AC-DC Converters

Advanced
Power Conversion and Control 2017 ‐ 2018
Advanced Power Conversion and
Control
AC‐DC CONVERTERS (2)
Single Phase Half‐Wave Controlled Rectifiers
• The simplest controlled rectifier uses a single thyristor, to
produce variable voltage DC from fixed AC voltage.
• Two conditions must be met for

the thyristor to conduct:
1) It must be forward‐biased
( 0 .
2) A current must be applied
to the gate.
Dr Mouloud Denai 1
Advanced Power Conversion and Control 2017 ‐ 2018
• In the negative half‐cycle, the thyristor is reverse‐biased and

cannot switch on.
• The larger the delay angle, the smaller is the average load
voltage.
• The average DC output voltage is:
1
sin
2
cos cos cos
2 2
1
2
• From this equation, it can be seen that changing the firing
angle  controls both the average voltage and the power
flow.
• The control characteristics can be obtained by plotting
as a function of the firing angle .
Dr Mouloud Denai 2
 Vdc % VO(dc)
Vdm = Vm/ = Vdm
0 100% Vdm
Vdc(max)
30o 0.933 Vdm 93.3 % Vdm
0.6Vdm
60o 0.75 Vdm 75 % Vdm
90o 0.5 Vdm 50 % Vdm
0.2 Vdm
120o 0.25 Vdm 25 % Vdm
150o 0.06698Vdm 6.69 % Vdm 0 60 120 180
180o 0 0 Trigger angle in degrees
• The rms of the output voltage is:

π
1
Vrms  
2π α
Vm2sin 2 (θ )dθ
Using the identity:
1 - cos2θ
sin 2θ 
2
Vm 1 sin 2α 
Vrms  π α  
2 π 2 
Dr Mouloud Denai 3
• Disadvantages of Single Phase Half‐Wave Controlled

Rectifiers:
 They are rarely used in practice as they give:
 Low DC output voltage.
 Low DC output power and low efficiency.
 High ripple voltage and ripple current.
 The input supply current waveform has a DC
component which can result in DC saturation of the
transformer core.
• Example: Design a circuit which generates an average

output voltage of 40 V across a 100  load resistor from
a 120 V rms 60 Hz AC source. Determine the power
absorbed by the load and the power factor.
Using, 1
2
2
cos 1 61.2 1.07
sin 2
Using, 1
2 2
Dr Mouloud Denai 4
2 120 1.07 sin 2 1.07

1 75.6
2 2
The load power is:

75.6
57.1 W
100
The power factor of the circuit is:
57.1
0.63
, 120 75.6/100
Single Phase Full‐Wave Controlled Rectifiers
• In the half‐wave controlled rectifier, the AC power supply

voltage is not fully used; only the positive half‐cycle of the
waveform is used.
• The single phase full‐wave controlled rectifier circuit
combines 2 half‐wave controlled rectifiers in one single
circuit so as to provide 2 pulse output.
• Single phase full‐wave controlled rectifiers can have various
configurations:
 Centre‐tapped transformer rectifier
 Bridge rectifier
Dr Mouloud Denai 5
• Centre tapped transformer rectifier

 This full‐wave controlled rectifier requires a centre
tapped transformer and 2 thyristors.
 The secondary side of the transformer has 3 connection
points and provides two voltages and .
 These two voltages are 1800 out‐of‐phase with respect
to the mid‐point .
 The load is fed via a thyristor
in each positive cycle of
voltages and and the
load current returns via the
neutral .
• Full Wave Bridge Rectifier
 Bridge rectifiers do not require a centre tapped
transformer. They can have two configurations:
 Single phase semi‐controlled bridge rectifiers.
 Single phase fully controlled bridge rectifiers.
Dr Mouloud Denai 6
• Single phase semi‐controlled rectifiers
 The circuit uses 2 thyristors and 2 diodes.
 When A is positive with respect to B, thyristor T1 and

diode D2 are forward biased. The current flows as shown
on the circuit.
Dr Mouloud Denai 7
 When B is positive with respect to A, thyristor T2 and

diode D1 are forward biased. The current flows as shown
on the circuit.
• Single phase fully controlled rectifiers

 The single phase full‐wave controlled rectifier consists of
4 thyristors.
 The circuit combines 2 half‐wave controlled rectifiers in
one single circuit so as to provide 2 pulse output.
Dr Mouloud Denai 8
 Thyristors and are forward‐biased when the
source becomes positive (A is positive with respect to B)
but will not conduct until the gate signal is applied.
 Thyristors and will become forward‐biased when
the source becomes negative (A negative with respect to
B) but will not conduct until the gate signal is applied.
Dr Mouloud Denai 9
• Fully controlled rectifier with resistive load
• Fully controlled rectifier with R‐L load (L)
Dr Mouloud Denai 10
• The average DC output voltage (corresponding to 2 output

pulses during the input supply time period from 0 to 2) is:
1
sin
cos
cos cos
cos cos
2
cos
• The DC output control characteristic shows how the

can be varied by changing the firing angle .
VO(dc)
 Vdc Vdm
0 Vdm = 2Vm/ = Vdc(max)
0.6Vdm
30o 0.866 Vdm
60o 0.5 Vdm 0.2 Vdm

