CHAPTER 1

The Birth of a Hero

• Jose Rizal was born on June 19, 1861
Between 11-12MN
in Calamba, Laguna
 • His mother almost died
during the delivery because
of his big head
• He was baptized on June 22, 1861
in the Catholic Church aged 3
days old by Father Rufino
Collantes ( Batangueño)
• Fr. Pedro Casanas - from Calamba
& a close friend of the family
• - his God father
• His name Jose was given
by his mother who was a
devotee of St. Joseph
• Fr. Collantes was impressed by
his big head & told the family
members to take good care of
Jose Rizal because he will
become a great man someday.
• Lt. General Jose Lemery- a
former senator of Spain was the
Governor general of the
Philippines when Rizal was born.
He governed the Philippines from
Feb. 2, 1861-July 7, 1862
 • Jose Lemery’s Achievements
Are as Follows:
1. Fostering the cultivation of cotton
in the provinces
2. Establishing the politico-military
governments in Visayas &
Mindanao
• Rizal was the the 7th among the
11 children of Francisco
Mercado Rizal & Teodora
Alonzo Realonda
• Francisco Mercado Rizal – was born in Biñan,
Laguna on May 11,1818.
• He studied Latin & Philosophy at the College
of San Jose in Manila
• He was a hardy & independent- minded man
who talked less & worked more & was strong in
body & valiant in spirit
• He died in Manila on Jan. 5, 1898 at the age of
80
• Rizal called him “ A Model of Fathers”
 • Doña Teodora- was born in Manila on
Nov. 8, 1826.
• She was educated at the College of Sta.
Rosa-well known college for girls in Manila
• -remarkable woman
• possessing refined culture
• Business ability
• Fortitude of Spartan women
• She died in Manila on August 16,
1911 at the age of 85
• Before her death, the government
offered her a life pension but she
rejected saying: “My family has never
been patriotic for money”
1. SATURNINA (1850-1913)
Eldest child of the Rizal-Alonzo
marriage. Married Manuel Timoteo
Hidalgo of Tanauan, Batangas.

2. PACIANO (1851-1930)
Only brother of Jose Rizal and the
second child. Studied at San Jose
College in Manila; became a farmer and
later a general of the Philippine
Revolution.
3. NARCISA RIZAL (1852-1939)
The third child. married Antonio Lopez at
Morong, Rizal; a teacher and musician.
4. OLYMPIA RIZAL (1855-1887)
The fourth child. Married Silvestre Ubaldo;
died in 1887 from childbirth.
5. LUCIA RIZAL (1857-1919)
The fifth child. Married Matriano Herbosa.
6. MARIA RIZAL (1859-1945)
The sixth child. Married Daniel Faustino
Cruz of Biñan, Laguna.
7. JOSE RIZAL (1861-1896)
The second son and the seventh child. He
was executed by the Spaniards on December
30,1896.
8. CONCEPCION RIZAL (1862-1865)
The eight child. Died at the age of three.
9. JOSEFA RIZAL (1865-1945)
The ninth child. An epileptic, died a spinster.
10. TRINIDAD RIZAL (1868-1951)
The tenth child. Died a spinster and the last
of the family to die.

