Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

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Materials Today: Proceedings

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A study of age effect through NDT and crushing strength of concrete with
different industrial wastes under loading and unloading conditions
Ajmal Paktiawal ⇑, Mehtab Alam
Jamia Millia Islamia, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi 110025, India

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The strength of concrete is affected by several factors, such as water to binder ratio, quality and the ratio
Received 8 March 2021 of coarse to fine aggregates, ambient temperature, method of curing, and curing age. This research work
Received in revised form 26 March 2021 aims to study the impact of curing age on NDT and crushing strength of concrete with different industrial
Accepted 31 March 2021
wastes under loaded and unloaded conditions. Three different types of wastes were utilized in high-
Available online xxxx
strength concrete, grade M60. In the first mix, the fine aggregate was substituted by the crushed waste
glass with various percentages of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 by weight. In the second mix, the cement was sub-
Keywords:
stituted by aluminum waste with different percentages of 0, 2, 4, 7, and 12%, and LDPE was added by
Crushed waste glass
Aluminum dross
weight of cement with 3.5, 7, 12.5, and 21%. To study the role and effect of LDPE waste only on strength
LDPE of concrete and NDT results, the third mix LDPE with varying percentages of 0, 3.5, 7, 12.5, and 21 was
Non-destructive testing added by cement weight. A precise experimental program was conducted to investigate the response
Crushing strength of specimens by applying ultrasonic pulse velocity and surface hardness under unloaded conditions
and loading conditions with 25% of the ultimate crushing strength. The findings of unloaded and loaded
conditions for UPV and surface hardness found from concrete specimens of various waste at stipulated
ages have been associated with their compressive strength. Increased surface hardness and pulse velocity
test results of the concrete with varying substitution levels of the wastes after 210 and 270 days of curing
are discussed. It was found that the industrial wastes used in this study with different substitution levels
reduce the ultrasonic pulse velocity under unloading conditions at the age of 28, 210, and 270 days. The
findings related to UPV and surface hardness for all type of wastes under loaded conditions are found
lower than that of unloading conditions.
Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Con-
ference on Materials, Manufacturing and Modelling.

1. Background concrete and evaluate the quality condition of new construction,

troubleshooting the problems with new construction, assessing
Concrete is a manmade construction material that looks similar the health of existing concrete structures for rehabilitation, and
to that of natural stone. The word ‘‘concrete” is taken from Latin quality assurance of concrete for repairing and renovation.
concretus, expressing ‘‘to grow together.” Concrete is mainly con-
sisting of filler called aggregate and embedded in a cement matrix
2. Literature review
that minimizes the voids among the aggregate particles and sticks
them together [1]. The NDT test is classified into two distinct types.
Several studies are presented to report the non-destructive test
In the first type, crushing strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity, the
results on various types of concrete. [4–9]. This paper reported the
hardness of the surface, pull-off, and break-off technique of tests
non-destructive tests carried out on columns and beams before
are involved. Whereas, the second group consists of moisture con-
and after the fire. All the columns and beams were subjected to fire
tent, density, and permeability [2]. According to the [3], non-
under 700℃ and 1000℃ for the duration of 30, 60, 90, 120, and
destructive test (NDT) technique is utilized to monitor hardened
180 min. The rebound hammer and ultrasonic pulse velocity
results were found to be decreased with increasing fire rate and
⇑ Corresponding author. duration [4]. This paper studied recycled coarse and fine
E-mail address: ajmal.paktiawal@gmail.com (A. Paktiawal). aggregate-based self-compacting concrete using the non-

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.737
2214-7853/Ó 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Selection and peer-review under responsibility of the scientific committee of the 3rd International Conference on Materials, Manufacturing and Modelling.