0
90o 0 Vdm 30 60 90 120 150 180
-0.2Vdm
120o -0.5 Vdm
-0.6 Vdm
150o -0.866Vdm
180o -Vdm = -2Vm/ =- Vdc(max) -Vdm
Trigger angle in degrees
Dr Mouloud Denai 11
• From the control characteristic we can note that:
 For 0    90o
 The output DC voltage Vdc is positive.
 The average DC load current Idc is positive.
 The average DC output power Pdc is positive (power
flows from the AC source to the load).
 The circuit operates as a rectifier and converts AC
supply into DC output voltage.
 For  > 90o  cos () < 0
 The output DC voltage Vdc is negative.
 The load current Idc flows in the same direction
therefore it is positive.
 The average DC output power Pdc is negative (power
flows from the load circuit to the input AC source).
 The circuit operates as a line commutation inverter.
Dr Mouloud Denai 12
• Applications of single phase controlled rectifiers

 UPS for feeding critical loads.
 Control of low power DC motors (e.g. Portable hand
tool drives): The controlled rectifier regulates the
armature voltage vd to adjust the motor speed r .
 Battery chargers.
Three Phase Controlled Rectifiers
• Single phase half controlled and fully controlled bridge

converters are widely used in applications with power
ratings up to 15 kW.
• Single phase controlled rectifiers produce a maximum DC
output voltage of Vdc(max) = 2Vm/.
• Three phase controlled rectifiers:
 Operate from 3 phase AC supply voltage.
 They provide higher DC output voltage and higher DC
output power.
 They have a higher output voltage ripple frequency.
• The three‐phase fully controlled bridge rectifier is the
most extensively used in industrial applications.
Dr Mouloud Denai 13
Three Phase Controlled Bridge Rectifiers
• A fully‐controlled full‐wave three phase thyristor bridge

rectifier can be constructed using 6 thyristors.
van
iL
vbn
vL
vcn
• The circuit has three legs, each leg is connected to one of

the 3 phases.
• The bridge circuit has two halves: The positive half

consisting of thyristors , and . and the negative half
consisting thyristors , and .
• At any time, when there is current flow, one thyristor from

each half conducts.
• If the sequence of the source voltage is a‐b‐c then the firing

sequence of the thyristors is:

, , , , , and and so on.
Dr Mouloud Denai 14
• The 3 phase source voltages are defined as:

van  Vmsin θ  vbn  Vmsin θ  120  
vcn  Vmsin θ  120 
Phase a
Phase “a” Phase “b” Phase “c”
Vm
• We can see that:

 Phase a is the highest of the 3‐phase voltages when  is in
the range 30o to 150o.
 Phase b is the highest of the 3‐phase voltages when  is in
 Phase c is the highest of the 3‐phase voltages when  is in
the range 270o to 390o or 30o in the next cycle.

Vm
Dr Mouloud Denai 15
• Also:
 Phase a is the lowest of the 3‐phase voltages when  is in
 Phase b is the lowest of the 3‐phase voltages when  is in
the range 330o to 450o or 90o in the next cycle.
 Phase c is the lowest of the 3‐phase voltages when  is in

Vm
• When  is in the range  +30o to  + 90o:

and conduct
van
iL
vbn
vcn
Dr Mouloud Denai 16

and conduct
van
iL
vbn
vcn

and conduct
van
iL
vbn
vcn
Dr Mouloud Denai 17
• When  is in the range  +210o to  + 270o :

and conduct
van
iL
vbn
vcn
• When  is in the range  +270o to  + 330o :

and conduct
van
iL
vbn
vcn
Dr Mouloud Denai 18
• When  is in the range  +330o to  + 360o and  + 0o to 

+ 30o: and conduct
van
iL
vbn
vcn
Dr Mouloud Denai 19
• To calculate the average output voltage note that:

 In one cycle of the source voltage, six pairs of thyristors
conduct, each pair for 60o (i.e. /3).
 In other words, the period of the output waveform is
1/6 of the period of the line voltage (i.e. the output
waveform repeats itself 6 times in one cycle of the
input).
• Therefore, the output voltage can be determined for one
pair of thyristors.
• When sin  , thyristors T1 and T6 conduct when
 varies from ( + 30o) to ( + 90o) (i.e. ( + /6) to ( +
/2) )
• Therefore, the average DC voltage output is:

1 π / 2α
vab θ dθ
π / 3 π / 3 α
Vdc 
1 π / 2α  π
π / 3 π / 6 α
 3 V m sin  θ  dθ
 6
3 3Vm
 cosα 
π
Dr Mouloud Denai 20
• And the rms value of the output DC voltage is:
1 π / 2 α 2 2  π
π / 3 π / 6 α
Vrms  3Vm sin  θ  dθ
 6
1 3 3
 3Vm  cos2α 
2 4π
• Applications of the 3‐phase thyristor bridge rectifier