11. SOLEDAD RIZAL (1870-1929)

The youngest child married Pantaleon
Quintero.
• Sibling Relationships among them are
cordial
– He plays w/ his siters
– He had boyish quarrels with them
– He respected them
– He always called them:
Doña or señora(if married)
Señorita (if single)
• His only brother Paciano was 10 years older
than him
• He respected him throughout his life
• He regarded Paciano as the “most noble of
Filipinos & “though an Indio” – meaning
more generous & noble than all the
Spaniards put together
• He is much finer & more serious, he is bigger
& more slim, he is not so dark, his nose is
fine, beautiful & sharp but he is bow-legged
Jose Rizal was a product of mixture of
Races:
1. Negrito
2. Indonesia
3. Malay
4. Chinese
5. Japanese
6. Spanish
 Family Tree (father side)
• Domingo Lameo married Ines Dela Rosa
– Francisco Mercado married Cirila
Bernacha
Juan Mercado married Cirila
Alejandro
they have 13 children & the
youngest is Francisco
Mercado who is Rizal’s father
• Rizal’s parents got married on
June 28,1848 & settled down in
Calamba- where they are
engaged in farming & business
 Family Tree (mother side)
• Eugenio Ursua married Benigna
• Regina married Manuel de Quintos-
Filipino Chinese lawyer from Pangasinan
• Brigida married Lorenzo Alberto Alonzo-
prominent Spanish Filipino from Biñan
• 1. Narcisa 4. Manuel 5. Jose
• 2. Teodora – Rizal’s mother
• 3. Gregorio
• Domingo Lameo – Chinese immigrant
from Fukien City of Changchow & arrived
in Mla. In 1600
• 1731- he assumed the surname Mercado
he was a merchant
• Mercado (Spanish) means market
(English)
• The Rizal Home- one of the distinguished
stone houses in Calamba during Spanish
times
- 2 storey house
- Roofed with red tiles
- Rectangular in shape
- Built in adobe stones &
hard woods
• Behind the house- is a poultry
yard full of turkey & chickens & a
big garden full of tropical fruits-
atis, balimbing, chico, macopa,
papaya, santol, tampoy etc.
 • A happy home where parental affection
& children’s laughter reigned:
By day – noises of children at play &
the songs of birds in the garden
By night – echoed w/ the dulcet notes
of family prayer
* It is such a wholesome home, naturally
a wholesome family
• The Rizal family belongs to a Good &
Middle –class Family
• They belong to Principalia- a town
aristocracy in Spanish Philippines
• One of the distinguished families in
Calamba
• Rizal Family were able to live well
Farm- they harvest rice, corn &sugarcane
Backyard– they raised pigs, chickens &
turkeys
Doña Teodora managed a general goods
store & operated a small flour-mill & a home-
made ham press
They were able to build a large stone house
situated near the town church & buy another
one
• Their house has a private library
w/c is biggest in Calamba. It is
consisted of more than 1,000
volumes
 THE END!!!
THANK YOU ☺
 CHAPTER 2

CHILDHOOD YEARS
IN CALAMBA
CALAMBA, THE HERO’S TOWN
 Calamba - hacienda town which belonged
to the Dominican Order.
➢ Town nestling on a verdant plain covered
with irrigated rice fields and sugar-lands.
 South: Mount Makiling and the province of
Batangas
 East: Laguna De Bay

