‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬

‫)‪The Finite Element Method (FEM‬‬

‫دﮐﺘﺮ ﺳﯿﺪ ﻣﺤﻤﺪ رﺿﺎ اﻣﺎم‬

‫‪١‬‬
‫ﻓﺼﻞ ﺩﻭﻡ‪ :‬ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬
 ‫ﻣﺮﻭﺭﯼ ﺑﺮ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮏ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺎ ﺗﮑﻴﻪ ﺑﺮ ﮐﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩ ﺩﺭ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺍﺟﺰﺍﻱ ﻣﺤﺪﻭﺩ‬

‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‪:‬‬
‫‪ l‬ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﺎﺭﻫﺎﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﮑﯽ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﺴﻴﺘﻪ ﻭ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﺴﻴﺘﻪ‬
‫‪-‬ﺍﻳﺰﻭﺗﺮﻭﭘﯽ )ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻧﻲ(‬
‫‪-‬ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﯼ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫‪EQUATIONS FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL (3D) SOLIDS‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﮐﻠﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪EQUATIONS FOR TWO-DIMENSIONAL (2D) SOLIDS‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪EQUATIONS FOR TRUSS MEMBERS‬‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﭘﺎﺋﯽ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪BEAMS‬‬ ‫ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪PLATES AND SHELLS‬‬ ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﻭ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪٣‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ‬

‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﮑﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﻫﺎ ﻳﺎ ﺟﺎﻣﺪﺍﺕ ﺑﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻳﺎ ﻧﻴﺮﻭ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ )‪ (Stress‬ﺑﻮﺟﻮﺩ ﻣﻴﺂﻳﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻠﯽ‪ ،‬ﭼﻮﻥ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﻣﺘﻔﺎﻭﺗﯽ ﺩﺭ ﻧﻘﺎﻁ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺍﻋﻤﺎﻝ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ ،‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻳﮑﻨﻮﺍﺧﺖ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻨﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺑﺎﻋﺚ ﺍﻳﺠﺎﺩ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ )‪ (Strain‬ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ ﮐﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﯽ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫)‪ (Displacement‬ﻳﺎ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﮑﻞ )‪ (Deformation‬ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺩﻳﺪﻩ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬

‫‪۴‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ )ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ(‬

‫ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﺭﺩﻩ ﺑﻪ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻣﻤﮑﻦ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﮑﯽ ﻭﻳﺎ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﮑﯽ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ ﺑﻮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺍﺯﺣﺬﻑ ﺟﻤﻠﻪ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺑﺎﺭ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ ﺑﻪ ﺩﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﮏ )‪ (Elastic‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﮐﺎﻣﻼ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺮﻭﻧﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﮏ )‪ ،(Plastic‬ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ ﺑﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻣﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺩﺭﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻮﭘﻼﺳﺘﻴﮏ )‪ (Elastoplastic‬ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺍﺯ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﺷﮑﻠﻬﺎ ﭘﺲ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﺭﺑﺮﺩﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺯ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺭﻓﺘﻪ ﻭ ﺑﺨﺸﯽ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺎﻗﯽ ﻣﻴﻤﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬

‫‪۵‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ )ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ(‬

‫ﻣﻮﺍﺩﯼ ﮐﻪ ﺧﺼﻮﺻﻴﺎﺕ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺎﺕ ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻧﻤﻴﮑﻨﺪ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫)‪ (Isotropic‬ﻭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﮐﻪ ﻓﺮﻕ ﻣﻴﮑﻨﺪ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ )‪(Anisotropic‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻣﻮﺍﺩ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﻄﻲ ﺩﻭ ﺛﺎﺑﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﺷﺎﻥ ﮐﺎﻓﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫‪۶‬‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺪﻣﻪ )ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ(‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﯼ )‪ (Boundary conditions‬ﺩﻭ ﮔﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻧﺪ‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﯽ ﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﯼ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺿﺮﻭﺭﯼ )‪ (essential‬ﻣﻴﻨﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬
‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﯼ ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻁ ﺑﻪ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﮐﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﻣﺮﺯﯼ ﻃﺒﻴﻌﯽ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫)‪ (natural‬ﻣﻴﻨﺎﻣﻨﺪ‬