Please cite this article as: A. Paktiawal and M. Alam, A study of age effect through NDT and crushing strength of concrete with different industrial wastes
under loading and unloading conditions, Materials Today: Proceedings, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.03.737
A. Paktiawal and M. Alam Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

destructive test. Coarse aggregate was substituted by RCA with heating systems, collected from a residential building. After col-
varying percentages of 25, 50, 75, and 100%. Whereas fine aggre- lecting, they were cleaned, dried, crushed, and sieved. Sieve analy-
gate was substituted by 50 and 100% by weight. Ultrasonic pulse sis was carried out to obtain a grading similar to that of natural fine
velocity, rebound hammer, and Compressive strength tests were aggregate. The aluminum together with LDPE was collected from
accomplished after 28, 56, and 90 days. It was found that the aluminum composite panel waste used on the construction site.
crushing strength decline with the higher content of recycled To maintain the desired workability, a polycarboxylate ether-
coarse aggregate (RCA) for all curing ages [5]. This paper investi- based superplasticizer was used which is the advanced generation
gated the health of fiber reinforced concrete using the non- of plasticizer in which reduces the demand for water for the fresh
destructive test. Three different concrete mixes were produced. concrete mix [18]. These wastes are shown in Fig. 1.
The first mix was provided with 1% steel fiber, the second mix pro-
duced with 3% steel fiber, and the third was the control mix. Com-
4. Experimental layout and test accomplished
pressive strength was determined by using the Avery Denison
testing machine with a specified loading rate of 0.6 N/mm2/s. For
Three types of concrete of the same grade of M60 were mix
tensile strength dogs, bone-shaped specimens were tested under
designed as per [19,20]. Cube specimens of standard size
UTM. Rebound hammer and UPV tests were conducted as Non-
150
150
150 mm were caste for reference concrete and con-
destructive tests. Steel fiber with 3% slightly increased the com-
crete containing (i) crushed waste glass (CWG) (ii) combination
pressive strength of UHPFRC as compared to UHPC. Rebound ham-
of replaced aluminum together with LDPE abbreviated as RA with
mer test results gave a high level of accuracy, lower than 10% for
suggested replaced and additive percentages, and (iii) LDPE waste
compressive strength [6]. This paper reported the early age assess-
(LWC) alone as additive mass. The binder to the aggregate ratio of
ment of recycled aggregate concrete using non-destructive tests.
reference concrete and concrete with the above three types
Concrete was tested for surface hardness, ultrasonic pulse velocity,
obtained as 1:1.73:2.48 for w/c ratio of 0.35 with an identical dose
and crushing strength, after 28 days. RCA concrete exhibited
of superplasticizer (0.45% by weight of cement). Standard concrete
almost the same response and displayed a similar tendency of vari-
specimens of size 150
150
150 mm [21] were cast for crushing
ation for strength and non-destructive testing to control concrete
strength, surface hardness test, and ultrasonic pulse velocity test
[7]. Investigation on the damaged structure was reported in this
complying with [22–24]. The health assessment of concrete con-
paper. For the assessment of the damaged building, surface hard-
taining the various type of wastes with different curing age (28,
ness, UPV, and chemical analysis was carried out for distresses.
210, and 270 days) were cast and tested for NDT, namely, ultra-
Chemical analysis was conducted to check the amount of chloride
sonic pulse velocity and surface hammer complying with [23,24].
present in concrete. Rebound hammer values exhibited lower
After the NDT, the same specimens were tested for the destructive
strength for columns. Whereas, UPV showed a medium quality of
test (crushing strength) complying with [22].
concrete for columns. The content of chloride found exceeded the
allowable limit and steel was fully corroded [8]. This paper inves-
tigated the strength of recycled aggregate-based concrete using the 5. Testing scheme and its procedure
non-destructive technique. Cement was substituted by fly ash with
10, 20, and 30% by weight. Compressive strength, surface hardness, In this research work, specimens of size 150
150
150 mm
and UPV was carried out after 7, 28, 56, and 91 days. It was con- were tested in two different states namely the unloading and load-
cluded that the strength of RCA concrete was lower as compared ing conditions. In unloading conditions, all the specimens were
to control concrete. Rebound hammer and UPV results were higher tested without externally applied load and the measurements were
with increasing age [9]. taken first for UPV and then for rebound hammer. Whereas, in a
loading condition, the specimens were placed in the beam testing
machine of the loading capacity of 350kN and then loaded with
3. Collection of research materials
25% of the ultimate strength of the control concrete. The specimens
thus were tested for UPV and then for surface hardness using a
43-grade OPC cement with a specific gravity of 3.1, wonder
rebound hammer. By conducting UPV and surface hardness tests,
brand from fresh lot conforming to [10] was utilized in this exper-
the same specimens were tested for crushing strength at a stan-
imental investigation. Cement was tested for its physical charac-
dard loading rate of 5.3kN/sec corresponding to 140kgf/cm2 [22].
teristics conforming to [11–15]. The natural fine aggregate was
Both unloaded and loaded conditions of test procedures are shown
sieved and belongs to the family of zone II complying with [16],
in Fig. 2.
physical properties of the fine aggregate are given in Table 1 was
obtained and fulfill the requirement of [17]. Both 20 mm and
10 mm coarse aggregate of natural crushed stone was utilized 6. Discussion on the experimental findings
and tested for its physical characteristic [17] as given in Table 1.
The main source of waste glass in the form of vacuum tubes made In this study, the findings of the test have been discussed for (i)
of borosilicate glass with 2 mm thickness used for solar water crushed waste glass (CWG) (ii) combination of replaced aluminum

