GROUP ASSIGNMENT:

AMINO ACIDS AND PROTEIN

SUBMITTED BY :

Names Contribution Signature

Menzdoza, Essential Amino  

Ronna  Iana Acids (definition and
importance)

Messakaraeng, Classification of  
Renee Dwi  proteins according to
variable groups  

Monayao, Jannin Non-essential Amino  

Kaye  Acids (definition and
importance) 

 
SUBMITTED TO:
YKA U. HABAWEL, RPh
NON-ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS
Amino Definition Importance
Acid

Alanine Alanine is a non-essential amino acid It is a source of energy for muscles

that occurs in high levels in its free and the central nervous system. It
state in plasma. It is produced from strengthens the immune system and
pyruvate by transamination. helps the body use sugars.

Arginine is an amino acid obtainable by Arginine plays an important role in

hydrolysis of many common proteins cell division, wound healing,
and one of several nonessential amino removing ammonia from the body,
acids for adult mammals. immune function, and the release of
hormones.

Asparagine is a white, crystalline, amino acid, This is important for protein

soluble in water, obtained from modification and is needed for
certain plants, especially legumes, making a certain molecule that
and used chiefly as a nutrient in transmits signals in the brain (a
culture media for certain bacteria. neurotransmitter).

Aspartic is an acidic amino acid that is a It is important for it plays a role in

Acid constituent of most proteins, and also Hormone production and releases
occurs in sugar cane. Normal nervous system function.

Cysteine This is the main protein in nails, skin, Cysteine is important for making
and hair. It is also found in beta- collagen.
keratin.

Glutamic An amino acid, obtained by Glutamic acid plays a role in your

Acid hydrolysis from wheat gluten and immune system, digestion, and brain
sugar-beet residues health

Glutamine It is the amide of glutamic acid and is It is important for immune function
uncharged under all biological & recovery from illness.
conditions.

Glycine it is the simplest naturally occurring Glycine helps to regulate the body's
amino acid. immune response, to limit
unhealthful inflammation, and spur
healing.

Proline an alcohol-soluble amino acid, Proline plays important roles in

occurring in high concentration in protein synthesis and structure,
collagen. metabolism.

Serine a crystalline nonessential amino acid It's necessary for the production of
 that occurs as a residue in many sphingolipids via the synthesis of
proteins. sphingosine.

Tyrosine A nonessential amino acid, tyrosine is It is an essential component for the

produced from another amino acid, production of several important brain
phenylalanine. chemicals called neurotransmitters.

ESSENTIAL AMINO ACIDS 

Amino Acid  Definition  Importance 

Histidine  Histidine is one of the nine essential Histidine is an essential amino

amino acids humans must get from their
diet and is present in most protein-rich
foods such as meat, fish, eggs, soy, whole
grains, beans, and nuts. Histidine’s
imidazole side chain is unique amongst
amino acids, giving rise to its aromaticity
and amphoteric properties at physiologic
pH. This property makes it a key catalytic
residue in many enzymes.
acid with unique roles in
proton buffering, metal ion
chelation, scavenging of
reactive oxygen and nitrogen
species, erythropoiesis, and
the histaminergic system.
Histidine also facilitates
growth, the creation of blood
cells, and tissue repair. It also
helps maintain the special
protective covering over nerve
cells, which is called the
myelin sheath.

Isoleucine Isoleucine is one of the two proteinogenic Isoleucine, as one of the

amino acids which contain a second
chiral carbon atom beside the amino
group-bearing α-C (Bouveault and
Locquin, 1905). It is a hydrophobic
amino acid present in most common
proteins, sometimes comprising 2 to 10
percent by weight..
branched chain amino acids,
is also critical in physiological
functions of the whole body,
such as growth, immunity,
protein metabolism, fatty acid
metabolism and glucose
transportation. Isoleucine can
improve the immune system,
including immune organs,
cells and reactive substances.
Isoleucine helps with wound
healing, blood sugar
regulation, and hormone
production. It is primarily
present in muscle tissue and
regulates energy levels

