c t u ra l i n t e n t o f t h e d e s i g n e r, ty p e s &
p r o p e r t i e s o f t h e p r o d u c t , t h e l o a d i n g f a c t o r s a t d e s i r e d l o c a t i o n a n d e l e va t i o n a n g l e s .

Ø c h o o s i n g t h e r i g h t c l a d d i n g s y s t e m i s e s s e n t i a l t o b r i n g i n g i n t h e e nv i r o n me n t a l i mp a c t o f t h e
b u i l d i n g d o wn i n a f u t u r e c o n t e x t a s f a ç a d e c o n s t r u c t i o n a c c o u n t s f o r a l mo s t 3 5 p e r c e n t o f t h e
building costs

Ø i n a d d i t i o n t o t h e a b o ve p o i n t s , t h e ke y f a c t o r s f o r s e l e c t i n g t h e ma t e r i a l f o r c l a d d i n g a r e i t s
a b i l i ty t o w i t h s t a n d w i n d l o a d a n d f i r e ra t i n g s o f t h e p r o d u c t .

Ø Fa c t o r s l i ke b u i l d i n g h e i g h t , s e i s mi c c o n d i t i o n s a n d r e q u i r e d p r o d u c t s i z e t o o d e c i d e t h e ty p e o f
cladding

Ø the ke y factors to be considered while designing and selecting ma t e r i a l s for cladding are
s t r u c t u ra l p e r f o r ma n c e , c o r r o s i o n r e s i s t a n c e , wa t e r t i g h t n e s s , a i r p e r me a b i l i ty, t h e r ma l r e s i s t a n c e
( b y c o n d u c t i o n / c o nve c t i o n / ra d i a t i o n ) , a e s t h e t i c i n t e n t a n d a r t i s t i c f i n i s h , a n d r e d u c t i o n i n c a r b o n
footprint.
Selection factors for cladding

1. External and internal conditions 9. Availability & budget

2. Use of the building 10. Maintenance requirements

3. Resilience, strength and durability 11. Structural requirements

4. Fire resistance 12. Control of air leakage

5. Planning and requirements 13. Integrity and continuity of Insulation

6. Building regulation requirements 14. Prevention of water penetration or provision of

7. Accessibility and buildability drainage

8. Aesthetics 15. Control of thermal movement

16. Ease of installation

17. External attachments and fixings

Classification
Dry Cladding

Wet Cladding

Installation based

Material based
Installation based

Attached systems

Curtain wall systems

Infill systems
Material based

1. TIMBER CLADDING

2. PVC CLADDING

3. STO N E C L A D DI N G

4. B A C K PA I N T E D G L A SS C L A D DI N G

5. CERAMIC CLADDING

6. W A L L P A P E R T E R R A C O T TA C L A D D I N G

7. STO N E C L A D DI N G

8. M E TA L C L A D D I N G ( A C P C L A D D I N G )

9. STICK FRAME CLADDING

1 0 . C U R TA I N W A L L ( G L A S S )

11. FIBRE CEMENT CLADDING

12. BRICK CLADDIN

Attached system

Large panels forming the exterior cladding are directly attached to the
structural frame of a building having one or more stories or bays.

The attached system is used to erect the precast concrete and the
steel-stud frames having exterior finishes.

During installation, the crane lifts the panel in place, being fixed onto
the anchorage that is fastened at the edge of the slab.

https://theconstructor.org/building/building-material/cladding-installation-systems/45936/
Cladding system

The curtain wall system is generally incorporated in large and multi-

storeyed buildings.

This system is similar to the attached system, with the only difference
being- the panels here are not attached to the slab edges with anchors,
but are attached to the structural frame using clip angles.

Typically, the curtain wall system comprises a lightweight frame onto

which opaque or glazed panels are fixed. Metal and glass are the most
commonly used cladding panels in this system.

https://theconstructor.org/building/building-material/cladding-installation-systems/45936/
https://www.buildmagazine.org.nz/index.php/articles/show/curtain-wall-cladding
Infill system

The infill system is easier to differentiate from other systems as the

structural frame is exposed in this case.