Table 1
Physical characteristics of F.A, C.A & CWG.

S/No. Property Test findings

F.A (Zone II) C.A CWG (Zone II) LDPE Al
1 Specific gravity 2.61 2.73 2.64 – –
2 Fineness modulus 2.95 – 2.95 – –
3 Water absorption (%) 0.90 0.60 0.50 – –
4 Moisture content (%) 0.30 0.35 0.25 – –
5 Average length – – – 11.5 mm 11.03 mm
6 Average width – – – 5.3 –
7 Average thickness – – – 0 1 mm

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A. Paktiawal and M. Alam
Fig. 1. Waste of aluminum panel and its segregated particles together with crushed waste glass.
Fig. 2. Showing NDT test procedure under loading condition.
together with LDPE abbreviated as RA with suggested replaced and
additive percentages, and (iii) LDPE waste (LWC) alone as additive
mass.
6.1. Ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) findings of crushed glass waste
concrete (CWGC) after 28 and 270 days of normal curing
Reference concrete and concrete with the inclusion of crushed
waste glass were tested for UPV under unloaded conditions after
28 days and 270 days of normal curing and correlated the com-
pressive strength findings of the same specimens shown in Fig. 3.
The same specimens were also tested for compressive strength to
correlate the relation between them as shown in Fig. 3. From
Fig. 3, it was observed that the maximum pulse velocity is given
by the reference mix, however, a higher dosage of these wastes
marginally decreased the pulse velocity. As per clause 7.1.1 of
[23], it can be reported that the quality of concrete for varying per-
centages of crushed waste glass replacing fine aggregate by 0, 10,
and 20% is excellent. Whereas, for 30 and 40% the quality is good.
The finding under loading and unloading conditions are given in
Table 2 and Table 3 and depicted in Fig. 4. Results for UPV under
unloading conditions show that all the concrete that is 0, 10, 20,
30, and 40% substitution of sand (F.A.) by the crushed waste glass
Fig. 3. Correlation between comp. str and UPV after 28 days.
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Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
are of excellent quality. It was also observed that the concrete with
30 and 40% substitution of fine aggregate by crushed waste glass
after 28 days of UPV testing is of good quality, which shows
improvement in the quality of concrete with age. It can also be
reported that the reference concrete and the concrete with 10
and 20% substitution of fine aggregate by the crushed waste glass
are found to be excellent under loading condition, however, the
concrete with 30 and 40% replacement of fine aggregate by the
crushed waste glass are found to marginally lower than excellent
after 270 days. The reduction in ultrasonic pulse velocity can be
ascribed due to the lesser value of ultrasonic pulse velocity through
glass than concrete. Under loading condition decrease in UPV is
found to be by 2.92, 3.59, 4.66, 5.79, and 7.42% to that of unloading
condition after 270 days. The decline of ultrasonic pulse velocity
under loading is due to the formation of micro inner cracks
resulted from stresses through the suggested load. The improved
quality of concrete with longer curing age can be ascertained to
the densified dicalcium silicate.
6.2. Ultrasonic pulse velocity findings of concrete with replaced
aluminum dross by cement weight, and LDPE waste after 28 and
210 days of normal curing
The findings for UPV after 28 days of normal curing are shown
in Fig. 5, it can be reported that the maximum pulse velocity is
given by the control mix, however, a higher dosage of these wastes
decreased the pulse velocity. The decline in UPV findings can be
associated with the chemical reaction between aluminum and
alkali exist in cement. This reaction releases hydrogen gas and pro-
duces a small bubble that comes to the top of the concrete and
begins to expand, which causes increased voids. The findings under
loading and unloading states are given in Table 2 and Table 3 and
depicted in Fig. 6. Results for UPV under unloading conditions of
reference concrete are found to be of excellent quality. Concrete
with replaced aluminum of 2, 4, 7, and 12% together with LDPE
as an additive mass of 3.5, 7, 12.5, and 21% by weight of cement
is observed to be of good quality. The decreased pulse velocity
under unloaded conditions can be ascertained from the chemical
reaction that takes place between aluminum and alkali present
in cement. This reaction produces hydrogen gas and creating small
bubbles rising to the top surface of the concrete specimen and
A. Paktiawal and M. Alam Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 2
Findings of ultrasonic pulse velocity for unloaded condition.