‫‪٧‬‬
 ‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ‬

‫ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﭘﺎﺋﯽ )‪ (Truss‬ﻭ ﺗﻴﺮﯼ )‪(beam‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪fy2‬‬

‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪fy1‬‬
‫‪x‬‬ ‫‪x‬‬
‫‪z‬‬
‫‪fx‬‬

‫‪Truss member‬‬
‫‪Beam member‬‬

‫‪٨‬‬
 (‫ﭼﻨﺪ ﻧﻤﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﺳﺎﺯﻩ ﺍﯼ ﻣﺘﺪﺍﻭﻝ )ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬

y
x

‫( ﻭ‬plates) ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ‬ l N eutral surface

(Shells) ‫ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎ‬

h

Plate
Neutral surface

y
x

Neutral surface
h
Shell

٩ Neutral surface
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ‬

‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪Sd‬‬ ‫‪f s2‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﺤﻠﻴﻞ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭ‬
‫ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺟﺎﻣﺪ ﺑﻪ ﺳﻪ ﮔﺮﻭﻩ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫‪S‬‬‫‪f‬‬
‫‪f‬‬
‫‪s1‬‬

‫‪V‬‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪f‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎﺯ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪b1‬‬ ‫‪S‬‬
‫‪ l‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻄﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ‬
‫‪f‬‬ ‫‪b2‬‬
‫‪d‬‬
‫‪y‬‬

‫ﻭ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫‪S‬‬ ‫‪d‬‬

‫‪x‬‬ ‫)‪(Stresses and Strains‬‬

‫‪ l‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﻳﺎ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﻴﻦ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻧﺸﻬﺎ )‪(Constitutive Relationships‬‬
‫‪ l‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﮑﯽ ﻭ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ )‪( Dynamic and static equilibrium equations‬‬

‫‪١٠‬‬
 ‫)‪(Stresses‬‬ ‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫)‪z (w‬‬ ‫ﺷﺶ ﻛﻤﻴﺖ ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻞ ﻛﻪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺳﺘﻮﻧﻲ ﺑﺎ‬
‫‪σzz‬‬ ‫ﺷﺶ ﻋﻀﻮ )ﺳﻄﺮ( ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩﻩ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪.‬‬
‫‪σzx‬‬ ‫‪σzy‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻧﺮﻣﺎﻝ )ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ( ﻭ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺷﺶ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺑﺮ ﺭﻭﻱ ﻭﺟﻮﻩ ﺟﺴﻢ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ‪ .‬ﻭﻟﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻮﺟﻪ ﺑﻪ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﻴﻦ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺶ‬
‫‪σxy‬‬ ‫‪σxx σyz‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‪ ،‬ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ ﺑﺎ ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺑﺮﺍﺑﺮﻧﺪ‪.‬‬
‫‪σyy‬‬ ‫‪σxz σxz‬‬ ‫‪σyy‬‬
‫‪σyx‬‬ ‫‪σ xz = σ zx‬‬
‫‪σyz‬‬ ‫‪σxy‬‬ ‫‪σyx‬‬
‫‪σxx‬‬ ‫‪σ zy = σ yz‬‬
‫‪σzy‬‬ ‫‪σzx‬‬ ‫)‪y (v‬‬ ‫‪σ xy = σ yx‬‬
‫‪σzz‬‬
‫)‪x (u‬‬
‫{‬
‫‪σ T = σ xx σ yy σ zz σ yz σ xz σ xy‬‬ ‫}‬
‫‪١١‬‬
 ‫)‪(Strains‬‬ ‫ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﻳﮏ ﻧﻘﻄﻪ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻳﻚ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﺷﺶ ﻋﻀﻮﻱ ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﺩ ﻛﻪ ﺗﺮﺍﻧﻬﺎﺩﻩ ﺁﻥ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬

‫{‬
‫‪ε T = ε xx‬‬ ‫‪ε yy‬‬ ‫‪ε zz ε yz ε xz‬‬ ‫‪ε xy‬‬ ‫}‬
‫ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﺑﺎ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﻨﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪∂w‬‬

‫‪ε xx‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫= ‪, ε yy‬‬ ‫= ‪, ε zz‬‬
‫‪∂ x‬‬ ‫‪∂ y‬‬ ‫‪∂z‬‬
‫‪∂u ∂v‬‬ ‫‪∂u ∂w‬‬ ‫‪∂v ∂w‬‬
‫‪ε xy‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫= ‪, ε xz‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫= ‪, ε yz‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪∂ y ∂ x‬‬ ‫‪∂z ∂ x‬‬ ‫‪∂z ∂ y‬‬
‫‪١٢‬‬
 (Constitutive Relationships) ‫ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ‬ ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬

: ‫ﮐﺮﻧﺶ( ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﯽ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‬-‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ )ﺗﻨﺶ‬

σ xx   D11 D12 D13 D14 D15 D16  ε xx  σ=Dε

σ    
 yy   D 22 D 23 D 24 D 25 D 26  ε yy 
σ zz   D 36  ε zz 
 = 
D 33 D 34 D 35
  :‫ﻭﻳﺎ‬
 τ yz   D 44 D 45 D 46  γ yz 
τ xz   sy. D 55 D 56  γ xz 
    
τ xy   D 66  γ xy 

‫ ﺑﻌﻠﺖ‬Green ‫ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ ﻭﻟﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﮏ‬۳۶ ‫ ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﮐﻠﯽ‬D ‫ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ‬

‫ ﻋﻀﻮ ﺁﻥ ﻣﺘﻤﺎﻳﺰﻧﺪ‬۲۱ ‫ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ‬
١٣
 ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ‪ D‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ‬

‫ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ‪x‬‬

‫ﺳﻪ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﺩﺍﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫‪σx‬‬
‫= ‪ε x′‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪νσ y‬‬
‫‪ε x′′ = −‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪νσ z‬‬
‫‪′‬‬‫‪′‬‬‫‪′‬‬
‫‪εx = −‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫‪١۴‬‬
 ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ‪ D‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ(‬

‫‪σx‬‬ ‫‪σy‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬

‫= ‪εx‬‬ ‫‪−ν‬‬ ‫‪−ν z‬‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ ﺟﻤﻊ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ‪:x‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪σx σy‬‬ ‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪ε y = −ν‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪−ν z‬‬ ‫ﺑﻬﻤﻴﻦ ﺷﮑﻞ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪σx‬‬ ‫‪σy σz‬‬
‫‪ε z = −ν‬‬ ‫‪−ν‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫ﺑﺎ ﺣﻞ ﻫﻤﺰﻣﺎﻥ ﺳﻪ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ‬
‫= ‪σx‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫) ‪(1 +ν )(1 − 2ν‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪ε x (1 −ν ) +νε y +νε z‬‬‫]‬ ‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ‬
‫ﻫﺎ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‪:‬‬
‫= ‪σy‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫) ‪(1 +ν )(1 − 2ν‬‬
‫[‬ ‫]‬
‫‪νε x + (1 −ν )ε y + νε z‬‬

‫‪σ‬‬ ‫=‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫[‬
‫‪١۵ z (1 +ν )(1 − 2ν ) νε x +νε y + (1 −ν )ε z‬‬ ‫]‬
 ‫ﺗﻌﻴﻴﻦ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ‪ D‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ )ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ(‬

‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻭﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ ﯼ ﺑﺮﺷﯽ ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻮﺩﯼ ﻃﺒﻖ‬