The cladding panels are placed between the columns of the structural
frame, spanning from one level of the slab to another.

The cast-in-place concrete panel is mostly used as a cladding material

in this system.

Glass and precast concrete are some other materials that can be
effectively used in the infill system.

https://theconstructor.org/building/building-material/cladding-installation-systems/45936/
https://www.steelconstruction.info/Infill_walling
WET CLADDING INSTALLTION METHODS

DIRECT SPOT BONDING MECHANICAL

ADHERED BONDING
DIRECT ADHERED

Substrates
It is the surface to which the cladding material is attached using adhesive and is the part of the
principal load-bearing component of the exterior wall cladding assembly.

Common types of Substrates for Direct Adhered External Cladding

Concrete block (plastered or

natural), brick (also potentially
plastered or ‘bagged’),
plywood panelling, glass,
rammed earth, and even
fibreglass have all been used
as ‘envelopes’
 High adhesive strength (tensile and shear bond strength); For proper exterior performance,
an adhesive must not be soluble in water after it is cured.

Water resistant; For proper exterior performance, an adhesive must not be soluble in water after
it is cured.

Flexible (differential movement); Adhesives must have a low modulus of elasticity, or flexibility,
to withstand differential movement between the cladding material and the underlying
Required substrate/structure.

Properties in Permanent; some “old” technology urethane or epoxy adhesives can deteriorate over time,
Cladding depending on how they are chemically modified, even if installed properly.

Adhesives
Fire and temperature resistant; adhesives must meet building codes and standard engineering
practice by not contributing any fuel or smoke in the event of a fire.

Safe; The adhesive should not be hazardous during storage, installation, and disposal. This
includes other materials which may be necessary for preparation or final cleaning. The adhesive
should be non-toxic, non-flammable, low odour, and environmentally (VOC) compliant.

Good working properties (open time, pot life, sag resistance); The adhesive should have good
working properties to ensure cost-effective and problem-free installation
Types of Adhesives for Direct Adhered Facades

1. Cement paste or Cement /Sand Mortar (mixed

with water)
2. Dispersive Powder Polymer-Modified Cement
Mortar (mixed with water)
3. Latex (liquid polymer) Modified Cement
Mortar (Latex in lieu of water)
4. Modified Emulsion Epoxy Adhesives (cement,
water, epoxy resins)
5. Epoxy Resin Adhesives (100% epoxy)
6. Urethane Adhesives
7. Silicone (Structural) Adhesives
 Similar to the direct-adhered method, spot bonding uses
an epoxy adhesive to adhere to the substrate.

The distinction is that the epoxy is only applied to

approximately 10 percent of the area.
SPOT BONDING
The result is gaps or pockets of air between the stone
and the substrate which reduces the potential for water
staining and allows for movement with the building --
from wind and settling, for example.

This method of stone cladding uses special, extremely

strong epoxies specifically designed for this application.
Step-by-Step Procedure for Wet Installation Method

Step-1: Calculate the Material Requirement

Step-2: Surface Preparation

Step-3: Mixing the Mortar

Step-4: Installation Procedure

DRY CLADDING INSTALLTION METHODS

ANCHORS /
ALUMINIUM BRACKING
 The mechanical stone cladding method uses fixed
or embedded anchors or ties to attach the stone to
the substrate.

Because holes to be drilled and mechanical ties or

anchors used, this method of cladding requires
stone that is a bit thicker than other methods.
MECHNAICAL
BONDING
Stone that is 1 inch in thickness is recommended,
along with leaving a gap of approximately 3/4-inch
between the stone and the substrate.

This allows for movement and better drainage, as

is the case with spot bonding.

https://homeguides.sfgate.com/indoor-plants-easy-keep-alive-13771626.html
ANCHORS
 EXAMPLES OF STEEL BACKSUPPORT SYSTEMS

https://unitech-ikk.com/products/steel-construction-products/facade-work-solutions/marble-and-granite-mechanical-cladding-systems/catalogues/marble-and-granite-mechanical-cladding-systems-catalogue.pdf
Step-by-Step Procedure for Wet Installation Method

Step-1: Selection of Materials

Step-2: Site Preparation

Step-3:Installation Method