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1
MODAL AUXILIARIES
CONTENTS
7-1 The form of modal auxiliaries
7-2 Expressing ability: can and could
7-3 Expressing possibility: may and might Expressing permission: …
7-4 Using could to express possibility
7-5 Polite questions: may I, could I, can I
7-6 Polite questions: would you, could you, will you, can you
7-7 Expressing advice: should and ought to
7-8 Expressing advice: had better
7-9 Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must
7-10 Expressing lack of necessity: do not have to Expressing: …
7-11 Making logical conclusions: must
7-12 Giving instructions: imperative sentences
7-13 Making suggestions: let's and why don't
7-14 Stating preferences: prefer, like...better, would rather
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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
may will
might had better
not followed by to
Inga can to play the violin.
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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
may will
might had better
no final -s
Inga can plays the violin.
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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
may will
might had better
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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
may will
might had better
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7-1 THE FORM OF MODAL AUXILIARIES
to + simple form
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7-1 LET’S PRACTICE
to
Ø
to learn how to skate.
She has ___
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7-1 LET’S PRACTICE
to
Ø
Ø learn how to skate.
She might ___
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7-1 LET’S PRACTICE
to
Ø
She should ___
Ø learn how to skate.
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7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
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7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
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7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
can’t
(d) I cannot fix this computer.
can not
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7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
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7-2 EXPRESSING ABILITY: CAN AND COULD
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7-2 LET’S PRACTICE
can
can’t
He is always upset when he
_____
can’t remember something.
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7-2 LET’S PRACTICE
can
can’t
A dolphin ____
can’t
run,
can jump.
but it ____
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7-2 LET’S PRACTICE
can
can’t
You ____
can bring a horse
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7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
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7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
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7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
(c)
I don’t know.
Can we mightbebe
We may
finish this by ready by then.
Monday?
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7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
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7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
COMPARE
(g) Maybe the test will be hard. adverb
maybe “possibly”
beginning of sentence
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7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
may permission
can often used, too
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7-3 EXPRESSING POSSIBILITY: MAY AND MIGHT
EXPRESSING PERMISSION: MAY AND CAN
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7-3 LET’S PRACTICE
maybe
may be
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7-3 LET’S PRACTICE
maybe
may be
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7-3 LET’S PRACTICE
maybe
can
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7-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY
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7-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY
present
Could =
possibility
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7-4 USING COULD TO EXPRESS POSSIBILITY
future
Could =
possibility
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7-4 LET’S PRACTICE
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7-4 LET’S PRACTICE
present
future
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7-4 LET’S PRACTICE
present
future
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7-5 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I
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7-5 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I
POLITE QUESTION
(a) May I please take your picture?
(b) Could I please take your picture?
(c) Can I please take your picture?
POSSIBLE ANSWERS
POLITE QUESTION
please at end
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7-5 POLITE QUESTIONS: MAY I, COULD I, CAN I
POLITE QUESTION
May I take
please
your
takepicture?
your picture?
please
Could I take your
take
picture?
your picture?
Can I take
pleaseyour
takepicture?
your picture?
without please
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7-5 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
NO
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7-5 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
NO
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7-5 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
NO
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7-6 POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU,
WILL YOU, CAN YOU
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7-6 POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU,
WILL YOU, CAN YOU
POLITE QUESTION
(a) Would you please explain that again?
(b) Could you please explain that again?
(c) Will you please explain that again?
(d) Can you please explain that again?
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7-6 POLITE QUESTION: WOULD YOU, COULD YOU,
WILL YOU, CAN YOU
POLITE QUESTION
(a) Would you please INCORRECT:
explain that again? May you please
explain that again.
(b) Could you please
explain that again?
(c) Will you please
explain that again?
(d) Can you please can is less formal
explain that again?
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7-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
NO
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7-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
NO
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7-6 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
NO
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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
should
(a) I have a headache. I take a nap.
ought to
(b) INCORRECT: I should to take a nap.
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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
I don’t understand
(e) the assignment.
What should I do?
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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
You should
(f)
come in to see
me.
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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
You ought to
(f)
come in to see
me.
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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
Maybe you
(g)
should come
in to see me.
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7-7 EXPRESSING ADVICE: SHOULD AND OUGHT TO
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7-7 LET’S PRACTICE
should
I need a book
about geology. You should go
to the library.