Mix ID Age (days) UPV (km/sec) Avg. Std. C.O.V (%)

S1 S2 S3
Crushed waste glass concrete (CWGC)
CWGC-0 270 4.78 4.81 4.82 4.80 0.02 0.42
CWGC-10 4.73 4.77 4.68 4.73 0.05 1.06
CWGC-20 4.73 4.72 4.71 4.72 0.01 0.22
CWGC-30 4.68 4.65 4.65 4.66 0.02 0.43
CWGC-40 4.60 4.56 4.57 4.58 0.02 0.44
Replaced and additive level of wastes in concrete
R0A0 210 4.78 4.64 4.71 4.71 0.07 1.50
R2A3.5 4.39 4.29 4.38 4.35 0.06 1.38
R4A7 4.15 4.30 4.27 4.24 0.08 1.89
R7A12.5 4.14 4.16 4.00 4.10 0.09 2.20
R12A21 3.90 3.89 4.15 3.98 0.15 3.77
LDPE Waste as additive in concrete
LWC-0 28 4.85 4.89 4.83 4.86 0.03 0.62
LWC-3.5 4.79 4.77 4.75 4.77 0.02 0.42
LWC-7 4.59 4.78 4.66 4.68 0.10 2.14
LWC-12.5 4.73 4.60 4.59 4.64 0.08 1.71
LWC-21 4.39 4.29 4.25 4.31 0.07 1.62

Table 3
Findings of ultrasonic pulse velocity for loaded condition.

Mix ID Age (days) UPV (km/sec) Avg. Std. C.O.V (%)

S1 S2 S3
Crushed waste glass concrete (CWGC)
CWGC-0% 270 4.67 4.72 4.60 4.66 0.06 1.29
CWGC-10% 4.58 4.60 4.50 4.56 0.05 1.10
CWGC-20% 4.52 4.50 4.49 4.50 0.02 0.44
CWGC3-0% 4.45 4.36 4.35 4.39 0.06 1.37
CWGC-40% 4.26 4.26 4.21 4.24 0.03 0.71
Replaced and additive level of wastes in concrete
R0A0 210 4.58 4.60 4.69 4.62 0.06 1.30
R2A3.5 4.36 4.11 4.35 4.27 0.14 3.28
R4A7 4.01 4.10 4.21 4.11 0.10 2.43
R7A12.5 3.81 3.98 3.89 3.89 0.09 2.31
R12A21 3.75 3.69 3.85 3.76 0.08 2.13
LDPE Waste as additive in concrete
LWC-0% 28 4.75 4.62 4.70 4.69 0.07 1.50
LWC-3.5% 4.47 4.53 4.60 4.53 0.07 1.55
LWC-7% 4.59 4.60 4.44 4.54 0.09 1.98
LWC-12.5% 4.46 4.50 4.53 4.50 0.04 0.89
LWC-21% 4.36 4.28 4.23 4.29 0.07 1.63

