SHAKIRA ISABEL A.

ARTUZ BPED 1-B SCRIPT FOR MIDTERM IN PE 241

HOMEOSTASIS VS. STEADY STATE

HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis refers to a relatively constant or unchanging normal internal environment during unstressed
conditions resulting from many compensating regulatory responses.
 Relatively constant state maintained by the body. Mainly this means that over time, the internal body
will maintain a stable environment.
 So, the good example of homeostatic state is our body temperature. Even our external environment its
either cold and hot but you are in a resting condition, the internal body temperature will remain
relatively constant at 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit or 37 degrees Celsius. The internal body temperature may
vary a little above or below this number but that will still be considered normal.
 Furthermore, as the statement indicated that the internal environment is unchanging. This does not mean
that the internal environment remains absolutely constant. Thus, homeostasis represents a dynamic
constancy.
 As you can see in the picture. There is a little change of the body temperature throughout that time span
depending of the effects of the external environment but in a resting condition, but take note this is still
considered a normal body temperature because the range or the set point of the normal body temperature
is from 97.5 to 98.9 degrees Fahrenheit. That is the essence of homeostasis.
 So as you have heard, I have said the term set point. Set point is important term when discussing
homeostasis. It means is a normal range that the body tries to stay within.
 Homeostasis doesn’t just apply to the body temperature, but also in many other conditions as well
 For Example, the human body needs to maintain a certain range of nutrients in the blood stream; such as
water, glucose, sodium and other elements as well. We tend to get our blood work done from time to
time to check and make sure that we don’t have high glucose or cholesterol levels, or too low levels of a
certain vitamins or minerals. This is to make sure that our body is maintaining homeostatic conditions.
 There are instance that our homeostasis in the body is continually being disturbed. Some disruption
comes from the external environment in the form of physical insults such as the intense heat of a
summer or a lack of enough oxygen for that two-mile run.
 Other disruptions originate in the internal environment, such as a blood glucose level that falls too low
when you skip breakfast.
 Homeostatic imbalances may also occur due to psychological stresses in our social environment—the
demands of work and school, for example.
 In most cases the disruption of homeostasis is mild and temporary, and the responses of body cells
quickly restore balance in the internal environment.
 By this, this leaves a questionable part in my mind on how our body cells responds quickly to restore the
balance in the internal environment. And I do believe that I can get the answer in the no.2’s question
because they will discuss the feedback system or the biological homeostatic control system.
Going back to the question How does it differ from the term steady state?
In contrast, a steady state does not necessarily mean that the internal environment is completely normal, but simply that is
unchanging; a balance has been achieved between the demands placed on the body and the body’s response to those
demands.
 Basically, steady state is not normal, does not lie in the normal range of the variables due to fact that you
are not in a resting condition but rather you in a submaximal exercises.
SHAKIRA ISABEL A. ARTUZ BPED 1-B SCRIPT FOR MIDTERM IN PE 241
 A good example of this steady state situation is the changes in the body core temperature during sixty-
minutes of constant-load submaximal exercise in a thermoneutral environment (means of thermoneutral
is a low humidity or low temperature). Note that Core temperature reaches a new and steady level within
forty minutes after commencement of exercise. This plateau of core temperature represents a steady
state since temperature is constant; however, this constant temperature is above the normal resting body
temperature and thus does not represent a true homeostatic condition.
 Kumbaga, when we are in a resting condition. And aton lang makabi nga maximum temperature 98.9
Fahrenheit or 37. 2 Celsius. Pro maka kwa ta above to that normal temperature when we are doing
exercise and plus ara pata sa magin ot lugar. Basically, it is not considered as a homeostatic condition
but rather a steady state conditon, wherein our body temperature is unchanging and constant but above
to the normal body temperature.

Do the homeostasis unchanging internal environment?

Yes. this does not mean that the internal environment remains absolutely constant because homeostasis
represents a dynamic constancy. But it lies in a normal range or set point of the variable.

Does steady state is unchanging internal environment?

Yes, internal environment during steady state is unchanging and constant, but steady state does not lie in the
normal range of the variable.