 North: Antipolo (famous mountain shrine of

the miraculous Lady of Peace and Good
Voyage)
Rizal loved Calamba with all his
heart and soul.
1876 - when he was 15 years old
and was a student in the Ateneo de
Manila, he wrote a poem:
➢ Un Recuerdo A Mi Pueblo (In
Memory of My Town) which is filled
with only good words in
remembrance of his beloved town.
EARLIEST CHILDHOOD MEMORIES
➢ Happy days in the family garden when he
was three years old.
➢ Angelus Prayer
➢ Stories of the aya
➢ Nocturnal walk in the town
“Thus my heart fed on somber and
melancholic thoughts so that even
while still a child, I already wandered
on wings of fantasy in the high regions
of the unknown.”
THE HERO’S FIRST SORROW
 Jose loved most the little Concha
(Concepcion) among his sisters.
➢ Unfortunately, Concha died of sickness
in 1865 when she was only 3 years old.
▪ Rizal: “When I was four years old, I lost
my little sister Concha, and then for the
first time, I shed tears caused by love
and grief…”
DEVOTED SON OF THE CHURCH
 Rizal grew up a good Catholic.
 He began to take part in the family prayers
at the age of three. His mother taught him
the Catholic prayers.
 He was able to read haltingly the Spanish
family Bible when he was five years old.
 Manong Jose – a name called laughingly
to Rizal by the Hermanos and Hermanas
Terceras.
Father Leoncio Lopez – town
priest he esteemed and respected
in Calamba.
➢ He used to visit this learned
Filipino Priest and listen to his
stimulating opinions on current
events and sound philosophy in
life.
PILGRIMAGE TO ANTIPOLO
 June 6, 1868 - Jose and his father left
Calamba to go on a pilgrimage to
Antipolo, in order to fulfill his mother’s
vow which was made when Jose was
born. Dona Teodora could not accompany
them because she had given birth to
Trinidad.
 Casco – a barge where Rizal and his
father rode. It was his first trip across
Laguna De Bay.
 Rizal: “With what pleasure I saw the
sunrise; for the first time I saw how the
luminous rays shone, producing a brilliant
effect on the ruffled surface of the wide
lake.”
 After praying at the shrine of the Virgin of
Antipolo, they went to Manila. They
visited Saturnina, who was then a
boarding student at La Concordia College
in Sta. Ana.
THE STORY OF THE MOTH
➢ The story of the young moth made the profoundest
impression on Rizal.
 One night while Rizal and his mother was sitting alone,
his mother started to read him a book named “El Amigo
de los Ninos” (The Children’s Friend).
 As her mother put him to bed, she said, “See that you do
not behave like the young moth. Don’t be disobedient, or
you may get burnt as it did.”
 The tragic fate of the young moth, which “died a martyr
to its illusions”, left a deep impress on Rizal’s mind. He
justified such noble death, asserting that “to sacrifice
one’s life for it”, meaning for an ideal, is “worthwhile”.
 ARTISTIC TALENTS
 Rizal began to make sketches with his pencil and to
mould in clay and wax objects at the age of five.
 One day, a religious banner was always used during the
fiesta was spoiled. Upon the request of the town mayor,
Rizal painted in oil colors a new banner that delighted the
town folks because it was better than the original one.
 One day, when he was about six years old his sisters
laughed at him for spending so much time making those
images rather than participating in their games.
 Rizal: “All right laugh at me now! Someday when I die,
people will make monuments and images of me!”
FIRST POEM BY RIZAL
 At the age of eight, Rizal wrote his first poem in
the native language entitled Sa Aking Mga
Kababata (To My Fellow Children) which
reveals his earliest nationalist sentiment
proclaiming that people who truly love their
native language will surely strive for liberty.
➢ “Ang hindi magmahal sa sariling wika ay higit
sa hayop at malansang isda.”
FIRST DRAMA BY RIZAL
 Rizal wrote his first dramatic work when he was
eight years old which was a Tagalog comedy.
 It is said that it was staged in a Calamba
festival and was delightedly applauded by the
audience.
 A gobernadorcillo from Paete liked it so much
that he purchased the manuscript for two pesos
and brought it to his hometown. It was staged in
Paete during its own fiesta.
RIZAL AS BOY MAGICIAN
 Since early manhood, Rizal had been
interested in magic.
 He learned various tricks such as making a
coin appear or disappear in his fingers and
making a handkerchief vanish in thin air. He
entertained his town folks with magic-
lantern exhibitions. He also gained skill in
manipulating marionettes (puppet shows).
LAKESHORE REVERIES
 Rizal spent many hours of his childhood down on the
shore of the lake, Laguna de Bay. And every day he
saw the Guardia Civil lieutenant caning and injuring
some unarmed and inoffensive villagers.
 The Spanish misdeeds awakened in his boyish heart a
great determination to fight tyranny.
 Rizal wrote to his friend Mariano Ponce: “In view of this
injustices and cruelties, although yet a child, my
imagination was awakened and I made a vow
dedicating myself someday to avenge the many victims.
With this idea in my mind, I studied, and this is seen in
all my writings. Someday God will give me the
opportunity to fulfill my promise.”
INFLUENCES ON THE HERO’S
BOYHOOD
1. Hereditary Influence
➢ Malayan ancestors – love for freedom, his innate desire
to travel, and his indomitable courage
➢ Chinese ancestors – serious nature, frugality, patience,
and love for children
➢ Spanish ancestors – elegance of bearing, sensitivity to
insult, and gallantry to ladies
➢ Father – profound sense of self-respect, the love for
work, and the habit of independent thinking
➢ Mother – religious nature, the spirit of self-sacrifice, and
the passions for arts and literature
2. Environmental Influence
➢ The scenic beauties of Calamba and the beautiful
garden of the Rizal family – stimulated the inborn artistic
and literary talents of Rizal.
➢ The religious atmosphere at his home – fortified his
religious nature.
➢ Paciano (brother) – instilled in his mind the love for
freedom and justice.
➢ Sisters – he learned to be courteous and kind to women
➢ Fairytales told by his aya – awakened his interest in
folklore and legends.
➢ His 3 uncles (brothers of his mother) exerted a good
inflience on him:
1. Tio Jose Alberto – inspired him to develop his artistic
ability.
2. Tio Manuel – encouraged him to develop his frail body
by means of physical exercises, including horse riding,
walking and wrestling.
3. Tio Gregorio – intensified his voracious reading of good
books