Fig. 4. Correlation between comp. str and UPV after 270 days. Fig. 5. Relationship between comp. str and UPV after 28 days.

results in its expansion, which increases voids, hence reducing the
UPV. It was also found that reference concrete and concrete having
aluminum of 2, 4, 7, and 12% together with LDPE as an additive
mass of 3.5, 7, 12.5, and 21% by weight of cement after 210 days
pulse velocity testing are enhanced by 1.10, 2.53, 2.36, 4.88, and
5.03% to that of 28 days UPV testing. The improvement in the
quality of concrete which is measured by pulse velocity can be
attributed to the long age of curing. Under loading conditions,
the UPV is found to be decreased by 1.91, 1.84, 3.07, 5.12, and
5.53% to that of unloading condition after 210 days. The decrease
of UPV under loading conditions is due to the generation of cracks
causing due to stresses through the applied load. The improved

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A. Paktiawal and M. Alam Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Fig. 7. Results for UPV under unloaded condition show that refer-
ence concrete and concrete having LDPE waste of 3.5, 7, 12.5%
are of excellent quality and 21% are of good quality. It can also
be reported that the reference concrete and the concrete with
the inclusion of low-density polyethylene as an additive with 3.5,
and 7% are found to be excellent under loading conditions, how-
ever, the concrete with 12.5, and 21% are found marginally lower
than excellent after 28 days. The decrease in UPV findings under
unloaded conditions can be ascertained by the higher additive level
of low-density polyethylene crumbs in the concrete, creating holes
in the concrete. Thus, it causes to decline of the UPV findings.
Another possible reason could be the absorption of the sender
and receiver frequencies of devices by LDPE waste crumbs. The
results under the loaded condition for reference concrete and con-
crete with the inclusion of low-density polyethylene of 0, 3.5, 7,
Fig. 6. Correlation between comp. str and UPV after 210 days.
12.5, and 21% by weight of cement were marginally decreased by
3.50, 5.03, 2.99, 3.02, and 0.50% to that of unloading condition.
The decrease of UPV under loading condition is due to the genera-
tion of inner cracks caused by stresses through applied load.

6.4. Modulus of elasticity

According to the experimented findings for UPV, the modulus of

elasticity can be calculated for both loading and unloading condi-
tion by considering the poison’s ratio (m) as given by [23], using
the relation as given below:
ð1 þ lÞð1  2lÞ
Ed ¼ qV 2
ð 1  lÞ

Fig. 7. Relationship between comp. str and UPV after 28 days.

quality of concrete with longer curing age can be ascertained to the

densified dicalcium silicate.

6.3. LDPE waste concrete (LWC) results for 28 days

The 28 days UPV findings for reference concrete and concrete

having low-density polyethylene of 0, 3.5, 7, 12.5, and 21% by
weight of cement were tested after 28 days under unloaded and
loaded conditions. The findings under conditions of loaded and
unloaded are presented in Table 2 and Table 3 and depicted in Fig. 8. Relationship between R.H and comp. str after 28 days.

Table 4
Dynamic young’s modulus of elasticity for loading and unloading conditions.