‫‪τ = Gγ‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ Hook‬ﺑﻪ ﻫﻢ ﻣﺮﺗﺒﻂ ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ ‪:‬‬

‫ﻟﺬﺍ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺷﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺳﻪ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪τ xy = Gγ xy‬‬
‫‪τ yz = Gγ yz‬‬
‫‪τ zx = Gγ zx‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻣﺪﻭﻝ ﺑﺮﺷﯽ ‪ G‬ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪E‬‬
‫=‪G‬‬
‫) ‪2(1 + ν‬‬
‫‪١۶‬‬
 ‫ﮐﺮﻧﺶ( ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ‬-‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ )ﺗﻨﺶ‬

 1 −ν ν ν 0 0 0 
σ x   1 −ν ν 0 0 0   ε x 
σ   ε 
 y  1 −ν 0 0 0  y 
σ z   1 − 2ν  ε 
 =
E
 0 0   z 
τ yz  (1 +ν )(1 − 2ν )   γ yz 
2
 1 − 2ν
τ xz  sy. 0  γ xz 
   2  
τ xy   1 − 2ν  γ xy 
 
 2 

σ=Dε :‫ﻭﻳﺎ‬
١٧
 ‫ﮐﺮﻧﺶ( ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺍﻻﺳﺘﻴﻚ ﺧﻄﻲ ﻏﻴﺮ ﻫﻤﺴﺎﻥ‬-‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ )ﺗﻨﺶ‬

 1 ν yx ν zx 
 − − 0 0 0 
 Ex Ey Ez 
 ν xy 1 ν zy 
 ε x  − E Ey
−
Ez
0 0 0  σ 
x
ε   x  
 y   ν xz ν yz 1  σ y 
 ε z   − E −
Ey Ez
0 0 0  
σ z 
 =  x  
γ xy   1
0
τ
0   xy 
γ yz   G xy  τ 
     yz 
γ zx   sy.
1
0  τ zx 
 G yz 
 1 
 
 G zx 

‫ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺛﺮ ﺗﻨﺶ ﮐﺸﺸﯽ‬y ‫ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﻫﻨﺪﻩ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻓﺸﺎﺭﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ‬νxy ‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ ﺑﻄﻮﺭ ﻣﺜﺎﻝ‬
١٨ ‫ ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ε = C σ ‫ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺑﺎﻻ ﻧﻈﻴﺮ‬.‫ ﺍﺳﺖ‬x ‫ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ‬

‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﻳﮏ ﻣﮑﻌﺐ ﺑﯽ ﻧﻬﺎﻳﺖ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﻣﻮﻟﻔﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﺮ ﻭﺟﻪ ﻫﺎﻱ ﻣﻜﻌﺐ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ‬ l
σzz+dσzz :‫ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﻧﺸﺎﻥ ﺩﺍﺩ‬
σzx+dσzx σzy+dσzy

σxx σyz+dσyz
σxy
σyy σyy+dσyy
σyx σxz+dσxz
z σyz σxz σyx+dσyx
σxy+dσxy
dz σxx+dσxx
σzy σzx
dx
dy σzz

y
١٩ x
 (‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ )ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ‬
X ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺟﻬﺖ‬ l