➢ Father Leoncio Lopez – fostered Rizal’s love for

scholarship and intellectual honesty.
➢ The sorrows in his family – strengthen his character,
enabling him to resist blows of adversity in later years.
➢ Spanish abuses and cruelties – awakened his spirit of
patriotism and inspired him to consecrate his life and
talents to redeem his oppressed people.
3. Aid of Divine Providence
➢ God had endowed him with the
versatile gift of a genius, the vibrant
spirit of a nationalist, and the valiant
heart to sacrifice for a noble cause.
THANK YOU!!!
 CHAPTER 3

EARLY EDUCATION IN
CALAMBA AND BINAN
The Hero’s First Teacher
 Doña Teodora – was Rizal’s first teacher.
 He learned the alphabet and the prayers at the
age of 3 year.
 Doña Teodora was the first to discovered that
Rizal had talent for poetry.
 His parents employed private tutors when Jose
grow older to give him lessons at home:
➢ Maestro Celestino
➢ Maestro Lucas Padua
➢ Leon Monroy - teaches Rizal Latin and Spanish
language.
 Rizal’s parents decided to send him into a private
school in Biñan.
Jose Goes to Binan
❑June,1869 – Rizal left Calamba for
Binan.
➢He was accompanied by his older
brother, Paciano.
 Carromata – where the two brothers
rode reaching their destination.
 They proceeded at their aunt’s
house, where Jose was to lodge.
First Day in Binan School
 Maestro Justiniano Aquino Cruz – was
the owner and teacher of the school
where Jose brought by his brother.
 Paciano knew the teacher quite well
because he had been a pupil under him
before.
 His classmates laughed at him because
he still lack knowledge in Latin and
Spanish.
 Pedro -
First School Brawl
 Rizal happened to meet the bully,
Pedro.
 Rizal challenged Pedro into a fight and
Pedro
 He defeated Pedro by wrestling him
 Rizal learned the art of wrestling to his
Tio Manuel.
 Andres Salandanan challenged him
into arm wrestling match but Rizal lost.
Painting Lessons in Binan
 Juancho
 He gave Rizal free lesson about
painting
 He and his classmate Jose
Guevarra became apprentice of
the old man.
Daily life in Binan
 He studies his lesson and
attending the mass at 4 o’clock in
the morning
 Rizal’s life in Binan was always
the same everyday
Best Student in School
 He beats all the Binan boys in
academic studies.
 His classmates were jealous
at him.
End of Binan Schooling
 Before the Christmas season in
1870, he received a letter from his
sister Saturnina
 A steamer named Talim will take
him back to Calamba
 December 17, 1870
 Arturo Camps
Martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za
❑January 20, 1872 – about 200 Filipino
soldiers and workmen of the Cavite
arsenal rose in violent mutiny by the
reactionary of Governor Rafael de
Izquierdo.
❑February 17, 1872 – Fathers Mariano
Gomez, Jose Burgos and Jacinto
Zamora were executed at sunrise by the
order of Gov. Gen. Izquierdo.
 The martyrdom of Gom-Bur-Za truly
inspired Rizal to fight the evils of
Spanish tyranny and redeem his
oppressed people.

❑1891 – he dedicted his second novel, El

Filibusterismo.
Injustice to Hero’s Mother
 June 1872 – Doña Teodora was
arrested on a malicious charge that she
and her brother, Jose Alberto, tried to
poison latter’s perfidious wife.
 Jose Alberto – a rich Biñan ilustrado,
had just returned from a business trip in
Europe.
 Antonio Vivencio del Rosario – a menial
of the friars and Calamba’s
gobernadorcillo.
 After arresting Doña Teodora, she was
forced to walk from Calamba to Santa
Cruz (50 km).
 Manila Royal Audiencia (Supreme
Court) acquitted her of the alleged
crime.
Thank you!!!
SCHOLASTIC TRIUMPHS
AT ATENEO DE MANILA
(1872-1877)
 He studied in the Ateneo Municipal
~Formerly Escuela Pia (Charity
School) established by city
government in 1817.
 June 10, 1872 - Entrance Exam
 Father Magin Ferrando (College Registrar) - who refused to
admit Jose in Ateneo.
1. he was late for registration
2. he was sickly and undersized for his age
 Manuel Xerez Burgos, (nephew of Father Burgos)- helped
Jose to admit in Ateneo.
 Titay - owned the boarding house, and owed the Rizal’s
family the amount of P300.
 Promotes physical culture, humanities, and
scientific studies
 Trains the student’s character by discipline and
religious instruction
 ROMAN EMPIRE/Internos (boarders)and
CARTHAGINIAN EMPIRE/Externos
(nonboarders)
Each empires had its Ranks:
 Best Student – Emperor
 2nd Best – Tribune
 3rd Best – Decurion
 4th Best – Centurion
 5th Best – Standard Bearer
Both banners were used equally in the classroom:
 1st defeat – left side of the room
 2nd – Inferior position on the right side
 3rd – Inclined flag was placed on the left
 4th – Flag was reversed and returned to the right
 5th – Reversed flag was placed on the left
 6th – Banner was changed with a figure of a
donkey
 Hemp Fabric Trousers