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7-7 LET’S PRACTICE
ought to
I need a book
about geology. You ought to go
to the library.
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7-7 LET’S PRACTICE
maybe, should
I need a book
about geology. Maybe you should go
to the library.
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7-8 EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER
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7-8 EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER
should
(a) I have a headache. I ought to take a nap.
had better
should
ought to same
had better meaning
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7-8 EXPRESSING ADVICE: HAD BETTER
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7-8 LET’S PRACTICE
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7-8 LET’S PRACTICE
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7-8 LET’S PRACTICE
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
have to
have got to same
had better meaning
something is necessary
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
have to common
have got to informal conversation
must written instructions
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
have to
Questions have got to
must
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
have to
Questions have got to
must
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
have to
Questions have got to
must
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
Past form:
have to
have got to had to
must
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7-9 EXPRESSING NECESSITY: HAVE TO,
HAVE GOT TO, MUST
PRONUNCIATION
/hӕftә/ or /hӕftu/
/hӕstә/ or /hӕstu/
/gadә/ or /gәtә/
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7-9 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
NO
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7-9 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
NO
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7-9 LET’S PRACTICE
CORRECT ? YES
NO
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7-10
EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO
EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT
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7-10
EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO
EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT
not necessary
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7-10
EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO
EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT
not necessary
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7-10
EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO
EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT
Prohibition
(Do Not Do This!)
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7-10
EXPRESSING LACK OF NECESSITY: DO NOT HAVE TO
EXPRESSING PROHIBITION: MUST NOT
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7-10 LET’S PRACTICE
We _________________________
don’t have to clean the house now.
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7-10 LET’S PRACTICE
I ______________________
don’t have to cook dinner tonight.
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7-10 LET’S PRACTICE
Swimming is prohibited.
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7-11 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST
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7-11 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST
best guess
must OR
logical
conclusion
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7-11 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST
COMPARE
LOGICAL CONCLUSION
(b) My friends went skydiving.
They must be brave.
NECESSITY
(c) To become a scientist,
you must go to college.
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7-11 MAKING LOGICAL CONCLUSIONS: MUST
COMPARE
NEGATIVE LOGICAL CONCLUSION
(d) Jed smokes.
He must not know that smoking is harmful.
PROHIBITION
(e) We need money for the future.
We must not spend it all now.
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7-11 LET’S PRACTICE
necessity
prohibition
logical conclusion
negative logical conclusion
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7-11 LET’S PRACTICE
necessity
prohibition
logical conclusion
negative logical conclusion
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7-11 LET’S PRACTICE
necessity
prohibition
logical conclusion
negative logical conclusion
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
Listen to me!
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
DIRECTIONS
(c) Emma: So, where should I turn?
Adam: In two miles, turn right.
Then drive five miles to the
hotel on the left.
101
7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
give commands
imperative
make polite requests
sentences
give directions
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
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7-12 GIVING INSTRUCTIONS: IMPERATIVE
SENTENCES
108
7-12 LET’S PRACTICE
command
? request
directions
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7-12 LET’S PRACTICE
command
? request
directions
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7-12 LET’S PRACTICE
command
? request
directions
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7-13 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T
112
7-13 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T
(b)
(a) Let’sdon’t
Why buy this
we
one.this
buy It looks
one? It
looksgood.
good. That’s okay
with me.
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7-13 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T
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7-13 MAKING SUGGESTIONS: LET’S AND WHY DON’T
friendly suggestion
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7-13 LET’S PRACTICE
Let’s
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7-13 LET’S PRACTICE
Why don’t we
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7-13 Let’s Practice
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7-14
STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE…BETTER,
WOULD RATHER
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7-14
STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE…BETTER,
WOULD RATHER
120
7-14
STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE…BETTER,
WOULD RATHER
121
7-14
STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE…BETTER,
WOULD RATHER
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7-14
STATING PREFERENCES: PREFER, LIKE…BETTER,
WOULD RATHER
would rather or
123
7-14 LET’S PRACTICE
than
to
I like to play badminton better ____
than tennis.
124
7-14 LET’S PRACTICE
than
to
I prefer badminton ___
to tennis.
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7-14 LET’S PRACTICE
than
to
I would rather play badminton ____
than tennis.
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