(σ xx + dσ xx )dydz − σ xxdydz + (σ yx + dσ yx )dxdz − σ yxdxdz +

(σ zx + dσ zx )dxdy − σ zxdxdy + f = ρ udxdydz
x  
external force inertial force
σzz+dσzz
‫ ﻣﻘﺎﺩﻳﺮ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ‬،‫ﺍﮔﺮ ﺩﺭ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎ‬
σzx+dσzx σzy+dσzy
‫ﺟﺎﻳﮕﺰﻳﻦ ﻛﺮﺩﻩ ﻭ ﺳﺎﺩﻩ ﻛﻨﻴﻢ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻟﻪ ﺩﻳﻔﺮﺍﻧﺴﻴﻞ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬
σxx σyz+dσyz .‫ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺟﺴﻢ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‬
σxy
σyy+dσyy ∂σ xx
σyy σyx σxz+dσxz dσ xx = dx,
∂x
σyz σxz σyx+dσyx
σxy+dσxy ∂σ yx
dz σxx+dσxx dσ yx = dy,
σzx ∂y
σzy
dx ∂σ zx
dσ zx = dz
٢٠ dy σzz ∂z
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ )ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ(‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ‪ X‬ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﺪ ﺑﻮﺩ‪:‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪∂σ xx ∂σ yx ∂σ zx‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+ fx = ρu‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂z‬‬
‫ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ ﻧﻴﺰ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﻣﺸﺎﺑﻬﻲ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﻣﻲ ﺁﻳﺪ‪:‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪∂σ xy‬‬ ‫‪∂σ yy‬‬ ‫‪∂σ zy‬‬

‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+ f y = ρv‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂z‬‬
‫‪∂σ xz ∂σ yz ∂σ zz‬‬
‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬ ‫‪+ fz = ρw‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪٢١‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂y‬‬ ‫‪∂z‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺗﻐﻴﻴﺮ ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻬﺎ‬

‫ﮐﺮﻧﺸﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﯽ ‪ ε = BU‬ﺑﺮﺣﺴﺐ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﻲ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺲ ﻋﺎﻣﻞ ‪B‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ﺑﮕﻮﻧﻪ ﺍﻳﻜﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‪:‬‬

‫‪ε xx ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ ∂x‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪0 ‬‬

‫‪ε yy ‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪u ‬‬
‫‪ε zz ‬‬ ‫‪ 0‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪∂ ∂z ‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪BL = ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪U = v‬‬
‫‪ε = ‬‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫∂‬ ‫‪w‬‬
‫‪γ yz‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪z‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪ ∂ ∂z‬‬
‫‪γ xz ‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪∂ ∂x‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪∂ ∂y ∂ ∂x‬‬ ‫‪0 ‬‬
‫‪٢٢‬‬
‫‪γ xy ‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎ ﺗﻴﮑﯽ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﯽ‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﺍﺳﺘﻔﺎﺩﻩ ﺍﺯ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺭﻭﺵ ﺑﺮﺍﻱ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩﻥ ﻛﺮﻧﺸﻬﺎ‪ ،‬ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ‬
‫‪B Tσ + f b = ρU‬‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺭﺍ ﮐﻪ ﻗﺒﻼ ﺩﻳﺪﻳﻢ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﯽ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪l‬‬

‫‪ fx ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪fb =  f y ‬‬
‫‪f ‬‬
‫‪ z‬‬ ‫ﻭﻳﺎ‪:‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪B T DBU + fb = ρU‬‬

‫‪B T DBU + f b = 0‬‬ ‫ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺧﺎﺻﯽ ﮐﻪ ﺗﻨﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﮑﯽ ﺍﺳﺖ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪٢٣‬‬
 ‫ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺻﻮﺭﺗﻴﮑﻪ ﺗﻨﺸﻬﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻧﺸﻬﺎ ﺭﺍ ﺑﺼﻮﺭﺕ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﯽ ﺑﻨﻮﻳﺴﻴﻢ‪ ،‬ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘﻬﺎﻱ ﻛﻠﻲ ﺳﻪ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻭ ﺧﺎﺹ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﻬﺎﻱ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺭﺍ ﺧﻮﺍﻫﻴﻢ ﺩﺍﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫{‬
‫‪σT = σ xx σ yy σ zz σ yz σ xz σ xy‬‬ ‫}‬ ‫)‪(3D‬‬
‫{‬
‫‪ε T = ε xx‬‬ ‫‪ε yy‬‬ ‫‪ε zz ε yz ε xz‬‬ ‫‪ε xy‬‬ ‫}‬
‫‪σ xx ‬‬ ‫‪ε xx ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪σ = σ yy ‬‬ ‫‪ε = ε yy ‬‬ ‫)‪(2D‬‬
‫‪σ ‬‬ ‫‪ε ‬‬
‫‪ xy ‬‬ ‫‪ xy ‬‬
‫‪∂u‬‬ ‫‪∂v‬‬ ‫‪∂u ∂v‬‬
‫= ‪ε xx‬‬ ‫= ‪, ε yy‬‬ ‫= ‪, ε xy‬‬ ‫‪+‬‬
‫‪٢۴‬‬ ‫‪∂ x‬‬ ‫‪∂ y‬‬ ‫‪∂ y ∂ x‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ‪ -‬ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ )ﺍﺩﺍﻣﻪ(‬

