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Lecture Notes
Nutrition - according to WHO, it is the science of food and its relationship and its
relationship to health. It is
concerned primarily with the part played by the
nutrient in body growth, development and
maintenance.
Food - Anything that is taken into the body which gives nourishment, build and repair
worn out tissues.
Malnutrition - Refers to deficiencies, excesses or imbalances in a person’s intake of
energy and/or nutrients
Undernutrition - It is caused by lack of proper nutrition which results to stunting,
wasting, overweight or obesity.
Overnutrition - Arising from the excessive intake of nutrients leading to accumulation
of body fats that impairs
health
(i.e. overweight or obesity)
Overweight - Above a weight considered normal or desirable Obesity - The condition
of being grossly fat or overweight Body Mass Index (BMI) - It is an indicator that your
weight is proportional to your height.
Desirable Body Weight (DBW) - Also known as “ideal body weight” (IBW); a healthy
body weight that is ideal for each person.
Total Energy Requirement - The required calories to be consumed by an individual on
a daily basis
II. MACRONUTRIENTS
A. Carbohydrates
Defined “as any one of the large group of compounds, including the “sugars” and
“starch”, that contain and have a general formula C 2(H20)” (Concise Medical Dictionary).
It considered as an important source of energy. Such nutrient is manufactured from
plants. Alongside protein and fat, it constitutes the three main constituent of food.
ALL carbohydrates are eventually broken down in the body into simple sugars called
“glucose”. Glucose take part in the energy-producing metabolic processes. On one
hand, excess carbohydrate, not yet used by the body are stored in the liver and muscles
in the form of “glycogen”
Polysaccharides Indigestible
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emptying time
and may bind
bile acids.
Monosaccharides Hexoses
Mannose - Mannose
Mannitol* Pineapples,
olives,
asparagus,
2
sweet potato,
carrots, dietetic
products
Monosaccharides Pentoses
Arabinose - Arabinose
Carbohydrate Derivatives
B. Protein
One of the groups of organic compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
(Sulphur and phosphorous may also be present) (Concise Medical Dictionary). It is a
complex structure made up of one or more chains of “amino acids” which are linked by
peptide bonds. Protein are essential as they form the structural material of muscles,
tissues, organs, etc. They are of equal importance as enzymes and hormones. Excess
protein is not required by the body, and can be converted into glucose and used as an
energy source.
*other combinations, such as dairy and seeds, dairy and legumes, grains and seeds are less effective
because the chemical scores are similar and not effectively complementary.
Source: Mahan, et.al., Krause’s Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy 11th Edition
C. Fats
A substance that contains one or more fatty acids (in the form of triglycerides) and is the
principal form in which energy is stored by the body (in adipose tissues) (Concise
Medical Dictionary). It serves as an insulating material beneath the skin and around
certain organs.
It is necessary in the diet to provide an adequate supply of essential fatty acids and for
the efficient absorption of fat-soluble vitamins from the intestine. Excessive deposition of
fat in the body leads to obesity.
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Saturated Fatty Acids (SFA) – derived from both animal fats and plant oils. Rich
dietary sources include butter fat, meat fat, and tropical oils (palm oil, coconut oil and
palm kernel oil) (www.sciencedirect.com)
Monounsaturated Fatty Acids (MUFA) – These are types of unsaturated fats which
may be sourced from nuts, avocado, canola oil, olive oil, sunflower oil, peanut oil and
peanut butter, and sesame oil. Monounsaturated fats can have a beneficial effect on
your heart when eaten in moderation and when used to replace saturated fat and trans-
fat in your diet.
Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) - This type of fats is mainly found in vegetable
oils such safflower, sunflower, sesame, soybean and corn oils. It is also the main fat
found in seafood. Eating PUFA in place of saturated fat may lower low density
lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (or the bad cholesterol).
For good health, the majority of the fats that you eat should be monounsaturated or
polyunsaturated. Eat foods containing monounsaturated fats and/or polyunsaturated fats
instead of foods that contain saturated fats and/or trans fats.
Trans Fatty Acids (TFA) – an unsaturated fatty acid of a type occurring in margarines
and manufactured cooking oils such as a result of the hydrogenation process, having
trans arrangement of the carbons atoms adjacent it double bonds. Consumption of such
acids is thought to increases the risk of atherosclerosis (Oxford Languages).
Atherosclerosis is a disease of the arteries in which fatty plaques develop on their inner
walls, with eventual obstruction of blood flow.
Fatty Acid Group Meats, Fats Dairy Legume Eggs Other
Poultry, and Product s, Nuts (%) (%)
Fish (%) Oils (%) (%) (%)
Saturated Fatty 39 34 20 2 2 3
Acids
Monounsaturat 35 48 8 4 2 3
ed Fatty Acids
Polyunsaturat 18 68 2 6 2 6
ed Fatty
Acids
Source: Mahan, et.al., Krause’s Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy 11th Edition
D. Dietary Fiber
This is a type of carbohydrate that cannot be digested by our body’s enzymes. It is found
in plant foods such cereals, fruits, vegetables, dried peas, nuts, lentils, and grains. It is
grouped by its physical properties and may be soluble, insoluble, or resistant
(www.nestle.co.nz). In other words, it is beneficial for a healthy bowel movement.
SOLUBLE
Gums Pectin
Oats Apples
Guar Strawberries
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Barley Carrots
Source: Mahan, et.al., Krause’s Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy 11th Edition
E. Water
It serves as a carrier, distributing nutrients to cells in removing wastes through urine. It is
a very needed agent in the regulation of body temperature and ionic balance of the
blood, is essential for metabolism, and is required as lubricant and as a shock absorber.
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acts as transporter of enriched,
hydrogen ion. enriched cereals
and breads, eggs
Adapted from Mahan, et.al., Krause’s Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy 11 th Edition
B. Minerals
Summary of Minerals, Functions and Food Sources
Group Functions Food Sources Remarks
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Magnesium protein synthesis, Whole grain About 50% is
muscle and nerve cereals, tofu, nuts, found in
function, blood meat, milk, green bones, the
glucose control, and vegetables, remaining
blood legumes, chocolate 50% is almost
pressure regulation entirely inside
body cells
with only
about 1%
located in
the
extracellular fluid
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Cobalt Essential for the Liver, kidney,
normal function of all oysters, clams,
cells particularly in poultry, milk
the bone marrow,
nervous
and
gastrointestinal
systems
Adapted from Mahan, et.al., Krause’s Food, Nutrition, & Diet Therapy 11 th Edition
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