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(Structural Theory 1)
Chapter 5:
Beams and Frames: Shear and Bending Moment
Internal Forces
They are the forces and couples exerted on a portion of the structure
by the rest of the structure.
Important Notes
▸ Q, S, and M on the two portions of the cut beam/frame have the
same values but in opposite directions. This is in accordance with
Newton’s third law.
▸ The magnitudes and the correct senses of the internal forces can be
determined by simply applying the three equations of equilibrium to
one of the two portions of the beam.
▸ The application of the equations of equilibrium to the two portions
of the beam will yield the same magnitude.
Beam Convention (Illustration)
Determining
Internal
Forces at a
Specified
Location on
a Beam
(According to
the Book)
Determining
Internal
Forces at a
Specified
Location on
a Beam
(Cont.)
Sample Problem
Determine the axial force, shear, and bending moment at point B of the beam
shown.
[2] FBD of Left Cut Portion
𝑴𝑩
⤹
𝑑= 32 + 42 =5 𝑸𝑩
𝑨𝒙
𝑽𝑩
(We’ll use V
𝑨𝒚 𝑪𝒚 instead of S)
𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 𝑽𝑩
𝑨𝒚
Solution: ▸Using the right cut portion is actually faster and simpler.
Solving for support actions there is not needed. However,
[1] Support Reactions (referring to
the directions of the internal forces given here should be
whole beam)
𝑀𝐴(↺) = 𝑀𝐴(↻) reversed.
𝐷𝑦 30 + 180 = 60 10 + [2(20)](30)
𝐷𝑦 = 𝟓𝟒 𝒌 ↑ ⤹
𝑨 𝑴
𝐹(↑) = 𝐹(↓)
𝐴𝑦 + 𝐷𝑦 = 60 + 2(20) 𝐴𝑦 = 𝟒𝟔 𝒌 ↑ 𝟒𝟔 𝒌 𝑽
𝑥
𝑥 − 30
𝑉 = 46 − 60 − 180 ‹𝑥 − 20› + 54 = 40 − 2 ‹𝑥 − 20›
𝑨
𝑬 2 ‹𝑥 − 20›2
𝑀 = 46𝑥 − 60 ‹𝑥 − 10› − 180 − + 54 ‹𝑥 − 30›
𝟒𝟔 𝒌 𝟓𝟒 𝒌 2
Solution: (Cont.)
[3] Coordinates of Shear Diagram
A A B B C D D E
x (ft) 0 0 5 10 10 15 20 25 30 30 35 40
x (ft) 0 5 10 15 20 20 25 30 35 40
x (m) 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 9
V (kN) 0 -1.5 -6 -13.5 47.25 36.75 23.25 6.75 -12.75 -35.25 -60.75 0
(Just before the (Just after the (Just before (Just after the
reaction point load) reaction point load) the reaction) reaction)
[4] Coordinates of Moment Diagram
A B C
x (m) 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Considerations:
▸ A positive bending moment bends a beam concave upward (or
toward the positive y direction), whereas a negative bending moment
bends a beam concave downward (or toward the negative y direction).
Thus, the sign (positive or negative) of the curvature at any point along
the axis of a beam can be obtained from the bending moment diagram.
𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐶
𝑀𝐶 = 180 + 60 = 240
𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 Slope = 6
𝑀𝐵 = 0 + 180 = 180 (the shear at
V-Diag.) Qualitative Deflected Shape
Slope = -24 ▸Since the moments are all positive in the
Slope = 18 M-Diagram, the approximated deflected
(the shear at
(the shear at shape is concave upward in all its sections.
V-Diag.)
V-Diag.)
𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷 = 240 + −240 = 0
−232.67
−472.67
Start from 0. 𝑉𝐵 = 𝑉𝐴 + 𝐴𝐿−𝐴𝐵
1 𝑉𝐵 = 111.22 + −150
A2 𝐴2 = (15𝑚 − 11.12𝑚) −38.78 𝑘𝑁 𝑉𝐵 = −38.78 Subtract the 40 kN −𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟖
2 No change in shear since no
𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐵 = −𝟕𝟓. 𝟏𝟖 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 downward load. Add the 78.8 kN
load is between B and C.
V-Diagram (kN) upward load.
Solution: (Cont.)
[3] Calculate Areas in the V-Diagram (Cont.)
[4] Draw the Moment Diagram
A3 𝐴3 = −38.78 𝑘𝑁 6 𝑚
𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐶 = −𝟐𝟑𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
(−75.18)
(618.52)
−232.67
𝐴4 = −78.78 𝑘𝑁 6 𝑚
A4 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 = −𝟒𝟕𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 −472.67
▸The slope from E to B increases from a zero
−𝟕𝟖. 𝟕𝟖
slope to a high negative value (-38.78 as
Add the 162 kN∙m
indicated in the V-diagram).
cw moment load.