‫ﺩﺭ ﺣﺎﻟﺖ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﻱ ﻧﻴﺰ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺸﻜﻞ ﺯﻳﺮ ﺑﺮ ﺣﺴﺐ ﺟﺎﺑﺠﺎﺋﯽ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻧﻮﺷﺖ‪:‬‬
‫‪ε = LU‬‬
‫‪B‬‬
‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫∂ ‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ε xx ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪0 ‬‬
‫‪∂ x‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪∂ ‬‬ ‫‪u ‬‬
‫‪ε = ε yy ‬‬ ‫‪L= 0‬‬
‫‪B‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪U= ‬‬
‫‪∂ y‬‬ ‫‪v‬‬
‫‪ε ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫‪ xy ‬‬ ‫∂ ‪‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪∂ ‬‬
‫‪‬‬
‫‪ ∂ y‬‬ ‫‪∂ x ‬‬
‫‪٢۵‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ‬

∂σ xx ∂σ yx ∂σ zx
+ + + fx = ρu (3D)
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂ σ xx ∂ σ yx
+ + f x = ρ u
∂x ∂y
(2D)
∂σ xy ∂σ yy
+ + f y = ρv
∂x ∂y
٢۶
 ‫ﺷﮑﻞ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﯽ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﺭ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪B Tσ + f b = ρU‬‬ ‫• ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ ﻋﺒﺎﺭﺗﺴﺖ ﺍﺯ‪:‬‬
‫‪ fx ‬‬
‫‪fb =  ‬‬ ‫ﮐﻪ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻥ‪:‬‬
‫‪ fy ‬‬

‫‪‬‬
‫‪B T DBU + f b = ρU‬‬ ‫• ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺑﺪﻳﻦ ﺻﻮﺭﺕ ﻧﻴﺰ ﻧﻮﺷﺖ ‪:‬‬

‫‪B DBU + fb = 0‬‬

‫‪T‬‬ ‫• ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺑﺎﺭﮔﺬﺍﺭﯼ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﮑﯽ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ ‪:‬‬

‫‪٢٧‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ – ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ‬

‫‪x‬‬

‫‪z‬‬
‫‪x‬‬

‫‪y‬‬ ‫‪y‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ )‪(Plane stress‬‬ ‫ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ )‪(Plane strain‬‬
‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﺯﻣﺎﻧﻴﺴﺖ ﮐﻪ ﻳﮏ ﺑﻌﺪ ﻧﺴﺒﺖ ﺑﻪ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺩﻳﮕﺮ‬
‫‪٢٨‬‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﯽ ﮐﻮﭼﮏ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻴﻠﯽ ﺑﺰﺭﮒ ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬

 1 −ν ν ν 0 0 0 
σ x   ν 1 −ν ν 0 0 0   ε x 
σ   ε 
 y  ν ν 1 −ν 0 0 0  y 
σ z  E  1 − 2ν   ε z  0
 =  0 0 0 0 0  
τ yz  (1 +ν )(1 − 2ν )   γ zx  0
2
1 − 2ν
τ xz   0 0 0 0 0  γ zy  0
   2  
τ xy   1 − 2ν  γ xy 
 0 0 0 0 0
2 
:‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬
τ xz = τ yz = 0
:‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ ε z = γ xz = γ yz = 0
٢٩ σz ≠ 0 :‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬

‫‪σ x ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪‬‬

‫‪‬‬ ‫‪1 −ν‬‬ ‫‪ν‬‬ ‫‪0  ε x ‬‬
‫‪ ‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬
‫‪ ν‬‬ ‫‪ ‬‬
‫‪σ‬‬
‫‪ y‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫‪1 −ν‬‬ ‫‪0  ε y ‬‬
‫‪τ  (1 + ν )(1 − 2ν )  0‬‬ ‫‪1 − 2ν   ‬‬
‫‪ xy ‬‬ ‫‪‬‬ ‫‪0‬‬ ‫‪ γ xy ‬‬
‫‪‬‬ ‫‪2 ‬‬

‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ‪ σ = D ε‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ ﺩﺭ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‬

‫) ‪σ z = ν (σ x + σ y‬‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ ‪ z‬ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‪:‬‬

‫‪٣٠‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬

:‫ ﺑﺪﺳﺖ ﺁﻭﺭﺩ‬ε = C σ ‫ ﺭﺍ ﻣﻴﺘﻮﺍﻥ ﺍﺯ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻣﺎﺗﺮﻳﺴﯽ‬z ‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬

εx   1 −ν −ν 0 0 0  σ x 
ε   −ν  
  y
 1 −ν 0 0 0  σ y 
 ε z  1  −ν −ν 1 0 0 0  σ z 
 =   
γ zx  E  0 0 0 2(1 + ν ) 0 0  τ zx 
γ zy   0 0 0 0 2(1 + ν ) 0  τ zy 
    
γ
 xy   0 0 0 0 0 2(1 + ν ) τ xy 

ε z = −νσ x −νσ y + σ z = 0 :‫ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬z ‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬

٣١ σ z = ν (σ x + σ y ) :‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮﺍﻳﻦ‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬

 1 −ν ν ν 0 0 0 
σ x   ν 1 −ν ν 0 0 0   ε x 
σ   ε 
 y  ν ν 1 −ν 0 0 0  y 
0σ   1 − 2ν  
 z
  =
E
 0 0 0 0 0   ε z 
 yz  (1 +ν )(1 − 2ν ) 
0τ 2
1 − 2ν  γ zx 
0τ   0 0 0 0 0  γ zy 
 
xz
 2  
τ xy   1 − 2ν  γ xy 
 0 0 0 0 0
2 

γ xz = γ yz = 0 :‫ﺩﺭ ﺍﻳﻦ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬

:‫ﺩﺭ ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬ σ z = τ xz = τ yz = 0
εz ≠ 0 :‫ﺍﻣﺎ‬
٣٢
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ‬

σ x   
 1 ν 0  ε x 
  E
 ν  
σ y  = 0  ε y 
τ  1 (
− ν 2
) 
1
1 −ν   
 xy   0 0  γ xy 
 2 
.‫ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺷﺮﺍﻳﻂ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻣﺴﻄﺢ ﺍﺳﺖ‬σ = D ε ‫ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ ﻓﻮﻕ ﻣﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺭﺍﺑﻄﻪ‬

σ z = νε x +νε y + (1 −ν )ε z = 0
:‫ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬z ‫ﺩﺭﺍﻣﺘﺪﺍﺩ‬
ν
εz = −
ν
(ε x + ε y ) ε z = − (σ x + σ y )
1 −ν E
٣٣
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﺧﺮﭘﺎﺋﯽ‬

σ xx 
 
σ = σ yy  σ = σ xx
σ 
 xy 
y
z
x

∂u
εx =
∂ x fx

٣۴
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﯼ ﻭ ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ‬

‫‪σ=Eε‬‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻧﻮﻥ ‪ Hook‬ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻳﮏ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ‪:‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﮑﯽ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﮑﯽ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﻳﮏ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ‪:‬‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪∂σ x‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬

‫‪+ fx = ρu‬‬ ‫‪E 2 + f x = ρu‬‬ ‫)‪(Dynamic‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬
‫‪∂σ x‬‬ ‫‪∂u‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫‪∂ 2u‬‬
‫‪EA 2 + Fx = 0‬‬
‫‪+ fx = 0‬‬ ‫‪E‬‬ ‫‪+ fx = 0‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪∂x‬‬ ‫‪2‬‬
‫‪∂x‬‬
‫)‪(Static‬‬
‫‪٣۵‬‬
 ‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﻻﺯﻡ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺍﻋﻀﺎﯼ ﺗﻴﺮﯼ‬

‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻛﺮﻧﺶ ﻫﺎ‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺭﻓﺘﺎﺭﻱ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻟﻨﮕﺮﻫﺎ ﻭ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﻱ ﺑﺮﺷﻲ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﺭﻭﺍﺑﻂ ﺗﻌﺎﺩﻝ ﺩﻳﻨﺎﻣﻴﻜﻲ ﻭ ﺍﺳﺘﺎﺗﻴﻜﻲ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫‪fy2‬‬
‫‪x‬‬
‫‪fy1‬‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫‪٣۶‬‬
 ‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ‪ - Plates‬ﺗﻌﺎﺭﻳﻒ‬

‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺍﺯ ﻧﻈﺮ ﻫﻨﺪﺳﯽ ﺷﺒﻴﻪ ﺍﺟﺴﺎﻡ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪﯼ )ﺑﺎ ﺗﻨﺶ ﻳﺎ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﯼ( ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫‪l‬‬
‫ﻭﻟﯽ ﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﻭﺍﺭﺩ ﺑﻪ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﻋﻤﻮﺩ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ ﺍﺳﺖ‬
‫ﺻﻔﺤﺎﺕ ﺩﺭ ﻭﺍﻗﻊ ﺗﻌﻤﻴﻢ ﺗﻴﺮﻫﺎ ﺑﺮﺍﯼ ﺩﻭ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﺳﺖ ﻟﺬﺍ ﺩﺭ ﺁﻧﻬﺎ ﺩﺭ ﺩﻭ ﺟﻬﺖ ﺧﻤﺶ ﺩﺍﺭﻳﻢ‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪y, v‬‬ ‫‪fz‬‬

‫‪z, w‬‬

‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪x, u‬‬

‫‪٣٧‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻨﮕﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺷﯽ‬

‫‪z‬‬
‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ ‫‪l‬‬

‫‪y‬‬
‫‪h‬‬ ‫‪O‬‬

‫‪fz‬‬ ‫‪σyz‬‬

‫‪σyy‬‬

‫‪σyx‬‬

‫‪σxz‬‬ ‫‪σxx‬‬ ‫‪σxy‬‬

‫‪x‬‬
‫‪٣٨‬‬
 ‫ﻟﻨﮕﺮﻫﺎ ﻭﻧﻴﺮﻭﻫﺎﯼ ﺑﺮﺷﯽ‬

z
‫ﻟﻨﮕﺮ ﻫﺎ ﻭ ﺑﺮﺷﻬﺎﯼ ﻋﻤﻞ ﻛﻨﻨﺪﻩ ﺑﺮ ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬ l
Qx
Mx
Mxy
Qy
O Qy+dQy y
My Myx

My+dMy
Myx+dMyx

Qx+dQx
dx

Mxy+dMxy
Mx+dMx

x
٣٩ dy
 ‫ﺗﻨﺶ ﻭ ﮐﺮﻧﺶ‬

‫ﺗﺌﻮﺭﯼ ﭘﻮﺳﺘﻪ ﻫﺎﯼ ﻧﺎﺯﮎ‬

‫‪y‬‬

‫‪x‬‬

‫‪Centroidal‬‬
‫‪axis‬‬

‫‪θ‬‬

‫‪۴٠‬‬