Mix ID U.L.UPV (km/s) L.UPV (km/s) Str. (N/mm2) Density (kg/m3) Poisson’s ratio U.L.D.M.E (N/mm2) L.D.M.E (MPa)
270 days results
CWGC-0% 4.80 4.66 69.45 2415 0.2 5.01
104 4.72
104
CWGC-10% 4.73 4.56 68.96 2422 0.2 4.88
104 4.53
104
CWGC-20% 4.72 4.50 67.40 2433 0.2 4.88
104 4.43
104
CWGC-30% 4.66 4.39 65.27 2437 0.2 4.76
104 4.23
104
CWGC-40% 4.58 4.24 61.94 2440 0.2 4.61
104 3.95
104
210 days results
R0A0 4.71 4.62 66.76 2490 0.2 4.97
104 4.78
104
R2A3.5 4.35 4.27 49.64 2448 0.2 4.17
104 3.96
104
R4A7 4.24 4.11 44.78 2436 0.2 3.94
104 3..70
104
R7A12.5 4.10 3.89 37.61 2268 0.2 3.43
104 3.09
104
R12A21 3.98 3.76 33.94 2265 0.2 3.23
104 2.88
104
28 days results
LWC-0% 4.86 4.69 60.07 2438 0.2 5.18
104 4.83
104
LWC-3.5% 4.77 4.53 54.34 2463 0.2 5.04
104 4.55
104
LWC-7% 4.68 4.54 49.05 2460 0.2 4.85
104 4.56
104
LWC-12.5% 4.64 4.50 44.51 2446 0.2 4.74
104 4.46
104
LWC-21% 4.31 4.29 41.75 2432 0.2 4.07
104 4.03
104

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A. Paktiawal and M. Alam Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx

Table 5
Findings of surface hardness for unloaded condition.

Mix ID Age (days) Rebound number Avg. Std. C.O.V (%)

S1 S2 S3
Crushed waste glass concrete (CWGC)
CWGC-0 270 63.47 63.10 63.86 63.48 0.38 0.60
CWGC-10 60.58 58.61 59.94 59.71 1.00 1.67
CWGC-20 59.94 59.28 58.86 59.36 0.54 0.91
CWGC-30 57.89 58.47 58.22 58.19 0.29 0.50
CWGC-40 55.10 55.81 54.81 55.24 0.51 0.92
Replaced and additive level of wastes in concrete
R0A0 210 54.72 55.29 53.67 54.56 0.82 1.50
R2A3.5 51.00 54.30 51.60 52.30 1.76 3.37
R4A7 51.97 49.78 54.58 52.11 2.40 4.61
R7A12.5 45.75 42.83 46.78 45.12 2.05 4.54
R12A21 40.86 34.33 39.63 38.27 3.47 9.07
LDPE Waste as additive in concrete
LWC-0 28 55.94 54.56 56.16 55.55 0.87 1.57
LWC-3.5 53.61 53.80 52.47 53.29 0.72 1.35
LWC-7 52.88 52.55 50.39 51.94 1.35 2.60
LWC-12.5 49.34 49.08 48.56 49.00 0.40 0.82
LWC-21 39.69 39.11 39.67 39.49 0.33 0.84