Striped Cotton Coat

rayadillo
 June, 1872- first day of class in Ateneo
 Fr. Jose Bech- first professor of Jose
 He took private lessons in Santa Isabel College and
paid three pesos for extra Spanish lessons.
 He placed second
 Visited his mother in prison at Santa Cruz
 He boarded inside Intramuros at No. 6 Magallanes
St.
 Dona Pepay was his landlady -an old widow with a
widowed daughter and 4 sons.
 Jose studied harder, and once more he regain his
lost position as an “emperor”
 At the end of the school year, he received
excellent grades in all subjects and a gold medal
 Rizal open up and told her about his dream . After three
months, she will be released in prison. Doña Teodora
smiled thinking that he was trying to soothe her but then
three months passed and Doña Teodora was set free.
By that time, Rizal was in Manila attending his class.
She went home in Calamba happily and was even more
proud of his son.
  During the summer vacation in Calamba (1874)
 The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexander Dumas- 1st favorite novel of
Jose
 Universal History, Cesar Cantu’s historical work
 Travels in the Philippines by Dr. Feodor Jagor- a German scientist-
traveler (1859 – 1860)
1. Jagor’s keen observations of the defects of Spanish Colonization
and
2. His prophecy that someday Spain would lose the Philippines and
that America would come to suceed as a colonizer.
 Shortly after the opening of classes, his mother
was released from prison.
 He failed to win the medal in Spanish because his
spoken was not fluent.
 June 16, 1875- He became an interno in
Ateneo.
 Fr. Francisco de Paula Sanchez -inspired
him to study harder and write poetry.
 He was truly "the pride of the Jesuits “
 March 23, 1877- Commencement Day
 At the age of 16 years old, Jose received the
degree of Bachelor of Arts with highest
honors.
 An active member secretary of Marian Congregation a religious
society.
 a member of the Academy of Spanish Literature and the Academy
of Natural Sciences.
 Fr. Jose Vilaclara advised him to pay more attention to practical
studies such as philosophy and natural sciences but then he did
not listen to him instead, he follow Fr. Sanchez guidance in writing
poetry.
 Rizal also studied painting from famous Spanish
painter named Agustin Saez and sculpture from
Romualdo de Jesus.
 He was also engaged in gymnastic and fencing
due to his weak body. He continued the physical
training to Tio Manuel.
 Carved an image of The Virgin Mary on a
piece of “batikuling” (Philippine hardwood)
 Father Lleonart- requested him to carve an
image of the Sacred Heart of Jesus.
 Felix M. Ramos – one of Rizal’s contemporaries
in Ateneo
 Manuel Xerex Burgos – whose house Rizal
boarded shortly before he became an interno in
Ateneo
 Mi Primera Inspiration (My First Inspiration) –
the first poem Rizal probably wrote during his
days in Ateneo.
 He felicitates his mother on her birthday
expressing his filial affection in sonorous
verses
In 1875, inspired by Father Sanchez, he wrote more
poems such as:
 Filicitacion (Felicitation)
 El Embarque: Himno a la Flota de Magallanes (The
Departure Hymn to Magellan’s fleet)
 Y Es Espanol: Elcano, the first to circumnavigate
the world)
 El Combate: Urbiztondo Terror de Jolo (The Battle:
Urbiztondo, Terror of Jolo)
In 1876, Rizal wrote poems on various topics:
 Un Recuerdo a Mi Pueblu (In Memory of My Town)
 Alianza Intima Entre la Region Y La Buena Educacion
(Intimate Alliance Between Religion and Good
Education)
 Por la Educacion Recibe Lustre La Patria (Through
Education the Country Receive Light)
 E Cultivero Y El Triunfo (The
Captivity and the
Triumph: Battle of Lucena and the Imprisonment
of Boabdil)
 La Entrada Triuntal de Los Reyes Catolices en
Granada (The Triumphal Entry of The Catholic
Monarches into Granada)
In 1877 he wrote more poems:
 El Heroismo de Colon (The heroism of Colombus)
 Colon y Juan II (Colombus and John II )
 Gran Consuelo en la Mayor Desdicha (Great Solace