 Applications of line‐commutated 3‐phase controlled
rectifiers are in electrical machines.
 Control of a DC machine (DCM) using 6‐pulse controlled
rectifier is shown below.
Dr Mouloud Denai 21
The torque and speed are controlled through:

a. Armature current ID is adjusted with VD, which is
controlled by the firing angle .
b. Excitation current Iexc.
 Application in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

transmission which is more economical than
conventional AC transmission (for high voltage long
distance transmissions). The power converters use
series operation of hundreds of thyristor valves.
Multipulse Rectifiers
• Phase‐shifting transformer
 The phase‐shifting transformer is an indispensable device
in multipulse diode/SCR rectifiers.
 It provides three main functions:
a) The required phase displacement between the
primary and secondary line‐to‐line voltages for
harmonic cancellation.
b) A proper secondary voltage, and
c) An electric isolation between the rectifier and the
utility supply.
 Phase‐shifting transformers are classified according to
their winding arrangements, Y/Z and /Z configurations,
where the primary winding can be connected in wye (Y)
or delta () while the secondary windings are normally in
zigzag (Z) connection.
Dr Mouloud Denai 22
Multipulse Rectifiers
• The phase displacement of harmonic currents when they

are referred from the secondary to the primary side of a
phase shifting transformer, makes it possible to cancel
certain harmonic currents generated by a three‐phase
nonlinear load.
Multipulse Diode Rectifiers
• The main feature of Multipulse Diode Rectifiers is their

ability to reduce current harmonic distortion.
• The rectifiers can be configured as 12‐, 18‐ and 24‐pulse
rectifiers, powered by a phase shifting transformer (PST)
with a number of secondary windings.
• Each secondary winding feeds a six‐pulse diode rectifier.
• Multipulse diode rectifiers can be classified into two types:
 Series‐type multipulse rectifiers, where all the six‐
pulse rectifiers are connected in series on their DC
side.
 Separate‐type multipulse rectifiers, where each of the
six‐pulse rectifiers feeds a separate DC load.
Dr Mouloud Denai 23
• Applications
 Multipulse diode rectifiers are normally used in voltage
source inverter (VSI)‐fed drives, while the multipulse SCR
rectifiers are mainly for current source inverter (CSI)
based drives.
 Series‐type multipulse rectifier
 In MV AC‐drives, the series‐type rectifier can be used
as a front end for the inverter that requires a single
DC supply such as three‐level neutral point clamped
(NPC) inverter and multilevel flying‐capacitor
inverter.
 Separate‐type multipulse rectifier
 This type of rectifier is suitable for use in a multilevel
cascaded H‐bridge inverter that requires a multiple
units of isolated dc supplies.
• 12‐pulse series‐type diode rectifier
Dr Mouloud Denai 24
• 18‐pulse separate‐type diode rectifier
Dr Mouloud Denai 25

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Advanced

Power Conversion and Control 2017 ‐ 2018

• Two conditions must be met for

• In the negative half‐cycle, the thyristor is reverse‐biased and

• The rms of the output voltage is:

Using the identity:

• Disadvantages of Single Phase Half‐Wave Controlled

• Example: Design a circuit which generates an average

2 120 1.07 sin 2 1.07

The load power is:

• In the half‐wave controlled rectifier, the AC power supply

• Centre tapped transformer rectifier

 When A is positive with respect to B, thyristor T1 and

 When B is positive with respect to A, thyristor T2 and

• Single phase fully controlled rectifiers

• Fully controlled rectifier with resistive load

• Fully controlled rectifier with R‐L load (L)

• The average DC output voltage (corresponding to 2 output

• The DC output control characteristic shows how the

• Applications of single phase controlled rectifiers

• Single phase half controlled and fully controlled bridge

• A fully‐controlled full‐wave three phase thyristor bridge

• The circuit has three legs, each leg is connected to one of

• The bridge circuit has two halves: The positive half

• At any time, when there is current flow, one thyristor from

• If the sequence of the source voltage is a‐b‐c then the firing

• The 3 phase source voltages are defined as:

• We can see that:

Phase “a” Phase “b” Phase “c”

Phase “a” Phase “b” Phase “c”

• When  is in the range  +30o to  + 90o:

• When  is in the range  +90o to  + 150o:

• When  is in the range  +150o to  + 210o:

• When  is in the range  +210o to  + 270o :

• When  is in the range  +270o to  + 330o :

• When  is in the range  +330o to  + 360o and  + 0o to 

• To calculate the average output voltage note that:

• Therefore, the average DC voltage output is:

• And the rms value of the output DC voltage is:

• Applications of the 3‐phase thyristor bridge rectifier

The torque and speed are controlled through:

 Application in High Voltage Direct Current (HVDC)

• The phase displacement of harmonic currents when they

• The main feature of Multipulse Diode Rectifiers is their

• 12‐pulse series‐type diode rectifier

• 18‐pulse series‐type diode rectifier

• 24‐pulse series‐type diode rectifier

• 18‐pulse separate‐type diode rectifier

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