where V is the transmitted pulse velocity in km/sec
q is the concrete density and
m is the poison’s ratio.
The modulus of elasticity of concrete containing various wastes
are presented in Table 4
6.5. Surface hardness findings for CWGC after 28 and 270 days
Reference concrete and concrete with crushed waste glass were
tested for surface hardness under unloaded conditions. After this
test, the same specimens were tested for compressive strength
complying with [24] to correlate the results between them as
shown in Fig. 8. From Fig. 8, it was found that the maximum sur-
face hardness is given by the control mix, however, a higher dosage
of these wastes marginally decreased the surface hardness. The
results under loading and unloading conditions are given in Table 5
and Table 6 and plotted in Fig. 9. Results for surface hardness under
unloading conditions show that the concrete that is 10, 20, 30, and
40% substitution of fine aggregate by the crushed waste glass are
less by 5.94, 6.50, 8.33, and 12.98% to that of reference concrete.
It was also found that the surface hardness of concrete with 0,
10, 20, 30, and 40% substitution of fine aggregate by crushed waste
glass after 270 days are of higher values by 17.29, 13.41, 14.08,
14.22, and 14.37% to that of 28 days values. This indicates that con-
crete strength with a higher percentage of replacement of crushed
waste glass than 10% is almost constant that is approximately 14%
for 20, 30, and 40% replacement at 270 days of age. Densification of
dicalcium silicate might be the reason for the improved surface
hardness of concrete with longer age. The surface hardness results
of concrete with varying crushed waste glass replacement by 0, 10,
20, 30, and 40% under loaded conditions are found decreased by
2.54, 1.86, 4.13, 6.01, and 5.52% as compared to unloaded condi-
tion. Brittleness of densified and hardened dicalcium silicate, C2S,
and its incompatibility with crushed waste glass particles under
loading condition might be the reason for the lower hardness of
the concrete surface with crushed waste glass.
6.6. Surface hardness findings for concrete with substituted aluminum,
and LDPE waste after 28 and 210 days
The 28 days results for the rebound hammer are shown in
Fig. 10, it can be reported that the maximum rebound hammer is
given by the control mix, however, a higher dosage of these wastes
decreased the rebound hammer number. The reduction in surface
hardness can be addressed in the case of UPV, mentioned in a sub-
section of 6.2. The findings under loading and unloading conditions

Table 6
Findings of surface hardness for loaded condition.

Mix ID Age (days) Rebound number Avg. Std. C.O.V (%)

S1 S2 S3
Crushed waste glass concrete (CWGC)
CWGC-0 270 62.94 61.14 61.53 61.87 0.95 1.54
CWGC-10 59.19 58.04 58.53 58.60 0.58 1.00
CWGC-20 56.83 56.67 57.24 56.91 0.30 0.53
CWGC-30 53.67 55.00 55.39 54.69 0.90 1.65
CWGC-40 53.94 51.19 51.44 52.19 1.52 2.91
Replaced and additive level of wastes in concrete
R0A0 210 53.17 52.33 52.67 52.72 0.42 0.80
R2A3.5 50.03 50.60 49.70 50.11 0.46 0.92
R4A7 49.30 46.64 54.26 50.10 3.87 7.72
R7A12.5 39.50 39.86 41.97 40.44 1.33 3.29
R12A21 38.81 33.36 37.31 36.50 2.82 7.73
LDPE Waste as additive in concrete
LWC-0 28 52.88 53.75 53.39 53.34 0.44 0.82
LWC-3.5 52.30 53.61 50.53 52.15 1.55 2.97
LWC-7 51.64 50.31 49.97 50.64 0.88 1.74
LWC-12.5 47.97 47.14 47.11 47.41 0.49 1.03
LWC-21 37.75 37.58 37.25 37.53 0.25 0.67