in Great Misfortune)
 Un Diarogo Alusivo a la Despedida de los Colegiales
(A Farewell Dialogue of the Students)
 Father Sanchez-his favorite teacher ask him to write a
drama based on the prose story of St. Eustace the Martyr
 Summer 1876 in Calamba, he wrote the religious drama
in poetic verses
 June 2 1876- finished the manuscript
 He submitted the finished manuscript entitled “San
Eustacio, Martir” (St. Eustace, the Martyr) to Father
Sanchez in his last academic year in Ateneo
 16 years old, experienced his first romance
 Segunda Katigbak
- a pretty 14 years old Batanguena from Lipa
-sister of his friend Mariano Katigbak
-his sister Olimpia was a close friend of Segunda in La
Concordia College
-Segunda was already engaged to Manuel Luz
-Segunda returned to Lipa and later married Manuel Luz
-Rizal remained in Calamba, a frustrated lover, cherishing
nostalgic memories of lost love.
Thank you!!!
MEDICAL STUDIES AT THE
UNIVERSITY OF SANTO
TOMAS (1877-1882)
 After Rizal graduated with the highest
honors from the Ateneo, he went to
University of Santo Tomas for higher
studies.
 Bachelor of Arts – equivalent of high
school and junior class today during
the Spanish times.
 April 1887 – he matriculated in the UST taking up
Philosophy and Arts where he was nearly 16 years old.
 He enrolled in this course for two reasons:
➢ his father liked it
➢ he was “still uncertain as to what career to pursue”
 University of Santo Tomas he studied:
➢ Cosmology
➢ Metaphysics
➢ Theodicy
➢ History of Philosophy
 Father Pablo Ramon – Rector of the
Ateneo who gave Rizal an advice to
study medicine.
 One of the reason why he chose
medicine as his career;
➢To cure his mother’s growing blidness
 Perito Agrimensor (expert surveyor) – a
vocational course he took in the Ateneo
while studying in UST (1877-78).
 He passed the final examination in the
surveying course at the age of 17, but he
could not be granted the title as surveyor
because he was below age.
❑November 25, 1881 – the title was issued to
him
 Miss L – a young woman from Calamba he paid court
after loosing Segunda Katigbak.
 He describe her as:
➢ fair with seductive and attractive eyes
 Rizal stopped his wooing and change his heart for two
reasons:
1) the sweet memory of Segunda was still fresh in his
heart
2) his father did not like the family of “Miss L”
 Valenzuela (Orang) – a charming daughter
of Leonor Cpitan Juan and Capitana Sanday
Valenzuelafrom Pagsanjan, Laguna.
 She was a tall girl with a regal bearing.
 Rizal sent her love notes written in
invinsible ink where the secret of reading is
through heating it over a candle or lamp so
that the words may appear.
 Leonor Rivera (Taimis) – a pretty daughter
of his landlord-uncle, Antonio Rivera.
 She was born in Camiling, Tarlac (April 11,
1867)
 She was a frail, pretty girl “ tender as a
budding flower with kindly, wistful eyes.
 A La Juventud Filipina (To the Filipino
Youth)
➢a poem submitted by Rizal on a literary
contest held by the Liceo Artistico-Literario
(Artistic-Literary Lyceum).
 He won the first prize which consisted of a
silver pen, feather-shaped and decorated
with a gold ribbon.
 This winning poem is a classic in the
Philippine literature for two reasons:
1. it was the first great poem in Spanish
written by a Filipino
2. it expressed for the first time the
nationalistic concept that the Filipinos,
and not the foreigners were the “fair hope
of the Fatherland”
❑May, 1881 – he went to a pilgrimage to the
tour of Pakil, famous shrine of the Birhen
Maria de los Dolores.
 Casco – flat-bottom sailing vessel from
Calamba to Pakil where Rizal rode with his
sisters and their female friends.
1. the Dominican professors were hostile to
him
2. the Filipino students were racially
discriminated against by the Spaniards.
3. the method of instruction was obsolete
and repressive.
 Rizal decided to study in Spain to
continue and finish his studies after the
fourth year of his medical course in
UST.