Leucine It is a white crystalline essential amino It plays a role in the

acid C6H13NO2 that is obtained by the regulation of insulin secretion
 hydrolysis of dietary protein (as of eggs,
soy, or fish) and plays an important role
in various physiological functions.  the growth and repair of
Lysine  Lysine (abbreviated as Lys or K) is an α-
amino acid with the chemical formula
HO2CCH(NH2)(CH2)4NH2. Lysine is a
building block for making proteins in the
body and sources of lysine include meat,
fish, dairy, and eggs.
Methionine It is a crystalline sulfur-containing
essential amino acid C5H11NO2S that
occurs in the levorotatory form as a
constituent of many proteins and it can be
used to build proteins and produce many
molecules in the body.
Phenylalanine  It is an essential amino acid C9H11NO2
that is converted in the normal body to
tyrosine. Phenylalanine occurs naturally
in many protein-rich foods, such as milk,
eggs and meat. Phenylalanine is also sold
as a dietary supplement.
and it regulates blood sugar
levels. Leucine helps  and aids
muscle and bone. It is also
necessary for wound healing
and the production of growth
hormone. 
Lysine is important for proper
growth, and it plays an
essential role in the
production of carnitine, a
nutrient responsible for
converting fatty acids into
energy and helping lower
cholesterol. Lysine appears to
help the body absorb calcium,
and it plays an important role
in the formation of collagen, a
substance important for bones
and connective tissues
including skin, tendons, and
cartilage.
It plays a role in the health
and flexibility of skin and
hair. Methionine also helps
keep nails strong. It aids the
proper absorption of selenium
and zinc and the removal of
heavy metals, such as lead
and mercury.
Phenylalanine helps the body
use other amino acids as well
as proteins and enzymes. The
body converts phenylalanine
to tyrosine, which is necessary
for specific brain functions.
This supplement is necessary
to the usual working of the
central nervous system;
particularly regarding
manifestations like chronic

Threonine  It is an amino acid which is a constituent
of most proteins. It is an essential nutrient
in the diet of vertebrates. Threonine
amino acid is an essential amino acid that
plays a significant role in regulating
protein balance in the human body.
Tryptophan  It is a crystalline essential amino acid
C11H12N2O2 that is widely distributed
in proteins. Tryptophan can be found in
some foods, especially those high in
protein such as chicken, egg, cheese and
fish.
Valine  Valine is found most abundantly in red
meats, dairy products, soy products,
mushrooms and peanuts. It is a crystalline
essential amino acid (C5H11NO2) that is
one of the building blocks of plant and
animal proteins.  repair, and energy.
pain and depression along
with numerous other disorders
that have been associated with
the nervous system
malfunction. It is involved in
the formation of
neurotransmitters such as nor-
epinephrine, epinephrine, and
dopamine. Nervous system
requires all these chemicals
for proper functioning.
It is an essential amino acid
for animals and the limiting
amino acid in swine and
poultry diets, which plays a
vital role in the modulation of
nutritional metabolism,
macromolecular biosynthesis,
and gut homeostasis.
Threonine is necessary for
healthy skin and teeth, as it is
a component in tooth enamel,
collagen, and elastin. It helps
aid fat metabolism and may
be beneficial for people with
indigestion, anxiety, and mild
depression
Tryptophan is crucial to
serotonin production.
Tryptophan is an essential
amino acid that serves several
important purposes, like
nitrogen balance in adults and
growth in infants. It’s also
used to produce niacin, which
is essential in creating the
neurotransmitter serotonin.
Valine is essential for mental
focus, muscle coordination,
and emotional calm. People
may use valine supplements
for muscle growth, tissue
CLASSIFICATION OF PROTEINS ACCORDING TO VARIABLE GROUPS

Classification Description Example

Nonpolar, Aliphatic amino The R groups in this class of Glycine, Alanine, Valine,
acids amino acids are nonpolar and leucine, Isoleucine,
hydrophobic Methionine, Proline

Aromatic Amino Acids All can participate in Phenylalanine, tyrosine, and

hydrophobic interactions. tryptophan, with their
aromatic side chains, are
relatively nonpolar
(hydrophobic)

Polar, Uncharged Amino The R groups of these amino serine, threonine, cysteine,
Acids acids are more soluble in asparagine, and glutamine
water, or more hydrophilic,
than those of the nonpolar
amino acids, because they
contain functional groups that
form hydrogen bonds with
water.

Acidic Amino Acids Amino acids in which R- Glutamic acid and Aspartic
group is acidic or negatively acid
charged.

Basic Amino Acids Amino acids in which R- Lysine, Arginine, Histidine

group is basic or positively
charged
References:
Olsen, N. (2019, January 21). What to know about essential amino acids. Retrieved

from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/324229#types. 

Lysine. Retrieved from https://www.mountsinai.org/health-library/supplement/lysine. 

Tinsley, G.(2018, April 13). Methionine: Functions, Food Sources and Side Effects.

Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/nutrition/methionine#:~:text=Methionine

%20is%20a%20unique%20sulfur,modify%20DNA%20and%20other%20molecules. 

Zeratsky, K. My favorite diet soda has a warning about phenylalanine. Is

phenylalanine bad for your health?. Retrieved from https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-

lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/expert-answers/phenylalanine/faq-20058361 

Akram, M., Daniyal, M., & Ali, A.(2018, November 16). Role of Phenylalanine and Its

Metabolites in Health and Neurological Disorders. Retrieved from

https://www.intechopen.com/chapters/71337 

https://www.foodunfolded.com/article/9-essential-amino-acids-food-sources-to-find-

them.

Aryal, S. (2021, December 2). Amino acids- definition, properties, structure, classification,

functions. Microbe Notes. Retrieved July 7, 2022, from https://microbenotes.com/amino-

acids-properties-structure-classification-and-functions/