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A. Paktiawal and M. Alam
Fig. 9. Relationship between R.H and comp. str after 270 days.
Fig. 10. Relationship between R.H and comp. str after 28 days.
Fig. 11. Relationship between R.H and comp. str after 210 days.
for reference concrete and concrete having replaced aluminum
waste together with low-density polyethylene as an additive by
cement weight are given in Table 5 and Table 6 and depicted in
Fig. 11. Findings after 210 days for the surface hardness of concrete
with replaced aluminum of 2, 4, 7, and 12% together with LDPE as
an additive mass of 3.5, 7, 12.5, and 21% by weight of cement under
unloading condition are observed declining respectively by 4.14,
4.50, 17.30, and 29.86% to that of reference concrete. It was
observed that concrete with substituted aluminum of 0, 2, 4, 7,
and 12% along with LDPE as an additive of 3.5, 7, 12.5, and 21%
by weight of cement after 210 days surface hardness found
enhancing by 6.53, 30.60, 31.87, 36.17, and 27.10% to that of
28 days. This indicates that the presence of substituted aluminum
waste along with LDPE as an additive did not affect the strength
enhancement with age. The rebound hammer results after 210 days
7
Materials Today: Proceedings xxx (xxxx) xxx
Fig. 12. Relationship between R.H and comp. str after 28 days.
on concrete having substituted aluminum waste and additive LDPE
by weight of cement has been found declining by 3.37, 4.19, 3.86,
10.37, and 4.63% as compared to the unloaded condition.
6.7. Surface hardness findings for LDPE waste concrete after 28 days
Reference concrete and concrete with LDPE waste with 0, 3.5, 7,
12.5, and 21% by weight of cement were tested under unloaded
and loaded conditions after 28 days. The findings under loading
and unloading conditions are given in Table 5 and Table 6 and
depicted in Fig. 12. Surface hardness of concrete with LDPE waste
crumbs of 0, 3.5, 7, 12.5, and 21% by cement weight after 28 days
of normal curing under unloading conditions are found declining
respectively by 4.07, 6.50, 11.80, and 28.91% to that of reference
concrete. The decreased surface hardness findings can be ascer-
tained to the higher additive level of LDPE crumbs in the concrete,
causing holes in the concrete. Hence, reduced the surface hardness
findings. The results under the loaded condition for control con-
crete and concrete containing LDPE as an additive with 0, 3.5, 7,
12.5, and 21% by cement weight were marginally decreased by
3.98, 2.14, 2.50, 3.24, and 4.96% to that of unloaded condition.
The decreased surface hardness findings under loading condition
can be linked due to the dispersion of inner cracks resulted from
stress generated in the concrete.
7. Conclusion
In this study, high strength reference concrete and concrete
consisting of the industrial wastes namely crushed waste glass
replaced by fine aggregate; substituted aluminum dross along with
low-density polyethylene as an additive by weight of cement, and
LDPE have been prepared and non-destructive testing and destruc-
tive testing have been conducted. Based upon the test results given
in Tables 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 following conclusions can be derived.
 The industrial wastes used in this study with different replace-
ment levels reduce the ultrasonic pulse velocity under unload-
ing condition at the age of 28, 210, and 270 days.
(i) This reduction for crushed waste glass can be attributed to
the lesser value of UPV through glass than concrete.
(ii) The case of substituted aluminum waste along with LDPE as
an additive can be associated with the chemical reaction
between the aluminum and alkali exist in cement. This reac-
tion releases hydrogen gas and produces a small bubble that
comes to the top of the concrete and begins to expand,
which causes increased voids, resulting to decrease UPV
findings.
(iii) LDPE waste particles are found that form a weak bond with
the cement paste and create less dense pockets around
them. For a lower additive level of LDPE waste being soft
A. Paktiawal and M. Alam
material in concrete shows UPV of lower value. However, the
presence of a higher additive level of this waste in concrete
procreate balls made of waste crumbs and cement paste,
thus affect the UPV by much.
 Results of UPV after 270 and 210 days increase than that of
28 days. The improved quality of concrete with longer curing
age can be ascertained to the densified dicalcium silicate.
 For all types of wastes, ultrasonic pulse velocity findings under
unloading conditions are found to be higher to that of loading
conditions. The decrease of UPV under loaded conditions is
due to the generation of inner cracks caused by stresses through
the applied load.
 Surface hardness of concrete with the wastes for the unloaded
condition is found decreasing with increasing the content of
the wastes.
 Surface hardness of the concrete with varying substitution
levels of the wastes after 210 and 270 days rebound hammer
testing results increase to that of 28 days. Densification of dical-
cium silicate might be the reason for the improved surface
hardness of concrete with longer age.
In general, rebound hammer (surface hardness) results under
unloading condition for reference concrete and concrete with the
wastes are found higher to that of loading condition attributes to
the development of micro-cracks generated on the surface of con-
crete under applied load.
Declaration of Competing Interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
First of all, I thank God for showering the blessings to complete
this research work. Secondly, I am also grateful to the Department
of Civil Engineering for facilitating me by allowing the well-
equipped laboratories to do my research.
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