3. Define the following terms: (bioenergetics), (2) endergonic reactions, and (3) exergonic reactions.

Bioenergetics Chemical pathways that are capable of converting foodstuffs (i.e. fats, proteins, carbohydrates) into
a biologically usable forms of energy
 If we look to the word of bioenergetics. Bio means life and energetic comes from the word energy.
Basically, the definition of bioenergetics is the transfer and utilization of energy in biological system,
and basically as a human we get our energy to the foods that we eats or the energy substrate.
 The highlights of this bioenergetic is the energy itself. In order to run, jump, or swim, skeletal muscle
cells must be able to continuously extract energy from food nutrients. In fact, the inability to transform
energy contained in foodstuffs into usable biological energy would limit performance in endurance
activities.
 That’s why as a Physical education student, we should inculcate in our minds that we should eat
properly when we engage ourselves in physical activities or in a series of a exercise because if not basi
gapangluya nato or worst malipong in the midst of doing physical activities because we don’t fuel
ourselves properly.
 Take note carbohydrates helps us to maximize our body’s ability in doing in short and high intensity
exercises. Because carbohydrate is the fastest macronutrients that convert from atp to energy that are
ready to be used.
 Furthermore, Fats associate with carbohydrates, fuel our body for longer exercise session or in
endurance.
 So as you can see in the picture, this a good representation of how does energy formed or where does
energy comes from (Energy Cycle). First, sunlight energy is absorbed by plant with the help of carbon
dioxide and water it can convert this light energy into glucose and this glucose will be utilized by us
either by eating those plants directly or by eating those animals that are eating those plants. So directly
SHAKIRA ISABEL A. ARTUZ BPED 1-B SCRIPT FOR MIDTERM IN PE 241
or indirectly we are taking this glucose and will convert it in the form of ATP with the by products of
water and carbon dioxide. This ATP is the energy source for our body to do every type of work.

Endergonic and exergonic reaction

 Basically these 2 terms are really used to examine the amount of energy that is being either released or
produced in a reaction
Endergonic Reactions
An endergonic reaction is a reaction in which energy is absorbed. this means that the net change in free energy
is positive – there is more energy in the system at the end of the reaction than at the beginning of it.
 As the tittle itself, ender mean in or inward, so this means that the reaction is going to produce a product
that have more potential energy than the original reactants or the initial reactants did
 So, as you can see in the picture, this is a good representation of how does endergonic reactions work
X-axis represents the time, so that means that is the progression of the reaction, in Y axis, represents the
energy, so basically along y axis you will identify if energy is increasing nor decreasing
 So, in graph also we have reactants as a starting material, and we end up with the product as the end.
 As you can see in the graph, there is more energy in the bonds of the product rather than in the bonds of
reactants. Therefore, for this reaction to go forward there’s going to have an input of energy that’s why
as stated in the picture energy is added. Therefore, you can conclude also that the energy is increasing
throughout that time span. Reaction time is not spontaneous, or it occurs not spontaneously for it needed
the help of the force of the outside factors in adding of energy.
 A good example for this is In biology, organisms use endergonic reactions to store energy from outside
sources. Photosynthesis, which uses the energy of sunlight to create sugars, is an endergonic reaction. So
is fatty acid anabolism, in which the energy from food is stored in fat molecules. In general, reactions
that involve creating new chemical bonds are endergonic. So, for us humans, we fuel our energy by the
foods that we eat. That is a good example also of endergonic reaction.

Exergonic Reactions
An exergonic reaction is a reaction that releases free energy. Because this type of reaction releases energy rather
than consuming it, it can occur spontaneously, without being forced by outside factors. Exergonic reactions are
reactions where the change in free energy is negative.
 Exer means outward This type of reaction is going to release the energy overall
 As you can see in the graph, there is more energy in the bonds of the reactants rather than in the bonds
of product. That’s why as stated in the picture the energy is released. Therefore, you can conclude also
that the energy is decreasing throughout that time span. Reaction time is spontaneous, or it occurs
spontaneously for there’s no need the help of the force of the outside factors.
 A good example of exergonic reaction is the mixing sodium and chlorine to make table salt. And also, as
we do exercise, we tend to release the energy that we’ve got from the food that we eat or in atp so that is
a good example of exergonic reaction.
So why exergonic and endergonic is a coupled reaction?
As I have said exergonic releases energy and endergonic requires or absorb energy. Therefore, it is a coupled
bioenergetic reaction since the exergonic reaction is used to power the endergonic reaction. The energy from
one reaction can power another reaction. Endergonic reaction always requires energy to start.
SHAKIRA ISABEL A. ARTUZ BPED 1-B SCRIPT FOR MIDTERM IN PE 241

 Furthermore as you can notice in the both graph (in the endergonic and exergonic) . It is not linear. The
reaction doesn’t go directly from the amount of energy of the reactants down to energy of the products.
Instead, there is an evident sort of hump of energy that has to be overcome in order for the reaction to go
forward. That energy is called the energy of activation. And this is something that is important when we
talk about enzymes because enzymes are going actually lower the amount of activation it takes for a
reaction to go forward. It is important also to remember that enzymes do not change whether a reaction
is exergonic (spontaneous) or endergonic. This is because they do not change the free energy of the
reactants or products. They only reduce the activation energy required for the reaction to go forward.
This will be discussed further in the no 2’s question.