𝑀𝐸 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐸
▸The slope from A to E decreases from a high 𝑀𝐸 = 0 + 618.52 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐶
positive value (111.22 as indicated in the V- 𝑀𝐸 = 618.52 𝑀𝐶 = 705.34 + (−232.67)
diagram) to a zero slope value (the highest 705.34 𝑀𝐶 = 472.67
point of the 2nd degree curve).
472.67
[5] Qualitative Deflected Shape 618.52
543.34
705.34
2nd degree curve
618.52 472.67
543.34
Start from 0. Uniform Slope
2nd degree curve 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐸 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐵 Return to 0.
𝑀𝐵 = 618.52 + (−75.18)
𝑀𝐵 = 543.34 𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷
𝑀𝐷 = 472.67 + (−472.67)
𝑀𝐷 = 0
Moment Diagram (k-ft)
Important Notes:
▸ The diagram levels increases from [1] Load Diagram (L-diag.), to [2] Shear Diagram (V-
diag.), then to [3] Moment Diagram (M-diag.).
▸ (A rule of the thumb): A lower level diagram has usually a corresponding diagram in the
higher level.
▸ Slope illustrations
Lower level diagram Higher level diagram
Point load Rectangular diagram
Rectangular Diagram Triangular Diagram
(Uniformly distributed load) (with uniform slope) With high positive Zero slope.
Triangular Diagram/Load value of slope.
2nd degree curve diagram
(with uniform slope)
2nd degree curve diagram 3rd degree curve diagram
𝟏𝟐 𝒇𝒕 6 𝒇𝒕
Moment Diagram
2nd degree 3rd degree 3rd degree
curve curve
(k-ft) curve
𝟏𝟎 − 𝟐. 𝟓
= 𝟕. 𝟓 𝒎
2nd degree
curve
𝟏𝟎 𝒎 𝟓𝒎
Moment Diagram
▸Explanations:
(kN-m)
−𝟏𝟓𝟎 ▸ccw moment load/couple in
At A: 𝑀𝐴,𝐿 = 0 (start at 0)
▸Calculate the location of zero-shear, E. the FBD (or load diagram) is
𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑁 50 𝑘𝑁 𝑀𝐴,𝐿 = 𝑀𝐴,𝐿 + −500 considered negative in the M-
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 20 = 𝑥 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒎 = −500 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 diagram. While cw moment is
𝑟𝑢𝑛 𝑚 𝑥
At B: 𝑀𝐵 = 𝑀𝐴 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 considered positive.
▸Calculate the areas of in the V-diagram. 𝑀𝐵 = −500 + 500 = 0
𝐴𝑉−𝐴𝐵 = 10 𝑚 50 𝑘𝑁 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 𝑀𝐸 = 𝑀𝐵 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐸 ▸M-diagram from A
At E:
1 𝑀𝐸 = 0 + 62.5 = 62.5 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚 to B and M-diagram
𝐴𝑉−𝐵𝐸 = 2.5 𝑚 50 𝑘𝑁 = 𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 from C to D have
2 At C: 𝑀𝐶 = 𝑀𝐸 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐶 uniform slopes.
1 𝑀𝐶 = 62.5 + −562.5 = −500 𝑘𝑁 ∙ 𝑚
𝐴𝑉−𝐸𝐶 = 7.5 𝑚 −150 𝑘𝑁 = −𝟓𝟔𝟐. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎
2 At D: 𝑀𝐷 = 𝑀𝐶 + 𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 (return to 0)
𝐴𝑉−𝐶𝐷 = 5 𝑚 100 𝑘𝑁 = 𝟓𝟎𝟎 𝒌𝑵 ∙ 𝒎 𝑀𝐷 = −500 + 500 = 0
▸The shear decreases from 62.5 to 0 from B to E, so thus the slope
[5] Qualitative Deflected Shape of the M-diagram from B to E.
▸The shear increases from 0 to -150 from E to C, so thus the slope
of the M-diagram from E to C.
▸Solving for the location of the 2nd zero-moment from pt C.
▸This qualitative deflected shape is only an approximate
(62.5 + 500) 62.5
exaggerated shape/diagram of the beam after being 2
= 𝑥 =𝟓𝒎
loaded with the given load (mainly based on imagination). (7.5) (7.5 − 𝑥)2
Static Determinacy of Plane Frames
A frame is considered to be statically determinate if the bending moments, shears,
and axial forces in all its members, as well as all the external reactions, can be
determined by using the equations of equilibrium and condition.
Summary:
▸ The excess members and reactions are called redundants, and the number of
excess member forces and reactions is referred to as the degree of static
indeterminacy, i, which can be expressed as
Sample Problems
Analysis of Plane Frames
▸ The analysis is almost the same for the analysis of beams. Read
the procedure. Then, try to understand the given sample
problems. This might be useful in the next lectures.
“The most effective way of learning the
theories of structures is to solve problems.”
ASSIGNMENT!
Answer the following problems in our textbook.
Chapter 5 (pages 217-225): Problems 5.5, 5.22, 5.24, 5.34, 5.37, 5.40,
5.41, 5.46, 5.47, 5.52, 5.53, and 5.55